BIOLOGY 
LIBRARY 

G 


CLASS-BOOK  OF  BOTANY: 


BEINO  OtTTLWES  OF  THE 


STRUCTURE,  PHYSIOLOGY,  AND  CLASSIFICATION 


OP 


PLANTS; 


WITH 


of  ijje  ®nM  $Mts  anb  (tator 


BY 


ALPHONSO   WOOD,   A.M. 

\\ 


"  HE  SPAKE  OF  TREES,   FROK  THE    CEDAR  OF    LEBANON  EYE*    B«O  THE    HYSSOP  THAT 
SPRIMGETH  OUT  OF  THE  WALL."— 1  Kinfff,  ir.  33. 

"  CONMDER  THE  LIUES  OF  THE  FIELD EVEJT   SOLOKOK,   IS  AU,  HIS  OLOBT,  WAS    HOT 

4RUAYED  UEK  ONE  07  THESE."— Jf«tt/<««,  Ti.  23,  26. 


NEW    YOEK: 

A.  S.  BARNES   &  CO.,  Ill    &   113  WILLIAM  STREET. 
TEOY:    MOORE    &    NIMS 

1809. 


BIOLOGY 
LIBRARY 


PREFACE  TO  THE  EDITIONS  OF  1869. 


IN  the  present  edition  the  Flora  has  been  extensively  revised, 
and  numerous  changes  have  been  made,  in  accordance  with  recent 
discoveries  and  the  general  progress  of  the  science  of  Phytology. 
These  changes  consist  especially  of  the  addition  of  species  hitherto 
unknown  to  our  Flora,  of  new  and  corrected  names  for  the  old 
species,  of  new  localities  of  species  and  corrected  dates  of  flower- 
ing. In  these  improvements  we  have  received  valuable  aid  from 
Mr.  E.  L.  Hankenson,  of  Newark,  Wayne  Co.,  N".  Y. ;  Messrs.  W. 
E.  Gerard,  and  G.  M.  Wilbur,  of  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  Mr  J.  Wolf, 
Canton,  Fulton  Co.,  111.,  and  others  whose  names  appear  in  the 
proper  place. 

BOTANICAL    APPAKATUS. 

The  publishers  (Messrs.  A.  S.  Barnes  &  Co.)  have  recently  pro- 
vided and  have  on  sale,  suitable  apparatus  for  the  use  of  the 
student  in  Botany,  made  according  to  directions  in  this  work 
(page  15).  It  consists  of  a  'knife-trowel  for  digging  and  cutting 
specimens ;  a  microscope  and  tiveezers  for  the  examination  of  them ; 
a  tin-box  for  collecting  and  preserving  them  fresh,  and  a  press  for 
drying  them.  The  set  is  securely  packed  and  sent  by  express  to 
order,  at  a  moderate  price. 

IN  PEESS, 

and  will  be  published  during  the  ensuing  summer,  The  Botanical 
Index,  a  text-book  for  schools  altogether  new  and  peculiar,  in 
which  the  study  of  the  plants  of  the  whole  country  is  reduced  to 
the  last  degree  of  precision  and  dispatch.  Its  use  will  lighten  the 
labors  of  the  teacher  and  add  still  new  pleasures  to  botanical 
studies. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1869,  by 

A.    S.   BAENES    &    Co., 
In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  for  the  Southern  District  of  New  York. 


Electrotyped  by  Printed  by 

SMiTir&McDouoAL,  GEOKGEW.  WOOD, 

82  &  84  Beekman  St.  2  Dutch  S*t.,  N.  Y. 


PREFACE. 


THE  Class-Book  of  Botany  was  first  offered  to  tlio  student  in  1845. 
It  was  originally  prepared  with  immediate  reference  to  the  wants  of 
the  author's  own  pupils,  with  scarcely  a  hope  of  approval  from  the 
community  beyond.  The  event,  however,  proved  that  the  wants  of  his 
own  pupils  were  precisely  the  same  as  those  of  myriads  of  others  j  and 
the  use  of  the  book,  notwithstanding  its  numerous  imperfections,  soon 
became  general. 

The  lapse  of  fifteen  years  has  done  much  to  develop  not  only  the 
knowledge  of  our  native  Flora,  but  of  the  science  of  Botany  in  general; 
and  materials  for  the  revision  of  our  whole  work  have  indefinitely 
accumulated.  In  this  revision,  which  seems  to  be  demanded  not  less 
by  the  growing  appreciation  of  scientific  studies  as  a  means  of  intel- 
lectual and  moral  discipline,  than  by  the  progress  of  the  science  itself 
we  have  still  confined  ourselves  to  the  limits  of  a  single  volume,  and 
sternly  resolved  against  any  essential  enlargement,  except  such  as  the 
increased  territory  of  our  Flora  requires.  This  we  have  done  with 
direct  reference  to  the  convenience  and  the  means  of  the  thousands  of 
youths  who  will  still  enter  upon  this  delightful  pursuit,  and  make  their 
text-book  their  vade-mecum.  The  labor  expended  in  this  condensation 
will  be  appreciated  by  few,  and  those  few,  while  they  justify  the  mo- 
tives, will  regret  the  necessity. 

The  limit  of  our  Flora  in  this  new  series  has  been  much  extended. 
It  now  embraces  the  territory  lying  East  of  'the  Mississippi  River  with 
the  exception  of  the  Southern  Peninsula  of  Florida,  and  South  of  the 
Great  Lakes  and  the  River  St.  Lawrence.  The  States  bordering  upon 
the  western  shores  of  the  Mississippi,  although  not  strictly  included, 
are  essentially  so,  as  well  as  those  provinces  of  Cawada  upon  the  north- 
ern shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  This  Class-Book  is,  therefore,  now 
professedly  adapted  to  the  student's  use  from  Quebec  to  New  Orleans 
and  from  St.  Paul  to  St.  Augustine. 

The  southern  peninsula  of  Florida  is  neglected  in  consequence  of 
the  author's  inability  to  visit  that  region  hitherto.  During  his  extended 
tour  southward  in  1857,  the  Seminole  war  rendered  the  route  to  the 


IV  PREFACE. 

Everglades  unsafe,  or  at  least  undesirable.  The  species  omitted  are 
generally  unknown  northward  of  Key  West.  Students  at  Micanopy, 
Ocala,  to  St.  Augustine,  will  scarcely  miss  them;  but  should  they  do 
so,  they  will  confer  a  grateful  favor  by  contributing  specimens  of  such 
to  the  author. 

That  every  species  of  native  plant  in  this  extensive  region  is  accu- 
rately defined,  or  even  noticed,  we  cannot  presume  ;  yet  this  has  been 
our  aim ;  and  as  in  the  former  series,  so  here,  we  have  distrusted  every 
source  of  information  except  that  of  our  own  personal  inspection. 
Therefore,  into  nearly  every  section  of  this  territory,  from  the  St. 
Lawrence  and  the  Lakes  to  the  Gulf,  and  from  the  Sea-Coast  to  the 
Great  Eiver,  the  author  has  made  repeated  excursions  in  delighted  con- 
verse with  the  vegetable  world. 

Together  -with  the  plants  of  spontaneous  growth  which  constitute 
our  proper  Flora,  we  have  included  in  our  sketches  also  our  exotic 
Flora ;  that  is,  all  those  plants  which  seem  to  us  to  have  attained  a 
general  cultivation  in  this  country,  either  as  useful,  curious,  or  orna- 
mental. By  this  accession,  learners  in  the  city,  as  well  as  in  the  coun- 
try, may  be  supplied  with  subjects  for  illustration  and  for  practice  in 
botanical  analysis ;  and  all  with  the  means  of  acquainting  themselves 
with  the  beautiful  tenants  of  their  own  fields,  gardens,  and  conserva- 
tories. 

From  the  multiplication  of  species  and  genera  we  have  studiously 
refrained,  believing  that  our  books  already  contain  more  than  Nature 
will  warrant.  In  the  case  of  any  doubtful  specimen,  which  might  have 
served  as  the  basis-  of  a  new  species,  or  possibly  genus,  (had  this  been 
our  aim),  we  have  always  inclined  rather  to  the  extension  of  the  limits 
of  some  kindred  group  for  its  reception,  having  less  apprehension  of 
error  in  this  direction  than  in  the  opposite,  with  all  due  regard  for  the 
permanence  of  true  species.  The  same  principle  has  compelled  us  to 
disallow  the  claims  of  many  reputed  species  of  the  best  authors. 

In  the  sequence  of  the  Natural  Orders,  we  have,  in  common  with  all 
recent  American  authors,  mainly  adopted  the  arrangement  of  De  Can- 
dolle, — an  arrangement  seen,  in  part,  in  the  *  Flora  of  the  State  of  New 
York,'  by  Dr.  Torrey.  It  commences  with  those  Orders  supposed  to 
be  of  the  higher  rank  in  organization,  and  proceeds  gradually  to  the 
lower,  regarding  the  completeness  of  the  flower  and  the  distinctness  of 
its  parts  as  the  general  criterion  of  rank. 

Tables  of  analysis  by  the  dichotomal  method  were  first  in  the  Class- 
Book  applied  to  the  genera  of  plants,  and  introduced  into  general  use. 
They  are  now  regarded  as  indispensable,  and  have  been  adopted  into 
their  Floras  by  nearly  every  subsequent  author.  In  the  present  new 


PREFACE.  V 

series,  wo  have  greatly  modified,  extended,  and  improved  tin's  system, 
adapting  it  to  the  analysis  of  Species  as  well  as  of  Orders  and  Genera. 
By  means  of  this  addition,  our  Flora  is  now  adapted  to  class  exercises 
in  analysis  throughout,  from  the  Grand  division  to  the  Species — an  im- 
improvement  which  will  be  duly  appreciated  by  the  practical  teacher. 

An  analytical  Key  to  the  Orders,  mainly  artificial,  more  simple  than 
any  hitherto  constructed  by  us,  founded,  as  in  the  previous  edition, 
almost  solely  upon  characters  taken  from  the  flowers  and  leaves  (not 
fruit),  will  readily  conduct  the  student  to  that  Order  where  any  given 
flowering  specimen  may  belong.  Next,  under  the  Order,  a  table  of  the 
utmost  simplicity,  analyzes  the  Genera,  mostly  in  such  a  way  as  to  do 
but  little  violence  to  their  natural  affinities.  Lastly,  under  the  Genus 
(when  large  enough  to  require  it)  another  table  conducts  to  the  species 
in  groups  of  twos  or  threes,  which  groups  are  instantly  resolved  by  a 
brief  diagnosis  in  italics  catching  the  eye  in  some  part  of  the  descrip- 
tion which  follows. 

The  limited  space  allowed  us  in  the  Flora  compels  us  to  use  very 
sparingly  illustrative  engravings  in  this  part  of  our  work,  which  occa- 
sions us  less  regret  considering  the  copiousness  of  illustration  in  the 
scientific  treatise  in  the  former  part.  Those  engravings  arc  designed 
partly  with  reference  to  the  Flora,  where  frequent  references  will  bo 
found.  The  few  which  we  have  adopted  in  the  Flora,  are  prepared 
with  reference  to  the  deficiencies  of  the  former  part.  In  other  words 
those  which  have  no  illustrative  figure  in  the  former  treatise  are  gen- 
erally furnished  with  one  or  more  in  the  Flora.  Throughout  the  work, 
these  are  mostly  from  original  sketches  and  drawings  on  wood  by  the 
author's  own  hand.  Others  are-  copied  from  Lindley,  ilenfrey,  Payer,  (fee. 

In  addition  to  those  colaborers  in  Botany,  whose  invaluable  aid  is 
acknowledged  in  former  editions,  namely  Dr.  Edward  E.  Phelps,  Dfc 
James  W.  Bobbins,  Dr.  Joseph  Barratt,  Dr.  Albert  G.  Skinner,  Mr.  I. 
A.  Lapham,  Dr.  Truman  Ricard,  Dr.  II.  P.  Sartwell,  Dr.  John  Plum- 
mer,  Dr.  S.  B.  Mead,  Mr.  S.  S.  Olney,  &c.,  we  have  now  to  mention 
with  grateful  acknowledgments  other  names  of  equal  merit. 

Dr.  Josiah  Hale  of  Alexandria,  La.,  has  sent  us  a  suit  of  specimens, 
well  nigh  representing  the  entire  Flora  of  that  State. 

Dr.  A.  W.  Chapman  of  Apalachicola,  Fla.,  presented  us  with  many 
of  the  more  rare  plants  of  Florida,  on  the  occasion  of  our  recent  visit 
to  his  own  familiar  walks. 

Dr.  II.  A.  Mettauer  of  Macon,  Ga.,  has  made  contributions  of  great 
value  from  that  district,  and  from  the  vicinity  of  Tallahassee  and  St. 
Marks,  Fla.,  with  many  critical  notices  and  observations  on  the  Flora  of 
those  States. 


VI  PREFACE. 

Prof.  William  T.  Feay,  M.D.,  and  Prof.  Thomas  G.  Pond,  both  of 
Savannah,  Ga.,  have  sent  almost  the  entire  Flora  of  that  State,  with 
copious  original  notes  and  observations,  such  as  result  only  from  the 
most  extensive  and  accurate  investigation. 

Miss  Sarah  Keen  of  Bainbridge,  Ga.  (now  of  Mariana,  Fla.),  has  also 
sent  an  herbarium  of  beautiful  specimens  prepared  by  her  own  and  her 
sister's  hands.  To  her,  as  well  as  to  the  gentlemen  last  mentioned,  the 
author  is  also  indebted  for  every  kind  hospitality  and  encouragement 
during  a  protracted  herborizing  tour  along  our  southern  coasts. 

Mr.  William  Wright  of  Bainbridge,  and  Prof.  N.  II.  Stuart  of  Quincy, 
Florida  (since  deceased),  also  contributed  to  the  consummation  of  our 
work  by  many  facilities  afforded  us  in  our  laborious  researches  in  their 
respective  precincts,  and  by  the  shelter  of  their  hospitable  mansions. 

To  Rev.  Dr.  Curtis  of  Hillsborough,  N.  C.,  and  to  Rev.  Dr.  Bach- 
man  of  Charleston,  S.  C.,  we  are  indebted  for  the  free  use  of  their  very 
complete  herbaria,  during  our  sojourn  in  their  respective  cities ;  and 
Mr.  S.  B.  Buckley,  recently  of  Yellow  Springs,  Ohio,  has  afforded  us 
similar  facilities  through  his  rich  collection. 

Dr.  Cousens  generously  supplied  us  with  the  plants  of  the  State  of 
Iowa.  His  name  often  appears  in  our  pages. 

Dr.  George  Engelmann,  of  St.  Louis,  has  also  favored  us  with  tho 
free  use  of  his  admirable  monograph  of  the  genus  Cuscuta,  and  with 
many  important  notes  in  MS.  on  other  difficult  genera  in  our  Flora, 
especially  on  the  Euphorbiaccae.  Our  entire  collection  of  specimens 
belonging  to  this  Order  was,  by  his  kind  permission,  submitted  to  his 
inspection  and  determination. 

The  Rev.  Chester  Dewey,  D.D.,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  the  venerable 
pioneer  in  American  Cartography,  has  placed  us  and  our  readers  un- 
der renewed  obligations  by  additional  contributions  to  the  genus  Ca- 
rex,  rendering  it  complete  for  the  extended  territory  of  our  present 
Flora. 

Communications  containing  specimens,  critical  notices  or  corrections, 
or  soliciting  information,  will  always,  as  heretofore,  be  acceptable. 

WEST  FARMS,  N.  T. 


CONTENTS. 


PACK 

PREFACE.  . . , 3 

INTRODUCTION 9 

CHAPTER  I—THE  LEADING  PRINCIPLES  OP  SCIENCE  ;— MENTAL  AND  MORAL 

DISCIPLINE  ITS  Am  AND  END 9 

CHAPTER  II.— THE  DEPARTMENTS  OP  BOTANY 12 

CHAPTER  III.— APPARATUS.— METHODS  OF  STUDY 15 

PART  FIRST. — STRUCTURAL  BOTANY,  OR  ORGANOGKAPIIY 17 

CHAPTER  I. — PRIMARY  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  VEGETABLE  KINGDOM 17 

CHAPTER  II. — THE  TERM  OF  PLANT  LIFE 19 

CHAPTER  III.— THE  PH^NOGAMIA  ;— How  DEVELOPED 22 

CHAPTER  IV. — THE  ROOT,  OR  DESCENDING  Axis 24 

CHAPTER  V. — THE  STEM,  OR  ASCENDING  Axis 30 

CHAPTER  VI. — THE  LEAF-BUD. — VERNATION 41 

CHAPTER  VII.— THE  LEAF 4G 

§  PHYLLOTAXY,  OR  LEAF- ARRANGEMENT 4fi 

§  MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  LEAF.^ 50 

§  OF  THE  STIPULES V. 51 

§  OP  THE  VEINS 52 

§  FORM  OP  THE  LEAF,  OR  FIGURE. 54 

§  MARGIN.... 59 

§  APEX 59 

§  COMPOUND  LEAVES GO 

CHAPTER  VIII. — TRANSFORMATIONS  OF  THE  LEAF G3 

CHAPTER  IX. — INFLORESCENCE ." 67 

§  FLOWERING 75 

CHAPTER  X. — MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  FLOWER 77 

§  ^ESTIVATION '. 79 

§  THE  FLORAL  ORGANS 81 

§  THE  PLAN  OP  THE  FLOWER ~ 83 

CHAPTER  XI. — THE  FLORAL  ENVELOPES. — PERIANTH 91 

CHAPTER  XII.— THE  ESSENTIAL  ORGANS 99 

§  THE  STAMENS,  OR  ANDRCECIUM. 99 

§  THE  PISTILS,  OR  GYNCECIUM 104 

§  THE  OVULES 108 


viii  CONTENTS. 

PAGB 

CHAPTER  XIIL— THE  FRUIT  ;— PERICARP HO 

CHAPTER  XIV. — THE  FRUIT; — SEED 117 

§  GERMINATION 121 

CHAPTER  XV.— THE  CBYPTOGAMIA.— ORGANS 124 

PART  SECOND. — PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY 130 

CHAPTER  I. — THE  VEGETABLE  CELL 130 

CHAPTER  II. — THE  TISSUES 134 

CHAPTER  III. — THE  EPIDERMAL  SYSTEM 137 

CHAPTER  IV. — THE  LIGNHOUS  SYSTEM 139 

§  STRUCTURE  or  LEAVES. 145 

CHAPTER  V. — OF  VEGETATION,  OR  THE  PHYSIOLOGY  OF  PLANT  LIFE 146 

§  FERTILIZATION 148 

§  RIPENING  OF  FRUITS 151 

CHAPTER  VI.— OF  ABSORPTION „ , 152 

§  CIRCULATION 153 

§  TRANSPIRATION 156 

§  RESPIRATION 156 

CHAPTER  VII. — REVIEW  OF  THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  NUTRITION 158 

PART  THI-RD. — SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY 164 

CHAPTER  I. — OF  THE  CLASSIFICATION  OP  PLANTS 164 

CHAPTER  IL — OF  THB  AUTIFICIAL  SYSTEM 166 

CHAPTER  III.— OF  THB  NATURAL  SYSTEM 160 

CHAPTER  IV. — NOMENCLATURE. — ANALYSIS 174 

§  INDEX  AND  GLOSSARY .' 180 

§  KEY  ANALYTICAL  TO  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS 191 

PART  FOURTH. — DESCRIPTIVE  BOTANY  ; — THE  FLORA 199 

ORDERS  OF  TUB  POLYPETAL^E 200 

ORDERS  OF  THB  GAMOPETALJS 393 

ORDERS  OF  THE  APETAL^: 601 

ORDERS  OF  THB  CONOIDEJE 659 

ORDERS  OF  THE  SPADICIFLORJE 666 

ORDERS  OF  THE  FLORIDE^: 676 

ORDERS  OF  THE  GRAMINOIDEJE T31 

ORDERS  OF  THE  CRYPTOGAMIA  , 810 


INTRODUCTION, 


CHAPTER    I. 

LEADING    PRINCIPLES    OF   SCIENCE  I MENTAL   AND   MORAL   DISCIPLTBrB 

ITS    AIM    ANP    END. 

1.  PLANTS  AS  RELATED  TO  MAN.     The  vegetable  kingdom  maintains  towards 
man  several  important  relations.     Besides  its  obvious  utility  as  the  source  of  his 
food,  shelter,  clothing  and  medicine,  it  furnishes  an  eihaustless  field  for  interesting 
and  disciplinary  study. 

2.  PROOF  THAT  NATURE  is  RELATED  TO  MIND.    This  remark  is  commonplace. 
Eut  the  fact  stated  is  neither  a  necessity  nor  accident.     Since  the  phenomena  of 
Nature  are  ordained  subject  to  the  cognizance  of  the  human  understanding  while 
yet  then1  depths  are  unfathomable  by  it,  it  is  evident  that  God  made  them  for  each 
other.     It  is  certainly  conceivable  that  Ho  might  have  ordained  otherwise. 

3.  ILLUSTRATION.    The  phenomena  of  vegetation,  or  of  nature  in  general,  might 
have  been  all  simple  and  uniform,  thus  awakening  no  curiosity,  presenting  no 
motive  for  study.     Or  on  the  other  hand,  they  might  hare  involved  plans  so  intri- 
cate as  to  defy  all  efforts  of  the  mind  in  their  investigation.    In  this  ease,  as  in  the 
former,  the  mind  and  nature  would  have  remained  for  ever  estranged. 

4.  THE  STUDY  OF  NATURE    SUCCESSFUL.      But  an  intermediate  course  hath 
seemed  good  to  an  All-wise  and.  Beneficent  Creator.     The  works  of  His  Hand  are 
commensurate  with  the  powers  of  the  understanding.     We  study  them  not  in  vain. 
Step  by  step  His  plans  are  unfolded ;  and  research,  although  never  reaching  the 
goal,  yet  never  wearies,  nor  fails  of  its  appropriate  reward. 

5. — PLEASURABLE.  Hence  the  study  of  nature,  through  this  beautifully  adjusted 
relation,  becomes  a  source  of  the  purest  pleasure,  being  ever  accompanied  by  fresh 
discoveries  of  truth  in  the  plans  and  operations  of  a  sublime  Intelligence. 

6. — DISCIPLINARY.  But  a  higher  purpose  than  present  pleasure  is  accomplished 
by  this  means,  namely,  discipline.  Entering  life  as  a  mere  germ,  the  soul  expands 
into  intelligence  and  virtue  through  the  teachings  of  surrounding  objects  and  influ- 
ences. In  this  good  work  the  beauty,  purity  and  wisdom  displayed  in  the  vegeta- 
ble world  bear  a  full  share.  These  invite  to  investigation  ;  and  their  tendency  is  to 
impress  upon  their  votaries  the  characteristics  of  their  own  sincerity  and  loveliness, 

7.  CREATIVE  WISDOM  NEVER  WORKS  IN  VAIN,  nor  merely  in  sport.  Even  the 
flying  cloud  which  now  passes  over  the  sun  has  its  mission ;  the  forms  which  it 
assumes,  and  the  colors,  were  each  necessary  and  divinely  appointed  for  that  special 
purpose.  The  hills  and  valleys,  which  seem  scattered  in  accidental  confusion,  have 
received  each  their  contour  and  position  by  design,  according  to  the  ends  foreseen. 
Consequently,  each  stone  or  mineral  composing  those  hills  \raa  also  the  work  of 
special  design,  as  to  its  magnitude,  form  and  place. 


10  INTRODUCTION. 

8.  No  ACCIDENT  OB  CAPRICE  IN  NATURE.     Much  more  in  the  living  kingdoms 
of  nature  may  we  look  for  an.  adequate  purpose  and  end  accomplished  by  every 
movement  and  in  every  creature  of  the  Divine  hand.     Each  species  is  created  and 
sustained  to  answer  some  worthy  end  in  the  vast  plan ;  and  hence  no  individual, 
animal  or  plant  is  to  be  regarded  in  science  as  insignificant,  inasmuch  as  the  indi- 
vidual constitutes  the  species.     Nor  is  accident  or  caprice  to  be  found  in  the  form  of 
the  leaf  or  the  color  of  the  flower.     There  is  for  each  a  special  reason  or  adaptation 
worthy  of  unerring  wisdom. 

9.  OBJECT  OP  NATURAL  SCIENCE.      In  the  study  of  nature  we  are  therefore 
concerned  in  reasons  and  ends  as  well  as  in  forms  and  appearances.     That  investi- 
gation which  ceases  contented  with  the  latter  only  is  puerile.     It  may  amuse,  but 
can  scarcely  instruct,  and  can  never  conduct  to  that  purest  source  of  the  student's 
enjoyment,  namely,  the  recognition  of  Intelligence  by  intelligence. 

10.  DESIGN,   A  SETTLED  PRINCIPLE  IN   SCIENCE.      The  end  or  purpose,  it  is 
true,  is  not  always  as  easily  discerned  as  the  form  and  fashion  are.   In  a  thousand  inr 
etances  the  end  is  yet  inscrutable.     Nevertheless  it  is  now  a  settled  principle  of 
science  that  there  is  an  end — a  purpose — a  reason,  for  every  form  which  we  contem- 
plate ;  and  the  adaptation  to  that  end  is  as  beautiful  as  the  form  itself.    That  the 
tendril  of  the  vine  and  the  runner  of  the  strawberry  were  happily  adapted  to  a 
special  purpose  is  readily  admitted ;  for  that  purpose  is  immediate  and  obvious  to 
all.     Let  us  not  then  say  that  the  spine,  the  stipule,  or  the  varying  tints  of  the  rose, 
were  made  merely  in  caprice,  their  uses  being  less  obvious  in  the  present  state  of 
our  knowledge. 

11.  DESIGN,  AS  DISTINGUISHED  FROM  "TYPICAL  FORMS."    In  addition  to  this 
sequence  of  cause  and  effect  in  nature,  disclosing  the   Infinite  Designer  in  all 
tilings,  as  early  taught  by  Paley  in  his  "  Natural  Theology,"  another  class  of  prin- 
ciples more  recently  developed  are  shown  by  the  author  of  "Typical  Forms" 
(McCosn),  to  indicate  with  a  still  clearer  light  the  thoughts  of  the  Omniscient  Mind 
in  the  operations  of  nature.     A  single  observation  often  suffices  for  the  discovery  of 
design,  as  in  the  down  of  the  thistle,  by  means  of  which  the  seed  is  wafted  on  the 
winds  to  flourish  in  distant  lands.    But  a  typical  form  or  plan  requires  a  long  series 
of  observations  for  its  discernment.  • 

12.  TYPICAL  FORMS  ILLUSTRATED.      The  scientific  world  were  slow  to  learn 
that  the  numerous  organs  of  plants  so  diversified  in  form  and  use  are  all  modeled 
from  a  single  type,  one  radical  form,  and  that  form,  the  leaf! 

13.  RESULTS.     This  interesting  doctrine,  now  universally  admitted,  sheds  a  new 
light  upon  nature,  making  it  all  luminous  with  the  Divine  Presence.     It  brings  the 
operations  of  the  Great  Architect  almost  within  the  grasp  of  human  intelligence, 
revealing  the  conceptions  which  occupied  His  mind  before  they  were  embodied  in 
actual  existence  by  His  word. 

14.  GRADUATED   FORMS.      Again,  by  continued  observation,  the  principle  of 
graduated  forms,  allied  to  the  last,  appeared  as  another  grand  characteristic  of  na- 
ture.    This  principle  implies  that  while  natural  objects  vary  to  wide  and  seemingly 
irreconcilable  extremes,  their  differences  are  never  abrupt,  but  they  pass  by  insen- 
sible gradations  and  shades  from  species  to  species  in  a  continuous  series. 

15.  ILLUSTRATION.     Thus  in  magnitude,  although  the  tiny  moss  is  far  removed 
from  the  gigantic  oak,  yet  a  series  connects  them  representing  every  imaginable  in- 
termediate grade  in  size.     So  in  number,  from  the  one-stamened  saltwort  to  the 
hundred-stamened  rose,  there  is  a  connecting  series,  representing  every  intervening 
number.     Moreover,  in  form  and  figure,  we  pass  from  the  thread-leafed  pine  to  the 
broad-leafed  poplar  through  a  series  of  every  intermediate  degree  of  leaf-expansion ; 


LEADING    PRINCIPLES   OF    SCIENCE.  11 

and  from  the  regular-flowered  crowfoot  to  tho  distorted  monks-hood  by  a  series 
graduated  in  like  manner. 

16.  NATURA  NON  SALTUS  FACIT,  said  Linnasus,  in  evident  allusion  to  this  beau- 
tiful principle,  which  will  constitute  one  of  the  most  interesting  themes  of  botanical 
study. 

IT.  ACCOMODATED  FORMS  or  organs  is  a  phrase  applied  to  another  principle 
in  the  Divine  plan,  the  reverse  of  the  first.  This  principle  appears  in  the  adaptation 
of  different  organs  in  different  species  to  one  common  use ;  of  which  there  are  many 
familiar 

18.  EXAMPLES.    Thus,  the  slender  vine  requires  support.    Now  it  throws  out  a 
tendril  for  this  very  purpose,  grasping  whatever  object  it  may  reach,  as  in  the  grape. 
Again,  the  prolonged  leaf-stalk  answers  the  same  end,  as  in  Clematis.     Again,  tho 
supple  stem  itself,  by  its  own  coils  supports  itself,  as  in  the  hop ;  and,  lastly,  ad- 
ventitious rootlets  in  the  ivy. 

19.  ANOTHER  ILLUSTRATION.      Reproduction  is  the  general  office  of  the  seed ; 
but  this  end  is  also  accomplished,  in  different  species,  by  nearly  every  other  organ, 
by  buds,  bulblets,  bulbs,  tubers,  cuttings,  scions,  and  even  leaves. 

20.  ANOTHER.     This  principle  is  also  traced  in  the  nutritious  deposits  of  plants, 
which  are  generally  made  in  the  fruit ;  but  often  the  root  serves  as  the  reservoir  in- 
stead, or  even  the  stem.     And  in  case  of  the  fruit,  the  rich  deposit  is  now  found  in 
tho  pericarp  of  the  peach,  the  calyx  of  the  apple,  the  receptacle  of  the  strawberry, 
the  cotyledons  of  the  almond,  the  bracts,  flower-stalks,  &c.,  of  the  pine-apple.   Thus 
God's  boundless  resources  of  skill  can  accomplish  either  one  purpose  in  a  thousand 
different  ways,  or  a  thousand  different  purposes  by  a  single  organ. 

21.  ARRESTED  FORMS.     This  principle,  demanding  a  wider  range  of  generaliza- 
tion than  either  of  the  foregoing,  we  state  rather  as  a  hypothesis,  that  the  student 
may  hereafter  test  its  probability  by  his  own  observations.     The  flowering  plants 
which  clothe  the  earth  in  such  numbers,  constituting  the  apparent  vegetable  world, 
are  in  truth  but  a  minor  part  of  it  in  respect  to  numbers.     Numerous  tribes,  of  lower 
rank,  embracing  thousands  of  species,  reach  far  down  the  scale,  beyond  the  utmost 
limits  of  the  microscope.     Now  a  principle  of  analogy  seems  to  pervade  these  ranks, 
called  the  principle  of  arrested  forms,  binding  all  together  in  one  consistent  whole, 
proving  that  for  the  vast  realm  of  vegetation  there  was  but  one  plan  and  one  origin. 

22.  THE  HYPOTHESIS  STATED.      The  successive  tribes  of  vegetation,  beginning 
with  the  lowest,  have  each  their  type  or  analogue  in  tho  successive  stages  of  em- 
bryonic growth  in  the  highest  tribe. 

23.  MORE  EXPLICITLY  :   the  flowering  plant,  in  the  course  of  its  growth  from 
the  pollen  grain  to  the  completed  embryo,  passes  necessarily  through  a  series  of 
transient  forms.      Now,  suppose  the  development  of  the  plant  arrested  at  each  of 
these  stages,  so  that  these  transient  forms  become  permanent,  we  should  have  a 
series  of  organisms  analogous  to  the  various  tribes  of  Flowerless  Plants ;  the  Pro- 
tococcus,  e.  g.,  an  arrested  pollen  grain ;  the  Oscillaria,  an  arrested  pollen  tube ;  and 
so  on  up  to  the  Marsillea,  whose  organization  answers  to  that  of  the  full-formed 
embryo  of  the  flowering  plant.     Thus  we  might  truly  say  of  the  lower  plants  that 
they  are  the  arrested  forms  of  the  higher. 

24.  INDIVIDUALITY  OP  THE  PLANT.    The  plant  is  both  material  and  immaterial. 
Its  form  and  substance  is  the  material,  its  life  the  immaterial     The  material  com- 
mences existence  as  a  single  cell,  and  is  ever  changing.      The  immaterial  gives  to 
that  cell  its  individuality,  and  fixes  inevitably  its  law  of  development,  so  that  it 
must  grow  up  to  become  such  a  plant  as  it  is,  and  by  no  possibility  any  other. 

25.  ILLUSTRATION.     The  embryonic  cell  of  arose  may  not  differ  materially,  in  the 


1 2  INTRODUCTION. 

least,  from  that  of  the  grape :  but  the  individuality  of  each  is  widely  different  This 
principle  in  the  one  will  make  it  a  rose ;  in  the  other,  a  grape.  Individuality  can 
not  be  predicated  of  a  stone. 

26.  LIFE  AND  DEATH  ABE  EQUALLY  PREDICATED  OP  THE  PLANT.    The  latter  fol- 
lows close  upon  the  former,  with  unequal,  inevitable  step,  and  soon  disputes  posses- 
sion in  the  same  living  fabric.     The  plant  both  lives  and  dies  at  once.     Life  passes 
on  from  cell  to  cell,  and  in  the  parts  which  it  has  abandoned  dissolution  and  decay 
are  soon  manifest.     Thus  the  whole  existence  of  the  individual  is  a  contest.     Life 
advances,  death  pursues,  and  ultimately  triumphs.     But  not  go  in  the  species.     Se- 
curely transferred  to  the  seed,  the  living  immaterial  plant  mocks  the  destroyer,  and 
begins  its  career  anew,  multiplied  a  hundred  fold. 

27.  TUB  SEED  OP  THE  PLANT  is  ITS  REDEMPTION.     Through  this  appointment, 
the  conquest  of  death  is  apparent,  while  the  triumph  of  life  is  real.     In  the  "  grain 
of  mustard"  there  is  literally  &  faith — an  energy  which  will  raise  it  from  the  dust,  "  a 
tree."     Yet,  as  in  the  wheat  and  all  other  seed,  "  it  shall  not  be  quickened  except  it 
die."     Hence, 

28.  PLANTS  MAY  TEACH  us  LESSONS  IN  SACRED  THINGS.    "While  we  study  the 
facts  and  the  forms  of  the  vegetable  world,  we  should  also  aim  to  learn  the  purposes 
accomplished,  and  the  great  principles  adopted  in  its  creation.     TVe  should  also  learn 
to  recognize  here  the  tokens  (too  long  overlooked)  which  declare  that  nature  sym- 
pathizes with  humanity  in  the  circumstances  of  the  Fall,  the  Eedemption,  and  the 
Life.     Such  study  alone  is  adapted  to  acquaint  us  with  the  thoughts  of  the  intelli- 
gent Creator,  and  to  discipline  aright  the  mind  which  was  created  in  His  image. 

29.  BOTANY  COMBINES  PLEASURE  WITH  IMPROVEMENT.     It  conducts  the  student 
into  the  fields  and  forests  amidst  the  verdure  of  spring  and  the  bloom  of  summer ; 
to  the  charming  retreats  of  Nature  in  her  wild  luxuriance,  or  where  she  patiently 
smiles  under  the  improving  hand  of  cultivation.     It  furnishes  him  with  vigorous 
exercise,  both  of  body  and  mind,  which  is  no  less  salutary  than  agreeable,  and  its 
subjects  of  investigation  are  all  such  as  are  adapted  to  please  the  eye,  refine  the 
taste,  and  improve  the  heart. 


CHAPTEK   II. 

THE  DEPARTMENTS  OF  THE  STUDY. 

30.  THREE   GREAT    DEPARTMENTS   IN  NATURE    are  universally  re- 
cognized, commonly  called  the  mineral,  vegetable,  and  animal  king- 
doms.    The  first  constitutes  the  Inorganic,  the  other  two  the  Organic 
World. 

31.  A  MINERAL  is  an  inorganic  mass  of  matter,  that  is,  without  dis- 
tinction of  parts  or  organs.     A  stone,  for  example,  may  be  broken  into 
any  number  of  fragments,  each  of  which  will  retain  all  the  essential 
characteristics  of  the  original  body,  so  that  each  fragment  will  still  be  a 
stone, 

32.  A  PLANT  is  an  organized  body,  endowed  with  vitality  but  not 
with  sensation,  composed  of  distinct  parts,  each  of  which  is  essential  to 


THK  DEPARTMENTS  OF  THE  STUDT. 


13 


the  completeness  of  its  being.  A  tulip  is  composed  of  organs  which 
may  be  separated  and  subdivided  indefinitely,  but  no  one  of  the  frag- 
ments alone  will  be  a  complete  plant. 

33.  ANIMALS,  like  plants,  are  organized  bodies  endowed  with  vitality, 
and  composed  of  distinct  parts,  no  one  of  which  is  complete  in  itself,  but 
they  are  elevated  above  either  plants  or  minerals  by  their  power  of  per- 
ception. 

34.  THESE  DISTINCTIONS,  long  since  suggested  by  Linnaeus,  the  founder  of  botani- 
cal science,  are  perfectly  obvious  and  definite  in  the  higher  grades  of  the  animal  and 
vegetable  kingdoms.     But  in  descending  the  scale,  we  recognize  a  gradual  approach, 
in  both,  to  inorganic  matter,  and  consequently  to  each  other,  so  that  in  the  lowest 
forms  of  life  all  traces  of  organization  are  lost  to  our  perception,  and  the  three 
kingdoms   of  nature,    like 

converging  radii,  apparent- 
ly meet  and  blend  hi  a  com- 
mon centre. 

35.  THE  POSITION  OF  THE 

PLANT- WORLD  IN  RANK  and 

office  is  intermediate.  While 
inferior  to  the  animal  in  re- 
spect to  perception  and  in- 
stinct, it  is  superior  to  the 
mineral  in  its  vitality.  In 
office  it  constitutes  the  food 
and  nourishment  of  the  ani- 
mal, the  vesture  and  orna- 
ment of  the  mineral  world, 
whence  alone  itself  is  fed. 
In  other  words,  plants  feed 
on  minerals,  animals  feed 

on  plants. 

FIGURE  1.    A  diagram  illustrating  these  views  of  the  three 

36.  PHYSICS    is    the  kingdoms  of  nature— how  related  to  each  other. 

general  name  of  the  science  which  treats  of  the  mineral  or  inorganic 
world. 

37.  ZOOLOGY  relates  to  tho  animal  kingdom. 

38.  BOTANY  is  the  science  of  the  vegetable  kingdom.     It  includes 
the  knowledge  of  the  forme,  organs,   structure,  growth,  and  uses  of 
plants,  together  with  their  history  and  classification.     Its  several  de- 
partments correspond  to  the  various  subjects  to  which  they  relate.     Thus 

39.  STRUCTURAL  BOTAITY,  or  Organography,  treats  of  the  special  or- 
gans of  plants  as  compared  with  each  other,  answering  to  Comparative 
Anatomy  in  the  science  of  Zoology.     Morphology  is  a  term  often  used 
in  a  similar  sense ;  but   it  especially  relates  to  the  mutual  or  typical 
transformations  which  the  organs  undergo  in  the  course  of  development 

40.  ELEMENTARY  BOTANY  treats  of  the  elementary  tissues — the  or- 
ganic elements  out  of  which  the  vegetable  fabric  is  constructed. 


14  INTRODUCTION. 

41.  PHYSIOLOGICAL  BOTANY  is  that  department  which  relates  to  the 
vital  action  of  the  several  organs  and  tissues,  including  both  the  vital 
and  chemical  phenomena  in  the  germination,  growth,  and  reproduction 
of  plants.     It  has,  therefore,  a  direct  and  practical  bearing  upon  the 
labors  of  husbandry  in  the  propagation  and  culture  of  plants,  both  in 
the  garden  and  in  the  field. 

42.  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY  arises  from  the  consideration  of  plants  in 
relation  to  each  other.     It  aims  to  arrange  and  classify  plants  into  groups 
and  families,  according  to  their  mutual  affinities  and  relative  rank,  so  as 
to  constitute  of  them  all  one  unbroken  series  or  system. 

43.  DESCRIPTIVE  BOTANY,  or  PHYTOLOGY,  is  the  art   of  expressing 
the  distinctive  characters  of  species  and  groups  of  plants  with  accuracy 
and  precision,  in  order  to  their  complete  recognition.     A  flora  is  a 
descriptive  work  of  this  kind,  embracing  the  plants  of  some  particular 
country  or  district. 

44.  BOTANICAL  NOMENCLATURE,  which  is  the  art  of  properly  apply- 
ing names  to  the  species  and  groups,  is  intimately  associated  with  the 
above  department.     Terminology  relates  to  the  explanation  and  appli- 
cation of  botanical  terms  whereby  the  organs  of  plants,  with  their  nu- 
merous modifications,  are  accurately  designated.     This  is,   therefore, 
inseparable  from  Structural  Botany. 

45.  ULTIMATE  AIM  OP  BOTANY.     Finally,   in  its  extended  sense,  Botany  com- 
prehends also  the  knowledge  of  the  relations  of  plants  to  the  other  departments  of 
nature,  particularly  to  mankind.    The  ultimate  aim  of  its  researches  is  the  develop- 
ment of  the  boundless  resources  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  for  our  sustenance  and 
protection  as  well  as  education ;  for  the  healing  of  our  diseases  and  the  alleviation 
of  our  wants  and  woes.     This  branch  of  botanical  science  is  called 

46.  APPLIED  BOTANY.    It  includes  also  several  departments,  as  Medical  Botany, 
or  Pharmacy,  Agricultural  Botany,  or  Chemistry,  Pomology,  &c. 

47.  PLAN  OF  THE  WORK.     In  the  following  pages,  designed    as    a 
complete  although  compendious  treatise  for  the  special  convenience  of 
the  learner,  we  shall  commence  with  Structural  Botany,  whose  subjects 
(the  constituent  organs  of  plants)  are  conspicuous  and  most  readily  com- 
prehended. 

48.  SECONDLY,  the  cell  and  the  elementary  tissues  will  claim  our  at- 
tention.    THIRDLY,  we  shall  inquire  into  the  vital  activities  of  all  these 
organs,  and  endeavor  to   explain  the  phenomena   of  vegetable   life. 
FOURTHLY,  the  principles  of  vegetable  nutrition  which  constitute   the 
foundation  of  agricultural  science. 

49.  IN  THE  FIFTH  PLACE  we  shall  treat  of  Systematic  Botany,  the 
principles  of  arrangement  adopted  in  the  Natural   System,  and  the 
methods  of  Botanical  Analysis. 

50.  LASTLY,  the  Natural  Orders  will  be  defined,  and  illustrated  by 
our  flora,  both  native  and  cultivated. 


INTRODUCTION.  15 

51.  NOTWITHSTANDING  the  extreme  brevity  of  Itiis  work,  the  author  believes 
that  no  principle  of  the  science  essential  to  a  liberal  course  in  Botany  is  omitted. 
The  brevity  is  attained  by  a  studied  conciseness  of  expression,  and  by  the  omission 
of  all  needless  illustrations,  theoretical  views  and  wordy  discussions.  In  the  flora 
those  multitudinous  repetitions  which  are  liable  to  encumber  the  descriptions  of 
allied  groups  are  avoided,  without  the  sacrifice  of  minuteness  by  means  of  copious 
tables  of  analysis. 


CHAPTER    III. 

APPARATUS — METHODS  OF   STUDY. 

52.  THE  PROPER  SEASON  FOR  THE  COMMENCEMENT  OP  THE  STUDY  of  Botany  in 
schools  is  in  late  winter,  at  the  opening  of  the  first  session  or  term  after  New-Years. 
The  class  will  thus  be  prepared  before  hand  by  a  degree  of  acquaintance  with  first 
principles,  for  the  analysis  of  the  earliest  spring  flowers — the  sweet  Epigsea,  Anemone, 
Erigenia  or  spring  beauty,  of  the  North,  the  yellow  jessamine,  Chaptalia,  or  Cryso- 
gonum  of  the  South,  the  blood-root  and  violet  every  where. 

53.  SPECIMENS  of  leaves,  stems,  roots,  fruit,  flowers,  &c.,  in  unlimited  supply  are  re- 
quisite during  the  whole  course.   In  the  absence  of  the  living,  let  the  dried  specimens 
of  the  herbarium  be  consulted.     Crayon  sketches  upon  the  black-board,  if  truthful, 
are  always  good  for  displaying  minute  or  obscure  forms.     In  the  city,  classes  in 
Botany  may  employ,  at  small  expense,  a  collector  to  supply  them  daily  with  fresh 
specimens  from  the  country.     Moreover,  the  gardens  and  conservatories  will  furnish 
to  such  an  abundant  supply  of  cultivated  species  for  study  and  analysis,  with  almost 
equal  advantage ;  since  the  present  work  embraces,  together  with  the  native  flora, 
all  exotics  which  are  in  any  degree  common  in  cultivation. 

54.  AN  HERBARIUM  (h.  s.,   hortus  siccus,  dry  garden),  is  a  collection  of  botanic 
specimens,  artificially  dried,  protected  in  papers  and  systematically  arranged.     Her- 
baria are  useful  in  many  ways ;  (a.)  for  preserving  the  knowledge  of  rare,  or  inacces- 
sible, or  lost  species ;  (&.)  for  exchanges,  enabling  one  to  possess  the  flora  of  other 
countries ;  (c.)  for  refreshing  one's  memory  of  early  scenes  and  studies ;  (d.)  for  aid- 
ing in  more  exact  researches  at  leisure ;  (e.)  for  the  comparison  of  species   with 
species,  genus  with  genus,  &c.  ; 

55.  FOR  COLLECTING  BOTANIC  SPECIMEN'S,  a  strong  knife  for  digging  and  cutting  is 
needed,  and  a  close  tin  box  eighteen  inches  in  length,  of  a  portable  form.    Enclosed 
in  such  a  box,  with  a  little  moisture,  specimens  will  remain  fresh  for  a  week. 

56.  SPECIMENS  FOR  THE  HERBARIUM  should  represent  the  leaves,  flowers  and 
fruit,  and,  if  herbaceous,  the  root  also.     Much  care  is  requisite  in  so  drying  them  as 
to  preserve  the  natural  appearance,  form  and  color.     The  true  secret  of  this  art  con- 
sists in  extracting  the  moisture  from  them  by  pressure  in  an   abundance  of  dry, 
bibulous  paper,  before  decomposition  can  take  place. 

57.  THE  DRYING  PRESS,  to  be  most  efficient  and  convenient,  should  consist  of  a 
dozen  quires  of  ordinary  blotting  paper,  at  least  1 1  x  14  inches,  two  sheets  of  wiro 
gauze,  (same  size)  as  covers,  stiffened  by  folded  edges,  and  three  or  four  leather 
straps  a  yard  in  length,  with  buckles.   "When  in  use  suspend  it  in  the  wind  and  sun- 
shine.     In   such  a  press,  the  specimens  dry  well  in  fair  weather  without  once 
changing.     If  boards  be  used  for  covers  instead  of  wire-gauze,  the  papers  must  be 
changed  and  dried  daily. 


16  INTRODUCTION". 

58.  SUCCULENT  PLANTS  may  be  immersed  in.  boiling  water  before  pressing,  to 
hasten  their  desiccation. 

59.  THE  LENS,  either  single,  double,  or  triple,  is  almost  indispensable  in  the  or- 
dinary pursuits  of  Morphology  or  Phy tography.     In  viewing  minute  flowers  or  parts 
of  flowers  the  use  of  the  lens  can  not  be  too  highly  appreciated.     For  dissection 
with  the  lens,  a  needle  inserted  in  a  handle,  a  penknife  and  tweezers  are  required. 
The  dried  flowers  of  the  herbarium  need  to  be  thrown  into  boiling  water  before 
dissection. 

60.  THE  COMPOUND  MICROSCOPE  is  undoubtedly  a  higher  aid  in  scientific  inves- 
tigation than  any  other  instrument  of  human  invention.     It  is  like  the  bestowmeat 
of  a  new  sense,  or  the  opening  of  a  new  world.     Through  this,  almost  solely,  all 
our  knowledge  of  the  cells,  the  tissues,  growth,  fertilization,  &c.,  is  derived.     The 
skillful  use  of  this  noble  instrument  is.  itself  an  art  which  it  is  no  part  of  our  plan 
to  explain.    For  such  information  the  student  is  referred  to  the  works  of  Carpenter 
and  Quekett 

61.  ON  THE  PREPARATION  OP  BOTANICAL  SUBJECTS  for  examination  we  remark 
briefly.     The  field  of  view  is  necessarily  small,  and  only  minute  portions  of  objects 
can  be  seen  at  oace.     The  parts  of  it  are  to  be  brought  under  inspection  success- 
ively by  the  movements  of  the  stage. 

62.  THE  TISSUES  OP  LEAVES,  &c.,  are  best  seen  by  transmitted  light.      They  are 
to  be  divided  by  the  razor  or  scalpel  into  extremely  thin  parings  or  cuttings.     Such 
cuttings  may  be  made  by  holding  the  leaf  between  the  two  halves  of  a  split  cork. 
They  are  then  made  wet  and  viewed  upon  glass.     The  stomata  are  best  seen  in  the 
epidermis  stripped  off;  but  in  the  sorrel  leaf  (Oxalis  Yiolacea)  they  appear  beauti- 
fully distinct  (§678,  Fig.  585,)  upon  the  entire  leaf. 

63.  WOODY  TISSUES,  &c.,  may  be  viewed  either  as  opaque  or  transparent.    Sec- 
tions and  cuttings  should  be  made  in  all  directions,  and  attached  to  the  glass  by 
water,  white  of  egg,  Canada  balsam.     To  obtain  the  elementary  cells  separately 
for  inspection,  the  fragment  of  wood  may  be  macerated  in  a  few  drops  of  nitric  acid 
added  to  a  grain  of  chlorate  of  potassa.    Softer  structures  may  be  macerated  sim- 
ply in  boiling  water. 

64.  CERTAIN  REAGENTS  are  applied  to  the  softer  and  more  recent  tissues  to  ef- 
fect such  changes  in  the  cell  contents,  of  either  color  or  form,  as  shall  render  them 
visible.    Thus  sulphuric  acid  coagulates  the  primordial  utricle  (§  645) ;  a  solution 
of  iodine  turns  it  blue j  sugar  and  nitric  acid  change  it  to  red. 


QUESTIONS. 

INTRODUCTION. 
CHAPTER   I. 

What  ia  the  snbject  treated  of  in  this  chapter? 
What  is  the  "  end  and  aim  "  of  all  science  ? 

J&OTB.— The  class  may  use  this  chapter  as  a  Leeson  In  Reading,  or  for  Becitation,  aa  preferred, 
but  ohoald  by  no  means  omit  it.) 

CHAPTER   II. 

30.  Name  the  three  kingdoms  of  Nature. 

31.  What  is  a  mineral  ?     A  stone  ? 

32.  What  is  a  plant  ?     A  tulip  ? 

33.  What  is  an  animal  ? 

34.  Are  the  three  kingdoms  perfectly  distinct  ? 
Explain  the  diagram. 

85.    How  is  the  Vegetable  kingdom  related  to  the  Animal? 
How  is  it  related  to  the  Mineral  kingdom  ? 

36.  Define  the  science  of  Physics. 

37.  Define  the  science  of  Zoology. 

38.  Repeat  the  full  definition  of  the  science  of  Botany. 

39.  Of  what  does  Structural  Botany  treat  ? 

40.  Of  what  does  Elementary  Botany  treat  ? 

41.  Of  what  does  Physiological  Botany  treat  ? 

42.  What  is  the  aim  of  Systematic  Botany  ? 

43.  What  of  the  art  Phy tology  ?     What  is  a  Flora  ? 
45.  Some  of  the  uses  of  Botany. 

CHAPTER    III. 

What  ia  the  subject  of  this  chapter  ? 

52.  Why  should  the  study  of  Botany  be  commenced  early  in  Spring  ? 

53.  What  specimens  are  wanted  ?    Use  of  the  black-board. 
How  may  classes  in  cities  be  supplied  with  specimens  ? 

54.  What  is  an  herbarium  ?    Mention  some  of  its  uses  ? 

55.  What  apparatus  is  required  for  collecting  specimens  ? 
50.  What  sort  of  specimens  are  wanted  for  the  herbarium  ? 

What  is  the  true  secret  of  the  art  of  preparing  the  specimens  ? 
57.   Describe  the  drying  press.    How  often  should  the  specimens  be  turned? 
59.  What  apparatus  needed  in  examining  flowers  ? 

(The  remainder  of  this  chapter  may  be  read  aloud  or  recited  by  the  pupils  as  the  teacher  may 
prefer.) 


QUESTIONS    ON 

PART    FIRST. 

CHAPTER    I. 

STATE  the  title  of  this  chapter.  ' 

65.  Name  the  two  Natural  Grand  Divisions  of  the  Vegetable  kingdom. 

66.  What  of  the  Organs,  or  Organic  System  of  the  Phsenogamia? 
How  do  the  Cryptogamia  differ  from  this? 

67.  How  does  the  Fern  differ  from  the  Rose  ? 
How  does  the  Lichen  differ  from  a  Violet  ? 

G8.  Name  the  two  subdivisions  of  the  Phsenogamia. 

69.  What  plants  are  comprehended  among  the  Exogens  ? 
Explain  the  meaning  of  the  word. 

70.  What  plants  are  comprehended  among  the  Endogens  ? 
Explain  the  import  of  the  word. 

71.  Why  are  the  Exogens  called  also  Dicotyledons? 
Why  are  the  Endogens  called  also  Monocotyledons? 

72.  How  may  these  two  subdivisions  be  known  by  their  leaves? 
How  may  they  be  distinguished  by  their  flowers  ? 

73.  What  is  said  about  the  two-fold  name  of  a  plant  ? 
Which  name  is  provincial,  and  which  universal  ? 

75.  Show  by  example  how  the  Latin  name  is  double* 

76.  Recite  verbatim  the  definition  of  a  species. 

77.  Notice  an  example  of  a  species. 

78.  How  may  we  define  a  variety  ?     Give  an  example. 

80.  Recite  verbatim  the  definition  of  a  genus. 

81.  Please  illustrate  by  two  good  examples  :— Clover ;  Pine. 

CHAPTER   II. 

REPEAT  the  title  of  this  chapter. 

83.  Wherein  does  animal  life  differ  from  plant  life  ? 

84.  Name  the  several  stages  of  plant  life. 

85.  Notice  the  five  picture  sketches  of  its  biography. 

86.  How  much  does  the  "  term  of  plant  life  "  vary  ? 
Strange  exception  of  the  castor-oil  bean. 

87.  What  of  flowering  and  fruiting?     When  do  they  prove  fatal? 
How  does  the  florist's  "  tree  mignonette  "  bear  on  this  question  ? 

89.  State  the  definition  of  u  Annual  herb,"  "  Biennial  herb." 
91.  Also  define  "Monocarpic  herb  /'  "  Perennial  plant." 

93.  What  is  the  herbaceous  perennial  ?     The  woody  perennial  ? 
What  three  distinctions  among  woody  perennials  ? 

94.  What  the  stature  of  a  bush  ?     Of  an  undershrub  ? 

96.  What  is  the  form  and  stature  of  a  tree  ?     Of  a  shrub  ? 

97.  What  is  remarked  of  the  age  of  trees  ? 

98.  How  may  the  age  of  a  tree  be  estimated? 

99.  Can  you  instance  some  trees  remarkable  for  age  ? 

101.  Please  instance  some  trees  remarkable  for  grandeur. 

102.  Now  give  the  distinction  of  trees  relative  to  their  verdure. 


WOOD'S   CLASS-BOOK   OF  BOTANY 


CHAPTER    III. 

103.  WHAT  is  the  earliest  stage  of  the  plant  ? 

104.  In  growing,  whither  does  the  radicle  direct  itself? 
What  is  the  tendency  of  the  plumule  ? 

105.  Explain  the  structure  of  the  bud.     How  does  it  grow  ? 
Why  is  the  original  bud  called  also  terminal  ? 

106.  What  sort  of  axis  does  the  terminal  bud  alone  develop  ? 

107.  What  other  buds  are  also  found  ?     Whence  arise  the  branches  ? 

110.  Whence  does  the  flower  originate  ? 

111.  What  then  is  the  nature  of  the  flower? 

112.  From  what  organ  does  the  fruit  originate? 

113.  Explain  these  views  by  the  figure  of  the  paeony  and  its  parts. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

OF  what  does  this  chapter  treat  ? 
114.  Define  the  root.     How  distinguish  root  from  stem? 

116.  Please  state  the  two-fold  office  of  the  root. 

117.  What  is  the  leading  propensity  of  the  root? 
What  are  the  only  proper  appendages  of  the  root  ? 

What  end  or  purpose  is  answered  by  the  -multiplication  of  these  ex- 
tremities ? 

118.  What  is  the  part  designated  by  the  term  collum  ? 
What  are  the  spongioles,  or  spongelets  f 

119.  What  are  the  fibrillae?     Their  office  and  use  ? 

120.  Why  should  a  tree  or  shrub  be  transplanted  in  Spring  ? 

121.  Name  the  two  definite  modes  of  root-development. 

122.  Define  accurately  the  axial  mode.     The  inaxial. 
Give  instances  of  them  both. 

124.  Name  the  four  varieties  of  the  axial,  or  tap-root. 

125.  Define  the  ramous  tap-root.     The  tuberous. 

127.  Define  the  fusiform  tap-root.     The  conical.     Napiform. 
How  are  all  these  thickened  roots  reservoirs  ? 

130.  Name  the  six  forms  of  inaxial  roots. 

131.  Describe,  with  example?,  the  fibrous  root. 

132.  Describe  the  fibre-tuberous  root.     Moniliform.     Tubercular. 

133.  What  is  the  thickening  matter  in  all  these  cases  ? 

134.  What  roots  are  said  to  be  adventitious? 

135.  What  roots  are  said  to  be  cirrhous? 

136.  What  curious  style  of  root  has  the  screw-pine  ? 

137.  Describe  the  adventitious  roots  of  the  banyan. 

138.  Describe  the  curious  habit  of  the  mangrove  tree. 

139.  How  may  the  growth  of  adventitious  roots  be  favored? 

140.  Mention  a  method  of  raising  dwarf  trees. 

141.  Axial  and  inaxial — which  requires  deep  tillage  ? 

If  two  crops  are  sown  together- — what  should  they  be  ? 

143.  What  is  the  nature  of  those  plants  called  Epiphytes  ? 

144.  What  are  Parasites  ?     Give  examples  of  these  classes. 

145.  Read  the  paragraph  on  subterranean  stems. 


OJS" 


CHAPTER   V. 

WHAT  is  the  title  of  this  chapter  ?    Define  this  phrase. 

147.  What  is  the  general  idea  of  the  term  "axis?" 

148.  Does  the  ascending  axis  always  continue  to  grow  erect  ? 

What  is  the  idea  of  the  procumbent  stem  ?     Of  the  decumbent  ? 
What  the  idea  of  the  ascending  stem?     Of  the  subterranean? 

149.  How  may  this  last  be  distinguished  from  roots? 

150.  Explain  the  development  of  the  simple  stem. 

Where  may  the  original  plumule  bud  be  always  found  ? 

151.  Explain  the  development  of  a  branching  stem. 

If  the  axillary  buds  grow,  what  do  they  then  become  ? 

153.  Is  there  any  apparent  plan  in  the  arrangement  of  the  branches  ? 
Please  define  the  alternate  arrangement.     The  opposite. 
Define  the  verticillate.     Give  examples  of  each  mode. 

154.  What  varieties  in  the  "  angle  of  divergence"  in  branches  ? 
What  is  noticeable  in  the  beech  ?    The  oak  ?    elin  ? 

155.  What  are  some  of  the  distinctions  made  by  nurserymen? 

156.  What  is  a  Sucker  ?     A  Stolon,  or  Layer  ?    A  Cion  ? 

158.  How  are  the  grape-vine  and  hop  propagated  ? 

159.  Define  an  Offset.     Define  the  Runner. 

161.  What  is  a  Node  ?     An  Interaode  ? 

162.  Why  does  the  stem  diminish  upwards? 

163.  Can  you  describe  the  process  of  the  growth  of  the  stem.  ? 

164.  State  briefly,  one  great  exception  to  this  rule. 

166.  Give  the  precise  definition  to  the  "  leaf-stem." 

167.  Give  the  precise  definition  of  the  "  scale-stem." 

166.  Name  the  five  principal  forms  of  the  leaf-stems. 

167.  Name  the  six  principal  forms  of  the  scale-stems. 

168.  Distinguish  between  the  herbaceous  and  woody  leaf-stems. 

169.  What  is  the  caulis  ?     Define  caulescent.     Acaulescent. 

170.  What  is  the  culm  ?     What  stems  are  called  trunks  ? 

172.  What  forms  of  trunk  have  you  noticed  ? 

173.  Distinguish  the  "  cxcurrent "  from  the  "  solvent  "  axis. 
Instance  some  examples  of  each. 

176.  What  term  is  applicable  to  the  stem  of  the  palm  tree  ? 

177.  Describe  the  singular  stock  of  the  Cactus  tribe. 

178.  Describe  the  vine  and  its  two  varieties. 

Which  is  furnished  with  tendrils,  the  climbers  or  twiners  ? 

179.  What  is  the  law  in  regard  to  the  course  of  the  twiners  ? 

181.  How  is  the  creeper  defined  ?    Its  two  classes  please  mention. 
How  is  the  witch  grass  best  cultivated? 

182.  What  can  be  said  of  the  utility  of  such  repent  stems  ? 
What  prevents  our  sandy  or  clayey  hills  from  washing  ? 

183.  What  is  the  proper  description  of  the  root-stock  ? 

184.  Show,  by  figure  52,  the  manner  of  its  growth. 

185.  Describe  the  premorse  root-stock. 

186.  The  stem  of  clover,  asparagus,  etc.,  in  winter,  is  what  ? 

187.  What  is  a  tuber?     Show  by  fig.  54,  etc.,  how  it  grows. 
189.  What  is  a  corm  ?     Show  how  it  grows. 

191.  Describe  the  bulb.     Show,  by  fig.  60,  how  it  multiplies. 
193.  Varieties  in  bulbs — describe  some. 

Finally,  notice  the  gradation  in  tuber,  corm,  and  bulb. 


WOOD'S   CLASS-BOOK   OF  BOTANY. 


CHAPTER    VI. 

WHAT  is  the  topic  of  this  chapter  ? 

195.  What  two  kinds  of  buds  are  mentioned  ? 

196.  Repeat  the  definition  of  the  leaf-bud. 

197.  What  is  the  nature  of  the  scales  ?    Show  this  by  figs.  67,  6& 

198.  Where  are  bud-scales  needed  and  found  ? 

199.  How  are  the  buds  protected  in  rain  or  cold  ? 

200.  Which  is  the  parent  bud  ?    What  the  axillary  bud  ? 

202.  Distinguish  the  two  kinds  of  axillary  buds. 

203.  When  may  the  axillary  become  terminal  ? 

204.  What  if  a  part  of  them  be  suppressed  ?     What  if  all  ? 

205.  When  is  the  axis  said  to  be  brachiate?    How  in  the  pink?    (Fig.  70.) 
207.  What  are  adventitious  buds  ?     How  are  they  caused  ? 

209.  Vernation  is  what  ?     Best  method  of  displaying  it  ? 

213.  Considering  each  leaf  alone,  when  is  it  said  to  be  reclined? 
When  conduplicate  f     Plaited  ?     Circinate  ? 

When  is  it  convolute  ?     Involute  ?     Revolute  ? 
Which  variety  is  seen  in  oak  (fig.  71,)  ?     In  the  tulip-tree?    Fern? 
Birch?     Cherry?     Dock?     Balm-of-Gilead  ?     Sycamore? 

214.  Considering  the  leaves  in  respect  to  each  other,  when  are  they  obvolute  ? 
When  triquetrous  ?     Equitant  ? 

215.  State  the  principle  of  "  budding."    What  are  bulblets  ? 

CHAPTER    VII. 

WHAT  is  the  subject  of  this  chapter  ? 

217.  How  does  the  leaf  figure  in  landscape  scenery  ? 

218.  What  is  the  general  characteristic  of  the  leaf? 

219.  What  variations  in  the  color  of  the  leaf? 

220.  What  is  the  etymology  of  the  word  Phyllotaxy  ? 

221.  Explain  "leaves  radical."     Leaves  cauline.     Leaves  ramial. 

222.  What  is  the  alternate  arrangement  of  leaves  ?     Scattered  ?     Rosu- 

late?    Fasciculate?     Opposite?     Verticillate  ? 

223.  If  you  reduce  all  these  to  two  types,  what  are  the  two  ? 

224.  What  experiment  reveals  the  true  nature  of  the  alternate  type  ? 

226.  Can  you  show  that  the  opposite  leaved  type  may  be  spiral  ? 

227.  Decussate  leaves — what  are  they  ? 

228.  State  an  established  law  in  plant-development 

229.  Will  you  carefully  define  the  elm  cycle  ? 

230.  Calling  this  the  £  cycle,  what  does  the  numerator  denote  ?    What  the 

denominator  ? 

231.  How  is  the  alder  cycle  ? 

Calling  this  the  ^  cycle,  what  does  the  1  denote  ?     The  3  ? 

232.  Describe  the  cherry  cycle. 
Why  call  this  the  f  cycle  ? 

233.  Describe  the  Osage  orange  cycle. 
Why  denominate  this  the  $  cycle  ? 

234.  Show  how  these  cycles  are  related  to  each  other. 

If  the  third  is  f  and  the  fourth  f ,  what  will  the  fifth  be  ? 

235.  In  what  plants  is  this  (the  y5^)  cycle  realized  ? 

236.  What  cycle  is  next  in  order  ?     What  its  numerical  sign  ? 

237.  You  may  read  the  remarks  on  the  higher  cycles. 


VI  QUESTIONS    ON 

MOKPHOLOGY     OF     THE     LEAF. 

239.  What  is  the  blade  ?     What  is  the  petiole  ? 
Explain  the  meaning  of  the  word  sessile.     Petiolate. 

240.  What  are  stipules  ?     How  many  to  each  leaf,  if  any  ? 
Explain  the  meaning  of  the  word  exstipulate.     Stipulate. 

241.  Name  the  three  distinct  parts  of  a  complete  leaf. 

242.  To  what  transformations  are  they  liable  ? 

OF     THE     PETIOLE. 

243.  What  is  the  more  common  form  of  the  petiole  ? 
What  is  peculiar  in  the  petiole  of  the  aspen  ? 

244.  What  is  there  peculiar  in  the  petioles  of  the  Asters,  etc.  ? 
"What  peculiarity  in  the  leaves  of  the  mullein  ? 

245.  How  is  the  amplexicaul  petiole,  or  leaf,  described  ? 
What  constitutes  a  sheath  ?     (See  figs.  102,  104.) 

246.  In  what  sort  of  leaves  do  we  find  compound  petioles  ? 

OF     THE     STIPULES. 

247.  What  is  the  location  of  the  stipules?    Appearance  ? 
What  is  remarked  of  their  presence  or  absence  ? 

248.  What  of  the  stipules  of  rose  (fifc.  100)  ?     Of  pansy  (fig.  102)? 

249.  What  plants  exhibit  ochrece  ?     What  their  nature  ? 

250.  When  the  leaves  are  opposite,  what  are  their  stipules  called  ? 

251.  The  ligule  of  grasses,  what  is  it?    What  are  stipels? 
Explain  fig.  102.     103.     104.     105. 

OF      THE     VEINS. 

253.  How  do  you  distinguish  a  simple  leaf?    A  compound? 

254.  Of  what  is  the  frame-work  of  the  leaf  composed  ? 

255.  Why  are  they  called  veins  rather  than  ribs  ? 
What  is  denoted  by  the  term  venation  ? 
Name  the  four  organs  of  venation. 

256.  Please  describe  the  mid-vein.     What  leaf  has  such? 

If  there  be  several  such,  as  in  maple,  what  are  they  called? 

257.  What  branches  shall  we  call  the  veinlets  ?    The  veinulets  ? 

258.  The  venation  of  the  Exogens — name  and  describe  it. 
The  venation  of  the  Endogens — name  and  describe. 
The  venation  of  the  Cryptogamia — name  and  describe. 
Name  the  three  forms  of  the  reticulate  venation. 
Now  please  describe  them — the  feather-veined. 

260.  The  palmi-veined.     The  tripli-veined. 

262.  What  varieties  in  the  parallel  venation  ? 

What  venation  in  fig.  106?     107?     108?     109?     110? 

FORM,    OR  FIGURE. 

263.  Can  you  show  the  connection  between  the  figure  of  the  leaf  and  its  venation? 

264.  On  what  principle  shall  we  arrange  or  classify  leaf-forms? 

265.  The  first  class,  or  feather- veined  leaf-forms,  define  it. 
Name  and  describe  the  three  forms  belonging  to  it. 

a.  Define  the  second  class  of  feather- veined  leaf-forms. 

Name  and  describe  the  four  forms  belonging  to  this  class. 


WOOD'S   CLASS-BOOK   OF   BOTANY.  VU 

266.  In  the  third  class,  where  are  the  longest  veinlets  ? 
Name  and  describe  the  four  forms  of  this  class. 

267.  In  the  fourth  class,  how  are  the  lowest  veinlets  ? 

Note   the  form  of  the  cordate  leaf.    The  auriculate.    The  sagittate. 

The  hastate. 
Observe   fig.    110— what  is  its  form?    Also  of  111?    112?     113? 

114?     115?     116?     117? 
Observe  fig.  130— what  is  its  form  ?    What  of  131  ?    136?    137  ? 

268.  On  what  do  the  pinnatifid  forms  depend  ? 

The  term  pinnated  contrasts  with  what  other  term? 

269.  Describe  the  pinnatifid  leaf.     The  runcinate.    Lyrate. 

270.  What  is  pinately  parted?     Sinuate? 

271.  What  figures  on  page  56  have  palmate  venation? 

Which  two  are  renifbrm  ?     Which  is  peltate  ?    Which  trilobate  ? 

272.  Observe  the  figures  on  page  58, — which  is  palmately  cleft  ? 
Which  pal  ma  tely  parted?     Which  merely  lobed  ? 

273.  What  form  is  pedate  ?    Find  an  example. 

274.  What  is  remarked  of  the  parallel-veined  leaves? 

275.  What  is  the  linear  leaf?     Give  examples. 

Define  the  ensiform  leaf.     What  good  example  is  here  ? 

276.  By  what  term  is  the  palm  leaf  denoted  ? 

277.  What  two  forms  of  leaf  are  peculiar  to  the  fir  tribe  ? 


MARGIN. 

278.  Speaking  of  merely  the  margin,  when  is  it  entire  ? 

279.  When  is  the  margin  dentate?    When  serrate?     Crenate? 
What  if  the  teeth  are  very  fine  ?     What  is  doubly  dentate? 

280.  Define  an  undulate  margin. 

281.  What  terms  apply  to  irregularly  divided  margins? 

282.  What  does  the  term  crisped  denote  ? 


APEX. 

283.  Name    and    define    an    acuminate    apex.     An  acute.     An  obtuse. 

Other  terms. 

284.  The  truncate  leaf.     The  emarginate,  etc. 


OF    THE    COMPOUND    LEAF. 

285.  Were  a  simple  leaf  to  become  compound,  how  might  it  become  so? 
Please  illustrate  this  by  cutting  a  simple  leaf. 

286.  What  are  the  leaflets  ?     The  petiolules?    The  rachis? 

287.  Can  you  describe  a  pinnate  leaf? 

What  modification  of  pinnate  is  fig.  161?     160?     159? 

288.  As  to  the  number  of  leaflets  in  the  pinnate  leaf— how  many  ? 
How  many  in  the  trifoliate  ?    Binate  ? 

What  reason  to  say  that  the  lemon  leaf  (167)  is  compound? 

289.  How  may  a  pinnate  leaf  become  lipinnate  ?     Tripinnate  ? 
What  is  a  decompound  leaf? 

290.  What  are  transition  leaves?    Describe  fig.  165. 

291.  Define  a  biternate  leaf.     A  triternate. 

292.  Please  distinguish  the  palmately  and  pinnately  teraate. 


Vlll  QUESTIONS    ON 

Fig.  162  represents  what  kind  of  leaf?     163  ?     164  ? 
Describe  fig.  168.     166.     169. 

293.  How  are  amplexicaul  leaves  inserted?     Describe  170. 

294.  Define  perforate  leaves.     Connate.     Point  out  the  figures. 

TEXTURE   AND   SURFACE. 

295.  Name  five  varieties  in  the  texture  of  leaves. 

296.  As  to  the  surface,  what  is  glabrous  ?     Scabrous  ? 

297.  Define  carefully  a  pubescent  surface.     A  villous.     Sericeous.     Lanu- 

ginous.     Tomentous.     Floccose. 

298.  Define,  also,  hirsute.     Pilous.     Hispid. 

299.  Also  setous.     Spinous.     Stinging. 

300.  What  covers  the  pruinous  surface,  as  of  grapes  ? 

301.  Explain,  finally,  such  terms  as  ovate-lanceolate. 
802.   Can  you  show  the  use  of  the  preposition  sub  ? 

CHAPTER    VIII. 

WHAT  is  the  title  of  this  chapter  ? 

303.  What  is  one  of  the  first  aims  of  the  botanist? 

304.  How  does  it  appear  that  scales  are  transformed  leaves  ? 

305.  What  is  the  nature  of  the  brown  scales  of  buds  ? 
S06.  What  is  the  nature  of  the  cotyledons  ?     Proof? 

What  is  the  cause  of  their  deformity  ? 

307.  Can  you  tell  what  phyllodla  are  ?    Examples  ? 

308.  Explain  how  ascidia  may  be  transformed  leaves. 

309.  Mention  three  curious  examples. 

311.  What  are  air-bladders  ?     What  their  uses  ? 

312.  How  is  the  leaf  of  "Venus'  fly-trap"  constructed? 

313.  What  is  the  use  of  the  tendril  ? 
Is  it  a  new  organ  ? 

How  does  the  tendril  of  the  pea  originate  ? 

What  its  origin  in  Gloriosa  superba  ?     In  Lathyrus  ? 

314.  In  Clematis,  what  organs  serve  as  tendrils  ? 
In  green-briar,  what  organs  become  tendrils  ? 

315.  Whence  come  the  tendrils  of  the  grape-vine  ? 

316.  How  are  some  plants  armed  ? 

From  what  organs  do  the  spines  of  Berberis  originate  ? 
Whence  the  spines  of  goat's-thorn  ?     Of  locust  ? 

317.  How  do  thorns  differ  from  spines  ? 

What  the  origin  of  the  thorns  in  Osage  orange  ? 

Whence  the  thorns  of  honey-locust  ? 
3lS.    What  are  prickles  ?    Examples  ? 
319.  What  are  bracts?     What  is  their  nature? 

CHAPTER     IX. 

321.  WHAT  is  the  title  of  this  chapter  ?    Define  the  term, 
333.  Whence  do  the  flower-buds  originate  ? 

323.  What  proof  of  this  theory  is  given  ? 

324.  As  to  arrangement — what  two  varieties  of  flower-buds? 

325.  What  may  a  single  bud  develop  ? 

326.  What  is  said  of  the  axis  of  the  flower-bud  ? 

327.  What  is  a  peduncle  ?    May  it  bear  leaves? 


WOODS    CLASS-BOOiv    OF    BOTANY.  JX 

328.  What  are  pedicels?     When  is  a  flower  sessile? 

329.  How  does  a  scape  differ  from  a  peduncle  ? 

330.  What  is  the  rachis  of  an  inflorescence  ? 

331.  What  is  the  torus? 

332.  Mention  some  odd  varieties  of  the  Deduncle 
Describe  fig.  115.    116.    117.    118.  " 

333.  What  are  bracteoles? 

331  How  are  the  bracts  in  Aster  ?     How  in  the  Crucifers  ? 

335.  What  is  said  of  the  color  of  bracts  ? 

336.  What  is  a  spathe  ?     Examples  in  figures  189,  190,  191 

337.  How  may  an  involucre  be  formed  ? 

338.  Describe  a  compound  flower  of  the  Composite. 
What  is  the  chaf  on  the  torus  ?     Describe  fig.  193. 

339.  In  the  grasses,  what  are  the  glumes  ?     The  pales  ?     (Fig.  195.) 

340.  In  the  oak,  etc.,  what  is  the  nature  of  the  cup  ?•  (Fig.  194.) 

342,  Why  is  axillary  inflorescence  called  indefinite? 
Why  is  it  called  centripetal  ? 

Where  is  the  centre  of  a  lengthened  inflorescence  ? 

343,  Why  is  terminal  inflorescence  definite?     Centrifugal? 

344.  Are  both  terminal  and  axillary  inflorescence  ever  combined  ? 

345,  Name  the  nine  varieties  of  axillary  inflorescence. 

346.  How  Is  the  inflorescence  of  the  mullein,  and  how  named  ? 
In  Timothy  grass,  what  are  the  spikes  and  spikelets? 

347,  What  is  a  spadix  ?    Give  examples. 
What  inflorescence  In  figs.  200  ?    201?    202? 

348.  What  is  a  catkin  ?     Examples  ? 

349.  How  does  the  raceme  differ  from  the  spike  ? 

350,  How  does  the  corymb  differ  from  the  raceme  ? 

351,  How  does  the  umbel  differ  from  the  corymb  ? 

What  the  compound  umbel  ?     The  rays  ?    The  umbellets  ? 

352.  What  is  a  panicle  ?     Give  common  examples. 

353.  What  is  a  thyrse  ?     What  is  a  head  ? 

355.  In  a  head,  or  compound  flower  of  Compositse,  what  answers  to  calyx? 

What  to  corolla?     What  are  the  florets  of  the  ray?     What  the 
florets  of  the  disk  ? 

Describe  each  of  the  following  figures,  viz. :  203,  204,  205,  206,  207,  208, 
209,  210,  211,  212,  213,  214,  215. 

356.  Name  three  varieties  of  terminal  inflorescence. 

357.  What  is  a  cyme  ?     What  is  a  scorpoid  cyme  ? 

359.  Show  the  evolution  of  a  cymo  in  chick  weed  (fig.  219). 

360.  Show  the  evolution  of  a  scorpoid  cyme  by  figs.  220,  221. 

361.  What  is  a  fascicle  ?     A  glomerule  ? 

What  does  fig.  216  represent  ?    Fig.  217  ?    Fig.  218  ?    Fig.  221  ? 
363.  How  may  a  spike  become  a  raceme  (fig.  222)  ? 

How  a  raceme  a  corymb  (223)  ?    An  umbel  (224)  ?    A  head  (227)  ?    What 

is  fig.  225?    226?    228? 
Into  what  is  the  entire  inflorescence  transformed  in  grapes  ? 


FLOWERING. 

364.  What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  ? 

365.  What  is  said  of  the  date  of  flowering  for  each  species? 

366.  How  would  you  make  &  floral  calendar  ? 
How  is  this  related  to  the  climate  ? 


:  QUESTIONS   ON 

367.  Example  as  to  the  red  maple  in  different  climes. 
Example  as  to  different  plants  in  New  England. 

368.  How  would  you  construct  a  floral  clock? 
What  plant  opens  its  flowers  at  2  o'clock,  A.  M.  ? 
What  plant  at  12,  M.  ?    At  4,  p.  M.,  etc.  ? 

369.  As  to  the  colors  of  flowers — are  they  subject  to  art  at  all  ? 
Why  not  depend  on  the  color  of  the  flower  in  descriptions  ? 

370.  Describe  the  Xanthic  series  of  colors.     The  Cyanic  series. 

CHAPTER   X. 

"WHAT  is  the  title  of  this  chapter  ?     Meaning  of  morphology  ? 
373.    Flowers  have  what  relation  to  man  ? 

373.  How  do  flowers  improve  in  the  light  of  science  ? 

374.  How  is  the  flower  related  to  a  leafy  branch  ? 

375.  Is  the  flower  a  ypw  organ  ?    Whence  is  it  ? 

378.  What  evidence  of  the  transformation  of  leaves  into  flowers  is  seen  in  the 

Calycanthus  ?    In  the  water  lily  ?    (Fig.  240,  etc.) 

379.  What  is  remarked  of  the  early  bud  of  irregular  flowers  ? 

380.  What  evidence  of  this  doctrine  in  teratology  ?    Illustrate  this  by  the  double 

rose.    Flowering  almond,  etc..    Illustrate  by  figs.  241,  242,  243. 
383.  What  fact  renders  aestivation  important  ?     Define  the  term. 

386.  Name  the  four  general  modes  of  aestivation  ? 

387.  Describe  the  valvate.     Describe  its  two  varieties. 
389.  Describe  the  contorted.     Describe  the  imbricate. 
391.  What  two  varieties  of  the  imbricate  are  mentioned? 

Define  carefully  the  quincuntial.     The  triquetrous.     The  convolute. 

The  vexillary.    The  plicate.    The  supervolute. 
397.  What  is  the  torus  ? 

399.  What  are.  the  floral  envelopes  ? 

Which  of  them  is  the  calyx  ?     Which  the  corolla  ? 
Do  both  calyx  and  corolla  always  exist  ? 
If  but  one  be  present,  which  is  it? 

400.  Define  carefully  the  calyx.     What  are  the  sepals  ? 

401.  Carefully  define  the  corolla.     What  do  we  call  its  leaves? 

402.  What  is  the  use  of  the  word  perianth  ? 

403.  The  essential  organs — what  two  kinds  ? 

404.  Define  the  stamens.     What  of  their  number  ? 
Collectively,  what  are  they  called  ? 

405.  Define  the  pistils.     By  what  other  names  called. 

406.  Now  recapitulate  these  four  sets  of  organs  in  order. 

407.  What  is  said  of  appendages  ? 

408.  The  pupil  may  read  or  rehearse  Sec.  408. 

410.  In  respect  to  symmetry — what  of  the  number  in  each  set? 

411.  In  relative  position — how  are  the  petals  with  sepals,  etc.  ? 

412.  Define,  then,  the  typical  flower. 

Why  is  it  perfect  ?     Complete  ?     Regular  ?     Symmetrical  7 

413.  Is  this  type  often  realized  ? 

Whence  the  endless  variety  in  the  floral  world  ? 

414.  What  flower  in  our  flora  approaches  nearest  the  type  ? 

415.  Mention  a  perfect  example. 

416.  How  do  the  flowers  of  Sedum  deviate  from  it  ? 

417.  Can  you  mention  some  of  the  modes  of  deviation? 

418.  What  do  you  understand  by  the  radical  number? 

419.  What  is  the  most  common  radical  of  the  Exogens  ? 
What  most  common  in  the  Endogens  ? 

What  is  the  radical  number  of  the  flower  in  your  hand? 

420.  What  do  incomplete  flowers  lack  ? 

What  is  an  apetalous  flower  ?    What  example  ? 

What  is  an  achlamydeous  flower?    Examples,    (Figs.  264,  265.) 


WOOD'S   CLASS-BOOK    OF   BOTANY.  XJ 

421.    What  do  imperfect  flowers  lack  ?    Describe  a  sterile  flower. 

Describe  a  fertile  flower.    Give  the  emblem  of  each.     ( $ ,  5 .) 
Use  of  the  word  diclinous?    Explain  figures  266,  267,  208,  269,  270. 

423.    What  is  a  neutral  flower  ?    (Fig.  271.) 

423.    What  constitutes  an  unsymmetrical  flower  ?    Examples. 

434.    Describe  the  flower  of  mustard. 

4!35.    Describe  the  flowers  of  the  Mint  family,  as  Monarda,  etc. 

426.  In  what  respect  are  the  flowers  of  poppy  unsymmetrical ?    Of  lark-spur? 

Of  Monk's-hood  ?    Describe  figs.  280,  281,  282,  283,  284,  285. 

427.  What  is  meant  by  "  organs  opposite?" 

428.  How  is  this  anomaly  explained  ?    Explain  figs.  272,  273,  274,  275. 

429.  By  what  law  do  "  organs  increase  in  number?" 

430.  Illustrate  this  in  the  lilies.     The  roseworts.    Blood-root. 

432.  Illustrate  the  law  of  cTwrisis  by  figs.  276,  277,  278. 

433.  Mention  some  appendicular  organs. 

434.  What  are  spurs  in  various  examples? 

435.  What  are  scales  in  the  various  examples  cited  ? 
What  is  the  corona  in  Narcissus  V     In  catchfly? 

436.  Describe  the  "  glandular  bodies  "  in  grass-Parnassus. 

437.  What  is  said  of  the  frequency  of  "  union  of  organs  ?" 
How  may  this  union  be  detected  ? 

438.  Explain  the  difference  between  cohesion  and  adhesion. 

440.  Explain  the  proper  use  of  the  words  free  and  distinct. 

441.  What  is  said  of  regularity  in  the  early  buds  of  flowers  ? 
Mention  certain  modes  of  irregularity  in  flowers. 

443.  Describe  a  lengthened  receptacle.    How  is  this  in  figs.  288, 287, 286? 

444.  Describe  the  excavated  receptacle,  as  in  rose,  (fig.  289.) 

446.  What  is  the  disk?     Describe  it  in  figs.  291,  292,  293. 

447.  What  is  said  of  "combined  deviations?" 

448.  Give  an  example,  in  any  flower  at  hand. 


CHAPTER    XI. 

449.  Can  you  define,  once  more,  the  true  idea  of  the  typical  flower? 

450.  What  is  the  only  true  distinction  between  calyx  and  corolla  ? 

451.  How  are  sepals  and  petals  as  to  number? 

451.  How  do  sepals  resemble  leaves?     How  do  petals? 

453.  What  corresponds  to  blade  ?     What  to  petiole  ? 

454.  In  the  sepals,  what  appears  to  be  the  analogy?     (See  fig.  11,  a.  5.  c.) 

455.  In  outline,  what  are  the  forms  of  petals  ?     Arc  they  always  entire  ? 
State  the  peculiarity  in  the  petal  form  of  the  Umbilifers  (297).     In 

the  petal  of  duckweed  (299).     Of  campion  (296).     Of  Monk's- 
hood.     Mitrewort  (298). 

456.  What  of  the  nectary  ? 

457.  Are  the  floral  organs  more  likely  to  be  distinct,  or  united? 

458.  What  do  we  call  a  calyx  with  united  sepals? 
What  do  we  call  a  corolla  with  united  petals  ? 
What  terms  are  opposed  to  these  two  ? 

459.  What  do  we  understand  by  the  limb  ?     The  tube  ? 

460.  What  varieties  in  the  degree  of  cohesion  (figs.  300,  301,  302,  303)  ? 

461.  What  sort  of  cohesion  in  calyx  of  Eschscholtzia,  or  grape? 

463.  Why  are  the  outer  organs  of  butter-cup  hypogynous  ? 

464.  In  the  flower  of  cherry,  why  are  the  stamens  perigynous  ? 
Explain  the  term  epigynous  ?  What  two  phrases  are  of  the  same  import? 

466.    Please  mention  two  other  phrases  of  the  same  meaning. 

Describe  figs.  304, 305,  306,  307,  308,  especially  as  to  the  ovary. 
Also  describe  figs.  309,  310,  311,  as  to  ovary,  etc. 


li  QUESTIONS    ON 

467.  In  the  rose,  (289)  are  the  ovaries  in  a  hollow  receptacle,  or  in  a  tubular 

calyx?    How  is  this  in  cherry  and  pear  (308,  307)  ? 

468.  What  two  phrases  are  synonymous  with  ''calyx  hypogynous?" 
How  is  the  calyx  in  saxifrage  (fig.  310)  and  in  mock-orange  ? 

469.  Of  regular  polypetalous  flowers,  what  four  forms  are  named  ? 
Of  irregular  polypetalous,  what  two  forms  ? 

Of  regular  monopetalous  flowers,  what  seven  forms? 
Of  irregular  monopetalous,  what  two  forms  ? 
470-484.  Describe  each  and  all  these  forms  in  order. 

To  which  of  these  classes  belongs  the  tulip  ?  The  rose  ?  The  mus' 
tard?  Pea?  Elder?  Kalmia?  Harebell?  Whortleberry?  Morn- 
ing-glory  ?  Petunia  ?  Honey-suckle  ?  The  florets  of  dandelion  ? 
The  sage?  Cypripedium? 

485.  What  is  pappus?    Its  etymology?     Give  examples. 
Describe  figs.  328,  329,  330,  331,  332,  333. 

487.  In  the  flower  of  bog-rush,  what  represents  the  calyx  (fig.  334)  ? 

488.  In  Carex,  what  represents  the  perianth  (fig.  335)  ? 

489.  In  the  grasses,  what  organs  replace  the  perianth  ? 

In  fig.  195,  show  the  spikelet  ?    The  glumes  ?    The  pales  ? 

490.  Define  the  term  caducous.    Deciduous.     Mareseent.    Persistent. 


CHAPTER    XII. 

491.  In  what  position  are  the  essential  organs  found  ? 
How  may  they  be  known  from  the  envelopes  ? 

492.  Mention  and  describe  each  of  the  three  parts  of  the  stamen. 
Which  of  these  parts  is  not  essential  ? 

WThat  is  the  collective  name  of  the  stamens?     (Fig.  336.) 

In  fig.  336,  which  is  the  andrcecium  ?     Which  the  gynceeium  ? 

In  fig.  338,  which  is  filament?    Anther?     Pollen?    Connectile? 

493.  Describe  the  filament. 

494.  Please  describe  the  anther.     Connectile.     Dehiscence. 

495.  When  is  the  anther  versatile  ?    Adnate  ?    Innate  ? 

496.  When  is  the  dehiscence  valvular  ?    Porous  ?    Opercular  ? 

497.  When  is  the  anther  introrse  ?    Extrorse  ? 
Describe  figs.  339,  340,  341,  342,  343,  344. 

498.  At  what  points  may  the  anther  he  appendaged  ?    Describe  figs.  849,  350, 

499.  When  is  the  anther  dimidiate  ?    Describe  figs.  354,  351. 
Point  out  the  stamens  and  pistils  in  figs.  355,  356,  357,  358,  359 
Describe  figs.  360,  361. 

502.  What  are  staminodia  ?    Where  do  we  find  them  ? 
Describe  fig.  372,  and  show  the  staminodia. 

503.  As  to  number — what  is  definite?     Indefinite?    Monandrous?    Dian- 

drous?    Triandrous?    Pentandrous,  etc.  ? 
504  As  to  position — what  is  hypogynous  ?     Perigynous,  etc. 

505.  As  to  comparative  length,  what  is  didynamous?     Tetradynamous? 

506.  As  to  the  union  of  stamens,  what  is  monadelphous  ?     DiadelphousZ 

Polyadelphous  ?     Syngenesious  ? 

507.  As  to  absence,  how  is  a  plant  rendered  monoecious?    Dioecious? 
How  are  the  flowers  in  a  polygamous  species?     (§  421.) 

508.  What  is  the  pollen  ?    Its  microscopic  appearance  ? 
Describe  figs.  362,  363,  364,  365,  366. 

509.  Describe  particularly  a  grain  of  pollen. 

510.  How  does  pollinia  differ  from  pollen  ? 

511.  Position  of  the  gynoecium  ? 

How  is  the  gynceeium  regularly  constituted  ? 


Xlll 

512.  Are  its  pistils  always  distinct  as  in  columbine  ? 

Is  the  gynoecium  always  free  and  superior  as  in  columbine? 

513.  What  is  said  of  the  number  of  the  pistils  ? 

What  is  the  meaning  of  the  terms  rnonogynous  ?    Trigynous  ? 

514.  How  may  a  simple  pistil  be  known  ? 

515.  Name  the  three  parts  of  the  pistil?    Which  is  non-essential? 

516.  How  is  this  carpellary  leaf  folded  in  becoming  a  pistil? 
What  forms  the  two  sutures  ? 

517.  Explain  figs.  378  bis,  379  bis,  and  illustrate  this  view. 
Also  compare  these  with  figs.  380,  381. 

519.  What  is  therefore  the  full  expression  of  the  doctrine  ? 

520.  What  are  the  placenta?  ?     When  is  it  double  ? 

521.  Illustrate  a  simple  carpel  by  a  pea-pod. 

522.  What  is  the  stigma  ? 

523.  Of  what  does  a  compound  pistil  consist? 

Describe  the  various  degrees  of  cohesion,  as  in  different  plants. 

Describe  figs.  387,  388,  389,  390,  391,  392. 

Also  here  describe  figs.  384,  385,  386  and  371  to  379. 

524.  Mention  carefully  the  five  methods  of  determining  the  number  of 

carpels. 

525.  In  the  first  mode  of  cohesion,  how  are  the  carpels  conditioned  ? 

1.  In  this  case,  how  many  cells  will  there  be  ? 

2.  How  will  the  dissepiments  be  conditioned  ? 

3.  Why  is  the  partition  in  the  flax  cell  called  spurious  ? 

4.  Where  will  the  placentas  be  located? 

526.  In  the  second  mode  of  cohesion,  how  are  the  carpels? 

1.  In  this  case,  how  many  cells  will  there  be  ? 

2.  How  will  the  placentaa  be  located  ? 

527.  Can  you  meation  any  intermediate  conditions  ? 

528.  Can  you  describe  the  free  axile  placentas  ? 

How  many  methods  of  explaining  this  singularity  ? 
In  which  figures  is  such  a  placenta  seen  ?     (394,  398.) 
Describe  figs.  399,  400,  401,  402,  403,  404,  405. 

529.  Here  notice  forms  of  style  and  stigma  in  fig.  385,  and  in  371  to  379. 

532.  What  is  the  nature  of  the  ovule  ? 

What  evidence  of  this  theory  can  you  mention  ? 

533.  As  to  number,  what  is  definite  ?     Indefinite? 

534.  As  to  position,  what  is  erect  ?     Ascending,  etc.  ? 
Illustrate  by  figs.  414,  415,  416,  417. 

535.  As  to  its  parts,"  what  is  the  funiculus  ?    Chalaza  ?    Tegmen  ?    Testa  ? 

Micropyle  ? 

536.  As  to  turns,  what  does  orthotropous  mean  ?     Anatropous  ? 
Describe  fig.  406.    Describe  figs.  413,  407,  408,  409. 

In  fig.  409,  point  out  the  funiculus,  chalaza,  tegmen,  testa,  micropyle,  and 

nucleus. 

Describe  figs.  410,  411,  the  same  six  parts,  and  the  raphe  and  hilum. 
539.  What  of  the  embryo  sac  ? 


CHAPTER    XIII. 

541.  What  short  definition  of  fruit  is  given  ? 

542.  What  becomes  of  the  corolla  and  stamens  after  flowering? 
What  of  the  calyx  ?    What  of  the  style  ? 

543.  What  is  remarked  of  consolidated  fruit  ? 

544.  Why  is  an  early  examination  of  the  ovary  safer  than  a  late  ? 


XIV  QUESTIONS    ON 

645.    Illustrate  this  by  the  acorn.    By  the  fruit  of  birch. 

546.  What  other  change  occurs  ?    Illustrate  by  thorn-apple. 
What  is  shown  in  figs.  418,  419,  420? 

547.  Name  the  two  parts  of  the  fruit,  and  describe. 
Name  the  various  textures  of  the  pericarp. 

548.  Can  you  name  instances  of  open  pericarps  ?   Describe  figs.  491,  492. 
How  are  the  seeds  of  fleshy  fruits  liberated  ? 

How  are  those  of  the  dry  fruits  usually  liberated  ? 
'550.  Can  you  name  the  modes  of  dehijcence? 

1.  What  is  sutural  dehiscence  ?     In  what  fruits  seen  ? 

2.  What  kind  of  dehiscence  is  seen  in  diagram  429  ?     430  ?    431  ? 
551.  What  kind  of  dehiscence  in  poppy  ?    In  henbane,  etc.  ?    (Fig.  444.) 
553.  What  singular  organ  is  seen  in  caraway?     (Fig.  433.) 

555.  Explain  the  synopsis  of  the  fruits,  how  fruits  may  be  defined  by  it. 

556.  What  is  an  achenium  ?     A  creinocarp  ?     A  cypsela  ? 

558.  How  distinguished  from  seeds?     Show  figures  of  each  kind. 

559.  What  is  a  utricle  ?     Show  us  one,  or  the  figure. 

560.  A  caryopsis  ?     The  figure.     A  samara  ?     The  figure. 

561-581.  (The  same  questions  on  each  kind,  showing  the  figure,  or  if  poa« 
sible,  the  very  fruit.) 

CHAPTER    XIV. 

582.  Define  the  seed.     What  does  it  consist  of? 

583.  What  is  the  name  of  the  outer  covering?     Of  the  inner? 

584.  What  are  the  various  textures  of  the  testa  ?     Of  its  surface  ? 

585.  How  distinguish  the  coma  from  the  pappus  ? 

Which  of  these,  properly,  is  cotton  ?     Explain  fig.  465. 

586.  What  occasional  covering  is  named  ?     Examples. 
Show  it  in  nutmeg  (fig.  461).     In  staff-tree  (fig.  460). 
What  is  the  aril  called  in  the  seed  of  Polygala  ?     (Fig.  641.) 

588.  What  is  the  eye  of  the  seed  properly  called  ? 

589.  When  is  the  seed  said  to  be  albuminous  ?     When  exalbuminous  ? 

590.  De'scribe  the  albumen.     Its  quantity  compared  with  the  embryo. 
What  its  varieties  of  texture  ?     Show  examples. 

591.  What  three  parts  of  the  embryo  are  mentioned  ? 

592.  Define  the  radicle.     The  plumule.     The  cotyledons. 
594.  How  do  these  alternate  with  the  albumen? 

596.  How  are  the  monocotyledons  characterized?     The  dicotyledons? 
How  are  these  great  classes  distinguished  by  their  leaves? 

598.  Have  any  plants  more  than  two  cotyledons  ? 
What  of  fig.  466  ?     Of  fig.  467  ?    468  ?     469  ? 

599.  What  varieties  in  position  are  mentioned  ? 

601.  When  does  the  seed  sleep? 

What  is  then  its  condition,  or  state  ? 

602.  Give  examples  of  the  great  longevity  of  the  seed. 

603.  How  may  seeds  longest  retain  their  vitality  ? 

604.  How  are  thistle  seeds  dispersed  ? 

605.  How  are  tick-seeds,  etc.,  dispersed?    The  touch-me-not? 

606.  How  the  seeds  of  the  squirting-cucumbcr  ? 

607.  What  the  agency  of  rivers  ?    Squirrels  ?    Birds 

608.  What  is  germination  ?     Where  may  we  observe  the  process? 

610.  How  and  why  is  the  seed  to  be  planted? 

611.  What  changes  take  place  in  the  material  of  the  seed? 


WOOD'S   CLASS-BOOK   OP  BOTANY.  XV 

Show  the  coiled  embryo  in  fig.  475. 

Show  the  bursting  embryo  in  fig.  476. 

Show  the  liberated  embryo  in  tigs.  477,  478,  479,  480. 

612.  What  becomes  of  the  radicle?     Of  the  cotyledons? 
How  does  the  plumule  develop  ?     Show  by  the  figures. 

613.  In  what  plants  do  the  cotyledons  remain  below  ? 

614.  Show  by  figs.  481,  482,  how  the  monocotyledon  germinates. 

615.  What  the  three  conditions  requisite  for  germination? 

616.  Why  is  moisture  requisite  ? 

61 7.  Why  air  ?     Whence  comes  the  sugar  ? 

618.  What  degrees  of  warmth  ?     Give  some  strange  exceptions. 

620.  What  good  explanation  of  the  downward  tendency  of  the  root  can  you  give  ? 

CHAPTER    XV. 

621.  In  the  lowest  Cryptogams,  are  the  parts  distinct  ? 
In  the  higher,  how  is  it  ? 

622.  How  are  they  distinguished  from  the  Phaenogams  ? 

623.  What  is  said  of  the  root,  stem,  and  leaves  in  Fungi,  etc.  ? 

(NOTE.— This  chapter  may  be  as  well  reviewed  by  the  topics  as  by  questions.) 


PAET    SECOND. 

CHAPTER    I. 

638.  Of  what  is  all  vegetable  structure  composed  ? 

639.  How  is  the  cell  denned  ?     What  is  the  primary  form  of  the  cell? 

641.  Mention  three  general  types. 

642.  Whence  do  the  casual  forms  result  ?     Name  some  of  them. 
043.    What  is  the  size  of  vegetable  cells  ? 

C44.    Of  what  length  are  some  wood-cells  and  bark-cells  ? 

645.  Describe  the  two  layers  of  the  cell-wall. 

646.  How  may  we  bring  the  primordial  utricle  to  view  as  in  fig.  568? 

647.  How  does  it  appear  that  the  cell- wall  is  porous? 

648.  What  appearance  does  a  third  layer  make  ? 

649.  What  fills  up  the  wood-cells  ?     Show  them  by  fig.  560. 

650.  What  the  appearance  of  pitted  cells  ? 
Illustrate  these  cells  in  figs.  569  and  570. 

651.  What  is  the  wonderful  structure  of  spiral  cells  ?     Show  them  in  figs. 

571,  572,  573,  577,  and  in  petioles. 

652.  Show  an  annular  cell  in  fig.  574,  and  where  else? 

653.  Show  a  scalariform  cell  in  fig.  575,  and  where  else  ? 

654.  What  is  the  material  of  the  outer  cell- wall  ? 

What  are  its  chemical  elements  ?     What  are  the  chemical  elements  of 
the  inner  cell- wall? 

655.  What  do  the  cells  contain?     What  is  cytoblast?    Protoplasm? 

656.  What  is  the  condition  of  the  coloring  matter  ? 

657.  What  is  the  structure  and  color  of  chlorophylle  ?     Describe  fig.  567. 

658.  What  is  the  composition  of  the  starch  granules  ?     (Figs.  579,  580.) 

660.  What  are  raphides  ?    Show  figs.  582,  583. 

661.  Show  how  the  cells  arc  multiplied. 


XV'i  QUESTIONS   ON 


CHAPTER    II. 

662.  What  is  the  simplest  possible  form  of  vegetation  ? 

663.  What  constitutes  a  tissue  ?     Name  the  four  tissues. 

664.  What  the  form  of  the  cells  of  Parenchyma  ?     Classify  them. 
G66.  What  the  form  of  the  cells  of  Pleurenchyma  ?     Two  varieties. 

667.  In  what  trees  do  we  find  the  pitted  cells  ?     What  is  fig.  579  ? 
Explain  this  beautiful  appearance  by  fig.  579  bis. 

668.  What  is  trachenchyma  ?     How  are  these  tubes  made  ? 
Show  the  structure  of  clotted-ducts  in  figs.  566,  576.    • 

671.  Office  of  cienchyma  ?     What  their  nature  ? 

673.  What  is  said  of  the  intercellular  passages  ? 

674.  Give,  finally,  the  import  of  the  cell. 

675.  How  is  elevation  of  rank  in  plants  indicated  ? 

CHAPTER    III. 

WHAT  does  the  "  epidermal  system  "  include  ? 

676.  What  is  the  office  of  the  epidermis  ?     What  its  cells? 

678.  What  are  the  stomata  ?     When  are  they  open,  and  when  closed? 

679.  How  many  are  found  in  the  space  of  one  square  inch  ? 
Point  out  the  stomata  in  the  figs.  582-586. 

681.  What  is  said  of  the  structure  of  hairs  ? 

682.  What  is  the  office  of  glands  ?     What  varieties  are  there  ? 

683.  Describe  the  mechanism  of  the  sting,  in  fig.  591. 

684.  How  do  prick]es  differ  from  spines?     Describe  the  figures. 

CHAPTER    IV. 

685.  What  does  the  "  ligneous  system"  include  ? 

686.  Of  what  kind  of  tissue  does  the  young  rootlet  consist,  ? 

687.  What  is  the  early  tissue  of  all  new  growths  ?  ) 

688.  What  changes  occur  in  the  rootlet  ? 

689.  How  is  the  increasing  demand  for  moisture  met  ? 

690.  Name  the  four  grand  divisions  of  plants. 

691.  Describe  a  cross-section  of  the  stem  of  an  Exogen. 

692.  Describe  the  pith;  its  composition,  contents,  etc. 

693.  Where  do  we  find  the  medullary  sheath  ?    What  are  its  vessels?    Its 

connections  ?     Its  office  ? 

694.  Of  what  does  the  wood  consist?     How  much,  grew  the  first  year? 

How  much  each  successive  year  ? 

695.  Whence  is  the  distinction  between  the  annual  wood-circles  ? 

697.  The  alburnum  and  duramen — how  distinguished  ? 

698.  Which  is  the  living  wood  ?    How  does  it  become  duramen  ? 
Which  is  valuable  as  timber  ?  % 

699.  What  has  perished  in  a  hollow  tree  ? 

700.  Name  the  three  layers  of  the  bark. 

701.  The  liber — of  what  tissues  ?     Whence  is  its  toughness  ? 

702.  What  is  the  green  bark  ?     What  its  structure  ? 

703.  The  brown  bark — what  are  its  varying  colors?     What  is  its  tissue? 

How  is  it  in  the  cork  oak  ? 
705.  Define  the  medullary  rays.     What  is  their  structure  ? 

707.  Why  are  they  called  the  silver  grain  ?     Show  it  in  figs.  597,  598. 

708.  What  good  purpose  do  they  serve  ? 


WOOD'S    CLASS-BOOK   OF    BOTANY.  IVU 

709.  Where  is  the  cambium  layer  found  ?     What  is  it  ? 

710.  Why  is  it  called  the  generative  layer  ? 

711.  Why  is  the  growth  of  Exogens  unlimited? 

712.  Why  is  the  bark  most  sought  in  medicine,  etc.  ? 

713.  What  of  a  cross-section  of  an  endogenous  stem  ? 

714.  Explain  particularly  its  structure. 

715.  As  to  these  bundles — of  what  does  each  consist? 

717.  Has  the  Endogen  a  true  bark  ?     Why  does  it  split  with  difficulty  ? 

718.  Why  are  these  plants  called  inside-growers,  or  Endogens? 

719.  Why  is  the  caudex  of  the  palmetto,  etc.,  often  smaller  at  base? 

720.  In  what  plants  is  the  acrogenous  structure  found  ?     Why  are  they  so 

called,  i.  e.,  point  growers  ? 

721.  How  does  a  cross-section  of  one  of  them  appear?    (Fig.  600.) 
Here  describe  the  figures  595  and  596. 

722.  What  is  the  rank  of  the  mass-growers  ?    What  is  their  only  tissue?    What 

semblance  of  stems  have  they  ? 

724.  What  can  you  say  of  the  fibrillae  of  the  root  ?    (See  the  fig.) 

725.  What  may  be  said  of  the  pileorhiza  ?    Show  it  in  the  figures. 

726.  How  does  the  root  grow,  and  penetrate  the  soil  ? 

729.  What  is  the  substance  of  the  veins  ? 

730.  How  many  layers  of  the  parenchyma  are  there  ?    When  are  the  two 

alike,  and  when  unlike  ? 

732.  What  is  the  normal  place  of  the  stomata?     How  in  floating  leaves? 

733.  What  is  the  condition  of  the  chlorophylle  ? 

734.  The  vessels  of  cienchyma — where,  and  of  what  use  ? 

Explain  fig.  604,  and  show  the  parts,  as  the  epidermis,  the  two  layers, 
chlorophylle,  spiral  vessels,  stomata,  etc. 

CHAPTER   V. 

736.  What  inquiries  are  we  now  to  start? 

738.  What  problem  remains  unsolved?  What  phenomena  do  we  refer  to 

the  vitality  of  the  plant  ? 

739.  What  is  the  lowest  form  of  life?     Whence  does  it  spring? 

740.  How  prove  that  the  vegetable  kingdom  is  subordinate  ? 
742.  In  what  steps  does  the  process  of  vegetation  consist  ? 

What  are  the  vital  phenomena  included  in  vegetation? 

744.  What  two  kinds  of  organic  matter  make  up  the  cell  ? 

Write  out  the  symbols  of  these  two.    Which  resembles  animal  matter  ? 

745.  What  does  the  cell  imbibe  ?     From  what  fluid  ? 

746.  What  chemical  decomposition  ensues  ?     What  becomes  of  the  water 

formed  ?    What  of  the  cellulose  ? 

747.  How  is  chlorophylle  formed  ?     What  becomes  of  the  excess  of  the 

cellulose  ?     What  globule  within  a  globule  ? 

749.  What  becomes  of  the  excess  of  protoplasm  ? 

750.  What  per  cent,  of  gluten  and  starch  in  wheat  ?     Why  is  extra  flour 

deficient  in  gluten  ? 

751.  Can  a  plant  consist  of  a  single  cell?     Give  an  example. 

752.  Describe  the  two  modes  of  cell  growth. 

753.  How  is  growth  distinguished  from  reproduction  ? 

754.  What  is  the  embryonic  vesicle  ?     Its  origin?     Its  destination? 

755.  How  does  it  receive  its  impulse  in  this  direction  ? 

756.  Trace  the  growth  of  the  pollen  grain  after  it  falls  on  the  stigma. 

757.  Trace  the  course  of  the  pollen  tube,  and  in  fig.  607. 

758.  Show  the  process  of  growth  in  the  fertilized  cell,  and  in  fig.  608. 

759.  How  does  Schleiden's  view  difier  from  the  above  ?     Explain  fig.  609. 


XV111  QUESTIONS    ON 

760.  In  the  Coniferae,  where  does  the  pollen  fall  ? 

761.  What  is  the  state  of  the  embryo  in  the  mature  seed  ?     What  store  is 

laid  up  for  it? 

762.  What  chemical  changes  ensue  ?     What  is  diastase  ?     Dextrine  ? 
Whence  is  the  yeast?     The  heat ?     The  sugar? 

766.  In  the  process  of  ripening  fruits,  what  material  is  formed? 

767.  Whence  is  the  honey  in  the  flower  ?     What  the  use  of  the  sugar  ? 

768.  Of  what  use  is  the  honey  to  the  plant  ? 

CHAPTER    VI. 

770.  WHAT  the  subject  ?     What  is  the  most  important  office  of  the  root  ? 

771.  Illustration,  by  a  plant  of  spearmint,  hydrangea,  etc. 

772.  What  organs  absorb  the  water  in  these  cases? 

773.  Illustrate  this  by  a  radish  plant. 

774.  In  transplanting  trees,  what  special  care  must  be  used  ? 

775.  What  of  the  force  of  this  absorption  ?    How  may  it  be  shown  ? 

777.  Name  the  two  causes  of  the  ascent  of  the  sap. 

778.  Illustrate  capillary  attraction  by  glass  tubes.    By  a  napkin. 

780.  Illustrate  endosmose  by  dried  prunes. 

781.  Illustrate  by  a  bladder  and  long  glass  tube. 

784.  Of  what  use  to  the  vegetable  is  absorption  ?    Have  the  roots  the 

power  of  choice  ?     Give  examples. 

785.  What  other  organs  absorb  ?     What  illustrations  are  given  ? 

787.  In  what  direction  is  the  flowing  of  the  sap  ? 

788.  How  does  it  advance  in  the  tissue  of  a  Cryptogam  ? 

789.  In  higher  plants,  what  is  noticed  in  the  different  tissues  ? 

790.  What  vessels  and  passages  convey  air  only  ? 

791.  What  seems  to  be  the  moving  force  which  raises  the  sap  ? 

792.  Through  what  tissue  does  the  sap  chiefly  ascend  ? 

793.  Through  which  layers,  and  why  ? 

794.  What  is  the  composition  of  the  crude  sap? 

795.  How  do  you  account  for  the  issue  of  sap  from  the  sugar  maple  in  early- 

Spring?    What  causes  the  flow  to  cease? 

796.  How  does  the  crude  sap  become  the  true  sap  ? 

797.  Trace  the  distribution  of  this  fluid  as  it  returns  from  the  leaves. 

798.  Specify  the  places  where  this  sap  makes  deposits. 

799.  In  what  direction  is  the  growth,  from  above  or  from  below  ? 

800.  Illustrate  this  by  the  girdling  process.    Why  does  the  tree  die? 
•801.    Illustrate  by  a  ligature.     Illustrate  by  a  wound  in  the  trunk. 

803.  What  the  effect  of  cutting  a  branch  just  below  a  node  ? 

804.  What  of  girdling  a  potato  plant  ?    Fruit  tree  ?    Why  ? 

806.  Where  does  the  flow  called  rotation  occur  ?     Describe  it. 

808.  What  is  the  process  called  transpiration  ?    It  occurs  where  and  when  ? 

809.  What  other  process  depends  upon  it  ?     Does  it  convey  away  puro 

water  only  ? 

810.  How  much  water  did  a  sunflower  transpire  per  day  ?     A  cabbage  ? 

811.  Describe  an  arrangement  for  showing  the  quantity  of  transpiration. 

812.  What  do  we  understand  by  respiration  in  plants  ? 

813.  What  experiment  with  an  air-pump  shows  its  importance  ? 

814.  Why  does  the  tree  suffer  when  its  roots  have  been  buried  too  deep  ? 

815.  Define  respiration  in  plants.     Where  does  it  occur? 

816.  What  does  the  vast  extent  of  the  respiratory  apparatus  show? 

817.  State  in  order  the  six  facts  given  in  relation  to  respiration. 

818.  State  carefully  the  two  opposite  phases  of  respiration. 


WOOD'S    CLASS-BOOK    OP   BOTANY.  xlx 

819.  When  does  the  former  phase  become  visible  ?    When  the  latter  ? 

830.  Explain  the  phenomena  of  blanched  plants. 

821.  Describe  the  interesting  experiment  of  Saussure. 

822.  Why  is  no  oxygen  obtained  when  boiled  or  distilled  water  is  used  ? 

824.  What  are  the  results  of  transpiration  and  respiration  on  the  sap  ? 

825.  What  proportion  of  carbonic  acid  in  the  air?     Whence  is  it  derived? 

How  much  is  added  to  the  atmosphere  annually  ? 

826.  Why  does  the  carbonic  acid  not  accumulate  in  the  air? 

827.  How  might  the  air  become  poisonous  for  animals? 

828.  Now  show  how  the  animal  and  vegetable  kingdoms  mutually  aid 

each  other. 

CHAPTER    VII. 

829.  Name  the  four  organ  ogens,  i.  e.,  organic  elements. 


830.    In  what  proportion  does  each  exist  ?    In  what  proportion  all  ? 

lidity  and  stren 
gen  and  hydrogen  form  in  pl 
Give  some  examples  of  its  quantity  from  the  table. 


What  the  per  cent,  of  carbon  ?    What  gives  solidity  and  strength? 
831.    What  do  the  oxygen  and  hydrogen  form  in  plants  ? 


832.  Name  some  earthy  elements  found  in  plants. 

833.  Give  from  the  table  some  examples  of  the  proportion  of  ashes  and  other 

elements  in  vegetables. 

834.  What  is  the  object  of  inquiry  in  Agricultural  Chemistry? 

834.  What  is  the  food  of  plants?     Whence  comes  their  nourishment? 

Whence  their  carbon  ?    Their  oxygen?     Hydrogen?    Nitrogen? 

835.  What  the  whole  quantity  of  carbon  in  the  air  ? 

837.  Of  what  does  soil  consist  ?    Its  organic  materials. 

838.  Of  what  is  water  composed  ?    Whence  the  ammonia  in  rain? 

839.  What  is  the  composition  of  ammonia  ? 

840.  What  source  of  nitric  acid  in  the  air  ? 

841.  What  are  air-plants  ?    Give  some  examples. 

842.  Name  three  requisite  conditions  of  healthy  vegetation. 

843.  What  of  the  supply  of  the  first  ?     Of  the  second  ? 

844.  What  is  the  object  of  tillage  ?     What  of  sub-soiling  ? 

845.  What  the  object  of  manuring  ?     What  the  use  of  amendments? 

846.  What  is  the  good  of  bone-manure  ?    What  of  guano  ? 

848.  What  is  fallow  ground  ?     What  its  benefit  ? 

849.  What  gives  efficiency  to  all  these  materials  ? 

850.  Can  you  here  state  the  outlines  of  digestion  ? 

851.  What  are  the  constituents  of  the  proper  juice  f 

852.  From  this  vital  fluid  what  is  first  formed  ?    Next  ?    Thirdly? 

853.  Where  are  gum,  starch,  and  sugar  deposited  ? 

854.  How  does  sugar  differ  in  composition  from  starch  ? 

855.  How  may  starch  become  cellulose  ?    How  become  sugar  ? 

856.  Can  you  distinguish  the  vegetable  products  into  two  classes  ? 

857.  On  what  principle  is  the  table  constructed  ?    Illustrate. 


PART    THIRD. 
CHAPTER   I. 

858.  What  is  the  object  and  aim  of  Systematic  Botany  ? 
860.  What  is  the  higher  purpose  accomplished  by  it? 


XX  WOOD'S   CLASS-BOOK    OF   BOTANY. 

861.  How  does  it  appear  that  the  subject  is  yast  ? 

862.  Mention  a  wrong  way  to  study. 

863.  What  causes  the  limits  of  species  ?     How  may  the  student  become 

acquainted  with  all  the  individuals  of  a  species  ? 

864.  Give  an  example  of  this  mode  of  study. 

865.  Define  a  genus.     Give  an  example  of  a  genus. 

868.  How  are  the  Genera  associated  into  Orders  ? 

869.  For  example,  how  is  the  Order  CRUCIFEB^B  made  up  ?    The  Coniferset 

870.  Into  what  groups  are  the  Orders  themselves  associated  ? 

CHAPTER   II. 

873.  Subject  of  this  chapter  ?    Illustrate  an  artificial  classification. 

874.  Who  was  Carl  von  Linne  ?    What  system  did  he  invent  ? 

875.  What  are  its  defects  as  a  system  ? 

876.  Are  these  defects  objections  to  it  as  a  key  ?    Is  it  now  in  use? 

877.  How  many  classes  in  the  Linnsean  system  ? 

(Further  examination  at  the  teacher's  option.) 

CHAPTER   III. 

886.  THE  subject  ?    What  is  the  aim  of  this  system  ? 

887.  How  does  it  differ  from  the  Artificial  System  ? 

888.  What  the  principle  of  the  species  and  genera  ? 

889.  What  rule  is  given  as  to  the  relative  value  of  characters  ? 

891.  As  to  history,  who  may  be  regarded  as  the  founder  ?    What  did  he  ?    What 

did  Linnaeus?    Jussieu?    Robert  Brown?    DeCandolle? 

892.  What  uncertainty  in  the  system  yet  remains  ? 

893.  Whence  is  the  difficulty  in  settling  these  divisions  ? 

894.  Is  there  more  than  one  true  Natural  System? 

895.  What  is  the  first  and  highest  division  of  the  Natural  System  ? 
Define  the  Phaenogamia.    The  Cryptogamia. 

896.  What  of  the  indenniteness  of  natural  groups  ? 

897.  Into  what  two  provinces  are  the  Pheenogamia  next  resolved  ? 
State  the  diagnosis  of  the  Exogens.    Of  the  Endogens. 

898.  What  divisions  next  follow  ?     Define  the  Angiospermaa. 

Define  the  Gymnospermae.    Name  the  two  classes  formed  by  the  Endogens 
Describe  each. 

899.  Into  what  two  provinces  is  the  sub-kingdom  Cryptogamia  divided  ? 
Define  the  Acrogens.    Define  the  Thallogens. 

900.  What  two  classes  correspond  with  these  two  provinces  ?     Define  the 

Angiosporae.     Define  the  Gymnosporae. 

901.  What  name  is  given  to  the  fourth  set  of  groups  ?    Are  the  cohorts  quite 

natural  groups  ?    Why  not  ? 

903.  Whose  plan  is  generally  adopted  in  this  country  ? 
Into  what  three  cohorts  are  the  Angiospermae  divided  ? 
Define  the  Dialypetalae.     The  Gamopetalae.     The  Apetalae. 

904.  How  is  the  class  Petaliferse  divided  ?     Define  the  Spadiciflorse.     De- 

fine the  Florideae. 

905.  The  class  Glumiferae  is  equivalent  to  what  cohort? 

906.  Name  the  three  cohorts  of  the  class  Angiosporae. 

907.  Name  the  three  cohorts  of  the  class  Gymnosporas. 

908.  Write  on  the  black-board  the  synopsis  of  the  Natural  System. 


PART    FIRST, 

STRUCTURAL    BOTANY;  OR,  ORGANOGRAP1IY. 


CHAPTER    I. 

PRIMARY   DIVISIONS   OF   THE  VEGETABLE   KINGDOM. 
65.    TWO    NATURAL  GRAND   DIVISIONS    OF    THE  VEGETABLE    KlNGDOM 

have  long  been  recognized  by  botanists,  viz.,  the  Phsenogamia  or 
Flowering  Plants ;  the  Cryptogamia,  or  Flowerless  Plants.  Besides  the 
obvious  distinction  made  by  the  presence  and  absence  of  the  flower, 


Bose  (flowers  double)— an  Exosren.    3,  Lily— an  Endosr'en.    4,  Torn— an  acrogeB<m» 
Cryptogam.    5,  Lichen— a  thallogenous  Cryptogam. 


18  PRIMARY    DIVISIONS    OF   THE    VEGETABLE    KINGDOM. 

66.  THESE  GRAND  DIVISIONS  ARE  FURTHER  DISTINGUISHED  by  their 
organic  structure  and  general  aspects.  In  the  Phaenogamia  we  find  a 
system  of  compound  organs,  such  as  root,  stem,  leaf,  bud,  flower,  suc- 
cessively developed  on  a  determinate  plan  ;  while  in  the  Cryptogamia, 
a  gradual  departure  from  this  plan  commences,  and  they  become,  at 
length,  in  their  lowest  forms,  simple  expansions  of  a  uniform  tissue, 
without  symmetry  or  proportion.  This  distinction  is  rendered  perfectly 
clear  by  a  reference  to 

67.  EXAMPLES.    Compare  a  rose  with  a  fern.      In  the  former  a  regular  axis 
bears  buds  which  are  unfolded,  some  into  leaves,  others  into  flowers  succeeded  by 
fruit.     In  the  fern  no  buds  nor  flowers  appear,  and  the  fruit  dots  sprinkle  over  the 
back  of  the  leaf.     Again,  contrast  the  violet  with  a  lichen,  where  neither  stem,  root, 
nor  leaf  appears,  much  less  flowers,  but  disc-like  expansions  with  fruit-dust  (spores) 
produced  indifferently  in  any  part  of  them. 

68.  SUBDIVISIONS   OF   THE   PHAENOGAMIA.      This   grand  division  is 
itself  very  naturally  resolved  into  two  subdivisions,  named  by  De  Candolle 
Exogens  and  Endogcns. 

69.  EXOGENOUS  PLANTS  OR  EXOGENS  (outside-growers),  including  all 
the  trees  (except  palms)  and  most  herbaceous  plants  of  temperate  regions, 
are  so  named,  because  the  additions  to  the  diameter  of  the  stein  are 
made  externally  to  the  wood  already  formed. 

70.  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS  OR  ENDOGCNS  (inside-growers),  including  the 
grasses  and  most  bulbous  plants  of  temperate  climates,  and  the  palms, 
canes,  etc.,  south,  are  so  named  from  the  accretions  of  the  stem  taking 
place  within  the  parts  already  formed. 

71.  THESE  SUBDIVISIONS  ARE  MORE  ACCURATELY  DISTINGUISHED  by  the 
structure  of  the  seed.     The  seeds  of  the  Exogens  consists  of  two  equal 
seed-lobes,  called  cotyledons,  as  seen  in  the  pea.     The  seed  of  the  Endo- 
gens  consists  of  but  one  seed-lobe  or  cotyledon,  as  in  the  Indian  Corn. 
On  this  account  Exogens  were  first  called  Dicotyledonous  (two-cotyle- 
doned)    plants,    and    Endogens,  Monocotyledonous    (one-cotyledoned) 
plants ; — names  quite  appropriate,  but  too  hard  and  long  for  general  use. 

72.  THEY  ARE  ALSO  VERY  READILY  DISTINGUISHED  by  their  leaves, 
which  are  net-veined  in  the  Exogens,  and  parallel-veined  in  the  Endogens, 
Moreover,  their  flowers  are  remarkably  different,  being  almost  always, 
three-parted  in  the  latter  and  about  five-parted  in  the  former.     But  all 
these  distinctions,  with  some  others,will  be  more  definitely  stated  hereafter. 

73.  THE  NAME  OP  A  PLANT  or  other  natural  object  is  twofold, — the  trivial  or 
popular  name,  by  which  it  is  generally  known  in  the  country ;  and  the  Latin  name, 
by  which  it  is  accurately  designated  in  science  throughout  the  world.     For  example, 
strawberry  is  the  popular  name,  and  Fragaria  vesca  the  Latin  or  scientific  name  of 
the  same  plant 

74.  In  elementary  treatises,  like  the  present,  for  the  sake  of  being  readily  under- 
stood, plants  are  usually  called  by  their  popular  names.     Yet  we  earnestly  recom- 
mend to  the  learner  to  accustom  himself  early  to  the  use  of  the  more  accurate  names 
employed  in  science. 


TERM    OF   PLANT   LIFE.  19 

75.  THE  LATIN  NAME  is  ALWAYS  DOUBLE; — generic  and  specific.  Thus 
Fragaria  is  generic,  or  the  name  of  the  genus  of  the  plant,  vesca  is 
specific,  or  the  name  of  the  species. 

76.  A  SPECIES  embraces  all  such  individuals  as  may  have  originated 
from  a  common  stock.     Such  individuals  bear  an  essential  resemblance 
to  each  other  as  well  as  to  their  common  parent,  in  all  their  parts. 

77.  FOR  EXAMPLE,  the  white  clover  (Trifolium  repens)  is  a  species 
embracing  thousands  of  cotemporary  individuals  scattered  over  our  hills 
and  plains,  all  of  common  descent,  and  producing  other  individuals  of 
their  own  kind  from  their  seed. 

78.  VARIETIES.     To  this  law  of  resemblance  in  plants  of  one  common 
origin  there  are  some  apparent  exceptions.     Individuals  descended  from 
the  same  parent  often  bear  flowers  differing  in  color,  or  fruit  differing  in 
flavor,  or  leaves  differing  in  form,  etc.     Such  plants  are  called  varieties. 
They  are  never  permanent,  but  exhibit  a  constant  tendency  to  revert  to 
their  original  type. 

79.  EXAMPLES.     Varieties  occur  chiefly  in  species  maintained  by  cultivation, 
as  the  apple,  potato,  rose,  Dahlia.     They  also  occur  more  or  less  in  native  plants  (as 
Hepatica  triloba),  often  rendering  the  limits  of  the  sp3cies  extremely  doubtful.  They 
are  due  to  tho  different  circumstances  of  climate,  soil,  and  culture  to  which  they 
are  subjected,  and  continue  distinct  only  until  left  again  to  multiply  spontaneously 
from  seed  in  their  own  proper  soil,  or  some  other  change  of  circumstances. 

80.  A  GENUS  is  an  assemblage  of  species  closely  related  to  each  other 
in  the  structure  of  their  flowers  and  fruit,  and  having  more  points  of 
resemblance  than  of  difference  throughout. 

81.  ILLUSTRATION.    The  genus  clover  (Trifolium)  includes  many  species,  as  tho 
white  clover  (T.  repens),  the  red  clover  (T.  pratense),  the  buffalo  clover  (T.  reflexum), 
etc.,  agreeing  in  floral  structure  and  general  aspect  so  obviously  that  the  most  hasty 
observer  would  notice  their  relationship.     So  in  tho  genus  Pinus.  no  one  would  hes- 
itate to  include  the  white  pine,  the  pitch  pine,  the  long-leafed  pine  (P.  strobus, 
rigida,  and  palustris),  any  more  than  we  would  fail  to  observe  their  differences. 

82.  Thus  individuals  are  grouped  into  species,  and  species  are  asso- 
ciated into  genera.  These  groups  constitute  the  bases  of  all  the  systems 
of  classification  in  use,  whether  by  artificial  or  natural  methods. 


CHAPTER    II. 

TERM     OF     PLANT     LIFE. 

83.  PLANT  LIFE  DEFINED.  The  vital  principle  in  the  plant  or  its  life 
is  known  only  by  its  effects.  In  the  animal  these  effects  are,  in  kind, 
twofold,  indicating  two  kinds  of  life,  the  organic  and  the  nervous  life. 
In  the  plant  the  latter  kind  is  wanting,  and  the  sum  of  its  vital  phe- 
nomena is  popularly  expressed  in  the  one  word,  vegetation. 


20  TERM    OF    PLANT    LIFE. 

84.  STAGES  OF  PLANT  LIFE.    The  successive  phenomena  of  vegetation 
are  germination,  growth,  flowering,  fruit-bearing,  sleeping,  dying ;  and 
we  may  add  along  with  these,  absorption,  digestion,  secretion.     The 
development  of  every  plant,  herb  or  tree,  commences  with  the  minute 
embryo,  advances  through  a  continual  scries  of  transformations,  with  a 
gradual  increase  of  stature,  to  its  appointed  limit. 

85.  THE  LIFE  OP  THE  PLANT  is  A  BIOGRAPHY.     Its  form  is  never  permanent, 
but  changing  like  a  series  of  dissolving  views.     The  picture  which  it  presents  to  tho 
eye  to-day  differs,  perhaps  imperceptibly,  from  that  of  yesterday.     But  let  the  views 
be  successively  sketched  when  it  sprouts  from  the  seed  in  spring,  when  clothed  in 
its  leafy  robes,  when  crowned  with  flowers,  when  laden  with  ripe  fruit,  and  when 
dead  or  dormant  in  winter — and  the  pictures  differ  as  widely  as  those  of  species  the 
most  opposite. 

86.  THE  TERM  OR  PERIOD  OF  PLANT  LIFE  varies  between  wide  extremes, 
from  the  ephemeral  mushroom  to  the  church-yard  yew,  whose  years  aro 
reckoned  by  thousands.     The  term  of  life  for  each  species  is,  of  course, 
mainly  dependent  on  its  own  laws  of  growth,  yet  is  often  modified  by 
the  climate  and  seasons.     Thus  the  castor  oil  bean  (Ricinus)  is  an 
annual  herb  in  the  Northern  States,  a  shrub  in  the  Southern,  and  a 
tree  forty  feet  in  height  in  its  native  India. 

87.  FLOWERING   AND    FRUIT-BEAKING   is    AN   EXHAUSTING  PROCESS. 
If  it  occur  within  the  first  or  second  year  of  the  life  of  the  plant  it 
generally  proves  the  fatal  event.     In  all  other  cases  it  is  either  pre- 
ceded or  followed  by  a  state  of  needful  repose.     Now  if  flowering  be 
prevented  by  nipping  the  buds,  the  tender  annual  may  become  peren- 
nial, as  in  the  florist's  tree-mignionette.       •+ 

88.  WE  DISTINGUISH  PLANTS,  AS  TO  THEIR  TERM  OF  LIFE,  into  the  an- 
nual (0),  the  biennial  (@),  and  the  perennial  (i\). 

89.  AN  ANNUAL  HERB  is  a  plant  whose  entire  life  is  limited  to  a  single 
season.     It  germinates  from  the  seed  in  spring,  attains  its  growth,  blos- 
soms, bears  fruit,  and  dies  in  autumn,  as  the  flax,  corn,  morning-glory. 

90.  A  BIENNIAL  HERB  is  a  plant  which  germinates  and  vegetates,  bear- 
ing leaves  only  the  first  season,  blossoms,  bears  fruit,  and  dies  the  second, 
as  the  beet  and  turnip.     Wheat,  rye,  &c.,  are  annual  plants,  but  when 
sown  in  autumn  they  have  the  habit  of  biennials,  in  consequence  of  the 
prevention  of  flowering  by  the  sudden  cold. 

91.  MOXOCARPIC  HERBS.     The  century  plant  (Agave),  the  talipot  palm,  &c.,  are 
so  called.     They  vegetate,  bearing  leaves  only,  for  many  years,  accumulating  ma- 
terials and  strength  for  one  mighty  effort  in  fructification,  which  being  accomplished, 
they  die.     But  although  the  vital  principle  is  extinguished  in  the  parent,  it  survives 
multiplied  a  thousand  fold  in  the  seed. 

92.  PERENNIAL   PLANTS   are  such  as  have  an  indefinite  duration  of 
life,  usually  of  many  years.     They  may  be  either  herbaceous  or  woody. 

93.  HERBACEOUS  PERENNIALS,  or  perennial  herbs,  are  plants  whose 


TERM  OF  PLANT  LIFE.  21 

parts  are  annual  above  ground  and  perennial  below.  In  other  words, 
their  roots  or  subterranean  stems  live  from  year  to  year,  sending  up  an- 
nually in  spring  flowering  shoots,  which  perish  after  they  have  ripened 
their  fruit  in  autumn  ;  as  the  lily,  dandelion,  hop. 

94.  WOODY  PERENNIALS  usually  vegetate  several  years,  and  attain 
well  nigh  their  ordinary  stature  before  flowering ;  thenceforward  they 
fructify  annually,  resting  or  sleeping  in  winter.     They  are  known  as 
trees,  shrubs,  bushes  and  undershrubs — distinctions  founded  on  size  alone. 

95.  A  SHRUB  is  a  diminutive  tree,  limited  to  eighteen  or  twenty  feet 
in  stature,  and  generally  dividing  into  branches  at  or  near  the  surface  of 
the  ground  (alder,  quince).     If  the  woody  plant  be  limited  to  a  still 
lower  growth,  say  about  the  human  stature,  it  is  called  a  bush,  (snow-ball, 
Andromeda.)     If  still  smaller,  it  is  an  undershrub  (whortleberry). 

96.  A  TREE  is  understood  to  attain  to  a  height  many  times  greater 
than  the  human  stature,  with  a  permanent  woody  stem,  whose  lower 
part,  the  trunk,  is  unbranched. 

97.  LONGEVITY  OF  TREES.     Some  trees  live  only  a  few  years,  rapidly 
attaining  their  growth  and  rapidly  decaying,  as  the  peach  ;  others  have 
a  longevity  exceeding  the  age  of  man,  and  some  species  outlive  many 
generations. 

98.  THE  AGE  OF  A  TREE  MAY  BE  ESTIMATED  by  the  number  of  wood- 
circles  or  rings  seen  in  a  cross  section  of  the  trunk  (§  667),  each  ring 
being  (very  generally)  an  annual  growth. 

99.  EXAMPLES.     The  known  age  of  an  elm,  as  stated  by  De  Candolle,  was  335 
years;  of  a  larch,  576;  a  chestnut,  600;  an  orange,  630;  oaks,  from  810  to  1500  ; 
yews,  12 14  to  2820. 

100.  ADANSON  estimated  the  age  of  the  baobabs  of  Africa  at  5000  years.     Liv- 
ingston reduces  it  to  1800.     The  yew  trees  of  Britain,  as  described  by  Balfour,  are 
of  wonderful  longevity.     One  in  Bradburn  church-yard,  Kent,  is  3000  years  old, 
and  the  great  yew  at  Hedsor,  Bucks,  twenty-seven  feet  in  diameter,  has  vegetated 
3200  years. 

101.  MAGNITUDE.    At  the  first  establishment  of  Dartmouth  College,  a  pine  tree 
was  felled  upon  the  college  plain  which  measured  210  feet  in  height.     In  the  Ohio 
Valley  the  red  maple  attains  a  girth  of  20  feet,  the  tulip-tree  of  30,  and  tne  syca- 
more of  more  than  60.  But  the  monarch  tree  of  the  world  is  the  Sequoya  gigantea 
— the  California  pine.     One  which  had  fallen  measured  31  feet  in  diameter,  and  363 
feet  in  length.     Among  those  yet  standing  are  some  of  still  greater  dimensions,  as 
beautiful  in  form  as  they  are  sublime  in  height,  the  growth  (as  estimated  by  the 
wood-circles)  of  more  than  3000  years. 

102.  Trees  are  again  distinguished  as  decidous  and  evergreen — the 
former  losing  their  foliage  in  autumn  and  remaining  naked  until  the 
following  spring;  the  latter  retaining  their  leaves  and  verdure  through- 
out all  seasons.  The  fir  tribe  (Coniferae)  includes  nearly  all  the  ever- 
greens of  the  North ;  those  of  the  South  are  far  more  numerous  in  kind, 
e.  g.,  the  magnolias,  the  live-oaks,  holly,  cherry,  palmetto,  &c. 


22 


THE   PH^ENOGAMIA — HOW   DEVELOPED. 


CHAPTER     III. 


THE  PH^INOGAMIA — HOW  DEVELOPED. 


103.  THE  EMBRYO.     The  plant  in  its  earliest  stage  of  life  is  an  em* 
bryo,  contained  in  a  seed.     It  then  consists  essentially  of 

two  parts,  the  radicle  and  the  plumule.     We  may  discern 
both  in  many  seeds,  as  the  pea,  bean,  acorn. 

104.  GROWTH  OF  THE  EMBRYO.     After  the  seed  begins 
to  grow  or  germinate,  the  embryo  extends  itself  in  two 
directions,  to  form  the  axis  of  the  plant.     The  radicle  or 
root-end  grows  downward,  penetrating  the  dark  damp  earth 
as  if  to  avoid  the  light,  and  forms  the  root  or  descending 
axis.    The  plumule,  taking  the  opposite  direction,  ascends, 
seeking  the  light,  and  expanding  itself  as  much 

as  possible  to  the  influence  of  the  atmosphere. 
This  constitutes  the  stem  or  ascending  axis, 
bearing  the  leaves. 

105.  GROWTH  OF  THE  TERMINAL  BUD.     At 
first  the  ascending  axis  is  merely  a  bud, 

that  is,  a  growing  point,  clothed  and 
protected  by  little  scales,  the  rudiment- 
ary leaves.     As  the  growing  point  ad- 
vances, and  its  lower  scales  gradually 
expand  into  leaves,  new  scales  suc- 
cessively appear  above.     Thus  the 
axis  is  always  terminated  by  a  bud. 

106.  AXILLARY  BUDS.     By  the 
growth  of  the  terminal  bud   the 
axis  is  simply  lengthened  in  one 
direction,  an  undivided  stem. 

But  besides  this,  buds  also 
exist,  ready  formed,  ,in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,  ,one  in 
each. 

107.  HOW       BRANCHES 

ARE  FORMED.  These  axil- 
lary buds,  a  part  or  all  of  them,  may  grow  and  develop  like  the  ter- 
minal bud,  or  they  may  always  sleep,  as  in  the  simple-stemmed  mullein 
or  palm.  But  in  growing  they  become  branches,  and  these  branches 


Acorn  (seed  of  Quercus  palut 
tris) germinating;  G,  section  show- 
ing the  radicle  (r)  which  is  to  be- 
come the  root,  nnd  the  two  cotyledons  (c)  which  are  to 
nourish  it;  7,  the  radicle  r,  descending;  8  and  9,  the 
radicle,  r,  descending,  and  the  plumule  (p)  ascending. 


THE   PII^ENOGAMIA — HOW   DEVELOPED. 


23 


may,  in  turn,  generate  buds  and  branchlets  in  the  axils  of  their  own 
leaves  in  like  manner. 

108.  BY   THE   CONTINUAL  REPETITION    OP    THIS  SIMPLE    PROCESS    the    vegetable 

fabric  arises,  ever  advancing  in  the  direction  of  all  its  growing  points,  clothing  itself 
•with  leaves  as  it  advances,  and  enlarging  the  diameter  of  its  axis,  until  it  reaches 
the  limit  of  existence  assigned  by  its  Creator. 

109.  THE  ORGANS  OP  NUTRITION.     Reared  by  this  process  alone  the  plant  con- 

sists  of  such  organs  only  as  were  designed  for  its  own  individual  nourishment roots 

to  absorb  its  food,  stem  and  branches  to  transmit  it,  and  leaves  to  digest  it.     These 
are  called  organs  of  nutrition.     But  the  divine  command  which  caused  the  tribes 
of  vegetation  in  their  diversified   beauty  to  spring  from  the  earth,  required  that 
each  plant  should  have  its  "seed  within  itself"  for  the  perpetuation  of  its  kind. 

110.  How  THE  FLOWER  ORIGINATES.     In  the  third  stage  of  vegeta- 
tion, therefore,  a  change  occurs  in  the  development  of  some  of  the  buds. 
The  growing  point  ceases  to  advance  as  hitherto,  expands  its  leaves  in 
crowded  whorls,  each  successive  whorl  undergoing  a  gradual  transfor- 
mation departing  from  the  original  type, — the  leaf.     Thus,  instead  of  a 
leafy  branch,  the  ordinary  progeny  of  the  bud,  a  flower  is  the  result. 

111.  NATURE  OF  THE  FLOWER.     A  flower  may  be  considered  as  a 
transformed  branch,  having  the  leaves  crowded  together  by  the  non- 
development  of  the  axis,  moulded  into  more  delicate  structures,  and 
tinged  with  more  brilliant  hues,  not  only  to  adorn  the  face  of  nature, 
but  to  fulfill  the  important  office  of  reproduction. 


10 


10,  Pseony,  with  some  of  its  petals  removed  to  show  the  stamens  and  pistils.    11  to  22,  th*   I 
organs,  graduated  from  the  leaf  to  the  pistil. 


24 


THE    ROOT,    OR   DESCENDING    AXIS. 


112.  THE  FRUIT.     After  the  flower  has  fulfilled  its  office,  the  de- 
ciduous parts  fall  away,  and  the  remaining  energies  of  the  plant  are 
directed  to  the  development  of  the  pistils  into  the  perfect  fruit.     Let  us 
illustrate  this  doctrine  by  tracing  out 

113.  A  VIEW  OP  THE  ORGANS  OP  THE  P.EONY,  for  example,     (r)  The  root  with 
its  numerous  fibers  and  fibrillce  (some  fibers  tuberous)  continues  the  axis  downward, 
and  (s)  the  stem  upward.     The  leaves  (a)  approaching  the  summit,  gradually  loso 
their  characteristic  divisions,  and  at  length  become  simple  bracts,  (6)  still  undoubted 
leaves.     Next  by  an  easy  gradation  they  appear  as  sepals  (c,  d,  e,)  in  the  calyx,  the 
outer  envelope  of  the  flower,  with  stalk  expanded  and  blade  contracted.     Then  by 
a  somewhat  abrupt  transition  they  pass  into  the  delicate  and  highly  colored  petals 
of  the  corclla  (/  £,),  still  retaining  the  essential  marks  of  the  leaf.     To  the  corolla 
next  succeed  those  slender  organs  called  stamens  (m,  n),    known  to  be  altered 
leaves  from  the  fact  of  their  being  often  converted  into  petals  (i,  h).     Lastly  the 
pistils  (0,)  destined  to  bear  the  seeds,  two  or  more  central  organs  green  in  color,  are 
each  the  result  of  the  infolding  of  a  leaf,  the  mid- vein  and  united  edges  being  yet 
discernible. 


CHAPTER    IV. 


THE   BOOT   OR   DESCENDING   AXIS. 

114.  DEFINITION.      The  root  is  the  basis  of  the  plant  and  the  princi- 
pal organ  of  nutrition.     It  originates  with  the  radiclo  of  the  seed ;  the 
tendency  of  its  growth  is  downward,  and  it  is  generally  immersed  in 
the  soil. 

115.  DIAGNOSIS.     Roots  are  distinguished   from    stems  by  their  downward  di- 
rection, by  the  presence  of  absorbing  fibers,   (fibrillse),  and   by  the  absence   of 
color,  f)ith,  buds,  leaves,  and  all  other  stem-appendages. 

116.  OFFICE.    The  two  important  offices 
in  vegetable  life  which  the  root  is  designed 
to  fulfill,  are  obvious  to  every  one,  viz.,  to 
support  the  plant  in  its  position,  and  to 
imbibe  from  the  soil  the  food  and  moist- 
ure requisite  for  its  growth.      How   well 
God    has  adapted    its    structure    and   in- 
stincts  to  this  twofold    purpose    observa- 
tion is  continually  showing. 

117.  THE    LEADING    PROPENSITY    OF    THE 

HOOT  is,  to  divide  itself  into  branches,  and 
its  only  normal  appendages  are  branches, 
branchlets,  fibers  and  fibrillae,  which  are 
multiplied  to  an  indefinite  extent  corres- 
22, «.  Extremity  of  a  rootlet  of  maple  ponding  with  the  multiplication  of  the 

with  its  fibrill*  and  epongiole  (magni-  ,  t     •          &c 

fied  50  diameters.) 


THE    ROOT,    OR    DESCENDING    AXIS. 


25 


insures  a  firm  hold  upon  the  earth,  and  brings  a  large  absorbing  sur- 
face in  contact  with  the  moist  soil. 


25 


23.  White  clover— an  axial  root  (with  minute  tubers).    24,  Buttercups— fibrous  roots, 
inaxial.    25,  Erigenia — root  tuberous. 

118.  THE  SUMMIT  of  the  root,  or  that  place  where  the  root  meets 
the  stem,  is  called  the  collum  ;  the  remote,  opposite  extremities,  the 
ends  of  the  fibers,  being  chiefly  active  in  absorption,  are  the  spongioles. 
Neither  of  these  terms  denote  distinct  organs,  but  places  only,  and  are 
often  convenient. 

119.  FIBRILL^E,  a  Latin  term,  refers  to  those  minute  hairs,  (seen  only 
with  a  lens),  which  clothe  the  younger  fibers.     They  arise  from  the 
tender  epidermis  or  skin,  and  perish  when  that  thickens  into  bark. 
These  cooperate  with  the  fibers  in  the  absorption  of  fluids.     These  two 
organs  are  the  only  efficient  absorbers  of  liquid  nourishment. 

120.  TRANSPLANTING  TREES.     The  fibrillae  are  developed  and  perish  annually 
with  the  leaves,  whose  servants  they  are.    Few  of  them  remain  after  the  fall  of  the 
leaf.    This  fact  plainly  indicates  that  the  proper  time  for  transplanting  trees  or  shrubs 
is  the  late  autumn,  winter,  or  early  spring,  when  there  are  but  few  tender  fibrillas  to 
be  injured. 

121.  Two  MODES  OF  ROOT-DEVELOPMENT  are  definitely  distinguished, 
— the  axial  and  the  inaxial. 

122.  THE  AXIAL  MODE  is  that  where  the  primary,  simple  radicle,  in 
growing  extends  itself  downwards  in  a  main  body  more  or  less  branched, 
continuous  with  the  stem,  and  forms  the  permanent  root  of  the  plant. 


26 


THE    ROOT,    OR   DESCENDING    AXIS. 


Such  is  the  case  with  the  mustard,  beet,  maple,  and  most  of  the  Dico- 
tyledonous plants.     In 

123.  THE  INAXIAL  MODE,  the  primary  radicle,  proves  abortive,  never 
developing  into  an  axial  root :  but,  growing  laterally  only,  it  sends  out 
little  shoots  from  its  sides,  which  grow  into  long,  slender  roots  nearly 
equal  in  value,  none  of  them*  continuous  with  the  stem.  Of  this  nature 
are  the  roots  of  all  the  grasses,  the  lilies  and  the  Monocotyledons  gen- 
erally, and  of  the  Cryptogamia.  Plants  raised  from  layers,  cuttings, 
tubers,  and  slips,  are  necessarily  destitute  of  the  axial  root. 


26 


27 


FIGS.  26,  Maple — an  axial,  ramose  root.    27,  Parsnip — a  fusiform  root, 
napiform  root.    29,  Corallorbiza — a  coralline  root. 


3,  Turnip — a 


124.  THE   VARIOUS  FORMS  OF  THE  ROOT  are  naturally  and  conve- 
niently referred  to  these  two  modes  of  development.     The  principal 
axial  forms  are  the  ramose,  fusiform,  napiform,  conical.     To  all  these 
forms  the  general  name,  tap-root,  is  applied. 

125.  THE    RAMOSE  is  the  woody  tap-root  of  most  trees  and  shrubs, 
where  the  main  root  branches  extensively,  and  is  finally  dissolved  and 
lost  in  multiplied  ramifications. 

126.  TUBEROUS  TAP-ROOTS.     In  herbaceous  plants  the  tap-root  often 
becomes  thick  and  fleshy,  with  comparatively  few  branches.     This  ten- 
dency is  peculiarly  marked  in  biennials  (§  90),  where  the  root  serves  as 
a  reservoir  of  the    superabundant  food  which  the  plant  accumulates 
during  its  first  year's  growth,  and  keeps  in  store  against  the  exhausting 
process  of  fruit-bearing  in  its  second  year.     Such  is 

127.  THE   FUSIFORM  (spindle-shaped)  root,  thick,  succulent,  tapering 
downwards,  and  also  for  a  short  space  upwards.    The  beet,  radish,  gin- 
seng arc  examples. 


THE    ROOT,    OR   DESCENDING    AXIS.  27 

128.  THE  CONICAL  ROOT  tapers  its  whole  length,  from  the  collum 
downwards  (carrot). 

129.  THE  NAPIFORM  ROOT,  (turnip,)  swells  out  in  its  upper  part  so 
hat  its  diameter  equals  or  exceeds  its  length,  as  in  Erigenia  bulbosa 

'.),  Turnips  (28). 

34  SO  31  32 


FIGS.  30,  PjBony — fibro-tuberous  roots.  31,  Ginseng — fusiform  root.  32,  Pelargonium  triste-^ 
moniliform  root.  83,  Spirea  fllipendula — nodulose  root.  34,  A  creeping  stern,  with  adventi- 
tious roots. 

130.  THE  FORMS  OF  INAXIAL  ROOTS,  are  fibrous;  fibro-tuberous,   tu- 
bercular, coraline,  nodulous,  moniliform. 

131.  THE  FIBROUS  root  consists  of  numerous  thread-like  divisions 
sent  off  directly  from  the  base  of  the  stem,  with  no  main  or  tap-root. 
Such  are  the  roots  of  most  grasses,  which  multiply  their  fibres  exces- 
sively in  light  sandy  soils. 

132.  FIBRO-TUBEROUS  ROOTS   (or  fasciculate).     Inaxial  roots  are  so 
called  when  some  of  the  fibres  are  thick  and  fleshy,  as  in  the  asphodel, 
crow-foot,  pseony,  Orchis,  Dahlia.     When  the  fibre  is  enlarged  in  cer- 
tain parts  only,  it  is  NODULOUS,  and  when  the  enlargements  occur  at 
regular  intervals,  it  is  MONILIFORM  (necklace-like).     When  it  bears  little 
tubers  here  and  there,  as  in  squirrel-corn  (Dicentra  Canadensis),  it  is 

TUBERCULAR. 

133.  DEPOSITS  OF  STARCH,  or  farinaceous  matter,  in  all  these  cases, 
constitute  the  thickening  substance  of  the  root,  stored  up  for  the  future 
use  of  the  plant. 

134.  ADVENTITIOUS  ROOTS  are  such  as  originate  in  some  part  of  the 
ascending  axis, — stem  or  branches,  whethei*  above  or  below  the  ground. 
They  are  so  called  because  their  origin  is  indeterminate,  both  in  place 
and  time.     Examples  are  seen  in  the  ground-ivy,  twin-flower,  and  other 
creeping  plants.     Several  special  forms  should  be  noticed ;  as, 


28 


THE  ROOT,  OR    DESCENDING  AXIS. 


135.  THE    CIRRHOUS    ROOTS 
of  certain  climbing  vines  (Euro- 
pean ivy,  poison  ivy,  trumpet- 
creeper)    put    forth    in    great 
numbers  from  the  stem,  serv- 
ing for  its  mechanical  support 
and    no     other     known     use. 
Again, 

136.  THE  FULCRA  of  certain 
endogenous     plants    originate 
high  up  the  stem,  and  descend- 
ing obliquely,  enter  the  soil.     Of  this  kind 
are  the  roots  of  the  screw-pine  (Panda- 
nus)  of  the  conservatories,  which  are  often 
several  feet  in  length  before  reaching  the 
ground.     The  figure  represents  a   screw- 
pine  which  was   wholly   propped  up   by 
roots  of  this  kind  as   if  on   stilts.     Sim- 
ilar roots  occur,  in  a  smaller  way,  at  the 
lower  joints  of  the  Indian  corn. 

137.  THE  BANYAN  TREE  (Ficus  Indica)  develops 
adventitious  roots  on  a  grand  scale.     When  the 

branches  have  stretched  out  so  far  as  to  need  ad-          35.  Screw-pine  (Pnndanus). 
ditional  support,  they  send  forth  adventitious  roots,  descending  to  the  earth.     Hav- 
ing penetrated  the  soil,  these  roots  become  supporting  columns.     The  branches 


8G.  Banyan  (Ficus  Indica). 


THE    ROOT,  OR    DESCRIPTIVE    AXIS, 


29 


continuing  to  advance,  send  down  other  roots,  which  in  turn  become  columns  similar 
to  trunks,  until  a  single  tree  becomes  a  grove  capable  of  sheltering  an  army  of  men. 

138.  THE  MANGROVE  (Rhizopora),  of  the  West  Indies,  sends  down  axial  roots 
from  its  branches.     The  seed  germinates  before  detached,  sending  down  its  long 
radical  until  it  reaches  the  mud  in  which  these  trees  grow.     Thus  the  young  plants 
gain  a  firm  standing  before  quitting  their  hold  of  the  parent  tree. 

139.  To  FAVOR  THE  DEVELOPMENT  OP  ADVENTITIOUS  ROOTS  on  any  particular 
part,  keep  that  part  in  contact  with  moist  soil     "We  often  observe  such  roots  to  arise 
naturally,  in  prostrate  branches  or  stems,  at  those  points  which  touch  the  ground. 
In  slips,  cuttings,   &c.,  the  same  thing  occurs  artificially.     Hence  to  increase  the 
roots  of  the  potato  vine,  or  corn,  heap   the  earth  against  the  stems.    The  madder 
plant,  which  is  cultivated  solely  for  the  rich  coloring  matter  in  its  roots,  is  success- 
fully treated  in  no  other  way.     Its  adventitious  roots  are  excessively  multiplied  by- 
deep  spading  and  high  "  hilling." 

140.  To  PRODUCE  DWARF  TREES  it  is  only  necessary,  by  any  contrivance,  to  re- 
tain a    quantity  of  moist  earth   against   the  base  of  the  selected  branch  until   it 
strikes  root.     Afterwards  it  may  be  severed  from  the  tree  and  transferred  to  the 
soil.     (Fig.  40,  d). 

141.  AXIAL  AND  INAXIAL  ROOTS  IN  AGRICULTURE.     This  distinction 
must  never  be  lost  sight  of.     The  former  strike  deep,  anchor  firmly,  and 
draw  their  nourishment  from  the  lower  strata  of  the  soil.     The  latter 
abide  near  the  surface,  and  feed  upon  the  upper  soil.  Hence  let  us  leara 

a.  Which  class  of  crops  requires  deep  and  which  sh allow  tillage  ; 

b.  Which  should  succeed  each  other  in  the  rotation  of  crops  ; 

c.  Which  may  be  sown  together  in  the  mixture  of  crops. 

142.  To  TRANSFORM  A  TAP-ROOT  TO  A  FIBROUS.  At  a  certain  distance  below  tho 
collum  sever  the  tap-root  without  otherwise  disturbing  the  plant.  The  consequence 
will  be  an  increased  growth  of  the  lateral  or  fibrous  roots  nearer  the  surface  of  the 
ground. 


37.  Old  oak  trunk  with  horizontal  branch  bearing  epiphytes  and 
parasites,  er,  A  fern  (Polypodium  incanum).  &,  Epidemlrum  con- 
opsetim).  cc,  Long  moss  (Tillandsia).  d,  Mistletoe  (Viscum). 
«,  Lichen. 

143.  EPIPHYTES  (err*,  upon,  0vrov,  a  plant),  a 
class  of  plants,  called  also  air-plants,  have  roots 
which  are  merely  mechanical,  serving  to  fix  such 


30  THE  ROOT,  OR    DESCRIPTIVE  AXIS. 

plants  firmly  upon  other  plants  or  trees,  while  they  derive  their  nour- 
ishment wholly  from  the  air.  The  long-moss  (Tillandsia)  and  Conop- 
seum  are  examples. 

144.  PARASITES — THREE  CLASSES.  Very  different  in  nature  are  the 
roots  of  those  plants  called  parasites,  which  feed  upon  the  juices  of 
other  plants  or  trees.  Such  roots  penetrate  the  bark  of  the  nurse-plant 
to  the  cambium  layer  beneath,  and  appropriate  the  stolen  juices  to  their 
own  growth,  as  the  dodder  and  mistletoe.  Other  parasites,  although 
standing  in  the  soil,  are  fixed  upon  foreign  roots,  and  thence  derive 
either  their  entire  sustenance,  as  the  beech-drops  and  other  leafless,  col- 
orless plants ;  or  a  part  of  their  sustenance,  as  the  cow-wheat  (Melam- 
pyrum),  Gerardia. 

145.  SUBTERRANEAN  STEMS.  As  there  are  aerial  roots,  so  there  are  subterranean 
stems.  These  are  frequently  mistaken  for  roots,  but  may  be  known  by  their  habit- 
ually and  regularly  producing  buds.  Of  this  nature  are  the  tubers  of  the  Irish  po- 
tato, the  root-stock  of  the  sweet  flag,  the  bulb  of  the  tulip.  But  even  the  true 
root  may  sometimes  develop  buds — accidentally  as  it  were,  in  consequence  of  some 
injury  to  the  upper  axis,  or  some  other  unnatural  condition. 


CHAPTER    V. 

THE  STEM,  OR  ASCENDING  AXIS. 

146.  DEFINITION.     That  part  of  the  plant  which  originates  with  the 
plumule,  tends  upward  in  its  growth  and  expands  itself  to  the  influence 
of  the  air  and  the  light,  is  called  the  stem  or  ascending  axis. 

147.  THE  GENERAL  IDEA  OP  THE  AXIS  is  the  central  substantial  portion  of  the 
plant,  bearing  the  appendages,   viz.,   the  root   below  and  the  leaf-organs  above. 
Although  not  marked  by  gay  coloring  or  fantastic  forms,  yet  we  regard  the  stem 
with  a  lively  interest  for  its  substantial  value,  its  gracefulness  and  lofty  propor- 
tions, its  infinite  gradation  of  form  and  texture  from  the  tender  speedwell  crushed 
beneath  the  foot  to  the  strong  forest  oak. 


8S.  Procumbent  stem— Chiogenes  hispidula. 


148.  DIRECTION  OF  ITS  GROWTH.  Although  the  first  direction  of 
the  stein's  growth  is  vertical  in  all  plants,  there  are  many  in  which  this 
direction  does  not  continue,  but  changes  into  the  oblique  or  horizontal, 
either  just  above  the  surface  of  the  ground,  or  just  beneath  it.  If  the 


THE    STEM,    OR   ASCENDING    AXIS.  31 

stem  continues  to  arise  in  the  original  direction,  as  it  most  commonly 
does,  it  is  said  to  be  erect.  If  it  grow  along  the  ground  without  rooting 
it  is  said  to  be  procumbent,  prostrate,  trailing.  If  it  recline  upon  the 
ground  after  having  at  the  base  arisen  somewhat  above  it,  it  is  decum- 
bent. If  it  arise  obliquely  from  a  prostrate  base,  it  is  said  to  be  ascend- 
ing, and  if  it  continue  buried  beneath  the  soil,  it  is  subterranean. 


39.  Decumbent  stem — Anagallis  arvcnsis. 

149.  SUBTERRANEAN  STEMS  may  be  readily  distinguished  from  the 
Toots  by  the  natural  and  habitual  presence  of  buds  in  the  former,  regu- 
larly arranged,  while  no  buds  (unless  rarely  adventitious)  exist  in  the 
latter. 

150.  STEMS  ARE  EITHER  SIMPLE  OR  BRANCHED.     The  simple  stem  is 
produced  by  the  unfolding  of  the  primary  bud  (the  plumule)  in  the  di- 
rection of  its  point  alone.     As  this  bud  is  developed  below  into  the 
lengthening  stem,  it  is  continually  reproduced  at  its  «timin!£,  and  so  is 
always  borne  at  the  termination  of  the  stem.     Hence  the  axis  is  always 
terminated  by  a  bud. 

151.  THE  BRANCHED  STEM,  which  is  by  far  the  most  common,  is  pro- 
duced by  the  development  of  both  terminal  and  axillary  buds.     The 
axis  produces  a  bud  in  the  axil  of  its  every  leaf,  that  is  at  a  point  just 
above  the  origin  of  the  leaf-stalk.     These  buds  remain  inactive  in  the 
case  of  the  simple  stem,  as  the  mullein,  but  more  generally  are  devel- 
oped into  leafy  subdivisions  of  the  axis,  and  the  stem  thus  becomes 
branched. 

152.  A  BRANCH  is,  therefore,  a  division  of  the  axis  produced  by  the 
development  of  an  axillary  bud.     This  bud,  also,  ever  renewed,  is  borne 
at  the  termination  of  the  branch,  so  that  axillary  buds  each  in  turn  be- 
come terminal. 

153.  THE  ARRANGEMENT  OF  THE  BRANCHES  upon  the  stem  depends 
therefore  upon  the  arrangement  of  the  leaves,  which  will  be  more  par- 
ticularly noticed  hereafter.     This  arrangement  is  beautifully  regular, 
according  to  established  laws.     In  this  place  we  briefly  notice  three 
general  modes : 

The  alternate,  where  but  one  branch  arises  from  the  node  on  differ- 
ent sides  of  the  stem,  as  in  the  elm. 


32  THE    STEM,    OR   ASCENDING    AXIS. 

The  opposite,  where  two  branches  stand  on  opposite  sides  of  the  same 
node,  as  in  the  maple. 

Verticillate,  where  three  or  more  branches,  equidistant,  encircle  the 
stem  at  each  node,  as  in  the  pine. 

154.  THE  ANGLE  OP  DIVERGENCE  in  branches  is  also  subject  to  definite  rules 
more  obvious  in  the  earlier  stages  of  growth.     "While  the  divergence  is  uniform  in 
the  same  species,  it  varies  to  every  degree  of  the  circle  in  different  species,  greatly 
affecting  the  form  of  the  tree.      In  general,  wkbout  marking  the  exact  degree, 
branches  are  said  to  be  erect  (Lombardy  poplar),  spreading  or  obliquely  ascending 
(common),  divaricate  or  at  nearly  a  right  angle  (oak),  deflexed  (beech),  and  pendu- 
lous (weeping  willow). 

155.  CERTAIN  KINDS  OF  BRANCHES  are  noted  for  thejr  tendency  to 
produce    adventitious   roots,  and  thus  to  become  independent  plants. 
Nurserymen  avail  themselves  of  this  property  in  propagation,  and  name 
such  branches  cions,  stolons,  offsets,  slips,  layers,  cuttings,  and  runners. 

156.  THE  SUCKER  is  a  branch  issuing  from  some  underground  por- 
tion of  the  plant,  leaf-bearing  above  and  sending  out  roots  from  its  own 
base,  becoming  finally  a  separate,  independent  plant.     The  rose  and 
raspberry  are  thus  multiplied. 


40.  cr,  Slip  (gooseberry)  taking  root.  &,  Catting  (grape)  taking  root,  c,  Stolons  or  layers  tirti- 
ficially  arranged  for  propagation.  c7,  A  mode  of  dwarfing  (§  140).  e,  Cions— process  of  graft- 
ing. /,  A  Sucker. 

157.  THE  STOLON  or  LAYER  is  a  branch  issuing  from  some  above- 
ground  portion   of  the  stem,  and  afterward  declining  to  the  ground 
takes  root  at  or  near  its  extremity,  sends  up  new  shoots,  and  becomes  a 
new  plant.     The  hobble-bush  and  black  raspberry  do  this  naturally, 
and  gardeners  imitate  the  process  in  many  plants. 

158.  THE   CION  is  any  healthy  twig  or  branchlet  bearing  one  or 
more  buds,  used  by  the  gardeners  in  the  common  process  of  grafting. 
Slips  and  cuttings  are  fragments  of  ordinary  branches  or  stems  con- 


THE   STEM,    OR   ASCENDING    AXIS.  33 

sisting  of  young  wood  bearing  one  or  more  buds.     These  "  strike'*  root 
when  planted  in  the  earth.     So  the  grape-vine  and  hop. 

159.  THE  OFFSET  is  a  term  applied  to  short  side-branches  ending  in 
a  tuft  (rosette)  of  leaves,  and  capable  of  taking  root  when  separated 
from  the  parent  plant,  as  in  houseleek. 


41,  A  strawberry  plant  {Fragaria  vesoa)  sending  out  a  runner. 

160.  THE  RUNNER  is  a  prostrate,  filiform  branch  issuing  from  certain 
short-stemmed  herbs,  extending  itself  along  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
striking  root  at  its  end  without  being  buried.     Thence  leaves  arise  and 
a  new  plant,  which  in  turn  sends  out  new  runners ;  as  in  the  strawberry. 

161.  THE  NODE  or  joint  of  the  stem  marks  a  definite  point  of  a  pecu- 
liar organization  where  the  leaf  with  its  axillary  bud  arises.     The  nodes 
occur  at  regular  intervals,  and  the  spaces  between  them  are  termed  in- 
ternodes.    This  provides  for  the  symmetrical  arrangement  of  the  leaves 
and  branches  of  the  stem.     In  the  root  no  such  provision  is  made,  and 
the  branches  have  no  manner  of  arrangement. 

162.  WHY  THE  STEM  GRADUALLY  DIMINISHES  UPWARDS.     In  the  in- 
ternodes  the  fibres  composing  the  stem  are  parallel,  but  at  the  nodes 
this  order  is  interrupted  in  consequence  of  some  of  the  inner  fibres 
from  below  turning  outwards  into  the  leafstalk,  causing  more  or  less  a 
jointed  appearance.     Hence  each  internode  contains  fewer  fibres  than 
those  below  it. 

163.  How  THE  STEM  GROWS.     The  growth  of  the  stem  consists  in 
the  development  of  the  internodes.     In  the  bud  the  nodes  are  closely 
crowded  together,  with  no  perceptible  internodes,  thus  bringing  the  ru- 
dimentary leaves  in  close  contact  with  each  other.     But  in  the  stem, 
which  is  afterwards  evolved  from  that  bud,  we  see  full  grown  leaves 
separated  by  considerable  spaces.     That  is/  while  leaves  are  developed 
from  the  rudiments,  internodes  are  evolved  from  the  growing  point. 

164.  BUT  THERE  ARE  EXCEPTIONS  here  as  to  all  other  rules  in  science,  adding 
another  element  of  diversity  to  the  endless  gradation  of  form  in  Nature's  works.  In 


34 


THE   STEM,    OR   ASCENDING    AXIS. 


many  plants  the  axis  of  the  primary  bud  does  not  develop  into  internodes  at  all,  or 
but  partially  in  various  degrees,  as  in  the  Trillium,  Crocus,  blood-root.  Such  stems 
seldom  appear  above  ground,  and  are  said  to  be  subterranean. 

165.  This  fact  makes  a  wide  difference  in  the  forms  of  stems,  and  naturally  con-)1 
stitutes  them  into  two  great  divisions,  viz.,  the  leaf-stem  and  the  scale-stem. 

166.  THE  LEAF-STEMS   are  those  forms  which,  with   internodes  fully 
developed,  arise  into  the  air  crowned  with  leaves.     The  principal  forms 
are  the  caulis,  culm,  trunk,  caudex,  vine. 

167.  THE  SCALE-STEMS  are  those  forms  which,  with  internodes  par- 
tially or  not  at  all  developed,  and  generally  bearing  scales,  which  are 
undeveloped  leaves,  scarcely  emerge  from  beneath  the  soil.     They  are 
the  creeper  and  rhizoma  (developed),  the  crown,  tuber,  corm  and  bulb 
(undeveloped). 


.42.  Scale-stem,  (Dicentra  cucullaria).    43,  A  flower  of  the  same.    44,  A  flower  of  D.  Canaclensls. 
45,  Leaf-stem  (Chimapbila  maculata). 

168.  THE  LEAF-STEMS  ARE    EITHER  HERBACEOUS    OR  WOODY.     The 
herbaceous,  whether  arising  from  annual,  biennial  or  perennial  roots, 
bear  fruit  but  one  season  and  then  perish  at  least  down  to  the  root, 
scarcely  becoming   woody  ;  as  the  (D  mustard,  ©  radish,   and   the  ^ 
grasses.     The  woody  leaf-stems  survive  the  winter,  and  become  firm 
and  solid  in  texture  in  after  years. 

169.  CAULIS  is  a  term  generally  applied  to  the  annual  leaf-stems  of 


THE   STEM,    OR   ASCENDING    AXIS. 


35 


herbaceous  plants.  "  Halm"  is  a  term  used  in  England  with  the  same 
signification.  Caulescent  and  acaulescent  are  convenient  terms  denot- 
ing, the  former  the  presence,  and  the  latter  the  absence  of  the  caulis  or 
aerial  stem. 

170.  THE  CULM  is  the  stem  of  the  grasses  and  the  sedges,  generally 
jointed,  often  hollow,  rarely  becoming  woody,  as  in  cane  and  bamboo. 

171.  THE  TRUNK  is  the  name  of  the  peculiar  stems  of  arborescent  plants. 
It  is  the  central  column  or  axis  which  supports  their  branching  tops 
and  withstands  the  assaults  of  the  wind  by  means  of  the  great  firmness 
and  strength  of  the  woody  or  ligneous  tissue  with  which  it  abounds. 

172.  VARIOUS  FORMS.    The  trunk  is  usually  seen  simple  and  columnar 
below,  for  a  certain  space,  then  variously  dividing  itself  into  branches. 
Here  it  is  cylindrical,  straight  and  erect,  as  in  the  forest  pine  ;  prismatic 
often,  as  in  the  gum-tree  ;  gnarled  and  curved,  as  in  the  oak ;  or  inclined 
far  over  its  base,  as  in  the  sycamore. 


S  B 

46.    S,  Spruce.    B,  Beech.    E,  Elm ;  to  illustrate  excurrent  and  solvent  axis, 

173.  IN  DIVIDING  ITSELF  INTO  BRANCHES  we  observe  two  general  modes,  with 
their  numerous  variations,  strikingly  characterizing  the  true  forms.  In  the  one, 
named  by  Lindley  the  EXCURRENT,  the  trunk,  from  the  superior  vigor  of  its  terminal 
bud,  takes  precedence  of  the  branches,  and  runs  through  to  the  summit,  as  in  tho 


36 


THE    STEM,    OR   ASCENDING    AXIS. 


beech,  birch,  oak,  and  especially  in  the  spruce — trees  with  oval  or  pyramidal 
crowns. 

174.  BUT  IN  THE  OTHER,  the  SOLVENT  axis,  as  seen  in  the  elm,  the  apple~treeT 
the  trunk  suddenly  divides  into  several  subequal  branches,  which  thence  depart  with 
different  degrees  of  divergency,  giving  the  urn  form  to  the  elm,  the  rounded  form 
to  the  apple-tree,  the  depressed  form  to  the  sloe-tree  (Viburnum)  and  dogwood. 

175.  THE  JORM  OF  THE  TRUNK  sometimes  changes  with  age,  especially  in  tropical 
regions,  some  distorted  by  huge  local  excrescences,  others  swelling  out  in 

fo>  "aldermanic"  proportions. 


47.  ff,  An  eld  willow  (Salix  Babylonica)  with  gnarled  and  misshapen  trtmfc.  7>,  Caudew  of  a 
cactus  (Echinocactus  Ottonis).  c,  Bombax,  of  Brazilian  forests,  with  distended  trunk,  ef,  Pal- 
metto (Sabal,  Adns),  the  caudex  rough  with  the  persistent  bases  of  the  petioles. 


176.  CAUDEX  is  a  term  now  applied  to  the  peculiar  trunk  of  the  palms  and  tree- 
ferns,  simple,  branchless  columns;  or  rarely  dividing  in  advanced  age.    It  is  pro- 
duced by  the  growth  of  the  terminal  bud  alone,  and  its  sides  are  marked  by  the 
scars  of  the  fallen  leaf-stalks  of  former  years,  or  are-  yet  covered  by  their  persistent 
bases. 

177.  THE  STOCK  or  CATJDEX  of  the  cactus  tribe  is  extraordinary  in  form  and  sub- 
stance.    It  is  often  jointed,  prismatic,  branched,  always  greenish,  fleshy,  and  full 
of  a  watery  juice.     Instead  of  leaves,  its  lateral  buds  develop  spines  only,  the  stem 
itself  performing  the  functions  of  leaves.     These  plants  abound  in  the  warm  regions 
of  tropical  America,  and  afford  a  cooling,  acid  beverage  to  the  thirsty  traveler  when 
springs  dry  up  under  the  torrid  sun. 

178.  THE  VINE  is  cither  herbaceous  or  woody.  It  is  a  stem  too  slen- 
der and  weak  to  stand  erect,  but  trails  along  the  ground  or  any  conve- 
nient support.  Sometimes,  by  means  of  special  organs  for  this  purpose, 


THE    STEM,    OR    ASCENDING    AXIS.  37 

called  tendrils,  it  ascends  trees  and  other  objects  to  a  great  height,  as 
the  grape,  gourd,  and  other  climbing  vines. 


Vines.    48,  Passion-flower  (Passiflora'Iutea)  climbing  by  tendrils.    49,  Morning-glory,  twining 
from  right  to  left    50,  Hop,  twining  from  left  to  right. 

179.  THE  TWINING  VINE,  having  also  a  length  greatly  disproportioned  to  its  dia- 
meter, supports  itself  on  other  plants  or  objects  by  entwining  it-self  around  them, 
being  destitute  of  tendrils.     Thus  the  hop  ascends  into  the  air  by  foreign  aid,  and 
it  is  a  curious  facfc  that  the  direction  of  its  winding  is  always  the  same,  viz.,  with 
the  sun,  from  left  to  right ;  nor  can  any  artificial  training  induce  it  to  reverse  its 
course.     This  is  a  general  law  among  twining  stems.     Every  individual  plant  of 
the  same  species  revolves  in  the  same  direction,  although  opposite  directions  may 
characterize  different  species.  Thus  tho  morning  glory  revolves  always  against  the  sun 

180.  THE  FORMS  OP  SCALE-STEMS  are  singular,   often  distorted  in 
consequence  of  their  underground  growth  and  the  unequal  development 
of  the  internodes.     They  commonly  belong  to  perennial  herbs,  and  the 
principal  forms  are  described  as  follows ;  but  intermediate  connecting 
forms  are  very  numerous  and  often  perplexing. 

181.  THE  CREEPER  is  either  subaerial  or  subterranean.    In  the  former 
case  it  is  prostrate,  running  and  rooting  at  every  joint,  and  hardly  dis- 
tinguishable otherwise  from  leaf-stems,  as  the  twin-flower  (Linnaea),  the 
partridge-berry  (Mitchella).     In  the  latter  case  it  is  more  commonly 
clothed  with  scales,  often  branching  extensively,  rooting  at  the  nodes, 
exceedingly  tenacious  of  life,  extending  horizontally  in  all  directions  be- 
neath the  soil,  annually  sending  up  from  its  terminal  buds  erect  stems 


38 


THE    STEM,    OR   ASCENDING    AXIS. 


into  the  air.  The  witch -grass  (Triticum  repens)  is  an  example.  Such 
plants  are  a  sore  evil  to  the  garden.  They  can  have  no  better  cultiva- 
tion than  to  be  torn  and  cut  to  pieces  by  the  spade  of  the  angry  gar- 
dener, since  they  are  thus  multiplied  as  many  times  as  there  are 
fragments.  &  6 


Fig.  51.  Creeper  of  "  Nimble  Will,"  or  witch-graas ;  a,  Bud  ;  Z>&,  Bases  of  culms. 


182.  UTILITY.     Repent  stems  of  this  kind  are  not,  however,  without  their  use. 
They  frequently  abound  in  loose,  sandy  soil,  which  they  serve  to  bind  and  secure 
against  the  inroads  of  the  water  and  even  the  sea  itself!     Holland  is  said  to  owe  its 
very  existence  to  the  repent  stems  of  such  plants  as  the  mat-grass  (Arundo  arenaria), 
Carex  arenarius  and  ElymuS  arenarius,  which  overrun  the  artificial  dykes  upon  its 
shores,  and  by  their  innumerable  roots  and  creepers  apparently  bind  the  loose  sand 
into  a  firm  barrier  against  the  washing  of  the  waves.     So  the  turf,  chiefly  composed 
of  repent   grass- stems,  forms  the   only  security  of  our  own  sandy  or  clayey  hills 
against  the  washing  rains. 

183.  THE  RHIZOME  OR  ROOT-STOCK  differs  from  the  creeper  only  in 
being  shorter  and  thicker,  having  its  internodes  but  partially  developed. 
It  is  a  prostrate,  fleshy,  rooting  stem,  either  wholly  or  partially  subter- 
ranean, often  scaly  with  the  bases  of  undeveloped  leaves,  or  marked 
•with  the  scars  of  former  leaves,  and  yearly  producing  new  shoots  and 
roots.     Such  is  the  fleshy,  horizontal  portion  of  the  bloods-root,  sweet- 
flag,  water-lily,  bramble  (the  latter  hardly  different  from  the  creeper). 

184.  THE  GROWTH  OP  THE  RHIZOME  is  instructive,  marking  its  peculiar  character. 
Each  joint  marks  the  growth  of  a  year.     la  spring  the  terminal  bud  unfolds  into 

53  52  « 


Fig.  52.  Rhizoma  of  Solomon's-seal  (Polygonatum  multiflora)  a,  Fragment  of  the  first  yoar's 
growth  ;  &,  the  second  year's  growth  ;  c,  growth  of  the  third  year  ;  d,  growth  of  the  present 
(fourth)  year,  bearing  the  stem  which,  on  decaying,  will  leave  a  scar  (seal)  like  the  rest.  53.  Pro* 
morse  stem  of  Trillium. 


THE    STEM,  OR    ASCENDING    AXIS.  39 

leaves  and  flowers  to  perish  in  autumn— a  new  bud  to  open  the  following  spring — 
and  a  new  internode  with  its  roots  to  abide  several  years.  The  number  of  joints  in- 
dicates, not  the  age  of  the  plant,  but  the  destined  age  of  each  internode.  Thus  if 
there  are  three  joints,  we  infer  that  they  are  triennial,  perishing  after  the  third  sea- 
son, while  the  plant  still  grows  on. 

185.  THE  PREMORSE  ROOT-STOCK,  formerly  described  as  a  root,  is  a 
short,    erect   rhizome,  ending   abruptly  below  as  if  bitten   square  off 
(prsemorsus).     This  is  owing  to  the  death  of  the  earlier  and  lower  in- 
ternodes  in  succession,  as  in  the  horizontal  rhizome.     Scabious,  Viola 
pedata,  benjamin-root  (Trillium)  are  examples. 

186.  CROWN  OF  THE  ROOT  designates  a  short  stem  with  condensed 
Internodes,  remaining  upon  some  perennial  roots,  at  or  beneath  the  sur- 
face soil  after  the  leaves  and  annual  stems  have  perished. 

187.  THE  TUBER  is  an  annual  thickened  portion  of  a  subterranean 
stem  or  branch,  provided  with  latent  buds  called  eyes,  from  which  new 
plants  ensue  the  succeeding  year.     It  is  the  fact  of  its  origin  with  the 
ascending  axis,  and  the  production  of  buds  that  places  the  tuber  among 
stems  instead  of  roots.     The  potato  and  artichoke  are  examples. 

55  54 


Tubers  as  they  grow.  54,  The  common  potato  (Solanum).  55,  Artichoke  (Ilelianthus) 
5C,  Sweet  potato  (Convolvulus). 

188.  How  THE  POTATO  GROWS.  The  stem  of  the  potato- plant  sends  out  roots 
from  its  base,  and  branches  above  like  other  plants ;  but  we  observe  that  its  branches 
have  two  distinct  modes  of  development.  Those  branches  which  arise  into  the  air, 
whether  issuing  from  the  above-ground  or  the  under-ground  portion  of  the  stern, 
expand  regularly  into  leaves,  &c ,  while  those  lower  branches  which  continue  to 
grope  in  the  dark,  damp  ground,  cease  at  length  to  elongate,  swell  up  at  the  ends 
into  tubers  with  developed  buds  and  abundance  of  nutritious  matter  in  reserve  for 
renewed  growth  the  following  year. 


40 


THE    STEM,    OR   ASCENDING    AXIS. 


189.  THE  CORM  is  an  under-ground,  solid,  fleshy  stem,  with  con- 
densed internodes,  never  extending,  but  remaining  of  a  rounded  form 
covered  with  thin  scales.  It  is  distinguished  from  roots  by  its  leaf-bud, 
which  is  either  borne  at  the  summit,  as  in  the  crocus,  or  at  the  side,  as 
in  the  colchicum  and  putty-root  (Aplectrum).  >/*/. 

190.  How  THE  CORM  GROWS.  The  conn  usually  accomplishes  its  part  in  vegeta- 
tion in  one  or  two  seasons,  and  then  gradually  yields  up  its  substance  and  life  for 
the  nourishment  of  the  new  progeny  formed  from  the  axils  of  its  upper  scales  in 
case  of  the  Crocus  and  Gladiolus,  or  the  single  new  corm  from  the  axil  of  a  lateral 
scale,  as  in  Colchicum. 


57,  Corma  of  putty-root  (Aplectrum)  ;  a,  of  last  year,  5,  of  the  present  year.    58,  Scale  bulb  of 
•white  lily.    59,  Scale  bulb  of  Osalis  violacea. 

191.  THE  BULB  partakes  largely  of  the  nature  of  the  bud.     It  con- 
sists of  a  short,  dilated  axis,  bearing  an  oval  mass  of  thick,  fleshy  scales 
closely  packed  above,  a  circle  of  adventitious  roots  around  its  base,  and 
a  flowering  stem  from  the  terminal,  or  a  lateral  bud. 

192.  How  MULTIPLIED.     Bulbs  are  renewed   or  multiplied  annually  at  the  ap- 
proach of  winter  by  the  development  of  bulbs  from  the  axils  of  the  scales,  which 
increase  at  the  expense  of  the  old,  and  ulti- 
mately become  detached.     Bulbs  which  flow- 
er from  the  terminal  bud  are  necessarily  either 

annual  or  biennial :  those  flowering  from  an. 
axillary  bud  may  be  perennial,  as  the  termi- 
nal bud  may  in  this  case  continue  to  develop 
new  scales  indefinitely. 

193.  BULBS  are  said  to  be  tunicatcd 
when  they  consist  of  concentric  layers, 

each  entire  and  enclosing  all  within  it,     go.  Bulb  of  Lilium  snperbum,  with  habit 
as  in  the  onion.     But  the  more  com-  of  a  rLizome  ?  a>  ™i-g™wn  bulb  sending 

up  a  terminal  stem  c,  and  two  offsets  oo,  for 

mon  variety  is  the  scaly  bulb — consist-  the  bulbs  of  next  y«ar. 

ing  of  fleshy,  concave  scales  arranged  spirally  upon  the  axis,  as  in  the 

lily. 


THE    LEAF-BUD. 


01,  Corm  of  Crocus,  with  new  ones  forming  above ;  62,  Vertical  section  of  the  same  ;  63,  Sec- 
tion of  bulb  of  Hyacinth  with  terminal  s«ape  and  axillary  bulblet ;  04,  Section  of  bulb  of  Oxalis 
violacea,  with  axillary  scapes. 

194.  THE  TUBER,  CORM  AND  BULB  ARE  ANALOGOUS  FORMS  approaching  by  dogreea 
to  the  character  of  the  bud,  -which  consists  of  a  little  axis  bearing  a  covering  of 
scales.  In  the  tuber  the  axis  is  excessively  developed  while  the  scales  are  reduced 
to  mere  linear  points.  In  the  corra  the  analogy  is  far  more  65 

evident,  for  the  axis  is  less  excessive  and  the  scales  more 
manifest,  and  lastly  in  the  bulb  the  analogy  is  complete,  or 
overdone,  the  scales  often  becoming  excessive. 


CHAPTER    VI. 

THE    LEAF-BUD. 

195.  It  is  but  a  step  from  the  study  of  the  bulb 
to  that  of  the  leaf-bud.     Buds  are  of  two  kinds  in 
respect  to  their  contents;  the  leaf-bud  containing 
the  rudiments  of  a  leafy  stem  or  branch,  the  flower- 
bud  containing  the  same  elements  transformed  into 
the  nascent  organs  of  a  flower  for  the  purpose  of 
reproduction. 

196.  THE     LEAF-BUD   consists  of   a  brief,  cone- 
shaped  axis  with   a  tender  growing  point,  bearing  a 
protecting  covering  of  imbricated  scales  and  incip- 
ient leaves. 

65.  Branch-  of  pear  tree.  The  terminal  bud  a,  having  been  de- 
stroyed, an  axillary  bud  supplied  its  place,  and  formed  the  axis  &. 
c.  Thickened  branch  with  flower-buds,  <?,  branch  with  leaf-buds. 
66.  *,  section  of  terminal  bud;  Z,  of  axillary  bud. 


42  THE    LEAF-BUD. 

197.  NATURE  OP  THE  SCALES.  The  scaly  envelops  of  the  bud  appear  to  be  either 
the  rudimentary  leaves  or  stipules  of  the  preceding  year,  formed  late  in  the  season, 
arrested  in  their  development  by  the  frosts  and  scanty  nourishment,  and  reduced 
to  a  sear  and  hardened  state.  If  the  bud  of  the  rose,  tulip-tree,  or  horse-chestnut 
be  examined  when  swollen  in  the  spring,  the  student  will  notice  a  gradual  transi- 
tion from  the  outer  scales  to  the  evident  leaves  or  stipules  within. 

67 


6T,  Bud  of  currant  unfolding,— the  scales  gradually  becoming  leaves.    68,  Bud  of  tulip-tree,— the 
scales  unfolding  into  stipules. 

198.  It  is  an  interesting  ILLUSTRATION  OF  DESIGNING  WISDOM  that  buds  are  fur- 
nished with  scales  only  in  wintry  climates.     In  the  Torrid  Zone,  or  in  conservatories, 
where  the  temperature  is  equalized  through  the  year,  plants  develop  their  foliage 
into  buds  immediately  after  formation,  without  clothing  them  in  scales.     In  annual 
plants  also,  the  buds  are  destitute  of  scales,  not  being  destined  to  survive  the  win- 
ter.    Hence  it  is  evident  that  the  transformation  of  autumnal  leaves  into  scales, 
is  a  means  ordained  by  the  great  Author  of  Nature  to  protect  the  young  shoots  in 
their  incipient  stages  from  sudden  cold  and  moisture, — an  office  which  they  effect- 
ually fulfil  by  their  numerous  downy  folds  and  their  insoluble  coat  of  resin. 

199.  How  BUDS  ARE  PROTECTED.    In  many  trees  the  bud-scales  are  clothed  with 
dense,  downy  hairs.     In  others,  as  in  the  horse-chestnut,  balm  of  Gilead,  and  other 
species  of  poplar,  the  buds  are  covered  with  a  viscid,  aromatic  resin,  resembling  a 
coat  of  varnish.    A  considerable  quantity  may  be  separated  from  a  handful  of  such 
buds  in  boiling  water. 

200.  THE  PARENT  BUD.    In  regard  to  position,  buds  are  either  terminal  or  axil- 
lary— a  distinction  already  noticed.      The  plumule  of  the  embryo  is  the  original 
parent  bud,  containing  within  its  minute  organization  the  manifold  parts  of  the  fu- 
ture plant — stem,  leaves, -flower,  fruit — all  to  be  successively  unfolded  in  future 
months  or  years.    The  unfolding  of  this  first  terminal  bud  in  the  one  direction  of  its 
point  produces  the  simple  stem. 

201.  ORIGIN  OF  BRANCHES.    But  in  every  plant  a  special  provision  is  made  for 
the  development  of  branches.     It  is  a  general  law  that  every  expanding  leaf  shall 
subtend  an  infant  bud  in  its  axil,  that  is,  in  the  upper  angle  of  the  insertion  of  the 
leaf-stalk ;  hence  the  plant  may  always  have  as  many  axillary  buds  as  it  has  leaves. 

202.  AXILLARY  BUDS  are  especially  noted  as  being  either  ACTIVE  or 


THE    LEAF- BUD. 


43 


LATENT.  In  the  former  case  they  are  unfolded  into  branches  at  once,  or 
in  the  spring  following  their  formation.  But  latent  buds  suspend  their 
activities  from  year  to  year,  or  perhaps  are  never  quickened  into 
growth. 

203.  AXILLARY  BUDS  BECOME  TERMINAL  so  soon  as  their  development 
fairly  commences,  therefore  each  branch  also  has  a  terminal  bud,  and, 
like  the  main  axis,  is  capable  of  extending  its  growth  as  long  as  that 
bud  remains  unharmed.     If  it  be  destroyed  by  violence  or  frost,  or 
should  it  be  transformed  into  a  flower-bud,  the  growth  in  that  direction 
forever  ceases. 

204.  THE  SUPPRESSION  OP  AXILLARY  BUDS  tends,  of  course,  to  sim- 
plify the  form  of  the  plant.     Their  total  suppression  during  the  first 
year's  growth  of  the  terminal  bud  is  common,  as  in  the  annual  stem  of 
mullein  and  in  most  perennial  stems.     When  axillary  buds  remain  per- 
manently latent,  and  only  the  terminal  bud  unfolds  year  after  year,  a 
simple,  branchless  trunk,  crowned  with  a  solitary  tuft  of  leaves,  is  the 
result,  as  in  the  palmetto  of  our 

southern  borders. 

205.    A     PARTIAL      SUPPRESSION     OP 

BUDS  occurs  in  almost  all  species,  and 
generally  in  some  definite  order.  In 
plants  with  opposite  leaves,  sometimes 
one  bud  of  the  pair  at  each  node  is  de- 
veloped and  the  other  is  suppressed,  as 
ia  the  pink  tribe  (Caryophyllacea3). 
"When  both  buds  are  developed,  the 
branches,  appearing  in  pairs  like  arms, 
are  said  to  be  brachiate,  as  in  the  Labiatse. 
In  many  trees  the  terminal  buds  are  ar- 
rested by  inflorescence  each  season,  and 
the  growth  ia  continued  by  axillary  buds 
alone,  as  in  the  Catalpa  and  horse-chest- 
nut. In  all  trees,  indeed,  buds  are  sup- 
pressed more  or  less,  from  various  causes, 
disguising  at  length  the  intended  sym- 
metry of  the  branches,  to  the  utter  con- 
fusion of  twigs  and  spray. 

206.  ACCESSORY  BUDS,  one  or  more, 
are  sometimes  found  just  above  the  true 
axillary  bud,  or  clustered  with  it,  and 
only  distinguished  from  it  by  their 
smaller  size :  as  in  the  cherry  and  honey- 
suckle. 


69,  ITypericnm  Sarothra,  with  brachiate 
branches.  70,  Pink  (Dianthus) — axillary  buds 
alternately  suppressed. 


207.  ADVENTITIOUS  OR  ACCIDENTAL  BUDS  are  such  as  are  neither  ter- 
minal nor  axillary.     They  occasionally  appear  on  any  part  of  the 


44  THE  LEAF  BUD. 

plant  in  the  intercedes  of  the  stem  or  branches,  on  the  root,  or  even 
leaves. 

208.  CAUSES  AND  EXAMPLES.     Such  buds  generally  result  from  some 
abnormal  condition  of  the  plant,  from  pruning  or  other  destruction  of 
branches  or  stem  above,  while  the  roots  remain  in  full  vigor ;  thus  de- 
stroying the  equilibrium  of  vital  force  between  the  upper  and  lower 
axis.     The  leaf  of  the  walking-fern  emits  rootlets  and  buds  at  its  apex ; 
the  leaf  of  Bryophyllum  from  its  siargin,  each  bud  here  also  preceded  by 
a  rootlet.     Some  plants  are  thus  artificially  propagated  in  conservato- 
ries from  the  influence  of  heat  and  moisture  on  a  leaf  or  the  fragment 

O 

of  a  leaf. 

209.  VERNATION  OB  PR^EFOLIATION  are  terms  denoting  the  mode  oi 
arrangement  and  folding  of  the  leaf-organs  composing  the  bud.     This 
•arrangement  is  definitely  varied  in  different  orders  of  plants,  furnishing 
useful  distinctions  in  systematic  botany. 

210.  THE  VERNATION  OF  THE  BUD  is  EXHIBITED  in  an  interesting  man- 
ner by  making  with  a  keen  instrument  a  cross-section  of  it  in  its  swollen 
state,  just  before  expansion ;  or  it  may  be  well  observed  by  removing 
one  by  one  the  scales. 

211.  THE  FORMS  OF  VERNATION  are  entirely  analogous  to  those  of 
aestivation,  and  denoted  by  similar  terms.     We  shall  here  notice  only 
such  as  are  more  peculiar  to  the  leaf-buds. 

212.  VERNATION  is  considered    in   two   different  aspects,  first,  the 
manner  in  which  the  leaf  itself  is  folded  ;  second,  the  arrangement  of 
the  leaves  in  respect  to  each  other.     This  depends  much  upon  the 
phyllotaxy.   (§  220.) 

71  72  73  74  75  76 


Vernation,  71,  of  oak  leaf  ;  72,  of  Liriodcndron  (tulip  tree)  ;  73,  of  fern ;  74,  of  cares ; 
75,  sage  ;  76,  iris. 

213.  EACH  LEAF  ALONE  CONSIDERED  is  either  flat  and  open,  as  in  the 
mistletoe,  or  it  is  folded  or  rolled,  as  follows : 

Reclined,  when  folded  crosswise  with  apex  bent  over  forward  towards 
the  base  as  in  the  tulip-tree. 

Conduplicate,  when  folded  perpendicularly,  with  the  lateral  halves 
brought  together,  face  to  face,  as  in  the  oak. 


THE    LEAF    BUD. 


45 


Plaited  or  plicate,  each  leaf  folded  like  a  fan ;  vine,  birch. 

Circinate,  when  each  leaf  is  rolled  or  coiled  downwards  from  the 
apex,  as  in  the  sun-dew  and  ferns. 

Convolute,  the  leaf  wholly  rolled  up  from  one  of  its  sides,  as  in  the 
cherry.  Involute,  having  both  edges  rolled  inwards  as  in  apple,  violet 
J&volute,vttih  both  margins  rolled 
outwards  and  backwards,  as  in  the 
dock,  willow,  rosemary. 

77  73  79- 


Vernation.  77,  of  birch  leaf;   7S,  of  lilac,  (imbricate);  79,  cherry  leaves,  (convolute)  ;  80,  dock 
bud,  (re volute) ;  81,  balm  of  Gilead,  (involute). 

214.  THS  GENERAL  VERNATION  is  loosely  distinguished  in  descriptive 
botany  as  valvate  (edges  meeting),  and  imbricate  (edges 
overlapping),  terms  to  be  noticed  hereafter.     The  val- 
vate more  often  occurs  in  plants  with  opposite  leaves. 
Imbricated  vernation  is 

EQUITANT  (riding  astraddle),  when  conduplicate  leaves 
alternately  embrace — 'the  outer  one  the  next  inner,  by  §2.  Vernation  of  Sy. 
its  unfolded  margins,  as  in  the  privet  and  iris. 


OBVOLDTE,  or  half-equitant,  when  the  outer 
embraces  only  one  of  the  margins  of  the  inner, 
as  in  the  sage. 

TRIQUETROUS,  where  the  bud  is  triangular  in  sec- 
tion, and  the  leaves  equitant  at  each  angle,  as  in 
the  Carices. 

215.  THE  PRINCIPLE  OF  BUDDING.  Each  leaf-bud 
may  be  regarded  as  a  distinct  individual,  capable  of 
vegetating  either  in  its  native  position,  or  when 
removed  to  another,  as  is  extensively  practiced  in 
the  important  operation  of  budding. 

216.  BULBLETS.  In  the  tiger-lily,  Cicuta  bulbifera, 
and  Aspidium  bulbiferum,  the  axillary  buds  spon- 

taneously  detach  themselves,  fall  to  the  ground,  and  become  new  plants. 
These  remarkable  little  bodies  are  called  bulblets. 


owlng  the  process 
of  "budding." 


THE    LEAF. 


CHAPTER     VII. 

THE     LEAF. 

217.  ITS  IMPORTANCE.     The  leaf  constitutes  the  verdure  of  plants, 
and  is  by  far  the  most  conspicuous  and  beautiful  object  in  the  scenery 
of  nature.     It  is  also  of  the  highest  importance  in  the  vegetable  econ- 
omy, being  the  organ  of  digestion  and  respiration. 

218.  THE  LEAF  is  CHARACTERIZED  by  a  thin  and  expanded  form, 
presenting  the  largest  possible  surface  to  the  action  of  the  air  and  light, 
which  agents  are  indispensable  to  the  life  and  increase  of  the  plant. 

219.  THE  COLOR  OP  THE  LEAF  is  almost  universally  green,  which  of  all  colors  i9 
the  most  agreeable  to  the  eye ;  but  its  intensity  varies  by  infinite  shades,  and  is 
often  finely  contrasted  with  the  more  delicate  tints  of  the  flower.     Towards  maturity 
its  verdure  is  changed,  often  to  the  most  brilliant  hues,  as  red,  crimson,  orange,  yel- 
low, giving  our  autumnal  forest  scenery  a  gaiety,  variety,  and  splendor  of  coloring 
which  the  wildest  fancy  could  scarcely  surpass. 


PHYLLOTAXY  OR  LEAF-ARRANGEMENT. 


220.  As  the  position  of  the  leaf  upon  the  stem  marks  the  position  or 
bud,  it  follows  that  the  order  of  the  leaf-arrangement  will  be  the  order  of  the 
branches  also.  The  careful  investigation  of  this  subject  has  developed  a  science  of 
unexpected  exactness  and  beauty,  called  phyllotaxy  (0v/Uov,  a  leaf,  rafjf,  order.  , 


85 


85,  Ladies'-slipper  (leaves  alternate)  ;  8C.  Synandra  grandiflora  (leaves  opposite) ;  88,  Medeolft 
Virginica  (leaves  verticillate)  ;  87,  Larix  Americana  (leaves  fasciculate). 


PHYLLOTAXY,    OR    LEAF- ARRANGEMENT.  4Y 

221.  POSITION  UPON  THE  STEM.     Leaves  are  radical  when  they  grow 
out  of  the  stem  at  or  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground,  so  as  to  appear 
to  grow  from  the  roots ;  cauline  when  they  grow  from  the  stem,  and 
ramial  (ramus,  a  branch),  when  from  the  branches. 

222.  INSERTION   UPON  THE  AXIS.     The   arrangement  of  the   scales 
and  young  leaves  in  the  bud  appears  to  be  in  close,  contiguous  circles. 
By  the  development  of  the  axis  the  leaves  are  separated,  and  their  order 
variously  modified,  according  to  the  following  general  modes : — 

Alternate,  one  above  another  on  opposite  sides,  as  in  the  elm. 

Scattered,  irregularly  spiral,  as  in  the  potato  vine. 

Eosulate,  clustered  regularly,  like  the  petals  of  a  rose,  as  in  the 
plantain  and  shepherd's-purse. 

Fasciculate,  tufted,  clustered  many  together  in  the  axil,  as  seen  in  the 
pine,  larch,  berberry. 

Opposite,  two,  against  each  other,  at  the  same  node.    Ex.  maple. 

Verticillate,  or  whorled,  more  than  two  in  a  circle  at  each  node,  as 
in  the  meadow-lily,  trumpet-weed.  We  may  reduce  all  these  modes  to 

223.  Two   GENERAL  TYPES, — the  alternate,  including  all  cases  with 
one  leaf  at  each  node, — the  opposite,  including  cases  with  two  or  more 
leaves  at  each  node. 

224.  THE  TRUE  CHARACTER  OF  THE  ALTERNATE  TYPE  may  be  learned 
by  an  experiment.     Take  a  straight  leafy  shoot  or  stem  of  the  elm  or 
flax,  or  any  other  plant  with  seemingly  scattered  leaves,  and  beginning 
with  the  lowest  leaf,  pass  a  thread  to  the  next  above,  thence  to  the  next 
in  the  same  direction,  and  so  on  by  all  the  leaves  to  the  top  ;  the  thread 
will  form  a  regular  spiral. 

225.  FASCICULATE  LEAVES  are  the  members  of  an  undeveloped  branch,  and  in 


Pbyllotaxy.    69,  leafy  branch  of  elm,— cycle  |.    90,  lenfy  branch  of  aWer^— cycle  £  ;  91,  leafy 
branch  of  cherry, — cycle  j< 


48 


PHYLLOTAXY,    OR   LEAF   ARRANGEMENT. 


case  of  the  subsequent  development  of  the  branch,  as  often  occurs  in  the  Berb- 
eris  and  larch,  their  spiral  arrangement  becomes  manifest.  In  the  pines  the  fas- 
cicles have  fewer  leaves,  their  number  being  definite  and  characteristic  of  the  species. 
Thus  P.  strobus,  the  white  pine,  has  5  leaves  in  each  fascicle,  P.  palustris,  the  long- 
leaved  pine,  has  3,  P.  inops,  2. 

226.  THE  OPPOSITE  LEAVED  TYPE  is  also  spiral.     The  leaves  in  each  circle, 
whether  two  or  more,  are  equidistant,  dividing  the  circumference  of  the  stem  into 
equal  arcs.    The  members  of  the  second  circle  are  not  placed  directly  above  those 
of  the  first,  but  are  turned,  as  it  were,  to  the  right  or  left,  so  as  to  stand  over  the- 
intervening  spaces.     Hence  there  may  be  traced  as  many  spirals  as  there  are  leaves 
in  each  whorl. 

227.  DECUSSATE  LEAVES  result  from  this  law,  as  in  the  motherwort 
and  all  the  mint  tribe,  where  each  pair  of  opposite  leaves  crosses  in  di- 
rection the  next  pair,  forming  four  vertical  rows  of  leaves.    Therefore, 
it  is 

228.  AN  ESTABLISHED  LAW  that  the  bourse  of  development  in  the 
growing  plant  is  universally  spiral.     But  this,  the  formative  cycle  as  it 
is  called,  has  several  variations. 


92,  93,  94,  showing  the  course  of  the  spiral  thread  and  the  order  of  the  leaf-succession  in  the 
4xes  of  elm,  alder,  and  cherry.  95,  axis  of  Osage-orange  with  a  section  of  the  bark  peeled,  dis- 
playing the  order  of  the  leaf-scars  (cyc\e  f). 

229.  THE  ELM  CYCLE.    In  the  strictly  alternate  arrangement  (elm,  linden,  grasses) 
the  spiral  thread  makes  one  complete  circuit  and  commences  a  new  one  at  the  third 
leaf.     The  third  leaf  stands  over  the  first,  the  fourth  over  the  second,  and  so  on, 
forming  two  vertical  rows  of  leaves.    Here  (calling  each  complete  circuit  a  cycle) 
we  observe 

230.  FIRST,  That  this  cycle  is  composed  of  two  leaves ;  second,  that  the  angu- 
lar distance  between  its  leaves  is  £  a  cycle  (180°);  third,  if  we  express  this  cycle 
mathematically  by  £,  the  numerator  (1)  will  denote  the  turns  or  revolutions,  the  de- 
nominator (2)  its  leaves,  and  the  fraction  itself  the  angular  distance  between  tho 
leaves  (£  of  3 60°). 


PHYLLOTAXY,    OR   LEAP   ARRANGEMENT.  49 

231.  THE  ALDER  CYCLE.    In  the  alder,  birch,  sedges,  &c.,  the  cjcle  is  not  com- 
plete until  the  fourth  leaf  is  reached.    The  fourth  leaf  stands  over  the  first,  the  fifth 
over  the  second,  &c.,  forming  three  vertical  rows.     Here  call  the  cycle  $ ;  1  denotes 
the  turns,  3  the  leaves,  and  this  fraction  itself  the  angular  distance  ($•  of  360°). 

232.  THE  CHERRY  CYCLE.    In  the  cherry,  apple,  peach,  oak,  willow,  etc.,  neither 
the  third  nor  the  fourth  leaf,  but  the  sixth,  stands  over  the  first ;  and  in  order  to 
reach  it  the  thread  makes  two  turns  around  the  stem.     The  sixth  leaf  is  over  the 
first,  the  seventh  over  the  second,  &c.,  forming  five  vertical  rows.     Call  this  the  f 
cycle ;  2  denotes  the  turns,  5  the  leaves  in  the  cycle,  and  the  fraction  itself  the  an- 
gular distance  (§  of  360°). 

233.  THE  OSAGE-ORANGE  CYCLE.     In  the  common  hedge  plant,  Osage-orange, 
the  holly,  evening  primrose,  flax,  etc.,  we  find  no  leaf  exactly  over  the  first  until  we 
come  to  the  9th,  and  in  reaching  it  the  spiral  makes  three  turns.     Here  the  leaves 
form  eight  vertical  rows.     It  is  a  f  cycle  ;  3  the  number  of  turns,  8  the  number  of 
leaves,  and  the  fraction  the  angular  distance  between  the  leaves  (•§•  of  360°). 

234.  THE  CYCLES  COMPARED.     These  several  fractions  which  represent  the  above 
cycles  form  a  series  as  follows :  £,  &,  |,  f ,  in  which  each  term  is  the  sum  of  the  two 
preceding.     The  fifth  terms  in  order  will,  therefore,  be  J^ ;  and  this  arrangement  is 
actually  realized  in 


96,  Phyllotaxy  of  the  cone  (cycle  -^)  of  Finns  serotina.      9T,  cherry  cycle  (f),  as  seen  from 
above,  forming  necessarily  that  kind  of  aestivation  called  quincuntial. 

235.  THE  WHITE  PINE  CYCLE.    In  the  young  shoots  of  the  white  pine,  in  cones 
of  most  pines,  in  flea-bane  (Erigeron  Canadense),  etc.,  the  fourteenth  leaf  stands  over 
the  first,  the  fifteenth  over  the  second,  etc.    The  spiral  thread  makes  five  revolu- 
tions to  complete  the  cycle,  which  is,  therefore,  truly  expressed  by  -A. 

236.  THE  HOUSELEEK  CYCLE  is  next  in  order,  expressed  by  the  fraction  (g^) 
JL  having  eight  turns  and  twenty-one  leaves.     Examples  are  found  in  the  Scotch 
pine,  houseleek,  &c. 

237.  How  TO  DETERMINE  THE  HIGHER  CYCLES.     To  trace  the  course  of  the  for- 
mative spiral  in  these  higher  cycles  becomes  difficult  on  account  of  the  close  prox- 
imity of  the  leaves.     In  the  pine  cone  (Fig.  96,  Pinus  serotina)  several  sets  of  sec- 
ondary spirals  are  seen ;  one  set  of  five  parallel  spirals  turning  right  (1 — 6 — 11 — 16, 


50 


THE    ROOT,    OB   DESCENDING   AXIS. 


etc.,  the  common  difference  being  also  five) ;  two  sets  (one  of  three,  the  other  of 
eight)  turning  left ;  and  still  another  set,  of  thirteen,  steepest  of  all,  turning  right 
(1 — 14 — 27,  etc.).  Now  the  sum  of  the  spirals  contained  in  the  two  steepest  sets  gives 
the  denominator  of  the  fraction  expressing  the  true  formative  spiral  sought  Thus, 
8-f-l3=21.  The  numerator  corresponding  is  already  known,  and  the  fraction  is 
JL.  See  also  the  white  pine  cone,  whose  cycle  is  J5g. 

238.  Diagram  97  represents  the  leaves  of  a  cherry  cycle  as  seen  from  above,  and 
verified  in  the  aestivation  of  the  flowers  in  the  rose-family. 

MORPHOLOGY    OF   THE  LEAF. 

239.  GENERAL  CHARACTER.     The  leaf  may  be  regarded  as  an  expan- 
sion of  the  substance  of  the  bark,  extended  into  a  broad  thin  plate  by 
means  of  a  woody  frame  work  or  skeleton,  issuing  from  the  inner  part 
of  the  stem.     The  expanded   portion  is  called  the  lamina  or  blade  of 
the  leaf,  and  it  is  either  sessile,  that  is,  attached  to  the  stem  by  its  base, 
or  it  is  petiolate,  attached  to  the  stem  by  a  footstalk  called  the  petiole. 

240.  STIPULES.     But  the  regular  petiole  very  often  bears  at  its  base 

a  pair  of  leaf-like  appendages,  more  or  less  ap- 
parent, called  stipules.  Leaves  so  appendaged 
are  said  to  be  stipulate,  otherwise  they  are  ex- 
stipulate. 

241.  Therefore  a  complete   leaf  consists  of 
three  distinct  parts ;  the  lamina  or  blade,  the 
petiole,  and  the  stipules. 

242.  TRANSFORMATIONS.      Both  the  petiole, 
blade  and  stipules  are  subject  to  numerous  mod- 
ifications of  form.     Either  of  them   may  exist 
without  the  others,  or  they  may  all  be  transformed 
into  other  organs,  as  pitchers,  spines,  tendrils, 
and  even  into  the  organs  of  the  flower,  as  will 
hereafter  appear. 

OF  THE  PETIOLE. 

243.  THE  FORM  OF  THE  UISTINCT  PETIOLE  is 
rarely  cylindrical,  but  more  generally  flattened 
or  channeled  on  the  upper  side.'    When  it  is 
flattened  in  a  vertical  direction,  it  is  said  to  be 
compressed,  as  in  the  aspen  or  poplar.     In  this 
case  the  blade  is  very  unstable,  and  agitated  by 
the  least  breath  of  wind. 

244.  THE  WINGED  PETIOLE  is  flattened  or  ex- 
iined  ;veinuiets  single-lined.  panded  into  a  margin,  but   laterally  instead  of 

99,  clover  leaves ;  «,  stipules.  r  .  ri          *.•  ±1, 

p,  petiole,  /,  leaflets.  vertically,  as  in    the   asters.      Sometimes  the 


98.  Leaf  of  willow  (Salix 
lucida) ;  «,  the  stipules.  The 
midvein  is  8-lined ;  veinlets 
2-1 


OF    THE    STIPULES. 


51 


margins  outrun  the  petioles,  and  extend  down  the  stem,  making  that 
winged  or  alate  also.  Such  leaves  are  said  to  be  decurrent  (decurro, 
run  down).  Ex.  Mullein. 

245.  THE  AMPLEXICAUL  OR  STEM-CLASPING  PETIOLE  is  dilated  at  the 
base  into  a  margin  which  surrounds  or  clasps  the  stem,  as  in  the 
umbilifers.      Frequently  we   find  the    stem-clasping   margins   largely 
developed,  constituting  a  sheath — with  free  edges  in  the  grasses,  or 
closed  into  a  tube  in  the  sedges. 

246.  The  petiole  is  simple   in  the  simple  leaf,  but  compound   or 
branched  in  the  compound  leaf,  with  as  many  branches   (petiolules) 
as  there  are  divisions  of  the  lamina. 

OF   THE   STIPULES. 

247.  STIPULES  are  certain  leaf-like  expansions,  always  in  pairs,  situated 
one  on  each  side  of  the  petiole  near  the  base.     They  do  not  occur  in 
every  plant,  but  are  pretty  uniformly  present  in  each  species  of  the  same 
natural  order.     In  substance  and  color  they  usually  resemble  the  leaf, 
sometimes  they  are  colored  like  the  stem,  often  they  are  membranous 
and  colorless.     In  the  palmetto  its  substance  is  a  coarse  net-work  re- 
sembling canvass. 

100  101 


100,  Eose  leaf,  "odd-pinnate,  with  adnate  stipules.    101,  Violet,  (V.  tricolor),  with  simple  leaf 
(  I  ),  and  free  compound  stipules. 

248.  STIPULES  ARE  OFTEN  ADNATE  or  adherent  to  the  petiole,  as  in 
the  rose ;  more  generally  they  are  free,  as  in  the  pea  and  pansy.   In  these 
cases  and  others  they  act  the  part  of  leaves  ;  again  they  are  very  small 
and  inconspicuous. 

249.  AN  OCHREA  is  a  membranous  sheath  inclosing  the  stem  from 
the  node  upwards,  as  in  the  knot-grass  family  (Polygonacese).    It  is 
formed  of  the  two  stipules  cohering  by  their  two  margins.     In  case  the 
two  stipules  cohere  by  their  outer  margin  only,  a  double  stipule  is 
formed  opposite  to  the  leaf,  as  in  the  button-wood.     If  they  cohere  by 
their  inner  margin,  the  double  stipule  appears  in  the  leaf  axil,  as  in  the 
pond-weed  (Potamogeton). 


52 


OF  THE    VEINS. 


250.  INTER-PETIOLAR  STIPULES  occur  in  a  few  opposite  leaved  tribes,  as  tbe  Ga- 
lium  tribe.  Here  we  find  them  as  mere  bristles  in  Diodia  while  in  Galium  they 
look  like  the  leaves,  forming  whorls.  Such  whorls,  if  complete,  will  be  appar- 
ently ^6-leaved,  consisting  of  two  true  leaves  and  four  stipules.  But  the  adjacent 
stipules  are  often  united,  and  the  whorl  becomes  4-leaved. 


102     163       104       105 

102,  Leaf  of  Conioselinum,  tripinnate,  with  sheathing  petiole.  103,  Leaf  of  Polygoaum  Penn- 
sylvanicum,  with  its  (o)  ochrea.  104,  Culm  of  grass,  with  joint  (j\  leaf  (I)  ligule  («).  105,  Leaf 
of  pear-tree,  with  slender  stipules. 

251.  THE  LIGULE  of  grasses  is  generally  regarded  as  a  double  axil- 
lary stipule.     The  leaflets  of  compound  leaves  are  sometimes  furnished 
with  little  stipules,  called  stipels. 

252.  STIPULES  ARE  OFTEN  FUGACIOUS,  existing  as  scales  in  the  bud, 
and  falling  when  the  leaves  expand,  or  soon  after,  as  in  the  Magnolia 
and  tulip-tree. 

OF     THE    VEINS. 

253.  LEAVES,  SIMPLE  AND  COMPOUND.     A  leaf  is  simple  when  its 
blade  consists  of  a  single  piece,  however  cut,  cleft  or  divided ;  and  com- 
pound when  it  consists  of  several  distinct  blades,  supported  by  as  many 
branches  of  a  compound  petiole. 

254.  NATURE  OF  VEINS.     The  blade  of  the  leaf  consists  of,  (1)  the 
frame-work,  and  (2)  the  tissue  commonly  called  the  parenchyma.    The 
frame-work  is  made  up  of  the  branching  vessels  of  the  foot-stalk,  which 
are  woody  tubes  pervading  the  parenchyma,  and  conveying  nourishment 
to  every  part.     Collectively,  these  vessels  are  called  veins,  from  the 
analogy  of  their  functions. 

255.  VENATION  is  a  term  denoting  the  manner  in  which  the  veins 
are  divided  and  distributed.     The  several  organs  of  venation,  differing 
from  each  other  only  in  size  and  position,  may  be  termed  the  midvein, 
veins,  veinlets  and  veinulets.     (The  old  terms,  midrib  and  nerves,  being 
anatomically  absurd,  are  here  discarded). 

256.  THE  MIDVEIN  is  the  principal  axis  of  the  venation,  or  prolong- 
ation of  the  petiole,  running  directly  through  the  lamina,  from  base  to 


OP   THE   VEINS.  53 

apex,  as  seen  in  the  leaf  of  the  oak  or  birch.  If  there  be  several  simi- 
lar divisions  of  the  petiole,  radiating  from  the  base  of  the  leaf,  they  are 
appropriately  termed  veins  ;  and  the  leaf  is  said  to  be  three-veined, 
five-veined,  etc.  Ex.  maple. 

257.  The  primary  branches  sent  off  from  the  mid  vein,  or  the  veins 
we  may  term  the  VEINLETS,  and  the  secondary  branches,  or  those  sent 
off  from  the  veinlets,  are  the  VEINULETS.  These  also  branch  and  subdi- 
vide until  they  become  too  small  for  vision. 


108 


106 

Varieties  of  venation.  106,  feather-reined,— leaf  of  Betula  populifolia  (white  birch),  lying  upon 
a  leaf  of  plum-tree ;  same  venation  with  different  outlines.  107,  Palmate-veined,— leaf  of  white 
maple,  contrasted  with  leaf  ofCercis  Canadensis.  103,  Parallel  venation, — plant  of  "three-leaved 
Solomon's-seal,"  (Asteranthemum  trifoliatum  Kunih.)  109,  Forked  venation,— climbing  fern 
(Lygodium). 

258.  MODES  OP  VENATION.  Botanists  distinguish  three  principal 
modes  of  venation,  which  are  in  general  characteristic  of  the  three 
grand  divisions  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  already  noticed. 

RETICULATE,  OR  NET- VEINED,  as  in  the  Exogens  :  this  kind  of  vena- 
tion is  characterized  by  the  frequent  reunion  or  inosculation  of  its  nu- 
merously branching  veins,  so  as  to  form  a  kind  of  irregular  net- work. 

PARALLEL-VEINED,  as  in  the  Endogens,  The  veins,  whether  straight 
or  curved,  run  parallel,  or  side  by  side,  to  the  apex  of  the  leaf,  or  to  the 
margin,  and  are  always  connected  by  simple  transverse  veinlets. 

FORK-VEINED,  as  in  the  ferns  (and  other  Cryptogamia,  where  veins 
are  present  at  all).  Here  the  veins  divide  and  subdivide  in  a  furcate 
manner,  and  do  not  re-unite. 


FORM    OR    FIGURE. 


259.  Of  the  reticulate  venation,  the  student  should  carefully  note 
three"  leading  forms,  the  feather-veined,  the  palmate-veined,  and  the 
tripli-veined. 

THE  FEATHER- VEINED  (pinnl-veincd)  leaf  is  that  in  which  the  venation 
consists  of  a  midvein  giving  off  at  intervals  lateral  veinlets  and  branch- 
ing veinulets.  Ex.  beech,  chestnut. 

260.  IN  THE  RADIATE-VEINED  (palmi-vcined)  leaf  the  venation  con- 
sists  of  several  veins  of  nearly   equal  size,   radiating  from  the   base 
towards  the  circumference,  each  with  its  own  system  of  veinlets.     Ex. 
maple,  crow-foot. 

261.  THE  TRIPLI-VEINED   seems  to  be  a  form  intermediate  between 
the  two  others  when  the  lowest   pair  of  veinlets    are  conspicuously 
stronger  than  the  others  above  them  towards  the  apex,  extending  with 
the  midvein  towards  the  summit. 

262.  IN  PARALLEL-VEINED  venation  the  veins  are  either  straight,  as 
in  the  linear  leaf  of  the  grasses,  curved,  as  in  the  oval  leaf  of  the 
orchis,  or  transverse  as  in  the  Canna,  Calla,  <fcc. 


FORM    OR   FIGURE. 
114 


115 


111 


110  118 

Forms  of  leaves.  110,  Rhododendron  maximum.  Ill,  Alnus  glutinosa  (cult).  112,  Poly- 
gonum  sagittatum.  113,  Pawpaw.  114,  Impatiens  fulva.  115, 'Celtis  Americana.  116,  Circaea 
Lutetiana.  117,  Catmint.  118,  Solidago  Canadensis— a  tripli-veined  leaf. 

263.  THAT  INFINITE  VARIETY  of  beautiful  and  graceful  forms  for  which  the  leaf  ij 
distinguished  becomes  intelligible  to  the  student  only  when  viewed  in  connection 
with  its  venation.  Since  it  is  through  the  veins  alone  that  nutriment  is  conveyed 
for  the  development  and  extension  of  the  parenchyma,  it  follows  that  there  will  be 
the  greatest  extension  of  outline  when  the  veins  are  largest  and  most  numerous. 
Consequently  the  form  of  the  leaf  will  depend  upon  the  direction  of  the  veins  and 
the  vigor  of  their  action  in  developing  the  intervening  tissue.  In  our  description 


FORM    OR    FIGURE. 


of  individual  forms  of  outline  we  shall  select  only  the  most  remarkable,  leaving 
others  for  explanation  in  the  glossary. 

264.  THE  MOST  OBVIOUS  ARRANGEMENT  is  that  which  is  founded  upon  the  modes 
of  veining ;  but  it  should  be  premised  that  different  forms  of  venation  often  give  rise 
to  the  same  outline.  Were  we  required  to  characterize  our  idea  of  the  abstract, 
typical  leaf-form,  we  should  sketch  an  oval  outline  of  surface,  with  equal  sides  and 
unequal  ends.  The  nearest  approach  to  this  we  find  among  the 


122 


123 


124 


125 


126 


12T 


Diagrams  of  pinnate-veined  leaf-forms. 


119,  orbicular, 

120,  oval, 

121,  elliptical, 

122,  oblong, 

123,  cuneiform. 


124,  spathulate, 

125,  oblanceolate, 

126,  obovate, 

127,  deltoid, 

128,  lanceolate, 

129,  ovate. 


265.  FEATHER-VEINED  LEAVES.     Of  these,  the  following 
forms  depend  upon  the  length  of  the  veinlets  in  relation 

to  each  other  and  to  the  midvein.  When  the  lower  veinlets  are  longer 
than  the  others,  the  form  of  the  blade  will  be  (1)  ovate,  with  the  out- 
line of  an  egg,  the  broad  end  at  the  base ;  (2)  lanceolate,  or  lance- 
shaped,  narrower  than  ovate,  tapering  gradually  upwards ;  (3)  deltoid  or 
triangular- shaped,  like  the  Greek  letter  A. 

a.  IF  THE  MIDDLE  VEINLETS  EXCEED  the  others  in  length,  the  leaf  will 

o       / 

be  (4)  orbicular,  roundish  or  quite  circular ;  (5)  elliptical,  with  the 
outline  of  an  ellipse,  nearly  twice  longer  than  broad;  (6)  oval,  broadly 
elliptical ;  (7)  oblong,  narrowly  elliptical. 

266.  WHEN  THE  VEINLETS  ARE  MORE  LARGELY  DEVELOPED  IN  THE 
UPPER  REGION  OF  THE  LEAF   its  form  becomes  (8)  obovate,  inversely 
ovate,  the  narrow  end  at  base ;   (9)  oblanceolate,  that  is,  lanceolate  with 
the  narrow  end  at  base;  (10)  spatulate,  like  a  spatula,  with  a  narrow 
base  and  a  broader,  rounded  apex;  (11)  cuneate  or  cuneiform,  shaped 
like  a  wedge  with  the  point  backwards. 

267.  AGAIN,  IF  THE  LOWEST  PAIR  OF  VEINLETS  ARE  LENGTHENED  AND 
MORE  OR  LESS  EEcuRVED,  the  leaf  will  be  variously  modified  in  respect 
to  its  base,  becoming  (12)   cordate,  or  heart-shaped,   an  ovate   outline 
with  a  sinus  or  reentering  angle  at  base;  (13)  auriculate,  with  ear- 
shaped    lobes  at  base;    (14)   sagittate,  arrow-shaped,  with   the  lobes 
pointed,  and  directed  backwards;  (15)  hastate,li albert-shaped,  the  lobes 
directed  outwards. 


FORM    OR   FIGURE. 


268.  PINNATIFID  FORMS.     The   following  pinnate-veined   forms,  ap- 
proaching the  compound  leaf,  depend  less  upon  the  proportion  of  the 


130  131  132  183 

Forms  of  leaves.  130,  Silene  Virginica.  181,  Magnolia  Fraseri.  136,  Arabia  dentata. 
1ST,  Polygonum  arifolium.  132,  Hepatica  acutiloba.  133,  Asarum  Virginicum.  134,  Hydro- 
cotyle  Americana.  135,  II.  umbellata. 

vei^lets  than  upon  the  relative  development  of  the  intervening  tissue. 
The  prefix  pinnated  is  obviously  used  in  contrast  with  palmated  among 
palmate-veined  forms. 


Feather- veined  leaves,  approaching  the  compound.  138,  Quercas  imbricaria — undulate. 
139,  Q.  alba  (white  oak)— lobate-sinuate.  140,  Q.  macrocarpa— lyrate.  141,  Mulgedium  (milk- 
weed). 142,  Bipinnatifld  leaf  of  Ambrosia  artemisifolia  (hog-weed). 

269.  PINNATIFID  (pinna,  feather,  findo,  to  cleave)  FEATHER-CLEFT, 
the  tissue  somewhat  sharply  cleft  between  the  veinlets  about  half  way 
to  the  midvein,  forming  oblong  segments.  When  the  segments  of  a 
pinnatifid  leaf  are  pointed  and  curved  backward  it  becomes  runcinate, 
i.  e.j  re-uncinate.  When  the  terminal  segment  of  a  pinnatifid  leaf  is 


FORM    OB    FIGURE. 


57 


orbicular  in  figure  and  larger  than  any  other,  presenting  the  form  of  the 
ancient  lyre,  the  form  is  termed  lyrate. 


143 


Feather-veined  leaves  almost  compound.    143,  Nigella  (pinnatisect).    144,  Chelidonium  ma- 
jus.    145,  Thistle  (Cirsium  lanceolatum).    146,  Dandelion  (runcinate-lyrate). 

270.  PINNATELY  PARTED  implies  that  the  incisions  are  deeper  than 
ptnnatifid,  nearly  reaching  the  midvein.     In  either  case  the  leaf  is  said 
to  be  sinuate  when  the  incisions  (sinuses)   as  well  as  the  segments  are 
rounded  and  flowing  in  outline.     Such  segments  are  lobes,  and  the  leaves 
lobate  or  lobed,  a  very  generic  term. 

271.  THE  PALMATE  VENATION  presents  us  with  a  set  of  forms  which 
are,  in  general,  broader  in  proportion  than  the  pinnate,  having  the 
breadth  about  equaling  the  length.     Such  a  leaf  may  be  rarely  broadly 
ovate  or  broadly  cordate,  terms  which  require  no  further  explanation. 
Or  it  may  be 

Reniform,  kidney-shaped,  having  a  flowing  outline  broader  than  long, 
concave  at  base  ;  or 

Peltate,  shield-form,  the  petiole  not  inserted  at  the  margin  but  in  the 
midst  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  blade.  This  singular  form  evidently 
results  from  the  blending  of  the  base  lobes  of  a  deeply  cordate  leaf,  as 
seen  in  hydrocotyle.  It  may  be  orbicular,  oval,  etc. 

272.  PALMATE  FORMS.     The  following  result  from  deficiency  of  tis- 
sue, causing  deep  divisions  between  the  veins.     Leaves  thus  dissected 
are  said  to  be  palmately-lobed  when  either  the  segments  or  the  sinuses 
are  somewhat  rounded  and  continuous.     The  number  of  lobes  is  de- 
noted by  such  terms  as  bilobate,  trilobate,  five-lobed,  etc. 


150 


FORM    OB   FIGURE. 

149  147  148 


Palmate-veined  leaves.    147,  Menispermum  Canaclense.    148,  Passiflora  cerulea.    149,  Brous- 
sonetia  papyrifera.    150,  Oak  geranium. 

Leaves  are  polmatdy  cleft  and  palmately  parted,  according  to  the 
depth  of  the  incisions  as  above  described.     But  the  most  peculiar  modi- 
fication is 

273.  THE  PEDATE,    like   a   bird's   foot, 
having  the  lowest  pair  of  veinlets  enlarged, 
recurved,  arid  bearing  each  several  of  the 
segments  (148). 

274.  THE    FORMS    OF    THE    PARALLEL- 
VEINED  LEAVES  are  remarkable  for  their 
even,  flowing   outlines,    diversified   solely 
by  the  direction  and  curvature  of  the  veins. 
When  the  veins  are  straight  the  most  com- 
mon form  is 

275.  THE  LINEAR,  long  and  narrow,  with 
parallel  margins,  like  the  leaves  of   the 
grasses— a  form  which  may  also  occur  in 
the  pinnate-veined  leaf,  when  the  veinlets 
are  all  equally  shortened.     The  ensiform, 
or  sword-shaped,  is  also  linear,  but  has  its 
edges  vertical,  that  is,  directed  upward  and 
downward. 

276.  IF  THE  VEINS  CURVE,  we  may  have 
the  lanceolate,  elliptical,  or  even  orbicular 
forms  ;  and  if  the  lower  curve  downward, 
the  cordate,  sagittate,  etc.,  all  of  which  are 
shown  in  the  cuts. 

The  palmate  or  radiate  form  is  finely  illustrated 
in  the  palmetto  and  other  palms,  whose  large, 
fan-shaped  leaves  are  appropriately  termed  flabel- 
liform  (fan-shaped). 

277.  THE  LEAVES  OF  THE  PINE  AND  THE  FIR  TRIBE  (Conifers)  gen- 
erally are  parallel- veined  also,'  and  remarkable  for  their   contracted 


151,  Ensiform  leaves  of  iris. 
152,  Acerose  leaves  of  Finns.  153, 
Subulate  leaves  of  Juniperus  com- 
munis. 


FORM    OB   FIGURE. 


59 


forms,  in  which  there  is  no  distinction  of  petiole  or  blade.  Such  are  the 
acerose  (needle-shaped)  leaves  of  the  pine,  the  subulate  (awl-shaped) 
and  scale-form  leaves  of  the  cedars,  etc. 

MARGIN. 

The  following  terms  apply  to  the  various  modifications  of  the  margin,  as  such, 
not  affecting  the  general  outline  of  the  leaf. 


154.  Diagram  of  leaf-margins,    a,  entire;  &,  undulate;  c,  repand ;    d,  spinous;  e,  crenato; 
f,  dentate ;  #,  serrate ;  h,  laciniate  ;  &,  incised ;  I,  erose. 

2*78.  ENTIRE,  even  edged,  having  the  tissue  completely  filled  out. 
Sometimes  a  vein  runs  along  the  margin,  which  might  otherwise  be 
easily  torn,  as  in  the  Caladium.  But  when  the  marginal  tissue  is  de- 
ficient, the  leaf  becomes 

279.  DENTATE,  having  sharp  teeth  pointing  outward  from  the  centre; 
serrate,  with  sharp  teeth  pointing  forwards,  like  the  teeth  of  a  saw ; 
wenate,  with  rounded  or  blunt  teeth.     The  terms  denticulate,  serrulate^ 
crenulate,  denote  finer  indentations  of  the  several  kinds ;  doubly  den- 
tate, &c.,  denote  that  the  teeth  are  themselves  toothed. 

280.  THE  UNDULATE,  or  wavy  edge  is  somewhat  different  from  the 
repand,  which  bends  like  the  margin  of  an  umbrella.     If  the  veins  pro- 
ject, and  are  tipped  with  spines,  the  leaf  becomes  spinous. 

281.  IRREGULARLY  DIVIDED  MARGINS  are  said  to  be  erose  or  jagged, 
laciniate  or  torn,  incised  or  cut. 

282.  CRISPED.    ^Often,  instead  of  a  deficiency  there  is  a  superabun- 
dance of  marginal  tissue,  denoted  by  the  term  crispate  or  crisped. 


o    v  p    •         .       q 

155,  Apex  of  leaves,    cr,  obcordate  ;  &,  emarginate  ;  c,  retuse ;  d,  truncate ;  e,  obtnso ;  f,  acute ; 
,  mucronate  ;  A,  cuspidate  ;  A",  acuminate. 

156.  Bases  of  leaves.    I,  hastate  ;   m,  ?»,   sagittate ;   0,  auiiculate  ;  p}  cordate ;  g,  renifonn. 


€0 


OP   THE    COMPOUND    LEAF. 


283.  POINTED  LEAVES.     In  regard  to  the  termination  of  a  leaf  at  its 
apex,  it  may  be  acuminate,  ending  with  a  long,  tapering  point ;  cuspi- 
date, abruptly  contracted  to  a  sharp,  slender  point ;  mucronate,  tipped 
with  a  spiny  point ;  acute,  simply  ending  with  an  angle  ;  obtuse,  rounded 
at  the  point. 

284.  POINTLESS   LEAVES.     Or   the  leaf  may  end  without  a  point, 
being  truncate,  as  if  cut  square  off ;  refuse,  with  a  rounded  end  slightly 
depressed  where  the  point  should  be  ;  emarginate,  having  a  small  notch 
at  the  end ;  obcordate,  inversely  heart-shaped,  having  a  deep  indentation 
at  the  end. 


OF    THE    COMPOUND    LEAF. 

285.  THEORY.     If  we  conceive  of  a  simple  leaf  becoming  a  com- 
pound one,  on  the  principle  of  "  deficiency  of  tissue  between  the  veins," 
it  will  be  evident  that  the  same  forms  of  venation  are  represented  by 
the  branching  petioles  of  the  latter  as  by  the  veins  of  the  former. 
The  number  and  arrangement  of  the  parts  will  therefore  in  like  man- 
ner correspond  with  the  mode  of  venation. 

286.  LEAFLETS.     The  divisions  of  a  compound  leaf  are  called  leaflets, 
and  the  same  distinction  of  outline,  margin,  &c.,  occur  in  them  as  in 
simple  leaves.     The  petiolules  of  the  leaflets  may  or  may  not  be  articu- 
lated to  the  main  petiole,  or  rachis,  as  it  is  called. 


157         161         159        160  158 

Compound  leaves.    157,  Trifolium  repens.    158,  Desmodium  rotundifolium.    160,  Glotidium. 
161,  Cassia.    159,  Agrimonia. 

287.  PINNATELY  COMPOUND.  From  the  pinnate-veined  arrangement 
we  may  have  the  pinnate  leaf,  where  the  petiole  (midvein)  bears  a  row 
of  leaflets  on  each  side,  either  sessile  or  petiolulate,  generally  equal  in 


OP   THE    COMPOUND    LEAF. 


61 


lumber  and  opposite.  It  is  unequally  pinnate  when  the  rachis  bears 
an  odd  terminal  leaflet,  and  equally  pinnate  when  there  is  no  terminal 
leaflet,  and  interruptedly  pinnate  when  the  leaflets  are  alternately  largo 
and  small  (159,  etc). 

288.  THE  NUMBER  OF  LEAFLETS  IN  THE  PINNATE  LEAF  varies  from 
thirty  pairs  and  upwards  (as  in  some  acacias),  down  to  three,  when  the 
leaf  is  said  to  be  ternate  or  trifoliate ;  or  two,  becoming  Innate,  or 
finally  even  to  one  leaflet  in  the  lemon.  Such  a  leaf  is  theoretically 
compound,  on  account  of  the  leaflet  (blade)  being  articulated  to  the 
petiole. 


162 
Compound  leaves. 


165 
163,  Erigenia  bulbosa. 


164 


162,  Clematis.    163,  Erigenia  bulbosa.    164,  Acacia.    165,  Honey-locnst. 

289.  A  BIPINNATE  LEAF  (twice  pinnate)  is  formed  when  the  rachis 
bears  pinnce  or  secondary  pinnate  leaves,  instead  of  leaflets,  and  tripin- 
nate  (thrice  pinnate),  when  pinna3  take  the  places  of  the  leaflets  of  a 
bipinnate  leaf.     When  the  division  is  still  more  complicated  the  leaf  is 
decompound. 

290.  TRANSITION  LEAVES.     Different  degrees  of  division  often  exist  in  different 
parts  of  the  same  leaf,  illustrating  the  gradual  transition  of  leaves  from  simple  to 

169  16G  168  167 


167,  Lemon,    168,  Jeffersonia.    169,  Potentilla  anserina.    166,  P.  tridentata. 


62  OF  TEXTURE  AND  SURFACE. 

compound  in  all  stages.    The  leaves  of  the  honey-locust  and  coflfee  tree  (Grymno- 
cladus)  often  afford  curious  and  instructive  examples. 

291.  A  BITERNATE  LEAF  is  formed  when  the  leaflets  of  a  ternate  leaf 
give  place  themselves  to  ternate  leaves,  and  triternate  when  the  leaflets 
of  a  biternate  leaf  again  give  place  to  ternate  leaves. 

292.  PALMATELY   COMPOUND.     A  DISTINCTION.     The  palmate  vena- 
tion has  also  its  peculiar  forms  of  compound  leaves,  as  ternate,  quinate, 
septinate,  etc.,  according  to  the  number  of  leaflets  which  arise  together 
from  the  summit  of  the  petiole.     Ternate  leaves  of  this  venation  are  to 
be  carefully  distinguished   from  those  of  the  pinnate  plan.     The  pal- 
mately  ternate  leaf  consists  of  three  leaflets,  which  are  either  all  sessile 
or  stalked  alike ;  the  pinnately  ternate  has  the  terminal  leaflet  raised 
above  the  other  two  on  the  prolonged  rachis  (157,  158). 

172  171  170 


Insertion  of  leaves.    170,  Aster  oblongifolius  ?  (amplcxicaul).    171,  Uvularia  perfoliata. 
172,  Lonicera  sempervirens,  (connate). 

With  regard  to  the  insertion  the  leaf  is  said  to  be 

293.  AMPLEXICAUL,  when  its  base  lobes  adhere  to  and  clasp  the  stem. 
Should  these  lobes  extend  quite  around  the  stem  and  become  blended 
together,  on  the  other  side  a  perfoliate  leaf  will  be  formed  (per,  through, 
folium,  leaf),  the  stem  seeming  to  pass  through  the  leaves. 

294.  CONNATE   denotes  that  the  bases  of  two  opposite  leaves  are 
united  so  as  to  form  one  piece  of  the  two. 

OF   TEXTURE   AND   SURFACE. 

IN  descriptive  botany  it  is  also  needful  to  regard  the  variations  of  leaves  in  the 
above  respects.  The  terms  which  we  briefly  notice  below  are  equally  applicable  to 
any  other  organs. 


TRANSFORMATIONS    OF   THE    LEAF.  63 

295.  IN  TEXTURE  leaves  may  be  membranous,  or  coriaceous  (leathery), 
or  succulent  (fleshy),  or  searious  (dry),  rugous  (wrinkled) ,  &c.,  which 
terms  need  only  to  be  mentioned. 

296.  IN  THE  QUALITY  OF  SURFACE,  the  leaf  may  be  glabrous,  (smooth), 
destitute   of  all   hairs,  bristles,  &c.,  or  scabrous  (rough),  with  minute, 
hard  points,  hardly  visible. 

297.  A  DENSE  COAT  OF  HAIRS  will  render  the  leaf  pubescent  when 
the  hairs  are  soft  and  short;  villous  when  they  are  rather  long  and 
weak  ;  sericeous,  or  silky,  when  close  and  satin-like  ;  such  a  coat  may 
also  be  lanuginous,  woolly  ;  tomentous,  matted  like  felt ;  or  floccose,  in 
soft,  fleecy  tufts. 

298.  THINLY  SCATTERED  HAIRS  render  the  surface  hirsute  when  they 
are  long ;  pilous  when  short  and  soft ;  hispid  when  short  and  stiff.   The 
surface  will  be 

299.  SETOUS,  when  beset  with  bristly  hairs  called  setae ;  and  spinous 
when  beset  with  spines,  as  in  the  thistle  and  horse-nettle.     Leaves  may 
also  be  armed  with  stinging  hairs  which  are  sharp  and  tubular,  con- 
taining a  poisonous  fluid,  as  in  nettles  and  Jatropha  stimulans. 

300.  A  PRUINOUS  surface  is  covered  with  a  bluish-white  waxy  pow- 
der, called  bloom,  as  in  the  cabbage,  and  a  punctate  leaf  is  dotted  with 
colored  points  or  pellucid  glands. 

301.  DOUBLE  TERMS.      The  modifications  of  leaves  are  almost  endless.     Many 
other  terms  are  defined  in  the  glossary,  yet  it  will  be  found  often  necessary  in  the 
exact  description  of  a  plant  to  combine  two  or  more  of  the  terms  defined  in  order 
to  express  some  intermediate  figure  or  quality ;  thus  ovate-lanceolate,  signifying  a 
form  between  ovate  and  lanceolate,  etc. 

302.  SUB.     The  Latin  preposition  sub  (under)  prefixed  to  a  descriptive  term  de- 
notes the  quality  which  the  term  expresses,  in  a  lower  degree,  as  subsessikt  nearly 
sessile,  subserrate,  somewhat  serrate. 


CHAPTEK    YIIL 

TRANSFORMATIONS     OF     THE     LEAF. 

Hitherto  wo  have  considered  the  leaf  as  foliage  merely — constituted  the  fife  organ 
of  aeration  by  its  large  expansion  of  surface.  This  is  indeed  the  chief,  but  not  the 
only  aspect  in  which  it  is  to  be  viewed. 

303.  THE  LEAF  is  A  TYPICAL  FORM,  that  is,  the  type  or  idea  from  which 
the  Divine  Architect  derived  the  form  of  every  other  appendage  of  the 
plant.  To  trace  out  this  idea  in  all  the  disguises  under  which  it  lurks 
is  one  of  the  first  aims  of  the  botanist.  Several  of  these  foims  of  dis- 
guise have  already  been  noticod,  e.  g. 


64  TRANSFORMATIONS    OF   THE    LEAF. 

304.  THE  SCALES  which  clothe  the  various  forms  of  scale-stems  are 
leaves,  or  more  usually  petioles,  reduced  and  distorted,  perhaps  by  the 
straitened  circumstances  of  their  underground  growth.     The  scales  of 
corms  and  rhizomas  are  mostly  mere  membranes,  while  those  of  the  bulb 
are  fleshy,  serving  as  depositories  of  food  for  the  future  use  of  the  plant. 
That  these  scales  are  leaves  is  evident,  1st,  from  their  position  at  the 
nodes  of  the  stem,   2d,  from  their  occasional  development  into  true 
leaves. 

305.  BUD  SCALES.     The  brown  scales  which  cover  winter  buds  are  of 
the  same  nature  and  origin. 

306.  THE   COTYLEDONS  of  seeds  or  seed-lobes  are  readily  recognized 
as  leaves,  especially  when  they  arise  above  ground  in  germination,  and 
form  the  first  pair  upon  the  young  plant,  as  in  the  beech-nut  and  squash 
seed.     Their  deformity  is  due  to  the  starchy  deposits  with  which  they 
are  crammed  for  the  nourishment  of  the  embryo  when   germinating, 
and  also  to  the  way  in  which  they  are  packed  in  the  seed. 

307.  PHYLLODIA  are  certain  leaf-forms,  consisting  of  petioles  exces- 
sively compressed,  or  expanded  vertically  into  margins,  while  the  true 
lamina  is  partly  or  entirely  suppressed.     Fine  examples  are  seen  in  our 
greenhouse  acacias  from  Australia.     Their  vertical  or  edgewise  position 
readily  distinguishes  them  from  true  leaves. 


173  174         175          176  177 

Ascidia.    173,  Nepenthes.      174,  Sarracenia  psittacina.    175,  S.  purpurea.    176,  S.  Gronovii,  /J. 
Drummondii.    177,  Acacia  heteropliylla,  its  phyllodia. 

308.  ASCIDIA  or  pitchers,  are  surprising  forma  of  leaves,  expressly  contrived,  as 
if  by  art,  for  holding  water.  The  pitchers  of  Sarracenia,  whose  several  species  are 
common  in  bogs  North  and  South,  are  evidently  formed  by  the  blending  of  the  in- 
volute margins  of  the  broadly  winged  petioles,  so  as  to  form  a  complete  vase.  The 
broad  expansion  which  appears  at  the  top  may  be  regarded  as  the  lamina.  These 
pitchers  contain  water,  in  which  insects  are  drowned,  being  prevented  from  escap- 
ing by  the  deflexed  hairs  at  the  mouth. 


TRANSFORMATIONS   OF   THE    LEAF.  65 

309.  NEPENTHES.     The  greenhouse  pitcher-plant  is  a  native  of  the  East  Indies. 
Its  proper  leaves  are  sessile  and  lanceolate.     The  midvein  extends  beyond  the  apex 
like  a  tendril,  to  the  length  of  six  or  eight  inches.     The  extremity  of  this  tendril  is 
inflated  into  a  hollow  vessel,  similar  to  a  pitcher,  and  usually  contains  about  half  a 
pint  of  pure  water.     It  is  furnished  with  a  leafy  lid  connected  to  it  by  a  ligament 
Which  expands  or  contracts  according  to  the  state  of  the  atmosphere,  so  that  the 
cap  is  open  in  damp  weather  and  closed  in  dry. 

310.  DISCHIDIA.     Another  wonderful  provision  of  this  kind  is  observed  in  a  plant 
growing  in  the  forests  of  India,  called  Dischidia.     It  is  a  twining  plant,  ascending 
the  tall  trees  to  the  distance  of  a  hundred  feet  from  its  roots,  and  destitute  of  leaves 
except  near  its  top.     The  pitchers  seem  formed  of  a  leaf  with  its  edges  rolled  in- 
ward and  adherent,  and  its  upper  end  or  mouth  is  open  to  receive  whatever  moist- 
ure may  descend  into  it.     But  the  greatest  marvel  in  its  structure  is  that  several 
bundles  of  absorbent  fibres,  resembling  roots,  are  sent  out  from  the  nearest  parts  of 
the  stem,  enter  the  pitchers,  and  spread  themselves  through  the  cavity. 

311.  AIR  BLADDERS.     Many  weak-stemmed  water  plants  are  furnished 
with  little  sacks  filled  with  air  to  buoy  them  up  near  to  the  surface. 
Such  are  the  bladders  of  the  common  bladderwort,  formed  from  the 
leaf  lobes.     In  the  horned-bladderwort  the  floats  are  made  of  the  six 
upper  inflated  petioles  lying  upon  the  surface  of  the  water  like  awheel- 
shaped  raft,  and  sustaining  the  flower  upon  its  own  elevated  stalk. 

312.  THE  LEAP  OP  VENUS'  FLY-TRAP  (Dionsea),  native  of  Carolina,  is  also  of  curious 
design.     At  the  end  of  the  leaf  are  two 

lobes  bordered  with  spines.  In  the 
cavity  between  the  lobes  are  several 
sharp  points  projecting  upwards,  and  a 
gland  which  secretes  a  liquor  attractive 
to  insects.  But  when  an  unlucky  fly, 
in  search  of  food,  alights  upon  it,  the 
irritable  lobes  instantly  close  and  im- 
pale him  in  their  fatal  embrace. 

313.  THE  TENDRIL  is  a  thread- 
like coiling  appendage  furnished 
to  certain  weak-stemmed  plants  as 
their  means  of  support  in  place.  178>  Leaves  of  Vcnus,  fly.trap  (Diona>a). 
Its  first  growth  is  straight,  and  it  remains  so  until  it  reaches  some  ob- 
ject, when  it  immediately  coils  itfelf  about  it,  and  thus  acquires  a  firm, 
though  elastic  hold.  This  beautiful  appendage  is  finely  exemplified  in 
the  Cucurbitacea3  and  grape,  above  cited ;  also  in  many  species  of  the 
pea  tribe  (Leguminosse),  when  it  is  appended  to  the  leaves.  It  is  not 
a  new  organ,  but  some  old  one  transformed  and  adapted  to  a  new  pur- 
pose. In  Gloriosa  superba  the  midvein  of  the  leaf  is  prolonged  beyond 
the  blade  into  a  coiling  tendril.  In  the  pea,  vetch,  etc.,  the  tendrils 
represent  the  attenuated  leaf  blades  themselves.  Again,  the  entire  leaf 
sometimes  becomes  a  tendril  in  Lathyrus,  while  the  stipules  act  as 
leaves. 

5 


66  TRANSFORMATIONS    OF    THE    LEAF. 

314.  THE  PETIOLE  OF  THE  LEAF  OF  CLEMATIS,  otherwise  unchanged, 
coils  like  a  tendril  for  the  support  of  the  vine.     In  the  greenbriar,  the 
stipules  are  changed  to  tendrils,  which  thus  arise  in  pairs  from  the  base 
of  the  petioles.     So  probably  in  the  gourd  tribe. 

315.  BUT  THE  TENDRILS  OF  THE  GRAPE-VINE  are  of  a  different  nature.     From 
their  position  opposite  the  leaves,  and  the  tubercles  occasionally  seen  upon  them, 
representing  flower  buds,  they  are  inferred  to  be  abortive,  or  transformed  flower- 
stalks. 


179  180  1S1  182 

Thorns.     1T9,  Crategus  parvifolia  (thorns  axillary.)     180,  Honey -locust.    181,  Common  locust 
1S2.  Berberis,  a,  a,  its  thorns. 

316.  SPINES.  Many  plants  arc  armed,  as  if  for  self-defense,  with 
hard,  sharp-pointed,  woody  processes,  called  spines  or  thorns.  Those 
which  are  properly  called  spines  originate  from  leaves.  In  Berberis 
the  spines  are  evidently  transformed  leaves,  as  the  same  plant  exhibits 
leaves  in  every  stage  of  the  metamorphosis.  In  goat's-thorn  (Astraga- 
lus tragacanthus)  of  S.  Europe,  the  petioles  change  to  spines  after  the 
leaflets  fall  off.  In  the  locust  (Robinia),  there  is  a  pair  of  spines  at  the 
base  of  the  petiole,  in  place  of  stipules. 

3 IT.  THORNS  originate  from  axillary  buds,  and  are  abortive  branches.  This  is 
evident  from  their  position  in  the  hawthorn  and  Osago  orange.  The  apple  and  pear 
tree  in  their  wild  state  produce  thorns,  but  by  cultivation  become  thornless, 
that  is,  the  axillary  buds,  through  better  tillage,  develop  branches  instead  of  thorns. 
The  terrible  branching  thorns  of  the  honey-locust  originate  just  above  the  axil,  from 
accessory  buds. 

318.  PRICKLES  differ  from  either  spines  or  thorns,  growing  from  the  epidermis 
upon  stems  or  leaves,  at  no  determinate  point,  and  consisting  of  hardened  cellular 
tissue,  as  in  the  rose,  bramble. 

319.  BRACTS.  By  a  more  gentle  transformation,  leaves  pass  into 
bracts,  which  are  those  smaller,  reduced  leaf-forms  situated  near  and 
among  the  flowers.  So  gradual  is  the  transition  from  leaves  to  bracts 


INFLORESCENCE.  67 

in  the  peony,  £•  $••>  that  no  absolute  limits  can  be  assigned.     Equally 
gradual  is  the  transition  from  bracts  to  sepals  of  the  flower — affording 
a  beautiful  illustration  of  the  doctrine  of  metamorphosis.      (374.) 
Bracts  will  be  further  considered  under  the  head  of  Inflorescence. 


Bracts.    1S3,  Pinckneya  pubens;  b,  colored  bracts  (radiate  sepals).    184,  Zornia  tetraphylla ; 


CHAPTEK 

INFLORESCENCE. 

I 

320.  THE  FUNCTIONS  OF  PLANT-LIFE  ARE  TWO- FOLD,  namely,  vegetation  and  re- 
production :  the  former  looking  to  the  preservation  of  the  individual  plant  itself, 
the  latter  to  the  species.  Corresponding  with  this  view,  there  are  also  two  classes 
of  organs.  Having  considered  the  former  class,  that  is,  the  organs  of  vegetation,  we 
come  now  to  the  organs  of  reproduction,  including  the  flower,  the  fruit,  and  the 
seed. 

321.  INFLORESCENCE   is   a  term  denoting  the   arrangement  of  the 
flowers,  and  their  position  upon  the  plant. 

322.  ORIGIN  OF  FLOWER  BUDS.     All  the  buds  of  a  plant  are  supposed 
to  be  originally  of  one  and  the  same  nature,  looking  to  the  production 
of  vegetative  organs  only.     But  at  a  certain  period,  a  portion  of  the 
buds  of  the  living  plant,  by  an  unerring  instinct  little  understood,  are 
converted  from  their  ordinary  intention  into  flower  buds. 

323.  PROOF  OF  THIS  THEORY.    That  this  is  the  origin  of  the  flower  bud  is  evident 
from  the  known  effects  of  cultivation,   causing  it  to  revert  partly  or  wholly  to  its 
former  intention,  as  in  the  green  rose,  when  the  petals,  &c.,  all  return  tp  leaves ;   in 


68 


INFLORESCENCE. 


the  proliferous  rose  when  the  axis  grows  on  through  the  flower  bearing  leaves  above 
it.  In  some  instances  the  skillful  gardener  learns  how  to  effect  this  interchange  of 
nature  in  the  buds  at  pleasure. 

324.  HENCE    IN  POSITION  AND  ARRANGEMENT  flower   buds  can   not 
differ  from   leaf  buds,  and  both  are  settled  by  the  same  unerring  law 
which  determines   the  arrangement  of  the  leaves.      Accordingly  the 
flower  bud  is  always  found  either  terminal  or  axillary. 

325.  A  single  bud,  whether  terminal  or  axillary,  may  develop  either 
a  compound  inflorescence,  consisting  of  several  flowers  with  their  stalks 
and  bracts,  or  a  solitary  inflorescence,  consisting  of  a  single  flower. 

326.  THE  FLOWER-BUD  is  INCAPABLE  OF  EXTENSION.     While  the  leaf- 
bud  may  unfold  leaf  after  leaf  and  node  after  node  to  an  indefinite  ex- 
tent, the  flower-bud  blooms,  dies,  and  arrests  for  ever  the  extension  of 
the  axil  which  bore  it. 

327.  THE   PEDUNCLE  is  the  flower-stalk.     It  bears  no  leaves,  or  at 
least  only  such  as  are  reduced  in  size  and  changed  in  form,  called  bracts. 
If  the  peduncle  is  wanting  the  flower  is  said  to  be  sessile. 

328.  THE  SIMPLE  PEDUNCLE  bears  a  single  flower ;  but  if  the  pedun- 
cle be  divided  into  branches,  it  bears  several  flowers,  and  the  final  divis- 
ions bearing  each  a  single  flower,  are  called  pedicels. 

329.  THE  SCAPE  is  a  flower-stalk  which  springs  from  a  subterranean 
stem,  in  such  plants  as  are  called  stemless  or  acaulescent,  as  the  prim- 
rose, tulip,  blood-root.     Like  the  peduncle  it  is  leafless  or  with  bracts 
only,  and  may  be  either  simple  or  branched. 

330.  THE  RACHIS  (pa^,  spine)  is  the  axis  of  the  inflorescence,  or 
the  main  stem  of  the  compound  peduncle  along  which  the  pedicels  are 
arranged. 

331.  THE  TORUS  OR  RECEPTACLE  is  the  end  or  summit  of  the  flower- 
stalk. 

1ST  186  1S5 


188 


Anomalous  peduncles.  186,  Linden-tree.  1S6,  ButcherVbroom.  1ST,  Xylophylla.  188,Cockscomb. 


INFLORESCENCE. 


69 


332.  THE  peduncle  is  subject  to  endless  modifications.     "We  find  it  sometimes 
excessively  lengthened,  again  very  short  or  wholly  wanting ;  very  slender  or  very 
thick.    In. cockscomb  its  branches  are  blended  into  a  thick,  fan-shaped  mass;  in 
butcher' s-broom  it  expands  into  the  form  of  a  green  leaf,  arid  in  the  linden-tree  into 
a  seal-like  bract     In  Xylophylla  it  is  foliaceous,  bearing  flowers  along  its  margins. 

333.  BRACTS.     The  branches  of  the  inflorescence   arise   from    the 
axils  of  reduced  leaves,  called  bracts.     These  leaves,  still  smaller,  grow- 
ing upon  the  pedicels,  are  called  bracteoles. 

334.  The  bracts  are  usually  simple  in  outline  and  smaller  than  the 
leaf,  often    gradually  diminishing  to  mere  points,  as  in  Aster,  or  even 
totally  suppressed,  as  in  the  Cruciferse. 

335.  IN  COLOR  they  are  usually  green,  often  colored,  sometimes  bril- 
liantly, as   in  painted-cup.     Sometimes  they  are  scale-like,  and  again 
they  are  evanescent  membranes. 

336.  THE  SPATHE  is  a  large  bract  formed  in  some  of  the  monocotyle- 
dons, enveloping  the  inflorescence,  and  often  colored  as  in  the  Arum, 
Calla,  or  membranous  as  in  the  onion  and  daffodil.     Bracts  also  con- 
stitute an 


191  190  1S9 

Bracts  (5,  Z»,  I,}.  ISO,  Cornus  Canadensis,  with  an  involucre  of  4  colored  bracts.    190,  Hepatica 
triloba,with  an  involucre  of  3  green  bracts.    191,  Calla  palustris,  with  a  colored  spathe  of  one 

bract 

337.  INVOLUCRE  when   they   are  collected    into   a  whorl   or  spiral 
group.     In  the  Phlox,  Dodecatheon,  and   generally,  the  involucre  is 
green,  but  sometimes  colored  and  petaloid,  as  in  dogwood  and  Euphor- 
,bia.     Situated  at  the  base  of  a  compound  umbel,  it  is  called  a  general 
involucre,  at  the  base  of  a  partial  umbel  it  is  a  partial  involucre  or  in- 
volucel,  both  of  which  are  seen  in  the  umbelliferse. 

338.  IN  THE  COMPOSITE,  where  the  flowers  are  crowded  upon  a  com- 
mon torus,  forming  what  is  called  a  compound  flower,  an  involucre  com- 
posed of  many  imbricated  scales  (bracts)   surrounds  them  as  a  calyx 
surrounds  a  simple  flower.     The  chaff  also  upon  the  torus  are  bracts 
to  which  each  floret  is  axillary. 


INFLORESCENCE. 


195  194  192 

102,  Ilelianthus  grosse-serratus.  Z,  involucre  ;  r,  rays,  or  ligulate  flowers  ;  193,  one  of  the 
<lisk  flowers  with  its  chaff-scale  (bract).  194,  Acorn  of .  tnoss-cup  oak  (Q.  macrophylla).  195, 
Poa  pratensis  ;  f,  spikelet  entire,  g,  glumes,  separated ;  c,  a  flower  separated,  displaying  the  two 
palese,  8  stamens,  and  2  styles. 

339.  IN  THE  GRASSES  the  bracts  subsist  under  the  general  name  of 
chaff.     The  bracts  situated  at  the  base  of  a  spikelet  of  flowers,  are 
called  the  glumes,  corresponding  to  the  involucre.     Those  situated  at 
the  base  of  each  separate  flower  are  palece,  answering  to  the  calyx  or 
corolla.     The  pieces  of  which  each  calyx  is  composed  (generally  two) 
are  called  valves  or  pales. 

340.  OTHER  EXAMPLES  of  the  involucre  are  seen  in  the  cup  of  the 
acorn,  the  burr  of  the  chestnut,  beech,  etc. 

341.  THE  FORMS  OF  INFLORESCENCE  are  exceedingly  various,  but  may 
all  be  referred  to  two  classes,  as  already   indicated  ;  the  axillary,  in 
which  all  the  flowers  arise  from  axillary  buds,  the  terminal,  in  which  all 
the  flower-buds  are  terminal. 

342.  AXILLARY  INFLORESCENCE  is  called  indefinite,  because  the  axis, 
being  terminated  by  a  leaf-bud,  continues  to  grow  on  indefinitely,  de- 
veloping bracts  with  their  axillary  flowers  as  it  grows.     It  is  also  called 
centripetal,  because  in  the   order  of  time  the  blossoming  commences 
with  the  circumference,  and  proceeds  towards  the  centre  in  case  of  a 
level  topped  cluster,  as  the  hawthorn,  or  with  the  base,  and  proceeds 
towards  the  summit  in  case  of  the  lengthened  cluster,  as  the  mustard. 

The  student  will  readily  perceive  that  the  circumference  of  a  depressed 
(flattened)  inflorescence  corresponds  to  the  base  of  a  lengthened  one ; 
and  also  that  the  centre  of  the  former  answers  to  the  summit  of  the 
latter.  For  when  the  axis  or  rachis  is  lengthened,  it  is  the  centre  which 
bears  it  along  with  it  at  its  apex,  leaving  the  circumference  at  the  base. 

343.  TERMINAL  INFLORESCENCE,  on  the  other  hand,  is  definite,  im- 
plying that  the  growth  of  the  axis  as  well  as  of  each  branch  is  definitely 
arrested  and  cut  short  by  a  flower.     It  is  also  centrifugal,  because  the 


INFLORESCENCE.  71 

blossoming  commences  with  the  central  flower  and  proceeds  in  order 
to  the  circumference,  as  in  the  sweet-william,  elder,  hydrangea. 

In  this  kind  of  inflorescence  all  the  flowers  are  considered  terminal  because  they 
do  in  fact  (except  the  first  which  terminates  the  axis)  terminate  lateral  branches 
successively  produced  on  a  definite  plan  at  the  node  next  below  the  primary  flower. 

344.  BOTH  KINDS  OP  INFLORESCENCE  ARE  OCCASIONALLY  COMBINED  in  the  same 
plant,  where  the  general  system  may  be  distinguished  from  the  partial  clusters 
which  compose  it     Thus  in  the  Compositae,  while  the  florets  of  each  head  open 
centripetally,  the  general  inflorescence  is  centrifugal,  that  is,  the  terminal  head  is 
developed  before  the  lateral  ones.     But  in  the  Labiates  the  partial  clusters  (verticil- 
asters)  open  centrifugally  while  the  general  inflorescence  is  indefinite,  proceeding 
from  the  base  upwards. 

345.  OF    CENTRIPETAL    OR    AXILLARY    INFLORESCENCE    THE    PRINCIPAL 

VARIETIES  ARE  the  spike,  spadix,  catkin,  raceme,  corymb,  umbel,  pani- 
cle, thyrse,  head. 

346.  THE  SPIKE  is  a  long  rachis  with  sessile  flowers  either  scattered, 
clustered,  or  crowded  upon  it,  as  plantain,  mullein,  vervain.     The  so- 
called  spikes  of  the  grasses,  as  wheat,  timothy,  are  in  fact  compound 
spikes,  bearing  little  spikes  or  spikelets  in  place  of  single  flowers. 

347.  THE  SPADIX  is  a  thick,  fleshy  rachis  with  flowers  closely  sessile 
or  imbedded  on  it,  and  usually  with  a  spathe,  as  in  the  lAfum^br  with- 
out it,  as  in  the  Typha. 


200 


w/rn 

200,  Spiranthes  cernua ;  flowers  in  a  twisted  spike.    201,  Orontium  aquaticum  -,  flowers  on  a 
naked  spadix.    202,  Betula  lenta ;  flowers  in  aments. 

348.  THE  CATKIN  or  AMENTUM  is  a  slender,  pendant  rachis  with  scaly 
bracts  subtending  the  naked,  sessile  flowers,  and  usually  caducous,  as  in 
birch,  beech,  oak,  willow. 

349.  THE  RACEME  is  a  rachis  bearing  its  flowers  on  distinct,  simple 
pedicels.     It  may  be  erect,  as  in  hyacinth,  Pyrola,  or  pendulous,  as  in 
currant,  blackberry. 


INFLORESCENCE. 


350.  THE  CORYMB  differs  from  the  raceme  in  having  the  lower  pedi- 
cels lengthened  so  as  to  elevate  all  the  flowers  to  about  the  same  level, 
as  in  the  wild  thorn. 


20T    205  204 

203,  Andromeda  racemosa  ;  flowers  in  a  secund  raceme.  204,  Verbascum  Blattaria;  raceme. 
205,  Lolium  perenne  ;  a  compound  spike  or  a  spike  of  spikelets.  206,  Dipsacus  sylvestris  ;  head 
with  an  involucre  of  leaves.  207,  Osmorhiza  longistylis ;  a  compound  umbel.  203,  Its  fruit. 

351.  AN  UMBEL  consists  of  several  pedicels  of  about  equal  length 
radiating  from  the  same  point,  the  top  of  the  common  peduncle,  as 
milk-weed,  ginseng,  onion.  When  the  pedicels  of  an  umbel  become 

209  210 


209,  Staphylea  trifolia ;  a  pendulous,  paniculate  cyme.    210,  Catalpa ;  a  pani«l«. 


INFLORESCENCE. 


214 


themselves  umbels,  as  in  caraway  and  most  of  the  Umbelifera?,  a  com- 
pound umbel  is  produced.  Such  secondary  umbels  are  called  umbellets 
and  the  primary  pedicels,  rays. 

352.  THE  PANICLE  is  a  compound  inflorescence  formed  by  the  irregu- 
lar branching  of  the  pedicels  of  the  raceme,  as  in  oats,  spear-grass, 
Catalpa. 

353.  A  THYRSE  is  a  sort  of  compact,  oblong,  or  pyramidal  panicle,  as 
in  lilac,  grape. 

354.  A  HEAD  OR  CAPITULUM  is  a  sort  of  reduced  umbel,  having  the 
flowers  all  sessile  upon  the  top  of  the  peduncle,  as  in  the  button  snake- 
root,  button-bush,  clover. 

But  the  more  common  examples  of 
the  capitulum  are  seen  in  the  Compos- 
ite, where  the  summit  of  the  peduncle, 
that  is,  the  receptacle,  is  dilated,  bear- 
ing the  sessile  flowers  above,  and  scale- 
like  bracts  around,  as  aa  involucre. 

355.  THE   CAPITULUM  OF  THE 
COMPOSITE  is  often  called  a  com- 
pound  flower    from    its    resem- 
blance, the  involucre  answering 
to  a  calyx,  the  rays  to  the  corolla. 
The    flowers    are   called  florets, 
those  of  the  outer  circle,  florets 
of  the    ray,   generally    differing 
in  form  from  those  of  the  cen- 
tral portions,  the  florets   of  the 
disk. 

356.  OF    TERMINAL     INFLORES- 
CENCE THE  FOLLOWING    VARIETIES 


are     described:     cyme,    fascicle 
(verticilaster),  glomerule. 

213 


Vernonia  fasciculata ;  flowers  in  a  discoid 
head  with  an  imbricated  involucre.  211,  A 
single  flower  remaining  on  the  receptacle.  212, 
A  fruit  crowned  with  the  pappus.  213,  Mulge- 
dium ;  a  head.  214,  A  single  flower  remaining 
on  the  receptacle.  2*15,  A  fruit  with  pappus* 


r> 


Diagrams;  216  of  a  cyme;  flowers  numbered  in  the  order  of  their  development.  217,  Cyme  fas- 
tigiate.    218,  Cyme  half  developed— a  scorpoid  raceme. 

357.  CYME  is  a  general  term  denoting  any  inflorescence  with  centri- 


INFLORESCENCE. 


fugal  evolutions,  but  is  properly  applied  to  that  level-topped  or  fastigiate 
form  which  resembles  the  corymb,  as  in  the  elder.  If  it  is  loosely 
spreading,  not  fastigiate,  it  is  called  a  cymose  panicle,  as  in  the  chick- 
weed,  spergula,  etc.  If  it  be  rounded,  as  in  the  snowball,  it  is  a  globous 
cyme. 

220  219 


221 


220,  Myosotis  palustris ;  scorpoid  racemes.    219,  Stellaria  media  ;  a  regular  cyme. 

358.  A  SCORPOID  CYME,  as  seen  in  the  sundew,  Sedum,  and  borrage 
family,  is  a  kind  of  coiled  raceme,  unrolling  as  it  blossoms.  It  is  un- 
derstood to  be  a  half-developed  cyme,  as  illustrated  in  the  cut. 

359.  THE  PECULIAR  EVOLUTION  OF  THE 
CYME  is  well  illustrated  in  the  chick-weed 
(Alsine  media).     The  first  opening   flower 
terminates  the  axis  and  stops  its  growth. 
Then  from  the  pair  of  axils  next  below  issuo 
two  opposite  branches,  each  bearing  a  pair 
of  leaves  and  a  terminal  flower.     Next,  the 
same  process  is  repeated  with  each  of  theso 
two  branches,  and  so  on  indefinitely.     Thus 
the  stem  becomes  repeatedly  forked,  .each 
fork  having  an  older  flower  in  its  angle. 

360.  EVOLUTION    OF   THE  SCORPOID  RA- 
CEME.   But  let  only  one  branch  be  developed 
at  the  node  next  below  the  flower,  and  that 
always  on  the  same  side,  and  we  have  a 
scorpoid  raceme  or  cyme.     Other  irregulari- 
ties occasioned  by  partial  development  may 
also  variously  disguise  the  cyme. 

361.  FASCICLE.     This  is  a  modifi- 
cation of  the  cyme,  with  crowded  and 

nearly  sessile  flowers,  as  in  sweet-william  (Dianthus). 

362.  GLOMERULE,  an  axillary  tufted  cluster,  with  a  centrifugal  evolu- 
tion, frequent  in  the  Labiatae,  etc.  When  they  occur  in  the  axils  of 


221,  Bpigelia  Marilandica ;  a  scorpoid 
raceme. 


FLOWERING.  I  «> 

opposite  leaves  and  meet  around  the  stem,  each  pair  constitutes  a  ver- 
ticilaster  or  verticil,  as  in  catmint,  hoarhound. 

363.  How  THESE  MODES  ARE  MUTUALLY  RELATED.   All  the  forms  of  inflorescence 
above  described  may,  after  all,  be  shown  to  be  but  modifications  of  a  single  type, 

as  follows : 

Let  us  commence  with  the  spike,  a  slender  rachis  with  sessile  flowers.     Conceive 
that  pedicels  be  developed  for  the  flowers,  —  a  raceme  ;  let  the  pedicels  branch,  =- 
22S       22T        226  225  224  223  222          221 


Diagrams  illustrating  the  forms  of  inflorescence ;  graduated  from  the  spike  to  the  compound 
umbel,  showing  how  related  to  each  other. 

a  panicle ;  or  let  them  all  be  lengthened  to  the  height  of  the  rachis,  =•  a  corymb. 
Now  suppress  the  rachis  to  a  point,  making  all  the  pedicels  equal,  —  an  umbel. 
Once  more,  suppress  all  the  pedicels,  =  a  head.  Now,  if  in  each  case  we  suppose 
the  evolutions  of  the  flowers  to  be  reversed,  we  have  a  cymose  inflorescence.  Fi- 
nally, by  a  metamorphosis  still  more  remarkable, 

The  entire  inflorescence  is  sometimes  transformed  into  attenuated 
tendrils,  as  in  the  grape. 

FLOWERING. 

364.  DEFINITION.  In  the  bud  the  floral  leaves  (sepals  and  petals) 
infold  the  floral  organs  (stamens  and  pistils)  and  conceal  them  from 
view.     Flowering  consists  of  the  opening  or  expansion  of  these  envel- 
ops1, displaying  every  organ  now  perfected  in  growth  and  beauty,  an$ 
ready  for  the  exercise  of  its  function. 

365.  PERIOD  OP  FLOWERING.      Each  species  of  plant  has  its  own 
special  season  for  flowering,  uniform  in  the  same  climate,  but  varying 
in  different  climates  according  to  the  general  temperature.   Hence  each 
month  and  each  day  of  the  month  mark  the  date  of  flowering  for  somo 
one  or  more  species,  and  these  facts,  when  duly  observed  and  recorded 
in  their  proper  order,  constitute  the  floral  calender  for  that  locality. 

366.  THE  FLORAL  CALENDAR  is  an  index  of  climate,  and  may  vary 
to  a  considerable  degree  in  different  years  for  the  same  locality  or  for 
different  localities  in  the  same  year.     Such  a  calendar  is  prepared  by 
the  botanical  student  when  he  carefully  journalizes  his  discoveries  from 
day  to  day  throughout  the  season. 


FLOWERING. 


367.  EXAMPLES.    At  Savannah  the  red  maple,  shad-bush,  blood-root,  flower  in 
February ;  in  the  District  of  Columbia  in  March ;  at  Concord,  N.  H.,  in  April.     In 
New  England  the  witch-hazel  flowers  in  February ;  Hepatica  in  April ;  dogwood  in 
May ;  elder  in  June ;  lilies  in  July ;  boneset  in  August ;  asters  and  Solidagos  in 
September  and  October ;  and  chrysanthemum  in  November. 

368.  THE  FLORAL  CLOCK.     Each  plant  has  also  its  definite  hours  in  the  day  for 
opening  its  flowers  and  for  closing  them — for  waking  and  sleeping ;   and  a  careful 
record  of  these  facts  (as  once  made  by  Linnaeus)  may  seem  to  indicate  the  hour  of 
the  day.     Thus, 

The  morning  glory  opens  at  (about)  2  A.  M.,  and  closes  about  10  A.  M. 

Eutland  beauty  "  "      3     "  "  "11 

Vegetable  oyster  "  "      4     "          <*V          "     12 

Poppy  " 

Bitter-sweet  " 

"Water-lily  " 

Scarlet  pimpernel  " 

Calendula  arvensis  " 

Arenaria  rubra  " 

Ornithogalum  umbellatum  ; 

Passiflora  coerulea  " 

Pyrethrum  " 

Marvel  of  Peru  " 

Silene  noctiflora  " 

Evening  primrose  ''• 

Lychnis  vespertina 

Cereus  grandiflora  " 

369.  THE  COLORS  OF  FLOWERS  constitute  one  of  their  chief  attrac- 
tions, and  are  of  special  interest  to  the  florist.     By  various  modes   of 
culture  he  may  often  change  at  will  those  colors,  thus  producing  nu- 
merous varieties,  as  in  the  tulip  and  dahlia.     But  in  scientific  descrip- 
tions the  colors  are  seldom  employed  as  characteristics  on  account  of 
their  variableness. 

370.  CLASSIFICATION  OF  COLORS.     De  Candolle   divides  the  colors 
of  flowers  into  two  series ;  1,  those  having  yellow  for  their  type  and 
capable  of  varying  to  red  and  white,  but  never  to  blue  ;  2,  those  having 
blue  for  their  type,  and  capable  of  varying  to  red  and  white,  but  not  to 
yellow.     The  first  series  is  called  Xanthic,  the  second,  the   Cyanic. 
Both  series  commence  with  green  (which  is  composed  of  blue  and  yel- 
low) and  end  in  red,  thus  : 

GREEN. 


« 

3 

u 

u 

4 

(( 

u 

5 

u 

a 

6 

(( 

c 

7 

(C 

u 

8 

u 

K 

9 

(1 

a 

10 

It 

ti 

11 

11 

u 

12 

M. 

it 

2 

P.  M. 

l 

4 

a 

i 

5 

u 

• 

6 

it 

I 

7 

n 

i 

8 

it 

Blue-green. 

Blue. 

Blue-violet. 

Yiolet. 

Violet-red. 


RED. 


Yellow-green. 

Yellow. 

Yellow-orange. 

Orange. 

Orange-red. 


MORPHOLOGY    OF    THE    FLOWER.  77 

371.  EXAMPLES.  The  tulip  was  originally  yellow.  All  its  numerous  varieties 
are  of  the  xanthic  series.  So  also  the  rose  and  Dahlia.  Florists  have  never  yet  ob- 
tained a  blue  tulip,  rose,  or  dahlia.  The  geranium  varies  throughout  the  cyanic 
series,  and  a  yellow  geranium  is  unknown.  Different  species  of  the  same  genus 
may  belong  to  different  series,  so  also  different  parts  of  the  same  flower. 


CHAPTEK    X. 

MORPHOLOGY   OF   THE   FLOWER. 

372.  THE  FLOWER  AS  THE  STANDARD  OP  BEAUTY.    So  it  has  ever  been  regarded. 
Through  this  attribute,  so  evidently  divine  in  its  origin,  it  breathes  on  the  heart  an 
influence  which  is  essentially  spiritual,  always  pleasing,  elevating,  and  pure.     The 
benevolent  Thought  which  first  conceived  o£  this  crowning  glory  of  the  vegetable 
world  had  evidently  in  view  the  education  of  man's  moral  nature  as  well  as  the 
reproduction  and  permanence  of  vegetable  nature. 

373.  THE  FLOWER  IN  THE  LIGHT  OF  SCIENCE.     The  pleasure  of  the  florist  in 
contemplating  the  flower  as  merely  an  object  of  taste  is  not  diminished  when  he 
comes  to  view  it  in  the  light  of  science.     Parts  which  he  before  regarded  as  embel- 
lishments only,  now  assume  new  value  as  indispensable  agents  in  fulfilling  a  great 
design ;  every  organ  takes  form  according  to  the  sphere  of  its  office,  and  the  beau- 
ful  flower  no  longer  appears  as  the  possible  accident  of  a  chance- world. 

374.  ITS  NATURE  AND  ORIGIN.     We  have  before  observed  that  the 
flower-bud  is,  in  nature  and  origin,  one  and  the  same  with  the  leaf-bud. 
Now  a  leaf-bud  is  regularly  unfolded  into  a  leafy  branch.     A  flower- 
bud  is  unfolded  into  a  flower.     Hence  the  flower,  in  its  nature  and 
origin,  is  one  and  the  same  with  a  leafy  branch. 

375.  THEORETICAL  VIEW.     "When,  therefore,  this  new  necessity  arises  in  the  life 
of  a  plant,  viz.,  the  perpetuation  of  its  species,  no  new  principle  or  organ  is  evoked, 
but  the  leaf,  that  same  protean  form  which  we  have  already  detected  in  shapes  so 
numerous  and  diverse,  THE  LEAF,  is  yet  once  more  in  nature's  hand  molded  into  a 
series  of  forms  of  superior  elegance,  touched  with  colors  more  brilliant,  and  adapted 
to  a  higher  sphere  as  the  organs  of  reproduction. 

376.  THE  EVIDENCE   ON  WHICH  THIS  THEORY  RESTS  may  bo  referred  to  two 
sources ;  namely,  natural  and  artificial  development.     "We  mention  a  few  instances 
of  each  kind,  earnestly  recommending  the  student  to  study  for  himself  the  many 
facts  which  will  fall  under  his  own  observation  bearing  upon  this  deeply  interesting 
theory. 

377.  CASE  OF  THE  POPPY.     The  ordinary  complete  flower,  e.  g.,  the  poppy,  con- 
sists of  four  kinds  or  sets  of  organs,  viz.,  the  sepals  (outside),  petals  next,  stamens 
and  pistils,  and  each  kind  is  quite  different  and  distinct  from  the  others.     The  meta- 
morphosis of  the  leaf,  first  into  the  sepal  then  the  petal,  etc.,  is  so  abrupt  that  it 
seems  to  lose  its  identity  at  once.     But  there  are  some 

378.  CASES  IN  THE  NATURAL  DEVELOPMENT  OF  PLANTS  where  the  transition  of 
the  leaf  is  gradual,  changing  insensibly,  first  to  bracts  then  to  sepals,  thus  appa- 
rently making  the  metamorphosis  in  question  visible  before  our  eyos.     Such  cases 


78  MORPHOLOGY    OF   THE    FLOWER. 

240    239    238   237       236       235     234       233         232  281 


229,  Papaver  (poppy) ;  s,  stamens ;  p,  stigmas.    230,  Sepal.    231,  Petal— all  very  different.    232 
Petals  of  the  water-lily  (Nyrnpksea)  gradually  passing  into  (240)  stamens. 

are  exactly  in  point.  The  leaves  of  the  paeony,  large  and  much  divided  below, 
become  smaller  and  more  simple  above,  gradually  passing  into  bracts  and  thence 
into  sepals.  In  Calycanthus  the  sepal  passes  into  the  petal  by  gradations  so  gentle 
that  we  can  not  mark  the  limit  between  them.  In  the  lilies  these  two  organs  are 
almost  identical.  In  the  water-lily,  where  the  sepal,  petal,  and  stamen  are  all  thus 
graduated,  the  transition  from  petal  to  stamen  is  particularly  instructive.  These 
two  forms  meet  half  way  by  a  perfect  series,  of  gradations,  when  a  narrowed  petal 
is  capped  slightly  with  the  semblance  of  an  anther.  And  finally,  cases  of  a  close 
resemblance  between  stamen  and  pistil,  so  unlike  in  the  poppy,  are  not  wanting,  as 
in  the  tulip-tree. 

379.  FLOWERS  ALWAYS  REGULAR  IN  THE  EARLY  BUD.     An  early  examination  of 
flower-buds  often  exhibits  the  several  kinds  of  organs  much  less  diverse  than  they 
subsequently  become.    See  the  early  bud  of  columbine.     Those  flowers  which  are 
243  242  241 


241,  Ranunculus  acrls ;  a  single  flower.    242,  R.  acris,  /3.  plena,  a  double  llower.    243,  Epacris 
impressa;  the  flowers  changing  to  leafy  branches  (Lindley). 


AESTIVATION.  79 

called  irregular,  as  the  pea,  catmint,  violet,  are  regular,  like  other  flowers,  in  the 
early  bud ;  that  is,  the  several  petals  are  at  first  seen  to  be  precisely  similar,  becom- 
ing dissimilar  and  distorted  in  their  after  growth ;  so  in  the  stamens  and  other  or- 
gans. 

380.  CASES  IN  ARTIFICIAL  DEVELOPMENT  or  TERATOLOGY  (ripa,  a  monstrosity, 
/loyor),  where  organs  of  one  kind  are  converted  into  those  of  another  kind  by  cul- 
tivation, afford  undeniable  evidence  of  the  doctrine  in  question the  homology  of 

all  the  floral  organs  with  the  leaf.     Such  cases  are  frequent  in  the  garden,  and  how- 
ever much  admired,  they  are  monstrous,  because  unnatural.     In  all  double  flowers, 
as  rose,  poeony,  Camillia,  the  stamens  have  been  reconverted  into  petals,  either 
wholly  or  partially,  some  yet  remaining  in  every  conceivable  stage  of  the  transition. 
In  the  double  butter-cup  (242)  the  pistils  as  well  as  stamens  revert  to  petals,  and  in 
the  garden  cherry,  flowering  almond,  a  pair  of  green  leaves  occupy  the  place  of  the 
pistils.     By  still  farther  changes  all  parts  of  the  flower  manifest  their  foliage  affini- 
ties, and  the  entire  flower-bud,  after  having  given  clear  indications  of  its  floral  char- 
acter, is  at  last  developed  into  a  leafy  branch.     (Figr.  243.) 

381.  IN  CLARKIA,  CELASTRUS,  damask  rose,  and  other  garden  plants,  cases  have 
been  noted  wherein  the  petal  asserts  its  foliar  nature  by  producing  a  secondary 
flower-bud  in  its  axil  1     Thus  in  a  thousand  instances  of  abnormal  growth,  we  find 
evidence  proving  the  leaf  to  be  the  type  whence  all  other  forms  of  appendages  are 
derived,  and  whither  all  tend  to  return. 

382.  FURTHER  EVIDENCE  of  this  view,  equally  conclusive,  is  found  in  the  essen- 
tial agreement  of  the  aestivation  of  the  flower-bud  with  the  phyllotaxy  of  the  branch. 

ESTIVATION. 

383.  DEFINITION — IMPORTANCE.     This  term  (from  cestivus,  of  sum- 
mer) refers  to  the  arrangement  of  the  floral  envelops  while  yet  in  the 
bud.     It  is  an  important  subject,  since  in  general  the  same  mode  of 
aestivation  regularly  characterizes  whole  tribes  or  orders.     It  is  to  the 
flower-bud  what  vernation  (yernus,  spring)  is  to  the  leaf-bud. 

384.  THE  VARIOUS  MODES  OP  ESTIVATION  ARE  BEST  OBSERVED  in  sections  of  the 
bud  made  by  cutting  it  through  horizontally  when  just  ready  to  open.     From  such 
sections  our  diagrams  are  copied. 

385.  SEPARATELY  CONSIDERED,  we  find  each  organ  here  folded  in 
ways  similar  to  those  of  the  leaf-bud ;  that  is,  the  sepal  or  the  petal 
may  be  convolute,  involute,  revolute.,  etc,  terms  already  defined. 

386.  COLLECTIVELY  CONSIDERED,  the  aestivation  of  the  flower  occurs 
in  four  general  modes  with  their  variations  ;  the  valvate,  the  contorted, 
imbricate,  and  plicate. 

387.  IN  VALVATE  AESTIVATION  the  pieces  meet  by  their  margins  with- 
out any  overlapping  ;  as  in  the  sepals  of  the  mallow,  petals  of  Hydran- 
gea, valves  of  a  capsule.     The  following  varieties  of  the  valvate  occur  : 

388.  INDUPLICATE,  where  each  piece  is  involute  ;  i.  e.,  has  its  two 
margins  bent  or  rolled  inwards,  as  in  Clematis ;  or  reduplicate,  when 
each  piece  is  revolute — having  its  margins  bent  or  rolled  outwards,  as 
in  the  sepals  of  Althea  rosea.     (Figs.  245,  246.) 


80 


AESTIVATION. 
t 


245 


246 


244 


251  250  249 

244-251,  Modes  of  aestivation.    250,  Petals  of  the  wall-flower. 

389.  CONTORTED  ./ESTIVATION,  where  each  piece  overlaps  its  neigh- 
bor, all  in  the  same  direction,  appearing  as  if  twisted  together,  as  in 
Phlox,  flax,  oleander.     (247,  252.) 

390.  IMBRICATED  ESTIVATION  (imbrex,  a  tile)  is  a  term  restricted  to 
those  modes  in  which  one  or  more  of  the  petals  or  sepals  is  wholly 
outside,  overlapping  two  others  by  both  its  margins.     This  kind  of 
aestivation  naturally  results  from  the  spiral  arrangements  so  common  in 
phyllotaxy,  while  the  valvate  and  contorted  seem  identified  with  the 

opposite  or  whorled  arrange- 
ment. The  principal  varieties 
are 

391.  THE     QUINCUNCIAL, 
consisting  of  five  leaves,  two 
of  which  are  wholly  without, 
two  wholly  within,  and  one 
partly  both,  or  one  margin  out, 
the  other  in,  as  in  the  rose 
family  (248).    This  accompa- 
nies the    two-fifths   plan   in 
phyllotaxy,  and   corresponds 
precisely  with  it,  each  quin- 
cunx  being   in   fact   a  cycle 
with  its  internodes  suppress- 
ed.    (§  232.) 

392.  THE     TRIQUETROUS, 
consisting  of  three  leaves  in 
each  set,  one  of  which  is  out- 
side, one  inside,  and  the  third 

partly  both,  as  in  tulip,  Erythronium,  according  to  the  one-third  plan 
in  phyllotaxy. 


252,  Gossypium  herbaceum,  the  cotton  plant.    Petals 
contorted. 


THE    FLORAL    ORGANS. 


81 


393.  CONVOLUTE,  when  each  leaf  wholly  involves  all  that  are  within 
it,  as  do  the  petals  of  Magnolia ;  and  vexillary,  when  one  piece  larger 
than  the  rest  is  folded  over  them,  as  in  the  pea  (251). 

394.  PLICATE  or  folded  aestivation  occurs  in  tubular  or  monopetalous 
flowers,  and  has  many  varieties,  of  which  the  most  remarkable  is  the 
supervolute,  where  the  projecting  folds  all  turn  obliquely  in  the  same 
direction,  as  in  morning-glory,  thorn-apple  (Datura). 


256 


Diagrams  of  flowers  (as  seen  by  cross-sections).  253,  Jeffersonia  diphylla  :  o,  ovary  ;  »,  sta- 
mens ;  d,  inner  row  of  petals,  aestivation  triquetrous;  5,  outer  row  of  petals,  aestivation  contorted ; 
c,  sepals,  aestivation  quincuncial.  254,  Lily.  255,  Strawberry.  256,  Mustard.  The  pupil  will 
designate  the  modes  of  aestivation. 

The  testivation  of  the  sepals  often  differs  from  that  of  the  petals  in  the  same 
flower.  Thus,  in  the  pink  the  sepals  are  imbricated  and  the  petals  contorted. 

395.  THE  POSITION  ON  THE  PARTS  OF  THE  FLOWER,  with  respect  to  the  main 
axis  and  the  bract  whence  it  arises,  is  often  important  in  description.  That  part 
which  is  adjacent  to  the  axis  is  the  posterior  or  upper,  while  that  which  looks  to- 
ward the  bract  is  the  anterior  or  lower  part. 


THE   FLORAL   ORGANS. 

396.  TECHNICAL  DEFINITION   OF  THE  FLOWER.     The  flower  is  an  as- 
semblage of  leaves  more  delicately  and  variously  formed,  borne  at  the 
upper  nodes  of  the  axis  where  the  internodes  are  undeveloped.     This 
portion  of  the  axis  is  called 

397.  THE  RECEPTACLE  or  TORUS.     It  is  the  axis  of  the  flower  situ- 
ated at  the  summit  of  the  flower-stalk.     Its  form  above  is  commonly 
that  of  a  flattened  or  somewhat  conical  disk,  the  center  of  which  cor- 
responds with  the  apex  of  the  axis. 

398.  THE  FLOWER  MAY  CONSIST  of  the  following  members  :  1,  the 
floral  envelops  ;  2,  the  essential  floral  organs. 

399".  THE  FLORAL  ENVELOPS  consist  of  one  or  more  circles  or  whorls 
of  leaves  surrounding  the  essential  organs.  The  outer  of  these  whorls 
is  called  the  calyx  and  the  other,  if  there  be  any,  the  corolla.  The 
calyx  may,  therefore,  exist  without  the  corolla,  but  the  corolla  can  not 
exist  without 

400.  THE  CALYX.  This  is  a  Greek  word  signifying  a  cup.  It  is  ap- 
plied to  the  external  envelop  of  the  flower,  consisting  of  a  whorl  of 

G 


82 


THE    FLORAL    ORGANS, 


157 


257,  Flower  of  the  strawberry.    253,  Flower  of  the  pink.    259,  Flower  of  the  lily  (Lilium  su- 
perbuin).    The  pupil  will  point  out  the  parts. 

leaves  with  their  edges  distinct  or  united,  usually  green,  but  sometimes 
highly  colored.     The  calyx  leaves  are  called  sepals. 

401.  COROLLA  is  a  Latin  word  signifying  a  little  crown,  applied  to 
the  interior  envelop  of  the  flower.     It  consists  of  one  or  more  circles 
of  leaves,  either  distinct  or  united  by  their  edges,  usually  of  some  other 
color  than  green,  and  of  a  more  delicate  texture  than  the  calyx.     Its 
leaves  are  called  petals. 

402.  PERIANTH  (nsqi,  around,  avOog,  flower)  is  a  word  in  common 
use  to  designate  the  floral  envelops,  as  a  whole,  without  distinction  of 
calyx  and  corolla.     It  is  used  in  description,  especially  when  these  two 
envelops  are  so  similar  as  not  to  be  readily  distinguished,  as  in  the  tulip, 
lily,  and  the  endogens  generally  ;  also  where  only  one  envelop  exists,  as 
in  Phytolacca,  elm,  etc.     (259,  per.) 

403.  THE  ESSENTIAL  FLORAL  ORGANS  stand  within  the  circles  of  the 
perianth,  and  are  so  called  because  they  are  the  immediate  instruments 
in  perfecting  the  seed  and  thus  accomplishing  the  final  purposes  of  the 
flower.     These  organs  are  of  two  kinds,  perfectly  distinct  in  position 
and  office  ;  viz.,  the  stamens  and  the  pistils. 

404.  THE  STAMENS  are  those  thread-like  organs  situated  just  within 
the  perianth  and  around  the  pistils.     Their  number  varies  from  one  to 
a  hundred  or  more  ;  but  the  most  common  number  is  Jive.     Collec- 
tively they  are  called  theandroecium(dvdpe(;,*  stamens,  olitoc;,  a  house). 

405.  THE   PISTILS   (called  also   carpels)   occupy  the   center  of  the 
flower  at  the  absolute  terminus  of  the  flowering  axis.     They  are  some- 
times numerous,  often  apparently  but  one,  always  destined  to  bear  the 
seed.     Collectively  they  are  called  the  gynacium  (yuw),  pistil,  outog). 

*  The  plural  of  ai>ijp,  a  man,  a  term  applied  to  the  stamen  by  Linnaeus  in  accordance  with  his 
favorite  theory  of  the  sexes  of  plants.  The  term  yvvrj,  woman,  is,  on  the  same  ground,  applied 
to  the  pistil. 


THE    PLAN    OF    THE    FLOWER.  83 

406.  RECAPITULATION.     Thus  we  have  noticed  the  members  of  the 
flower  in  the  order  of  their  succession  from  the  outer  to  the  inner  cir- 
cle.    Now,  in  regard  to  the  receptacle  on  which  they  stand  in  concen- 
tric whorls,  we  find  (reversing  the  order)  the  gynoecium  in  the  midst, 
the  center  of  the  flower,  the  androecium  encircling  it,  the  corolla  next 
without,  and  the  calyx  embracing  the  whole. 

407.  APPENDAGES.     These  are  the  four  proper  members  or  sets  of 
organs  composing  the  flower.     Occasionally  we  meet  with  a  fifth  be- 
tween the  corolla  and  stamens,  not  easily  referrible  to  either,  like  the 
scales  in  the  throat  of  the  Borrageworts,  or  the  crown  of  the  Narcissus 
and  jonquils.     Such  are  regarded  as  appendages,  not  necessary  to  the 
completeness  of  the  flower. 

THE   PLAN   OF   THE   FLOWER. 

4.08.  ESSENTIAL  UNITY  COMBINED  WITH  ENDLESS  DIVERSITY  is  every  where  a 
characteristic  of  nature.  Herein  consists  the  perpetual  charm  of  her  presence  and 
the  perpetual  reward  of  her  diligent  study.  There  is  no  better  example  of  this 
happy  combination  than  is  found  in  the  structure  of  the  flower.  Unity  or  uniform- 
ity, when  often  repeated,  becomes  monotony.  Diversity  without  unity  is  confusion. 
Hence,  in  our  study  of  the  thousand  forms  in  which  God  has  attired  the  flower  we 
shall  arrive  at  no  satisfactory  result  until  we  come  to  discern  that  unity  of  plan,  that 
simple  idea  of  the  flower  in  which  all  its  diversities  harmonize.  There  is  such  an 
idea.  It  originated  in  the  Infinite  Mind.  Let  us  search  for  it. 

409.  THE  FLORAL  ORGANS.    "We  have  already  seen  that  the  flower  may  consist 
of  four  sets  of  organs — calyx,  corolla,  androecium,  gynoecium ;  or  of  four  kinds  of  or- 
gans— sepals,  petals,  stamens,  pistils,   each  arranged  circularly  around  a  common 
center. 

410.  SYMMETRY  OP  THE  FLOWER.     Kow  as  the  leaves  of  a  branch  are  definitely 
apportioned  into  equal  cycles,  we  naturally  look  for  a  corresponding  symmetry  in 
the  flower.     Each  set  of  organs  should  consist  of  at  least  one  cycle.     And  as  the 
cycle  itself  may  vary  numerically,  being  2-leaved,  3-leaved,  5-leaved,  etc.,  in  differ- 
ent species,  so  in  the  flower  each  cycle  or  set  may  bo  2 -parted,  3-parted,  5-parted, 
etc.     That  is,  the  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  pistils,  may  each  be  two  in  number,  or 
three,  or  four,  or  five  in  number,  etc. 

411.  AGAIN,  IN  RELATIVE  POSITION  the  organs  of  each  set,  as  a  rule,  alternate 
with  the  organs  of  each  adjaceat  set;  the  petals  alternate  with  the  sepals  and  sta- 
mens, the  stamens  with  the  petals  and  pistils.    This  alternation  accords  with  the  op- 
posite and  verticillate  arrangement  of  leaves,  where  (§  226)  the  leaves  of  any  given 
circle  do  not  stand  exactly  over  the  leaves  of  the  next  circle  below,  but  over  tho 
intervals  between  them.     In  a  word, 

412.  THE  TYPICAL  FLOWER,  one  that  exemplifies  the  full  idea  of  the 
floral  structure,  consists  of  four  different  circles  of  organs,  each  circle 
having  the  same  number  of  separate,  alternating  parts.  Such  a  flower 
is  not  only 

Perfect,  having  both  the  essential  organs,  but  also 

Complete,  having  the  four  kinds  of  organs. 


84 


THE    PLAN    OF   THE   FLOWER. 


Regular ,  the  organs  of  the  same  kind  similar,  and 

Symmetrical,  the  same  number  of  organs  in  each  whorl. 

413.  SELDOM  REALIZED.  Happily,  this  our  conception  of  the  typical  flower  is 
not  often  realized  in  nature,  although  the  tendency  toward  it  is  universal  Devia- 
tions occur  in  every  imaginable  mode  and  degree,  causing  that  endless  variety  in 
the  floral  world  which  we  never  cease  to  admire. 

414-  EXAMPLES.  In  our  cut  (Pink,  258)  illustrating  the  organization  of  the  flower 
the  tendency  in  this  direction  is  evident,  but  the  stamens  are  too.  many  and  the  pis- 
tils seem  too  few.  Among  the  Flaxworts  and  the  Houseleek  tribe,  however,  are 
some  good  examples.  The  flower  of  the  flax  combines  very  nearly  all  the  condi- 
tions above  specified.  It  is  complete,  regular,  symmetrical.  Its  organs  are  alter- 
nate and  all  separate,  and  (disregarding  the  slight  cohesion  of  the  pistils  at  their 
base)  this  flower  well  realizes  our  type.  But 


261  262 

260,  H&,  Flower  of  Crassula  lactea,  regular,  symmetrical,  organs  distinct.    261,  Diagram  showing 
its  plan.    262,  Flower  of  th«  Scarlet  Flax.    263,  Diagram  of  its  plan. 

415.  THE  FLOWERS  OP  CRASSULA,  an  African  genus  sometimes  cultivated,  afford 
unexceptionable  examples,  the  sepals,  petals,  stamens,  and  pistils  each  being  five 
in  number,  regularly  alternating  and  perfectly  separate. 

416.  FLOWERS  OF  SEDUM.     Admitting  two  whorls  of  stamens  instead  of  one,  we 
have  a  good  example  of  our  type  in  stone-crop  (Sedum  ternatum),  a  little  fleshy 
herb  of  our  woods.     Its  flowers  are  both  4-parted  and  5-parted  in  the  same  plant. 
See  also  the  12-parted  flowers  of  the  common  houseleek. 

41 7.  How  TO  STUDY  THE  FLOWER.     If,  with  thistype  as  our  adopted  standard  of 
the  floral  structure,  we  compare  any  of  the  myriads  of  different  forms  which  occur, 
we  shall  be  able  to  trace  out  the  features  of  the  general  plan  even  among  the 
widest  deviations.     The  more  important  of  them  are  included  in  the  following  sy- 
nopsis:— 

1.  Variations  in  the  radical  number  of  the  flower. 

2.  Deficiencies  rendering  the  flower 

a,  Incomplete, 
5,  Imperfect, 
c,  Unsymmetrical, 
c?,  Organs  opposite. 


THE  PLAN  OF  THE  FLOWER.  85 

3.  Redundancies, 

a,  In  the  multiplication  of  organs, 
5,  In  appendicular  organs. 

4.  Union  of  parts. 

c,  By  cohesions, 
5,  By  adhesions. 

5.  Irregularities  of  development, 

a,  In  homogeneous  parts, 
£>,  In  the  receptacle. 

6.  Combined  deviations. 

"We  shall  consider  these  several  topics  in  their  order. 

418.  THE  RADICAL  NUMBER  OF  THE  FLOWER  is  that  which  enumerates  the  parts 
composing  each  whorl.     It  varies  from   one  to   twenty,  and  is  expressed  thus : 
1/,  V»  V>  \f  i  etc.,  which  mathematical  expressions  are  to  be  read  by  the  words, 
dimerous  (di?,  two,  pfyoc,  part),  or  2-parted ;  trimerous,  or  3-parted ;  4-merous,  or 
4-parted ;  pentamerous,  or  5-parted ;  6-merous,  or  6-parted,  etc. 

419.  EXOGENS  AND  ENDOGENS  DISTINGUISHED.     Pentamerous  (V)  flowers,  liko 
the  rose,  flax,  when  each  whorl  is  (naturally)  5-parted,  are  more  generally  charac- 
teristic of  the  exogenous  plants,  V  flowers  of  the  endogens,  as  the  lily,  Trillium. 
The  flowers  of  Fuchsia  are  V,  of  Circasa  V,  and  of  Hippuris  1  V. 

420.  DEFICIENCIES.     Incomplete  flowers  often  occur.      They  lack  some  one  or 
more  entire  sets  of  organs.     When  only  one  of  the  floral  envelops,  the  calyx,  ex- 
ists, the  flower  is  said  to  be  apetalous  or  monochlamydeous  (x%o/*ve,  a  cloak),  as  in 
elm,  Phytolacca.     These  terms  are  also  loosely  applied  to  such  plants  as  rhubarb, 
Anemone,  liverwort,  where  the  pieces  of  the  perianth  are  all  similar,  although  in  two 
or  three  whorls.     When  the  perianth  is  wholly  wanting,  the  flower  is  said  to  be 
achla?nydeous  or  naked,  as  in  lizard-tail.     (264.) 

267  265  265  264 


264,  Flower  of  Saururus  (lizard-tail) ;  achlamydeous.    265,  Flower  of  Fraxinus  (ash).    266, 
Flower  of  Salix  (willow),  staminate.    267,  pistillate. 

421.  IMPERFECT  FLOWERS  are  also  of  frequent  occurrence.  They  are  deficient  in 
respect  to  the  essential  organs.  A  sterile  or  staminate  flower  (denoted  thus  $ )  has 
stamens  without  pistils.  A  fertile  or  pistillate  flower  (?)  has  pistils  without  sta- 
mens. Such  flowers  being  counterparts  of  each  other,  and  both  necessary  to  tho 
perfection  of  the  seed,  must  exist  either  together  upon  the  same  plant  or  upon  sep- 
arate plants  of  the  same  species.  In  the  former  case  the  species  is  monoecious  ($  ) 
as  in  oak ;  in  the  latter  case  dioecious  ( $  $ )  as  in  willow.  The  term  diclinous,  de- 
noting either  <9  or  #  ?  without  distinction,  is  in  common  use. 


THE    PLAN    OF    THE    FLOWER. 


270 


2T1 


268,  Pistillate  flower  of  Balm-of-Gilead.    269,  Staminate.    270,  Diploclinium  Evansianurn. 
«,  staminate  ;  &,  pistillate. 

422.  A  NEUTRAL  FLOWER  is  a  perianth  or  calyx  only,  having  neither  stamens  nor 
pistils.  Such  are  the  ray-flowers  of  many  of  the  Composite,  and  of  the  cymes  of 
Hydrangea,  high  cranberry,  etc.,  which  in  cultivation  may  all  become  neutral,  as  in 
the  snow-ball. 

423.  UNSYMMETRICAL    FLOW- 
ERS.   The  term  symmetry,  as  used 
in  botany,  refers  to  number  only. 
A  flower  becomes  unsymmetrical 
by  the  partial  development  of  any 
set  or  circle  in  respect  to  the  num- 
ber of  its  organs.     The  mustard 
family  affords  a  good  example. 

424.  FLOWERS  OF  THE  CRUCI- 
FERS.     The   flowers  of  mustard, 
cress,  etc ,   are  understood  to  bo 
4-merous  (V).     The  sepals  aro 
four,  petals  four,  but  the  stamens 
are  six  and  the  styles  but  two. 
The  stamens  are  arranged  in  two 
circles,  having  two  of  those  in  tho 
outer  circle  suppressed  or  reduced 
to  mere  glands.     Two  of  the  car- 
pels are  also  suppressed.     (256.) 

425.  IN  THE  MINT  FAMILY  and 
the  figworts  one  or  three  of  tho 
stamens    is     generally    abortive. 
Here,  while  the  flowers  aro  V, 
the  stamens  are  four  in  some  spe- 
cies and  only  two  in  others.    Tho 
missing  stamens,   however,  often 
appear  in  the    guise   cf  slender 
processes — the  rudiments  of  sta- 
mens— proving  in  an  interesting 

271,  "  Radiant"  panicle  of  Hydrangea  quercifoliura  ;        manner  tlie  natural  tendency  to 

the  larger  flowers  neutral.  symmetry. 

426.  OTHER  EXAMPLES.  In  the  V  flowers  of  poppy,  the  sepals  are  but  two ;  in 
V  spring-beauty  they  are  but  two ;  in  both  cases  too  few  for  symmetry.  In  lark- 


THE    PLAX    OF    THE    FLOWER. 


8T 


spur  the  V  flowers  have  but  four  petals,  and  in  monk's-hood,  also  v/>  the  petals  are 
apparently  but  two  strangely  deformed  bodies.  A  careful  inspection,  however, 
generally  reveals  the  other  three,  very  minute,  in  their  proper  places,  as  displayed 
in  the  cut.  (283.) 

427.  "  ORGANS  OPPOSITE"  is  a  condition  much  less  frequent  than  "  organs  alter- 
nate," but  is  highly  interesting,  as  being  sometimes  characteristic  of  whole  families. 
Thus  in  the  primrose,  thrift,  and  buckthorn  families,  the  stamens  always  stand  op- 
posite to  the  petals ! 

428.  How  HAPPENS  THIS  ?     Among  the  primworts  this  question  is  solved  in  tho 
flowers  of  Lysimachia  and  Samolus,  where  wo  find  a  circle  of  five  teeth  (abortive 
filaments)  between  the  petals  and  stamens,  alternating  with  both  sets,  thus  restoring 
the  lost  symmetry.     Hence  we  infer  that  in  such  cases  generally  a  circle  of  alter- 
nating organs  has  been  either  partially  or  wholly  suppressed.     In  tho  buckthorn, 
however,  a  different  explanation  has  been  given. 


Diagrams.  272,  Flower  of  Samolus,  showing  the  rudimentary  stamens  alternating  with  the 
perfect.  273,  Flower  of  a  Labiate  plant,  showing  the  place  of  the  deficient  stamen.  274,  Flower 
of  Asarum ;  three  sepals,  twelve  stamens,  etc.  275,  Flower  of  Saxifrage ;  two  pistils,  ten  sta- 
mens, etc. 

429.  THE  MULTIPLICATION  OF  ORGANS  is  exceedingly  common,  and  usually  ac- 
cording to  a  definite  plan.     The  increase  takes  place,  as  a  rule,  by  circles,  and  con- 
sequently by  multiples.     That  is,  e.  g.t  the  stamens  of  a  V  flower,  if  increased,  will 
be  so  by  3s ;  of  a  V  flower  by  5s,  etc.,  sometimes  to  the  extent  of  twenty  such 
circles. 

430.  CROWFOOTS  AND  ROSEWORTS.     In  tho  crowfoot  family  the  stamens  aro  al- 
most always  multiplied.     The  carpels  are  also  generally  multiplied,  yet  often,  on  the 
contrary,  diminished,  as  in  the  pseony.     In  Rosaceas,  also,  the  stamens  are  generally 
multiplied,  while  the  carpels  exist  in  all  conditions  as  to  number.     Thus  in  straw- 
berry they  are  multiplied,  in  the  apple  they  are  regularly  five,  in  agrimony  reduced 
to  two,  and  in  tho  cherry  to  one. 

431.  OTHER  CASES.     In  Magnolia  the  V  flowers  have  three  sepals  in  one  circle, 
six  or  nine  petals  in  two  or  three  circles,  numerous  stamens  and  carpels  in  many 
circles  of  each.     In  tho  V  flowers  or  blood-root  there  are  two  sepals,  eight  petals, 
twenty-four  stamens,  and  two  carpels. 

432.  INCREMENT  BY  CLUSTERS  (CHORISIS).     In  other  cases  the  organs  seem  to  be 
increased  in  number  by  clusters  rather  than  by  circles,  as  when  in  the  same  circle 
several  stamens  stand  in  tho  place  of  one,  e.  g.,  in  squirrel-corn,  st.  johnswort,  lin- 
den.    Such  cases  afford  wide  scope  for  conjecture.     Perhaps  each  cluster  originates 
by  division,  as  the  compound  from  the  simple  leaf;  or  as  a  tuft  of  axillary  leaves  : 
or  thirdly,  by  a  partial  union  of  organs. 

433.  APPENDICULAR  ORGANS  (§  407)  consist  of  spurs,  scales,  crown, 
glands,  etc.,  and  often  afford  excellent  distinctive  marks.     The  old  term 


88 


279 


THE  PLAN    OF   THE    FLOWER. 
276  277 


278 


276,   Flower  of  Aurantium  Limeta  (Lime-tree)  ;  sta- 
mens in  five  sets.    277,  One  of  the  sets.    278,  Flower  of 
Hypericum  ^Egypticum  ;   stamens  in  three  sets.     279, 
Flower  of  Tecoma  radicans ;  petals  cohering  into  a  tube,  free  only  at  top.    Sepals  also  coherent. 

nectary  was  indiscriminately  applied  to  all  such  organs,  because  some 
of  them  produced  honey. 

434.  SPURS   are  singular  processes  of  the  flower,  tubular  and  pro- 
jecting from  behind  it.     In  columbine  each  petal  is  thus  spurred ;  in 
violet,  one  petal  only.     In  larkspur,  a  petal  and  a  sepal,  the  spur  of  the 
latter  inclosing  that  of  the  former.     The  curved  spur  of  the  jewel-weed 
belongs  to  a  sepal.     (280,  281.) 

435.  SCALES  are  attached  to  the  inner  side  of  the  corolla,  usually 
upon  the  claw  of  the  petals,  as  in  butter-cups,  or  within  the  throat  of 
the  corolla  tube,  as  in  the  Borrageworts.     Similar  appendages,  when 
enlarged  and  conspicuous,  constitute  a  crown  in  catchfly,  corn-cockle 
The  flowers  of  Narcissus  are  distinguished  by  an  excessively  large  crown 
or  corona,  with  its  parts  all  blended  into  a  tube  or  rim. 


230 


2S1 


Flower  of  Delphinium  Consolida  (common  larkspur),  displaying,  s,  s,  s,  s,  $,  the  five  sepals, 
«,  the  upper  one  spurred ;  c,  the  corolla  of  four  petals  here  united  into  one  and  produced  into  a 
spur.  281,  Flower  of  Impatiens  fulva  (touch-me-not).  232,  Displaying,  #,  «,  s,  y,  the  four  se- 
pals, 5,  the  anterior  one,  being  probably  double,  and  y,  saccate  and  spurred ;  p,  p,  the  two  petals-, 
both  double. 


THE    PLAN    OP    THE    FLOWER. 


89 


436.  GLANDULAR  BODIES  are  often  found  upon  the  receptable  in  the 
places  of  missing  stamens  or  carpels,  or  as  abortive  organs  of  some  kind. 
Examples  are  seen  in  the  Crucifers  and  grape.     In  grass-Parnassus  they 
are  stalked  and  resemble  stamens. 

437.  UNION  OF  ORGANS.     This  condition  in  some  way  occurs  in  almost  every 
flower,  and  more  perhaps  than  any  other  cause  tends  to  disguise  its  plan  and  origin. 
The  separate  pieces  which  stood  each  as  the  representative  of  a  leaf,  now,  by  a  gra- 
dual fusion,  lose  themselves  in  the  common  mass.     Nevertheless,  marks  of  this  pro- 
cess are  always  discernible  either  in  parts  yet  remaining  free,  or  in  the  seams  where 
the  edges  were  conjoined.     The  floral  organs  may  unite  by  cohesion  or  adhesion. 

438.  COHESION,  when  the  parts  of  the  same  whorl  are  joined  to- 
gether, as  the  sepals  of  the  pink,  the  petals  of  morning-glory,  the  sta- 
mens of  mallows,  the  carpels  of  poppy. 

439.  ADHESION,  when  the  parts  of  different  whorls  are  conjoined,  as 
the  stamens  with  the  corolla  in  phlox,  with  the  pistils  in  milkweed, 
ladies'  slipper  ;  or  calyx  with  ovary  in  apple  or  wintergreen  (Gaultheria). 

440.  THE  ADJECTIVE  FREE  is  used  in  a  sense  opposite  to  adhesion, 
implying  that  the  organ  is  inserted  on  (or  grows  out  of)  the  receptacle, 
and  otherwise  separated  from  any  other  kind  of  organ.     The  adjective 
distinct  is  opposed  to  cohesion,  implying  that  like  organs  are  separate 
from  each  other. 

This  subject  and  also  the  next  will  be  more  particularly  noticed  in  another  chap- 
ter. 


283,  Flower  of  Aconitum  Napellus  displayed  ;  s,  s,  s,  8,  ,9,  the  five  sepals,  the  upper  one  hooded  ; 
PtP^Pi  the  five  petals,  of  which  the  two  upper  are  nectaries  covered  by  the  hood,  and  the  three 
lower  very  minute.  284,  Flower  of  Catalpa,  2-lipped,  5-lobed.  2S5,  Corolla  laid  open,  showing 
the  two  perfect  stamens  and  the  three  rudimentary. 

441.  IRREGULAR  DEVELOPMENT.  Our  typical  flower,  it  will  be  re- 
membered, is  regular ;  and  observation  proves  that  all  flowers  are  ac- 
tually alike  regular  in  the  early  bud.  These  inequalities  or  "one- 
sided" forms,  therefore,  which  characterize  certain  flowers  are  occasioned 
by  subsequent  irregular  growth  from  a  regular  type.  The  irregularity 
of  flowers  may  consist 


90 


THE    PLAN    OF    THE    FLOWER. 


1.  In  the  unequal  size  of  like  organs  (petals  of  mullein). 

2.  In  their  dissimilar  forms  or  positions  (petals  of  the  pea). 

3.  In  the  unequal  cohesion  of  like  parts  (petals  of  Lobelia). 

4.  In  unequal  suppressions  (stamens  of  the  Labiate  flowers,  where, 
indeed,  as  in  many  other  flowers,  all  these  phases  of  irregularity  are 
combined). 


286 


2S7 


286,  Flower  (magnified)  of  Myosurus ;  a  vertical  section  showing  its  elongated  receptacle,  etc. 
287,  The  same,  natural  size.  288,  Flower  of  Isopyrum  biternatum ;  vertical  section,  showing 
the  convex  or  globular  receptacle,  etc.  2S9,  Flower  of  rose,  showing  its  excavated  torus. 

442.  THE  REGULAR  RECEPTACLE  has  no  internodes.     It  bears  the 
several  whorls  of  the  flower  in  close  contact  with  each  other,  and  is 
usually  short  and  depressed. 

443.  LENGTHENED   RECEPTACLE.     "When  these  whorls  are  numerous, 
as  in  buttercups,  tulip-tree,  the  receptacle  is  necessarily  elongated.     So 
in  Myosurus,  blackberry,  strawberry.     In  the  two  latter  it  imbibes  the 

nutritious  juices   of   the   plant 
and  becomes  a  part  of  the  fruit. 

444.  EXCAVATED     RECEPTA- 
CLE.    On  the  contrary,  the  to- 
rus instead- of  lengthening  may 
be  hollowed  out  in  the  center. 
The  carpels  of  the  rose  are  sit- 
uated in  such  a  cavity,  while  the 
other  organs  are  borne  upou  its 
elevated   rim.     In    Nelumbium 
the  carpels  are  immersed  in  as 
many  separate  excavations  in  a 
large,  fleshy  receptacle. 

445.  BUT  THE  INTERNODES  OF   THE 
TORUS    ARE    SOMETIMES    DEVELOPED, 

e.  g.,  in  noble  liverwort  a  short  inter- 
node  between  the  corolla  and  calyx 


290,  Flower  of  Cleome  pungens,  showing  its  ovary, 
o,  mounted  on  a  long  stypc. 


THE    FLORAL   ENVELOPS.  91 

has  changed  the  latter  (technically)  to  an  involucre.  In  the  pink  a  similar  inter- 
node  renders  the  ovary  stipitate.  In  the  Caper  family  the  torus  is  developed  into 
long  internodes,  sometimes  raising  the  ovary  upon  a  long  stipe,  sometimes  the  sta- 
mens and  ovary. 

446.  THE  DISK  is  a  portion  of  the  receptacle  raised  into  a  rim  some- 
where in  the  midst  of  the  whorls.  It  is  found  between  the  ovary  and 
stamens  in  pseony  and  buckthorn.  It  bears  the  stamens  in  maple, 
mignionette,  and  crowns  the  ovary  in  the  Umbelliferse.  Finally 

291 


291,  Pseonia  Moutan,  showing  its  very  large  disk  (d)  sheathing  the  ovaries  (p).  292,  Pistil  of 
the  lemon,  with  its  base  surrounded  by  the  disk,  d.  293,  Section  of  flower  of  Alchemilla,  show- 
ing its  single  simple  pistil,  large  disk,  etc. 

44 Y.  COMBINED  DEVIATIONS  are  quite  frequent,  and  sometimes  ob- 
scure the  typical  character  of  the  flower  to  such  a  degree  as  to  require 
close  observation  in  tracing  it  out.  The  study  of  such  cases  is  full  of 
both  amusement  and  improvement. 

448.  FOR  EXAMPLE,  the  \/  poppy  has  suppression  in  the  calyx,  multiplication  in 
the  stamens  and  carpels,  and  in  the  latter  cohesion  also.  The  V  sage  has  cohesion 
and  irregularity  in  the  calyx,  every  kind  of  irregularity  in  the  corolla,  suppression 
and  irregularity  in  the  stamens,  suppression  and  cohesion  in  the  pistils.  The  V 
Cypripedium  is  perfectly  symmetrical,  yet  has  irregular  cohesion  in  the  calyx,  great 
inequality  in  the  petals,  cohesion,  adhesion,  and  metamorphosis  in  the  stamens,  and 
cohesion  in  the  carpels. 

(In  this  way  let  the  pupil  analyze  the  deviations  in  the  flower  of  Geranium,  holly- 
hock,- moth  mullein,  larkspur,  sweetbriar,  touch-me-not,  Petunia,  snapdragon,  violet, 
Polygala,  squirrel-corn,  Orchis;  henbit,  monk's-hood,  Calceolaria,  etc.) 


CHAPTEK      XI. 

THE   FLORAL   ENVELOPS,    OB    PERIANTH. 

449.  IDEA  OF  THE  TYPICAL  FLOWER.  In  our  idea  of  the  typical 
flower,  the  perianth  consists  of  two  whorls  of  expanded  floral  leaves 
encircling  and  protecting  the  more  delicate  essential  organs  in  their 
midst.  The  outer  circle,  calyx,  is  ordinarily  green  and  far  less  conspic- 
uous than  the  inner  circle  of  highly  colored  leaves — the  corolla. 


THE   FLORAL  ENVELOPS,    OR   PERIANTH. 


450.  EXCEPTIONS.     But  to  this,  as  to  all  other  general  rules,  there  are  many  ex- 
ceptions.    Strictly  speaking,  the  calyx  and  corolla  are  in  no  way  distinguishable 
except  by  position.     The  outer  circle  is  the  calyx,  whatever  be  its  form  or  color,  and 
the  inner,  if  there  be  more  than  one,  is  the  corolla, 

451.  RULES.     The  sepals  of  the  calyx  and  petals  of  the  corolla  are, 
according  to  rule,  equal  in  number  and  severally  disconnected  save  "by 
the  torus  on  which  they  stand. 

452.  RESEMBLANCES.     The  sepals  more  nearly  resemble  true  leaves 
in  texture  and  color  ;  but  the  petals  in  form.     Both  have  veins  and  re- 
tain more  or  less  the  same  venation  which  characterizes  the  grand  di- 
vision to  which  the  plant  belongs  (§  258). 

453.  PARTS.     Both  blade  and  petiole  are 
distinguishable  in  the  floral  leaves,  especially 
in  the  petals.     The  blade  or  expanded  part 
is  here  called  limb  or  lamina  ;  the  petiolar 
part,  when  narrowed  into  a  stalk,  is  called 
the  claw. 

454.  NATURE  OF  THE  SEPALS.     The  sepals 
are   more  generally  sessile,  like   bud-scales, 
and  appear  to  represent  the  leaf-stalk  only, 
with  margins  dilated  like  a  sheathing  petiole. 
In  confirmation  of  this  view,  we  find  in  some 
flowers,  as  the  pseony  and  rose,  the  lamina 
also  developed,  but  smaller  than  the  petiolar 
part. 

455.  FORMS  OF  PETALS.     In  form  or  out- 
line there  is  a  general  resemblance  between 
the  limb   and   the  leaf.     It  is  ovate,  oval, 
lanceolate,    obcordate,    orbicular,    etc.     In 
margin  it  is  generally  entire.    Some  peculiar 
forms,  however,  should  be  noticed,   as  the 
bilobate  petal  of  the  chickweed,  the  pinna- 
tifid  petal  of  mitrewort,  the  inflected  petal 
of  the  Umbelifera3,  the  fan-shaped  petal  of 
pink,  the  fringed  (fimbriate)  petal  of  cam- 
pion (silene  stellata),   the  hooded  sepal  of 
Napellus,  the   saccate  petal  of  Calceolaria, 
Cypripedium. 

456.  NECTARY.     The  limb  is,  moreover, 
often  distorted  into  a  true  nectary,  spurred, 
as  already  shown  (§  434),  or  otherwise  de- 
formed, as  in  Napellus,  Coptis,  etc. 


293 


23T 


295 


294 


Forms  of  petals.    294,  Butter- 
cup, showing  the  scale  at  base. 

295.  Mignonette,  fringed  at  top. 

296,  Silene  stellata,  fringed  and 
unguicnlato.      297,   Flower    of 
Osmorhiza  longistylis,  petals  in- 
flected.    298,  Flower  of  Mitella 
diphylla,  petals  pectinate-pinna- 
tifid.    299,  Petal  of  Ccrastium 
mitans,  2-cleft. 


THE    FLORAL   ENVELOPS,  OR    PERIANTH. 


93 


457.  UNION.     We  have  seen  that  the  floral  organs  arc  often  in  va- 
rious ways  united.     Considering  their  crowded  state  in  the  flower,  we 
rather  wonder  that  they  do  not  always  coalesce  in  their  growth. 

458.  The  calyx  with  united  sepals  was  called  by  the  early  botanists 
monosepalous  ;  the  corolla  with  united  petals  was  called  monopetalous 
(povos,  one — from  the  false  idea  that  such  an  organ  consisted  of  a  sin- 
gle piece  or  leaf!).     Opposed  to  these  terms  were  polypetal&us  (irokv?, 
many),  petals  distinct,  and  polysepalous,  sepals  distinct. 

459.  THE  MONOSEPALOUS  CALYX,   OR   MONOPETALOUS   COROLLA,  al- 
though thus  compounded  of  several  pieces,  is  usually  described  as  a 
simple  organ,  wheel-shaped,  cup-shaped,  tubular,  according  to  the  de- 
gree of  cohesion.     The  lower  part  of  it,  formed  by  the  united  claws, 
whether  long  or  short,  is  the  tube  ;  the  upper  part,  composed  of  the 
confluent  lamina?,  is  the  border  or  limb  ;  the  opening  of  the  tube  above 
is  the  throat. 

460.  THE  BORDER  is  either  lobed,  toothed,  crenate,  etc.,  by  the  dis- 
tinct ends  of  the  pieces  composing  it,  as  in  the  calyx  of  pink,  the  calyx 
and  corolla  of  Primula,  Phlox,  and  bellwort,  or  it  may  becomo  by  a 
complete  lateral  cohesion,  entire,  as  in  morning-glory.     Here  the 
pound  nature  of  the  organ  is  shown  by  the  seams  alone. 


300,  Flower  of  Saponaria  (bouncing  bet)  ;  petals  and  claws  quite  distinct.  301,  Phlox;  clawf 
united,  with  lamina  distinct.  302,  Spigelia  (pink-root),  petals  still  further  united.  308,  Quaroo- 
clit  ooccinea,  petals  united  throughout. 

461.  A  TERMINAL  COHESION,  where  summit  as  well  as  sides  are 
joined  forming  a  cap  rather  than  cup,  rarely  occurs,  as  in  the  calyx  of 
the  garden  Escholtzia  and  the  corolla  of  the  grape. 

462.  THE  MODCS  OF  ADHESION  are  various  and  important,  furnishing 
some  of  the  most  valuable  distinctive  characters.     An  organ  is  said  to 
be  adherent  when  it  is  conjoined  with  some  dissimilar  organ,  as  stamen 
with  pistil.     All  the  organs  of  our  typical  flower  are  described  as/ree. 


94 


THE    FLORAL    ENVELOPS,    OR    PERIANTH. 


463.  HYPOGYNOUS  (VTTOJ,  under,  yvvfi,  pistil)  is  an  adjective  term  in 
frequent  use,  denoting  that  the  organs  are  inserted  into  the  receptacle 
under   or   at  the  base   of  the  free  pistil    or 
ovary.     It  is,  therefore,  not  applicable  to   the 
pistil  itself.     Thus  the  outer  organs  of  butter- 
cups are  hypogynous. 


304  807 

Section  of  flowers.  304,  Jeffersonia  diphylla,  hypogynous.  305,  Viola  rotunclifolia.  808 
Phaseolus  multiflonis  (bean,  organs  spirally  twisted).  307,  Pyrus  (Pear),  perigynous  ;  ovaries 
nearly  inclosed.  308,  Prunus  (plum) ;  ovary  not  inclosed. 

464.  PERIGYNOUS  (-rrept,  around)  denotes  that  the  organ  is  inserted 
on  the  calyx-tube  around  the  free  ovary.     Thus  in  Phlox  the  stamens 
are  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.     In  cherry  both  stamens  and 
petals  are  (apparently)  inserted  on  the  calyx-tube.     The  calyx  .can  never 
be  perigynous. 

465.  EPIGYNOUS  (enl,  upon)  denotes  that  all  the  organs  are  appa- 
rently inserted  upon  the  ovary,  as  seen  in  the  apple,  caraway,  sunflower. 
The  common  phrases  "  calyx  superior,"  "  ovary  inferior,"  have  the  same 
signification  as  calyx  epigynous,  all  implying  the  apparent  insertion 
of  the  organs  upon  or  above  the  ovary. 

466.  THERE  is  ALSO  ANOTHER  SET  OP  TERMS  in  uso,  of  tlie  eame  application, 
founded  upon  a  more  modern  view  of  the  floral  structure,  viz.,  "  calyx  adherent," 
"  ovary  adherent."    Which  is  the  better  form  of  expression  will  depend  upon  our 
location  of  the  receptacle- 


THE   FLORAL   ENVELOPS,    OR   PERIANTH.  95 

810  811 


309,  Ribes  aureum  (Missouri  Currant) ;  stamens  and  petals  perig. ;  ovary  inferior.  310,  Saxi- 
fraga  Virginiensis ;  half  superior.  811,  Fuchsia  gracilis  (Ear-drop);  inferior;  stamens  epipe- 
talous. 

467.  In  the  cases  above  cited,  it  is  commonly  taught  that  the  receptacle  is  lo- 
cated at  the  base  of  the  ovary,  and  that  all  the  organs  thence  arising  are  adherent 
to  its  sides.     Another  doctrine  is  also  taught,  viz.,  that  the  receptacle  itself  may  be 
elevated  and  become  perigynous  or  epigynous,  or,  in  other  words,  the  ovary  may  bo 
imbedded  in  the  foot-stalk.     That  it  is  so  in  the  rose  ( 289 )  we  can  hardly  doubt. 
The  so-called  calyx-tube  of  the  cherry,  peach,  is  certainly  an  analogous  structure, 
more  expanded,  and  so  is  the  more  contracted  "  calyx  tube"  of  the  apple,  pome- 
granate.   The  analogy  extends  throughout  the  Roseworts,  and  perhaps  still  further. 

468.  CALYX  HALF-SUPERIOR.     Calyx  superior  or  free,  ovary  inferior 
or  free,  are  all  phrases  of  the  same  import  as  calyx  hypogynous.    Be- 
tween the  two  conditions,  calyx  superior  and  calyx  inferior,  there  are 
numerous  gradations,  of  which  one  only  is  defined,  to  wit,  calyx  half- 
superior,  as  exemplified  in  the  mock  orange  (and  310.) 

469.  SPECIAL  FORMS  OP  THE  PERIANTH,   whether  calyx,  corolla,  or  both,  have 
been  named  and  described.     "We  may  arrange  them  thus : — 

POLYPETALOUS,  regular — Cruciform,  rosaceous,  caryophyllaceous,  liliaceous.  Ir- 
regular— papilionaceous,  orchidaceous. 

MONOPETALOUS,  regular  mostly — rotate,  cup-shaped,  campanulate,  urceolate,  fun- 
nel-form, salver-form,  tubular.  Irregular — ligulate,  labiate. 

470.  CRUCIFORM    (crux,  a  cross)  or  cross-shaped,  implies  that  four 
long  clawed,  spreading  petals  stand  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  as  in 
the  flowers  of  the  mustard  family  (Crucifer^)  in  general. 

471.  ROSACEOUS,  rose-like  ;  a  flower  with  five  short-clawed,  spread- 
ing petals. 

472.  CARYOPHYLLACEOUS, pink-like  ;  a  five-petaled  corolla,  with  long, 
erect  claws  and  spreading  laminae. 

473.  LILIACEOUS,  like  the  lily ;  a  flower  with  a  six-leaved  perianth, 
each  leaf  gradually  spreading  so  as  to  resemble,  as  a  whole,  the  funnel* 
form. 


96 


THE    FLORAL    ENVELOPS,    OR    PERIANTH. 
813  314  315 


Forms  of  corollas.    812,  Cheiranthus  (stock).    313,  Sileno  regia  (scarlot  catchfly).    314,  Pyrus 
coronaria.    315,  Amaryllis  (Atamasco  lily). 

474.  PAPILIONACEOUS,  butterfly-shaped ;  a  corolla  consisting  of  five 
dissimilar  petals,  designated  thus  :  the  upper,  largest,  and  exterior  pe- 
tal is  the  banner  (vexillum) ;  the  two  lateral,  half-exterior,  are  the  wings 
(alee) ;  the  two  lower,  interior  petals,  often  united  at  their  lower  mar- 
gin, are  the  keel  (carina).  The  flowers  of  the  pea,  locust,  clover,  and 
of  the  great  family  of  the  Leguminosse  in  general  are  examples. 


31G 


316,  Papilionaceous  flower  of  the  Pea.    317,  Displayed  ;  •»,  the  vexillum ;  a,  a,  the  ahe;  c,  c,  the 
carinae.    318,  Section  of  flower  of  Dicentra  Cucullaria. 

475.  ROTATE,  wheel-shaped  or  star-shaped,  is  a  monpetalous  form, 
with  tube  very  short,  if  any,  and  a  flat,  spreading  border,  as  the  calyx 
of  chickweed,  corolla  of  Trientalis,  elder.     It  is  sometimes  a  little  ir- 
regular, as  in  mullein. 

476.  CUP-SHAPED,  with  pieces  cohering  into  a  concave  border,  as  in 
the  calyx  of  mallows,  corolla  of  Kalmia,  etc. 

477.  CAMPANULATE  or  bell-shaped ;  when  the  tube  widens  abruptly 
at  base  and  gradually  in  the  border,  as  in  the  harebell,  Canterbury  bell. 


THE    FLORAL   ENVELOPS,    OR    PERIANTH.  97 

478.  URCEOLATE,  urn-shaped ;  an  oblong  or  globular  corolla  with  a 
narrow  opening,  as  the  whortleberry,  heath. 

479.  FUNNEL-FORM  (infundibuliform),  narrow  tubular  below,  gradu- 
ally enlarging  to  the  border,  as  morning-glory. 

480.  SALVER-FORM  (hypocrateriform),  the  tube  ending  abruptly  in  a 
horizontal  border,  as  in  Phlox,  Petunia,  both  of  which  are  slightly  ir- 
regular. 

481.  TUBULAR,  a  cylindraceous  form  spreading  little  or  none  at  the 
border,  as  the  calyx  of  the  pink,   corolla  of  the  honeysuckle.     It  is 
often  a  little  curved.     Tubular  flowers  are  common  in  the  Composite, 
as  the  thistle,  sunflower,  when  they  are  often  associated  with 

482.  LIGULATE   (ligula,  a  little  tongue),  apparently  formed  by  the 
splitting  of  the  tubular  on  one  side.     The  notches  at  the  end  plainly 
indicate  the  number  of  united  petals  composing  it,  as  also  do  the  paral- 
lel, longitudinal  seams. 

483.  LABIATE,  bilabiate,  lip-shaped,  resembling  the  mouth  of  an  ani- 
mal.    This  very  common  form  results  from  the  unequal  union  of  the 
parts,  accompanied  with  other  irregularities.     In  the  labiate  corolla 
three  petals  unite  more  or  less  to  form  the  lower  lip,  and  two  to  form 
the  upper.     In  the  calyx,  when  bilabiate,  this  rule  is  reversed,  accord- 


021 


82G 


Forms  of  corollas.  318,  Campanula  Americana ;  rotate.  319,  Campanula  divaricata.  320 
Andromeda,  urceolate,  321,  Convolvulus  (morning-glory).  322.  Petunia.  823,  Lonicera  sem- 
pervirens  (honeysuckle).  324,  Dandelion  ;  ligulate  corolla  (c),  5-toothed  ;  <i,  five  anthers  united 
into  a  tube  around  *,  the  style.  325,  Synandra  grandiflora,  rinpent,  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower 
3-lobed.  326,  Linaria  (yellow  snapdragon),  personate.  32T,  Cypripedlum  acaule,  orchidaceous. 

7 


98 


THE    FLORAL    ENVELOPS,    OR    PERIANTH. 


ing  to  the  law  of  alternation  of  organs ;  two  sepals  are  united  in  the 
lower  lip  and  three  in  the  upper,  as  seen  in  the  sage  and  the  Labiate 
Order  generally.  Labiate  flowers  are  said  to  be  galeate  or  helmeted 
when  the  upper  lip  is  concave,  as  in  catmint ;  ringent  or  gaping  when 
the  throat  or  mouth  is  wide  open  ;  personate  or  masked  when  the  throat 
is  closed  as  with  a  palate,  like  the  snapdragon. 

484.  ORCHIDACEOUS,  a  form  of  the  perianth  peculiar  to  the  Orchis 
with  that  large  and  singular  tribe  in  general.     It  is  a  6-parted  double 
perianth,  very  irregular,  characterized   chiefly  by  its  lip   (labellum), 
which  is  the  upper  petal  (lower  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary)  enlarged 
and  variously  deformed. 

Certain  reduced  forms  of  the  perianth  require  notice  here  : 

485.  PAPPUS  (irdmrog,  grandfather,  alluding  to  his  gray  hairs)  is  a 
term  applied  to  the  hair-like  calyx  of  the  florets  of  the  CompositaD  and 
other  kindred   orders.      The  florets  of  this  order  are  collected  into 
heads  so  compactly  that  the  calyxes  have  not  room  for  expansion  in 
th3  ordinary  way.     The  pappus  is  commonly  persistent  and  often  in- 
creases as  the  fruit  matures,  forming  a  feathery  sail  to  waft  away  the 
seed  through  the  air,  as  in  the  dandelion  and  thistle.     It  varies  greatly 
in  form  and  size,  as  seen  in  the  cuts,  sometimes  consisting  of  scales, 
sometimes   of  hairs,   again  of  feathers  or  bristles.      Sometimes  it  is 
mounted  on  a  stipe,  which  is  the  beak  of  the  fruit. 

829  330  828 


331 


Cypsela  (incorrectly  called  achenium)  of  the  Composite,  with  various  forms  of  pappus.  323, 
Eclipta  procumbens,  no  pappus.  329,  Ambrosia  trifida.  330,  Helianthus  prosse-serratus,  pappus 
2-awned.  831,  Ageratum  conizoides,  pappus  of  five  scales.  332,  Mulgedium,  capillary  pappus 
— cypsela  slightly  rostrate.  833,  Lactuca  elongata,  rostrate  cypsela. 

486.  OTHER  REDUCTIONS.     Again,  the  calyx  or  the  limb  of  the  calyx 
is  reduced  to  a  mere  rim,  as  seen  in  the  UmbellifcrsB.     In  the  amenta- 
ceous orders  the  whole  perianth  diminishes  to  a  shallow  cup,  as  in  the 
poplar,  willow,  or  altogether  disappears,  as  in  the  birch,  ash,  lizard-tail. 
(264-267). 

487.  SET^E,  meaning  bristles  in  general,  is  a  term  specifically  used  to 
denote  the  reduced  perianth  of  the  sedges.     In  the  bog-rush  (Scirpus) 
there  is,  outside  the  stamens,  a  circle  of  six  setae,  which  doubtless  rep- 
resent  a  6-leaved  perianth.     In  the  cotton-grass  (Eriphorum)  the  setse  are 
multiplied  and  persistent  on  the  fruit,  becoming  long  and  cotton-like. 


THE    FLORAL    ENVELOPS,    OR    PERIANTH. 


99 


488.  PERIGYNIUM  is  the  name  given 
to  the  urceolate  perianth  of  Carex,  in- 
vesting the  ovary  but  allowing  the  style 
to  issue  at  its  summit.     It  is  evidently 
composed  of  two  united  sepals. 

489.  GLUMES   AND    PALES   represent 
the  floral  envelops,  or  rather  the  invo- 
lucre of  the  Grasses.     Their  alternating 
arrangement  clearly  distinguishes  them 
from  a  perianth.     They  occur  in  pairs, 
the  smaller  usually  above.     The  glumes 
envelop  the  spikelet,  the  pales  the  single 
flower,  and  often  within  the  pales  are 
two  or  three    scales   representing   the 
perianth,  surrounding  the  stamens  and 
ovary,  all  which  are  illustrated  in  the 
wheat.     (195.) 

490.  THE  DURATION  of  the  calyx  and  corolla  varies  widely,  and  is 
marked  by  certain  general  terms.     It  is  caducous  when  it  falls  off  im- 
mediately, as  the  calyx  of  poppy,  corolla  of  grape  ;  deciduous  when  it 
falls  with  the  stamens,  as  in  most  plants ;  and  persistent  if  it  remain 
until  the  fruit  ripens,  as  the  calyx  of  apple.     If  it  continue  to  grow 
after  flowering,  it  is  accrescent,  and  if  it  wither  without  falling  off  it  ia 
marescent. 


834,  Flower  of  Sctrpus  lacustris,  mag- 
nified ;  consisting  of  six  setse,  three  sta- 
mens, three  pistils  united,  except  the 
stigmas.  335,  Flower  of  Carex  rivularis 
S  ,  with  ff,  its  glume,  p,  its  bottle-shaped 
perigynium,  2-toothed  at  top,  envelop- 
ing the  triple  ovary ;  stigmas,  three. 


CHAPTER    XII. 

OP     THE     ESSENTIAL     ORGANS. 
§  THE   STAMENS,    OK   ANDROGCIUM. 

491.  POSITION.     Within  the  safe  inclosure  of  the  floral  envelops 
stand  the  essential  organs — the  stamens  and  pistils,  clearly  distinguish- 
able from  the  perianth  by  their  more  slight  and  delicate  forms,  and 
from  each  other  by  various  marks.     In  the  complete  flower  the  andro3- 
cium  next  succeeds  the  corolla  in  the  order  of  position,  being  the  third 
set,  counting  from  the  calyx. 

492.  A  PERFECT  STAMEN  consists  of  two  parts — the  filament,  corre- 
sponding with  the  petiole  of  the  typical  leaf,  and  the  anther,  answering 
to  the  blade.     Within  the  cells  of  the  anther  the  pollen  is  produced,  a 
substance  essential  to  the  fertility  of  the  flower.     Hence  the  anther 
alone  is  the  essential  part  of  the  stamen. 


100 


THE    STAMENS,    OR   ANDRCECIUM. 


Androecium  (and  gyncecium)  of  Frankenia  (after  Peyer).  337,  Stamen  (adnate)  of  morning- 
glory.  338,  Same  enlarged,  with  pollen  grains  discharged  ;  /,  filament ;  o,  cr,  anther,  2-lobed ;  «, 
top  of  the  connectile.  339,  Ranunculus.  840,  Same,  cut  transversely.  341,  Iris  cut  transversely 
(extrorse).  842,  Amaryllis,  versatile.  343,  Larkspur,  innate.  344,  Same,  cut. 

493.  THE  FILAMENT  (filum,  a  thread)  is  the  stalk  supporting  the 
anther  at  or  near  its  top.     It  is  ordinarily  slender  and  filiform,  yet 
firmly  sustaining  itself  with  the  anther  in  position.     Sometimes  it  is 
capillary  and  pendulous  with  its  weight,  as  in  the  Grasses. 

494.  THE  ANTHER  is  regularly  an  oblong  body  at  the  summit  of  the 
filament,  composed  of  two  hollow  parallel  lobes  joined  to  each  other  and 
to  the  filament  by  the  connectile.     In  front  of  the  connectile,  looking 
toward  the  pistil,  there  is  usually  a  furrow  ;  on  its  back  a  ridge,  and  on 
the  face  of  each  lobe  a  seam,  the  usual  place  of  dehiscence  or  opening, 
all  running  parallel  with  the  filament  and  connectile. 

The  stamen,  as  thus  described,  may  be  considered  regular  or  typical  in  form,  and 
is  well  exemplified  in  that  of  the  buttercup  (Fig.  339).  But  the  variations  of  struc- 
ture are  as  remarkable  here  as  in.  other  organs,  depending  on  circumstances  like  tho 
following — 

495.  ATTACHMENT  OF  FILAMENT  TO  ANTHER.     This  may  occur  in  three  ways. 
The  anther  is  said  to  be  innate  when  it  stands  centrally  erect  on  the  top  of  the  fila- 
ment, adnate  when  it  seems  attached  to  one  side  of  the  filament,  versatile  when 
connected  by  a  single  point  in  the  back  to  the  top  of  the  filament. 

496.  DEHISCENCE,  or  the  modes  of  opening,  are  also  three,  viz.,  valvular,  where 
the  seam  opens  vertically  its  whole  length,  which  is  the  usual  way ;  porous  where 
the  cells  open  by  a  chink  or  pore  usually  at  the  top,  as  in  Rhododendron  and  po- 
tato ;  opercular  when  by  a  lid  opening  upward,  as  in  sassafras,  berberis.     (346.) 

497.  THE  FACING  OF  THE  ANTHER  is  also  an  important  character.     It  is  introrse 
when  the  lines  of  dehiscence  look  toward  tho  pistil,  as  in  violet ;  extrorse  when 
they  look  outward  toward  the  corolla,  as  in  Iris. 

498.  THE  CONNECTILE  is  usually  a  mere  prolongation  of  the  filament,  terminating, 
not  at  the  base,  but  at  tho  top  of  the  anther.     If  it  fall  short,  the  anther  v/ill  be 
emarginate.    Sometimes  it  outruns  the  anther  and  tips  it  with  a  terminal  append- 
age of  some  sort,  as  in  violet,  oleander,  Paris.     Again,  its  base  may  be  dilated  into 
opurs,  as  in  two  of  the  stamens  of  violet. 

499.  DIMIDIATE  ANTHER.     If  the  connectile  be  laterally  dilated,  as  we  see  gra- 
dually done  in  the  various  species  of  the  Labiate  Order,  tho  lobes  of  the  anther 
will  be  separated,  forming  two  dimidiate  anthers  (halved  anthers)  on  ono  filament, 
a3in  sage,  Prunella.     Such  are,  of  course,  1-celled.     (351.) 


THE    STAMENS,    OR    ANDRECIUM. 


101 


345   846  847   343  349      350     351 


852        353          854 


Peculiar  forms  of  stamens.  845,  Pyrola  rotundifolia ;  p,  dehiscence  by  pores  at  top.  850 
Vaccinium  uliginosum ;  p,  dehiscence.  347,  Berberis  aquifolium,  anthers  opening  (346)  by 
valves  upward.  348,  Anther  of  Violet,  introrse,  with  an  appendage  at  top.  349,  Oleander,  sagit- 
tate, appendaged.  354,  Catalpa,  lobes  of  anther  separated.  351,  Sage,  lobes  of  anther  widely 
separated,  on  stipes ;  &,  barren  lobe  without  pollen.  352,  Malva,  anther  1-celled.  353,  Ephedra 
(after  Peyer),  anther  4-eelled. 

500.  THE  CELLS  OF  THE  ANTHERS  are  at  first  commonly  four,  all 
parallel,  becoming  two  only  at  maturity.  In  some  plants  the  four  are 
retained,  as  in  the  anthers  of  Ephedra.  (353.)  In  others,  as  mallows, 
all  the  cells  coalesce  into  one.  (352.) 

501.  APPENDAGES  of  many  kinds  distinguish  the  stamens  of  different  species. 
In  the  Ericacese  there  are  horns,  spurs,  tails,  queues,  etc.  In  onions  and  garlic  tho 
filament  is  2  or  3-forked.  bearing  the  anther  on  one  of  the  tips.  Sometimes  a  pair 
of  appendages  appear  at  base,  as  if  stipulate.  It  is  often  conspicuously  clothed  with 
hairs,  as  in  Tradescantia, 


356  853  360  861 

Essential  organs.  355,  Rhododendron,  five  stamens  (s),  one  pistil  (p),  oblique  or  slightly  ir- 
regular. 357,  Flower  of  ^Esculus  (Buckeye),  regular,  5-toothed  calyx  (c),  very  irregular  4-pe- 
taled  corolla,  seven  stamens  unequal,  one  style  (s).  359,  Flower  of  Hydrastis ;  t,  sepals  decidu- 
ous. 860,  Same,  showing  the  distinct  pistils  and  one  stamen  remaining.  361,  Anemone  thalic- 
troides,  the  gynreciutn  of  distinct,  ribbed  achenia.  856,  Trillium,  six  stamens  (*),  three  pistil! 
(p).  358,  Staphylea  trifolia. 


102 


THE    STAMENS,    OR    ANDRECIUM. 


502.  STAMINODIA,  or  sterile  filaments  with  abortive  anthers  or  none,  occur  singly 
in  many  of  the  Figworts  and  Labiates,  or  in  entire  whorls  next  within  the  petals, 
alternating  with  them,  as  in  loose-strife ;  in  all  cases  restoring  the  symmetry  of  the 
flowers.     They  are  generally  reduced  in  size,  as  in  Scrophularia,  rarely  enlarged,  as 
in  beardtongue  (Pentstemon). 

503.  THE  NUMBER  of  the  stamens  is  said  to  be  definite  when  not  ex- 
ceeding twenty,  as  is  sometimes  definitely  expressed  by  such  terms  as 
follow,  compounded  by  the  Greek  numerals,  viz.,  monandrous,  having 
one  stamen  to  each  flower  ;  diandrous,  with  two  stamens  ;  pentandrous, 
with  five  stamens.     If  the  number  exceeds  twenty,  it  is  said  to  be  in- 
definite (denoted  thus,  co  )  or  polyandrous. 

504.  THE  POSITION  or  insertion  of  the  stamens  (§  463)  maybe  more 
definitely  stated  here,  as  hypogynous,  on  the  receptacle  below  the  ovaries ; 
perigynous,  on  the  calyx  around  the  ovary  ;  epipetalous,  on  the  corolla, 
as  in  Phlox ;  epigynous,  on  the  ovary  at  its  summit,  and  gynandrous 
(yvvi),  pistil,  dvdpeg,  stamens)  on  the  pistil,  that  is,  when  the  stamens 
are  adherent  to  the  style,  as  in  Orchis. 

505.  INEQUALITY  IN  LENGTH  is  definitely  marked  in  two  cases,  as 
tetradynamous  (rerpag,  four,  dvvapig,  power)  when  the  stamens  are 
six,  whereof  four  are  longer  than  the  other  two,  as  in  all  the  Crucifers ; 
didynamous,  where  the  stamens  arc  four,  two  of  them  longer  than  the 
other  two,  as  in  all  the  Labiates,  etc. 

366  365  364  363  862 

r 


862,  Collinsia  verna:  /  a  flower  enlarged,  cut,  showing  the  slightly  didynamous  stamens,  etc. 
363,  Stamens  (diadelphous)  of  a  Leguminous  plant.  364,  Stamens  (syngenesious)  of  a  Com- 
posite ;  f,  filaments  distinct ;  a,  anthers  united  ;  *,  stigmas  revolute,  etc.  365,  Tetradynamous 
•tamensof  a  Crucifer.  366,  Gynandrous  column  of  Cypripedium;  o,  ovary;  r,  torus;  *,  sterilo 
•tntnen  ;  a,  two  pellinia ;  c,  stigma. 

506.  COHESION  is  as  frequent  with  stamens  as  with  petals.  They 
are  monadelphous  (adeA^o^,  a  brother)  when  they  are  all  united,  as  in 
mallow,  into  one  set  or  brotherhood  by  the  filaments ;  diadelphous  in 
two  sets,  whether  equal  or  unequal,  as  in  pea,  squirrel-corn ;  polyadel- 


THE    STAMENS,    OB    ANDRECIUM. 


103 


phous,  many  sets,  as  in  St.  John'swort ;  and  syngemsious,  when  they 
are  united  by  their  anthers,  as  in  the  Composite.     Finally, 

507.  THE  ABSENCE  of  the  stamens  altogether,  whether  by  abortion, 
as  in  the  $  flowers  of  Veratrurn,  or  by  suppression,  as  in  oak,  occurs 
in  various  modes,  rendering  the  plant  monoecious  (  8  ),  difficious  (  $  $  ), 
or  polygamous  (  $  &  £  ),  as  already  explained  (§  421). 

508.  THE  POLLEN  is  in  appearance  a  small,  yellow  dust,  contained  in 
the  cells  of  the  anther.     When  viewed  with  the  microscope  it  appears 
as  grains  of  various  forms,  usually  spheroidal,  or  oval,  sometimes  tri^ 
angular  or  polyhedral,  but  always  of  the  same  form  and  appearance  in 
the  same  species.     Externally  they  are  curiously,  and  often  elegantly 
figured  with  stripes,  bands,  dots,  checks,  etc. 


Pollen  grains.    367,  Pinus  larico.    3G3,  Basella  rubra.    369,  Ranunculus  repens.    370,  Scoly- 
mus  grandiflorus.    371,  Passifiora  incarnata. 

509.  EACH  GRAIN  OF  POLLEN  is  a  mem- 
branous cell  or  sack  containing   a  fluid. 
Its  coat  is  double,  the  outer  is  more  thiok 
and  firm,  exhibiting  one  or  more  breaks 
where  the  inner  coat,  which  is  very  thin 
and  expansible,  is  uncovered.  In  the  fluid 
are  suspended  molecules 

of  inconceivable  minute- 
ness, said  to  possess  a  tre- 
mulous motion.  When 
the  membrane  is  exposed 
to  moisture  it  swells  and 
bursts,  discharging  its 

Contents. 

510.  PoLLINIA.         In 

the  Orchids  and  Silkweed 


Section  of  tne  Passion-flower  (Passiflora  ccerulea); 
&,  bracts  of  the  involucre  ;  «,  sepals  ;  p,  petals  ;  a,a,  stami 

J  c-stii>e;  ••  ovar^  <*,  stamens  ; 


104 


THE    PISTILS,    OR    GYNCECIUM. 


tribe,  the  pollen  grains  do  not  separate  as  into  a  dust  or  powder, 
but  all  cohere  into  masses  called  pollinia,  accompanied  by  a  viscid 
fluid. 


THE    PISTILS,    OR   GYNGECIUM. 

511.  POSITION.  The  Gynrecium  occupies  the  center  of  the  flower  at 
the  termination  of  the  axis.  It  consists  regularly  of  a  circle  of  distinct 
pistils,  (§  405),  symmetrical  in  number  with  the  other  circles.  It  is 
subject  to  great  variation.  The  pistil  may  be  distinct  and  simple,  as  in 
columbine,  or  coherent  in  various  degrees  into  a  compound  body,  as  in 
St.  John's  wort. 


376 


377  878 

Pistils.  372,  Symphytum,  basilar  style,  ovary  4-partccl.  371,  ?  Fl.  of  Kmblic.i  (Enphorbia- 
cese),  branching  styles.  373,  Mirabiiis  Jalapa,  globular  stig.  877,  Fl.  of  Luzula,  stigmas  linear. 
374,  Feathery  stigmas  of  a  grass.  379,  Stigmas  of  Aster.  375.  Euuiex.  876,  Poppy.  378,  Filiform 
stigma  of  Zea  Mays,  (Corn). 

512.  EXCEPTION.  Also  instead  of  being  free  and  superior,  as  it  regu- 
larly should  be,  it  may  adhere  to  the  other  circles,  as  already  explained 
(§  462),  and  become  inferior,  that  is,  apparently  placed   below  the 
flower,  as  in  the  currant. 

513.  THE  NUMBER  of  the  pistils  is  by  no  means  confined  to  the  ra- 
dical of  the  flower.     They  may  be  increased  by  multiples,  becoming  a 
spiral  on  a  lengthened  receptacle,  as  in  tulip-tree,  or  still  remaining  a 
circle,  as  in  poppy.     On  the  other  hand  they  may  be  reduced  in  num- 
ber often  to  one,  as  in  cherry,  pea.     Certain  terms  are  employed  to 
denote  the  number  of  pistils  in  the  flower,  such  as  monogynous,  with 
one  pistil,  trigynous,  with  three,  polygynous,  with  many,  etc. 

514.  THE  SIMPLE  PISTIL  may  usually  be  known  from  the  compound, 
by  its  one-sided  forms — having  two  sides  similar  and  two  dissimilar.   If 
the  pistils  appear  distinct,  they  are  all  simple,  never  being  united  into 
more  than  one  set,  as  the  stamens  often  are. 


THE    PISTILS,    OR    GYNOECIUM. 


105 


515.  THE  PARTS  of  a  simple  pistil  arc  three,  the  ovary  at  base,  the 
stigma  at  the  summit,  and  the  style,  intervening.     Like  the  filament 
the  style  is  not  essential,  and  when  it  is  wanting,  the  stigma  is  sessile 
upon  the  ovary,  as  in  crowfoot.     In  order  to  understand  the  relation  of 
these  parts  we  must  needs  first  study 

516.  THE  MORPHOLOGY  OF  THE  PISTIL.  As  before  stated,  (§  380),  the 
pistil  consists  of  a  modified  leaf  called  a  carpel  (icapTrbg,  fruit),  or  carpel- 
lary leaf.     This  leaf  is  folded  together  (induplicate)  toward  the  axis,  so 
that  the  upper  surface  becomes  the  inner,  while  the  lower  becomes  the 
outer  surface  of  the  ovary.     By  this  arrangement  two  sutures  or  seams 
will  be  formed,  the  dorsal,  at  the  back  by  the  midvein,  the  ventral,  in 
front  by  the  joined  margins  of  the  leaf. 

883 


878  bis 


884 


583 


385,  Simple  pistil  of  Strawberry,  the  stylo  lateral.  8SG,  Simple  pistil  of  Crowfoot,  cut  to 
show  the  ovule.  380,  Simple  pistil  of  the  Cherry.  3S1,  Vertical  section  showing  the  ovule  (o), 
style  (,s),  stigma  («).  382,  Cross-section  of  the  same.  334,  Compound  pistil  of  Spring-beauty. 
383,  Cross-section  of  the  same  showing  the  3  cells  of  the  ovary.  378,  Expanded  carpellary  leaf 
of  the  double  cherry.  379,  The  same  partly  folded  as  if  to  form  a  pistil. 

« 

517.  ILLUSTRATION.     This  view  of  tho  pistil  is  remarkably  confirmed  and  illus- 
trated by  the  flowers  of  the  double  cherry,  where  the  pistil  may  be  seen  in  every 
degree  of  transition,  revesting  toward  the  form  of  a  leaf.     This  carpellary  leaf 
stands  in  the  place  of  the  pistil,  having  the  edges  infolded  toward  each  other,  tho 
midvein  prolonged  and  dilated  at  the  apex. 

518.  If  this  be  compared  with  the  pistil  of  the  cherry  seen  in  the  figure  (378, 
379),  no  doubt  can  bo  entertained  thar  the  two  sides  of  the  leaf  correspond  to  tho 
walls  of  the  ovary,  the  margins  to  the  ventral  suture,  the  midvein  to  the  dorsal  su- 
ture, and  the  lengthened  apex  to  the  style  and  stigma.     Sometimes  the  flower  con- 
tains two  such  leaves,  which  always  present  their  faces  toward  each  other.     This 
corresponds  to  the  position  of  the  true  carpels,  in  which  tho  ventral  sutures  of  both 
are  contiguous. 

519.  THE  DOCTRIXE  DEDUCED.    Many  other  plants,  as  the  rose,  Anemone,  Ranun- 
culus, flowering  almond,  exhibit  similar  transformations  of  the  pistil,  making  it  prob- 
able that  it  is  formed  upon  the  same  plan  in  all  plants.     T!i3  ovary,  therefore,  is  tho 
blade  of  a  leaf,  folded  into  a  sack :  the  style  is  the  length  nied  apex  folded  into  a 
tube ;  the  stigma,  a  thickened  and  denuded  portion  of  tha  upper  margin  of  tho 
leaf. 


106 


THE    PISTILS,    OR    GYNOSCIUM. 


520.  THE  PLACENTAE  are  usually  prominent  lines  or  ridges  extending 
along  the  ventral  suture  -within  the  cell  of  the  ovary,  and  bearing  the 
ovules.     They  are  developed  at  each  of  the  two  edges  of  the  carpellary 
leaf,  and  are  consequently  closely  parallel  -when  those  edges  are  united, 
forming  one  double  placenta  in  the  cell  of  each  ovary. 

521.  THE  SIMPLE  CARPEL,  with  all  its  parts,  is  completely  exemplified  in  the  pea- 
pod.     When  this  is  laid  open  at  the  ventral  suture,  the  leaf  form  becomes  manifest, 
with  the  peas  (ovules)  arranged  in  an  alternate  order  along  each  margin,  so  as  to 
farm  but  one  row  when  the  pod  is  closed.   In  the  pod  of  columbine  the  ovules  form 
two  distinct  rows ;  in  the  simple  plum  carpel  each  margin  bears  a  single  ovule,  and 
in  the  one-ovuled  cherry  only  one  of  the  margins  is  fruitful. 

522.  THE  STIGMA  is  the  glandular  orifice  of  the  ovary,  communicat- 
ing with  it  either  directly  or  through  the  tubiform  style.     It  is  usually 
globular  and  terminal,  often  linear  and  lateral,  but  subject  to  great  va- 
riations in  form.     It  is  sometimes  double   or  halved,  or  2-lobed,  even 
when  belonging  to  a  single  carpel  or  to  a  simple  style,  as  in  Linden, 
where  these  carpels  are  surmounted  by  three  pairs  of  stigmas. 

523.  THE  COMPOUND  PISTIL  consists  of  the  united  circle  of  pistils, 
just  as  the  monopetalous  corolla  consists  of  the  united  circle  of  petals. 
The  union  occurs  in  every  degree,  always  commencing  at  the  base  of 
the  ovary  and  proceeding  upward.     Thus  in  columbine  we  see  the  car- 
pels (pistils)  quite  distinct ;  in  early  saxifrage  cohering  just  at  base;  in 
pink  as  far  as  the  top  of  the  ovaries,  with  styles  distinct ;  in  evening 
primrose  to  the  top  of  the  styles,  with  stigmas  distinct ;_  and  in  Bhodo- 
dcndron  the  union  is  complete  throughout. 

3ST  888  8S9  390  391  392 


8S7,  Ovary  (follicle)  of  Larkspur,  composed  of  single  carpcllary  leaf.  883,  Ovaries  of  the  Col- 
umbine, five,  contiguous  but  distinct  389,  Compound  ovary  of  Hypericum,  of  carpels  united 
below  with  distinct  styles.  390,  Ovary  of  another  Hypericum  of  three  carpels  completely  united. 
391,  Ovary  of  Flax;  carpels  five,  united  below,  distinct  above.  392,  Dianthus  (Pink).  893, 
Saxifraga. 

524.  To  DETERMINE  THE  NUMBER  OF  CARPELS  in  a  compound  ovary 
is  an  important  matter.  It  may  be  known,  1,  by  the  number  of  styles ; 
2,  by  the  number  of  free  stigmas  (remembering  that  these  organs  are 
liable  to  be  halved,  §  522) ;  3,  by  the  lobes,  angles,  or  seams  of  the 
ovary  ;  4,  by  the  cells  ;  5,  by  the  placenta. 


THE    PISTILS,    OR    GYNECIUM. 


107 


525,  Two  MODES  OF  COHESION  in  the  carpellary  circle  greatly  affect 
the  structure  of  the  ovary  and  fruit.     First  and  regularly,  the  carpels 
may  be  closed  as  when  simple,  and  conjoined  by  their  sides  and  fronts, 
as  in  lily  and  marsh  mallow.     In  this  case, 

1,  .The  compound  ovary  will  have  as  many  cells  as  carpels. 

2,  The  partitions  between  the  cells,  i.  c.,  the  dissepiments  (dlssepio, 
to  separate)  will  each  be  double,  will  meet  in  the  center,  will  be  verti- 
cal and  alternate  with  the  stigmas. 

3,  The   single  carpel  can  have  no  true  dissepiment.     If  any  ever 
occur  it  is  regarded  as  spurious,  being  a  membranous  expansion  of  the 
dorsal  suture  or  the  placentae,  as  in  flax. 

4,  The  placentas  as  well  as  the  ventral  suture  will  be  axial,  and  the 
dorsal  suture  on  the  outer  wall,  opposite  the  stigmas. 

526.  AGAIN,  the  carpels  may  each  be  open  and  conjoined  by  their 
edges,  as  the  petals  in  a  monopetalous  corolla.     So  it  is  in  the  com- 
pound ovary  of  the  violet,  rock-rose.     In  this  case, 

1,  There  will  be  no  dissepiment  (unless  spurious,  as  in  the  Cruciferae), 
and  but  one  cell. 

2,  The  placentae  of  each  carpel  will  be  separated  "and  carried  back 
to  the  wail  of  the  ovary,  i.  <?.,   they  will  become  parietal  (paries, 
a  wall.) 

52  7.  INTERMEDIATE  CONDITIONS.  Between  the  two  conditions  of  axile  (or  cen- 
tral) and  parietal  placentae  we  find  all  degrees  of  transition,  as  illustrated  in  the 
different  species  of  St.  John'swort,  and  in  poppy,  where  the  inflected  margins  of 

the  carpels  carry  the  placenta  inward,  well 
nigh  to  the  axis.  Moreover,  the  placentae 
are  not  always  mere  marginal  lines,  but 


394  395  396  S97 

397,  Flower  of  Dodecatheon  Meadia.    394,  Vertical  section  showing  the  free  central  placenta. 
895,  Vertical  section  of  Lucojum  (Snow-flake).     396,  Cross  section  of  ovary. 


108 


THE     OVULES. 


often  \vide  spaces  covering  large  portions  of  the  walls  of  the  cell,  as  in  poppy, 
water-lily,  and  in  other  cases,  as  Datura,  they  become  large  and  fleshy,  nearly  fill- 
ing the  cell. 

528.  A  FREE  AXILE  PLACENTA,  without  dissepiments,  occurs  in  some 
compound,  one-celled  ovaries,  as  in  the  pink  and  primrose  orders.  This 
anomaly  is  explained  in  two  ways  :  first,  by  the  obliteration  of  the  early 
formed  dissepiments,  as  is  actually  seen  to  occur  in  the  pinks  ;  secondly, 
by  supposing  the  placenta  to  be,  at  least  in  some  cases,  an  axial  rather 
than  a  marginal  growth ;  that  is,  to  grow  from  the  point  of  the  axis 
rather  than  from  the  margin  of  the  carpellary  leaf,  for  in  primrose  no 
dissepiments  ever  appear. 

404  39S  405 


403 


401 


393 


400 


SOS.  Samolus  Valerandi,  section  of  flower  showing  the  free  axile  placenta.  899,  Ovary  of 
Scrophulariacese.  400,  Ovary  of  Tulip.  401,  Cross-section  of  ovary  of  Flax,  5-celled,  falsely 
10-celled.  402,  Ovary  of  Violet,  1-celled.  403,  Ovary  of  Fuchsia,  4-celled.  404,  Ovary  of  rock- 
rose,  1-celled,  5-carpelled.  405.  Gentianacese,  2-valved,  1-celled. 

529.  A  FEW  PECULIAR  FORMS  of  the  style  and  stigma  are  worthy  of  note  in  our 
narrow  limits,  as  the  lateral  style  of  strawberry,  the  basilar  style  of  the  Labiatse 
and  Borrageworts,  the  branching  style  of  Emblica,  one  of  the  Euphorbiacece ;  also, 

530.  THE  GLOBULAR  STIGMA  of  Mirabilis;    the  linear  stigma  of  Gyromia;  the 
feathery  stigma  of  grasses  ;  the  filiform  stigma  of  Indian  corn ;  the  lateral  stigma 
of  Aster;  the  petaloid  stigmas  of  Iris  ;  the  hooded  stigma  of  violet  (371 — 379). 

531.  STIGMA  WANTING.    In  the  pine,  cedar,  and  the  Conifera  generally,  both  the 
style  and  stigma  are  wanting,  and  the  ovary  is  represented  only  by  a  flat,  open, 
carpellary  scale  bearing  the  naked  ovules  at  its  base. 


THE    OVULES. 


532.  THEIR  NATURE.  Destined  to  become  seeds  in  the  fruit  ovules 
are  understood  to  be  altered  buds.  Their  development  from  the  mar- 
gins and  inner  surface  of  the  carpel  favors  this  view ;  for  the  ordinary 
leaves  of  Bryophyllum  and  some  other  plants  do  ^habitually  produce 
buds  at  their  margin  or  on  their  upper  surface ;  and  in  the  mignonette 
ovules  themselves  have  been  seen  transformed  into  leaves. 


40G 


100 


410 


40C,  Pistil  of  Celosia,  the  pericarp  detached  showing  the  young  ovules.  413,  Flower  of  Ehu- 
barb ;  pericarp  removed  showing  the  young  ovule.  407,  A  similar  ovule  (orthotropous)  of 
Polygon  urn.  403,  The  same,  full  grown  ;  foramen  at  top.  409,  Section  showing  its  two 
coats,  nucleus  and  sac.  410,  Anatropous  ovule,  as  of  columbine ;  or,  foramen.  411,  Section  of 
same.  412,  Carnpylotropous  ovule,  as  of  Bean ;  a,  foramen.  414,  Section  of  a  cherry,  ovule 
anatropous,  suspended.  415,  Section  of  carpel  of  Kanunculus;  ovule  ascending.  416,  Senecio; 
ovule  erect.  417,  Hippuris;  ovule  pendulous. 

533.  THE  NUMBER  of  ovules  in  the  ovary  varies  from  one  to  hun- 
dreds.   Thus  in  buttercups,  Composite  and  grasses  the  ovule  is  solitary; 
in  Umbelifera  it  is  also  solitary  in  each  of  the  two  carpels;  in  the  Pea 
Order  they  are  definite,  being  but  few  ;  in  Mullein,  Poppy,  indefinite  (  oo), 
too  many  to  be  readily  counted. 

534.  THE  POSITION  of   the  ovule  in  the  cell  is  denned  by  certain 
terms  as  follows;  erect,  when  it  grows  upwards  from  the  base  of  the 
cell,  as  in  Composite  ;  ascending,  when  it  turns  upwards  from  its  point 
of  lateral  attachment;  horizontal,  when  neither  turning  upwards  nor 
downwards ;  pendulous,  when  turned  downwards,  and  suspended,  when 
growing  directly  downwards  from  the  top  of  the  cell,  as  in  birch.  (415, 
416,  417,  419). 

535.  THE  OVULE  AT  THE  TIME   OF  FLOWERING  is  soft   and  pulpy, 
consisting  of  a  nucleus  within  two  coats,  supported  on  a  stalk.     The 
stalk  is  called  funiculus  ;  the  point  of  its  juncture  with  the  base  of  the 
nucleus  is  the  chalaza.     The  nucleus  was  first  formed,  then  the   tegmen 
or  inner  coat  grew  up  from  the  chalaza  and  covered  it,  and  lastly  the 
outer  coat,  the  testa,  invested  the  whole.     Both  coats  remain  open  at 
the  top  by  a  small  passage,  the  micropyle. 

536.  CHANGE  OF  POSITION.     In  most  cases  the  ovule,  in  the  course 
of  its  growth,  changes  position,  curving  over  in  various  degrees  upon  its 
lengthening  funiculus  or  upon  itself.     When  no  such  curvature  exists, 
and  it  stands  straight,  as  in  the  buckwheat  order,  it  is  orthotropous.  It  is 


110  THE   FRUIT. 

537.  ANATROPOUS  when  completely  inverted.      In  this  state  a  por- 
tion of  the  funiculus  adheres  to  the  testa,  forming  a  ridge  called  raphe, 
reaching  from  the  chalaza  to  the  hilum. 

538.  IT  is  CAMPYLOTROPOUS  when  curved  upon  itself.     In  this  state 
the  micropyle  is  brought  near  to  the  chalaza,  and  both  are  next  the 
placenta,  as  in  the  pinks  and  Cruciferac. 

539.  AMPHITROPOUS  when  half  inverted,  so  that  its  axis  becomes 
parallel  with  the  placenta,  as  in  mallow.     Here  the  raphe  exists,  but 
is  short.     In  campylotropous  there  is  no  raphe. 

The  ovule  contains  no  young  plant  (embryo)  yet ;  but  a  cavity,  the 
embryo  sac,  is  already  provided  to  receive  it  just  within  the  upper  end 
of  the  nucleus. 

540.  THE  RELATIONS  OF  THE  OVULE  TO  THE  POLLEN  GRAIN  •will  be  more  suit- 
ably discussed  hereafter  under  the  head  of  fertilization.     We  briefly  remark  here 
that  the  immediate  contact  of  the  two  is  brought  about  at  the  time  of  flowering  by 
special  arrangements ;  and  that,  as  the  undoubted  result  of  their  combined  action, 
the  embryo  soon  after  originates  in  the  embryo  sac. 


CHAPTEK      XIII. 

THE    FRUIT. 

541.  ITS  ORIGIN.     After  having  imbibed  the  pollen  which  the  an- 
thers have  discharged,  the  pistil  or  its  ovary  continues  its  growth  and 
enlargement,  and  is  finally  matured  in  the  form  of  the  peculiar  fruit 
of  the  plant.      The  fruit  is,  therefore,  properly  speaking,   the  ovary 
brought  to  perfection. 

542.  STATE  OF  THE  OTHER  PARTS  IN  FRUIT.     The  other  organs  of  the  flower, 
having  accomplished  their  work,  the  fertilization  of  the  ovary,  soon  wither  and  fall 
away.     Some  of  them,  however,  often  persist,  to  protect  or  become  blended  with 
the  ripening  fruit.    Thus  the  tube  of  the  superior  calyx  (§  446)  always  blends  with 
the  ovary  in  fruit,  as  in  currant,  cucumber,  apple,  etc.     In  Composites  the  persistent 
limb  enlarges  into  the  pappus  of  the  fruit.     In  buttercups  the  fruit  is  beaked  with 
the  short,  persistent  style.     In  Clematis,  Geum,  it  is  caudate  (tailed)  with  the  long, 
growing  style.     In  the  Potato  tribe,  Labiatse,  and  many  others,  the  inferior  calyx 
continues  to  vegetate  like  leaves  until  the  fruit  ripens. 

543.  CONSOLIDATED  FRUIT.     In  some  cases  the  fruit,  so-called,  consists  of  the  re- 
ceptacle and  ovaries  blended,  as  in  blackberry,  strawberry.     Again,  in  mulberry, 
fig,  pine-apple,  the  whole  inflorescence  is  consolidated  into  the  matured  fruit. 

544.  A  RULE  AND  EXCEPTION.     As  a  rule,  the  structure  of  the  fruit 
agrees  essentially  with  that  of  the  ovary.     In  many  cases,  however,  the 
fruit  undergoes  such  changes  in  the  course  of  its  growth  from  the  ovary 
as  to  disguise  its  real  structure.     An  early  examination,  therefore,  is 
always  more  reliable  in  its  results  than  a  late  one. 


PERICARP. 


Ill 


645.  FOR  EXAMPLE,  the  oak-acorn  is  a  fruit  with  but  one  cell  and  one  seed,  al- 
though its  ovary  had  three  cells  and  six  ovules !  This  singular  change  is  due  to  the 
non-development  of  five  of  its  ovules,  while  the  sixth  grew  the  more  rapidly,  oblit- 
erated the  dissepiments  by  pressing  them  to  the  wall,  and 
filled  the  whole  space  itself.  Similar  changes  characterize 
the  chestnut,  hazelnut,  and  that  whole  order.  Tho  ovary  of 


422 


418 


419 


418,  Section  of  the  ovary  of  an  acorn,  3-celled,  6-ovuled.  420,  Section  of  ovary  of  Birch, 
2-ce!led,  2-ovuled.  419,  Vertical  section  of  the  same  in  fruit.  422.  Pericarp  of  Mignionette  open 
soon  after  flowering. ,;  421,  Naked  seed  of  Taxus  Canadensis,  surrounded,  not  covered  by  tbo 
fleshy  pericarp. 

the  birch  is  2 -celled,  2-ovuled ;   but  by  the  suppression  of  one  cell  with  its  ovule, 
the  fruit  becomes  1-celled  and  1-seeded. 

546.  Ox  THE  OTHER  HAND  the  cells  are  sometimes  multiplied  in  the  fruit  by  the 
formation  of  false  partitions.  Thus  the  pod  of  thorn-apple  (Datura)  becomes  4-celled 
from  a  2-celled  ovary,  and  the  longer  pods  of  some  leguminous  plants  have  cross- 
partitions  formed  between  the  seeds. 

426  427 


428  .       425  424  423 

Capsule,  42T,  of  Scrophularia,  2-cclled  ;  423,  of  Datura  Stramonium  ;  425,  of  Iris;  426,  show- 
ins  its  mode  of  dehiscenco  (loculicidal)  ;  424,  of  Colchicum,  3-celled.  423,  Regma,  ripe  fruit  of 
Geranium,  the  carpels  (cocci)  separating  from  tho  axis  and  bending  upwards  on  the  elastic  styles. 


PERICARP. 


The  fruit  consists  of  the  pericarp  and  the  seed. 

547.  THE  PERICARP  (rrepi,  around)  is  the  envelope  of  the  seeds,  con- 
sisting of  the  carpels  and  whatever  other  parts  they  may  be  combined 
with.  It  varies  greatly  in  texture  and  substance  when  mature,  being 


112  PERICARP. 

then  either  dry,  as  the  pea-pod,  or  succulent,  as  the  currant.  Dry  peri- 
carps are  membranous,  or  coriaceous  (leathery),  or  woody.  Succulent 
pericarps  may  be  either  wholly  so,  as  the  grape,  or  partly  so,  as  the 
peach  and  other  stone  fruit. 

548.  PERICARP  CLOSED  OR  OPEN.      With  very  few  exceptions  the 
pericarp  encloses  the  seed   while  maturing.      In    mignonette   (322), 
however,  it  opens,  exposing  the  seed,  immediately  after  flowering.   The 
membranous  pericarp  of  cohosh  (Leontice)  falls  away  early  leaving  the 
seed  to  ripen  naked.    In  yew  (Taxus)  the  seed  is  never  enclosed  wholly 
by  its  fleshy  pericarp ;  but  in  most  of  the  other  Conifers,  the  close- 
pressed,  carpellary  scales  cover  the  seeds.     One-seeded  fruits,  like  those 
of  butter-cups,  etc.,  are  liable  to  be  mistaken  for  naked  seeds. 

549.  DEHISCENCE.  The  fleshy  pericarp  is    always  indehiscent.     Its 
seeds  are  liberated  only  by  its  decay,  or  bursting  in  germination.     So 
also  in  many  cases  the  dry  pericarp,  as  the  acorn.  But  more  commonly 
the  dry  fruit,  when  arrived  at  maturity,  opens  in  some  way,  discharging 
its  seeds.     Such  fruits  are  dehiscent. 

550.  MODES.     Dehiscence  is  either  valvular,  porous,  or  circumscis- 
sile ;  valvular,  wrhen  the  pericarp  opens  vertically  along  the  sutures, 
forming  regular  parts  called  valves.     These  valves  may  separate  quite 
to  the  base,  or  only  at  the  top,  forming  teeth,  as  in  chickweed.     We 
notice  four  modes  of  valvular  dehiscence,  viz.  : 

1,  Sutural,  when  it  takes  place  at  the  sutures  of  any  1 -celled  peri- 
carp, as  columbine,  pea,  violet. 


429    ^  430  431 

Dehiscence ;  429,  septicidal ;  430,  loculicidal ;  431,  septifragal. 

2,  Septicidal  (septum,  partition,  ccedo,  to   cut),  when  it  takes  place 
through  the  dissepiments  (which  are  double,  §  525).     The  carpels  thus 
separated  may  open  severally  by  sutures,  (Mallows),  or  remain  inde- 
hiscent, as  in  Vervain. 

3,  Loculicidal  (loculus,  a  cell,  ccedo,  to  cut),  when  each  carpel  opens 
at  its  dorsal  suture  directly  into  the  cell  (evening-primrose,  lily).     Here 
the  dissepiments  come  away  attached  to  the  middle  of  the  valves. 

4,  Septifragal    (septum,  and  frango,   if)  break),  when    the   valves 
separate  from  the  dissepiments  which  ren^un  still  united  in  the  axis 
(Convolvulus). 


PERICARP. 


113 


551.  POROUS  dehiscence  is  exemplified  in  the  poppy,  where  the  seeds 
escape  by  orifices  near  the  top  of  the  fruit.     It  is  not  common. 

552.  CIRCUMSCISSILE  (circumscindo,  to  cut  around),  when  the  top 
of  the  ovary  opens  or  falls  off  like  a  lid,  as  in  Jeffersonia,  henbane, 
plantain. 

553.  CARPOPHORE.    Some  fruits,  as  the  Gerania  and  Umbeliferse,  are 
furnished  with  a  carpophore,  that  is,  a  slender  column -from  the  recep- 
tacle, prolonged  through  the  axis  of  the  fruit,  supporting  tKc  carpels. 

554.  THE  MORPHOLOGY  of  the  pericarp  is  exceedingly  diversified,  but  it  will  suf- 
fice the  learner  at  first  to  acquaint  himself  with  the  leading  forms  only,  such  as  are 
indicated  in  the  following  synopsis  and  more  definitely  described  afterward. 

555.  The  following  is  a  synopsis  of  the  principal  forms  of  Pericarps. 

§  1.  FREE  FRUITS  (FORMED  BY  A  SINGLE  FLOWER). 

*  PERICARPS  INDEHISCENT, 

f  "With  usually  but  one  seed,  and 
^  Uniform,  or  1 -coated. 

1.  Separated  from  the  seed. 

2.  Inflated,  often  breaking  away. 

3.  Inseparable  from  the  seed. 

4.  Invested  with  a  cupule  (involucre). 

5.  Having  winged  appendages. 
Double  or  triple-coated,  fleshy  or  fibrous. 

6.  Three-coated.     Stone  cell  entire. 

7.  Two-coated.     Stone  cell  2 -parted. 

8.  Drupes  aggregated. 
•j-  "With  two  or  more  seeds, 

\  Immersed  in  a  fleshy  or  pulpy  mass. 

9.  Rind  membranous. 

10.  Rind  leathery,  separable. 

11.  Rind  hard,  crustaceous. 
±  Inclosed  in  distinct  cells. 


Achenium  (buttercups). 
Utricle  (pigweed). 
Caryopsis  (grasses). 
Glans  (oak). 
Samara  (ash). 

Drupe  (cherry). 
Tryma  (walnui). 
Etasrio  (raspberry). 


Berry  (gooseberry). 
Hesperidium  (orange} 
Pepo  (squash) 
Pome  (apple). 


*  PERICARPS  DEHISCENT. 

12.  Dehiscence  circumscissile.  seeds  oo 
f  Dehiscence  valvular  "or  porous ; 

^  Simple  or  1-carpeled, 

13.  Opening  by  the  ventral  suture. 

14.  Opening  by  both  sutures. 

15.  Legume  jointed. 
£  Compound  pericarps; 

16.  Placentae  parietal  with  two  cells.  Silique  (mustard). 

Silique  short..  Silicle  (shephe: 

17.  Placentas  parietal  only  when  1-celled.       Capsule  (flax). 

18.  Capsule  with  carpophore  and  elastic  styles.  Regma  (Geranium), 


Pyxis  (henbane). 


Follicle  (columbine). 
Legume  (pea). 
Loment  (Desmodium)- 


§   2.    CONFLUENT    FRUITS  (FORMED   OF  AN  INFLORESCENCE). 

*  "With  open  carpels  aggregated  into  a  cone.  Strobile  (pine). 

*  "With  closed  carpels  aggregated  into  a  mass,  as  in  the  fig.  mulberry,  Osage-orange, 

pine-apple,  etc. 


114 


PERICARP. 


556.  THE  ACHENIUM  is  a  small,  dry,  indehiscent  pericarp,  free  from 
the  one  seed  which  it  contains,  and  tipped,  with  the  remains  of  the 
style  (buttercups,  Lithospermum). 

557.  The  double  achenium  of  the  Umbeliferre,  supported  on  a  carpophore  is  called 
cremocarp.     The  2-carpeled  achenium  of  the  Composites,  usually  crowned  with  a 
pappus,  is  called  cypsela. 

558.  TFIB  ACIIENIA  AHE  OFTEN'  MISTAKEN  for  seeds.     In  the  Labiatos  and  Bor- 
rageworts  they  are  associated  in  fours  (372).    In  G-eum,  Anemone,  etc.,  they  are 
collected  in  heads.     The  rich  pulp  of  the  strawberry  consists  wholly  of  the  over- 
grown receptacle,  which  bears  the  dry  achenia  on  its  surfac3.     (440). 


432 


433 


440 


435 


436 


434  437  43S  439 

432,  Achenia  of  Anemone  thalictroides.  433,  Cromocarp  of  Archangelica  officinalis,  its  halves 
(merocarps)  separated  and  suspended  on  tho  carpophore.  434,  Cypsela  of  Thistle  with  its 
pluinous  pappus.  435,  Utricle  of  Chcnopodium  (pigweed).  436,  Caryopsis  of  Wheat.  437. 
Samara  of  Elm.  433,  Glans  of  Beech.  439.  Drupe  of  Prunus.  449,  Fruit  of  Fragaria  Indica,  a 
fleshy  torus  like  the  strawberry. 

559.  THE  UTRICLE  is  a  small,  thin,  pericarp  fitting  loosely  upon  its 
one  seed,  and  often  opening  transversely  to  discharge  it   (pigweed, 
prince's  feather). 

560.  CARYOPSIS,  the  grain  or  fruit  of  the  grasses,  is  a  thin,  dry,  1- 
seeded  pericarp,  inseparable  from  the  seed. 

561.  SAMARA;  dry,  1-seeded,   indehiscent,  furnished  with   a  mem- 
branous wing  or  wings  (ash,  elm,  maple). 

56?.  GLANS  OR  NUT  ;  hard,  dry,  indehiscent,  commonly  1-seeded  by 
suppression  (§  545),  and  invested  with  a  persistent  involucre  called  a 
cupule,  either  solitary  (acorn,  hazelnut)  or  several  together  (chestnut, 
beechnut). 

563.  DRUPE,  stone-fruit ;  a  3-coated,  1-celled,  indehiscent  pericarp, 
exemplified  in  the  cherry,  peach.  The  outer  coat  (epidermis)  is  called 
the  epicarp,  the  inner  is  the  nucleus  or  endocarp,  hard  and  stony  ;  the 
intervening  pulp  or  fleshy  coat  is  the  sarcocarp  (oap%,  flesh).  These 
coats  are  not  distinguishable  in  the  ovnry. 


PERICARP.  115 

564.  TRYMA,  a  kind  of  dryish  drupe,  2-coated,  the  epicarp  fibro- 
fleshy  (butternut)  or  woody  (hickory),  the  nucleus  bony  with  its  cell 
often  deeply  2-parted  (cocoa-nut). 

565.  ET^ERIO,  an  aggregate  fruit  consisting  of  numerous  little  drupes 
united  to  each  other  (raspberry)   or  to  the  fleshy  receptacle  (black- 
berry). 

»  566.  BERRY,  a  succulent,  thin-skinned  pericarp  holding  the  seeds 
loosely  imbedded  in  the  pulp  (currant,  grape). 

567.  HESPERIDIUM  a  succulent,  many-carpeled  fruit,  the  rind  thick, 
leathery,  separable  from  the  pulpy  mass  within  (orange,  lemon). 
\   568.  PEPO,  an  indehiscent,  compound,  fleshy  fruit,  with  a  hardened 
rind  and  parietal  placentae  (melon). 

i  569.  THE  POME  is  a  fleshy,  indehiscent  pericarp  formed  of  the  per- 
manent calyx,  containing  several  cartilaginous  (apple)  or  bony  (haw) 
cells. 

570.  THE  PYXIS  is  a  many-seeded,  dry  fruit,  opening  like  a  lid  by 
acircumscissiledehiscence  (plantain,  henbane,  Jeffersonia). 

571.  THE  FOLLICLE  is  a  single  carpel,  1 -celled,  many-seeded,  opening 
at  the  ventral  suture  (columbine,  larkspur,  silk-grass). 

572.  THE  LEGUME  or  pod  is  a  single  carpel,  1-celled,  usually  splitting 
into  two  valves,  but  bearing  its  l-oo  seeds  along  the  ventral  suture  only, 
in  one  row,  as  in  the  bean  and  all  the  Leguminosse.     It  is  sometimes 
curved  or  coiled  like  a  snail-shell  (Medicago). 

573.  THE  LOMENT  is  a  jointed  pod,  separating  across  into  1-seeded 
portions  (Desmodium). 

574.  SILIQUE.     This  is  also  a  pod,  linear,  2-carpeled,  2-valved,   2- 
celled  by  a  false  dissepiment  extended  between  the  two  parietal  pla- 
centae.    To  this  false  dissepiment  on  both  sides  of  both   edges  the 
seeds  are  attached  (mustard). 

575.  SILICLE.     This  is  a  short  silique,  nearly  as  wide  as  long  (shep- 
herd's purse).     The  silique  and  silicic  are  the  peculiar  fruit  of  all  the 
Cruciferse. 

+,  576.  CAPSULE  (casket).  This  term  includes  all  other  forms  of  dry, 
dehiscent  fruits,  compound,  opening  by  as  many  valves  as  there  are 
carpels  (Iris),  or  by  twice  as  many  (chickweed),  or  by  pores  (poppy). 

577.  THE  REGMA  is  a  kind  of  capsule  like  that  of  the  Geranium, 
whose  dehiscent  carpels  separate  elastically  but  still  remain  attached 
to  the  carpophore. 

578.  STROBILE  OR  CONE  ;  an  aggregate  fruit  consisting  of  a  conical 
or   oval  mass  of  imbricated   scales,  each  an  open  carpel  (  ?   flower), 
bearing  seeds  on  its  inner  side  at  base,  i.  e.,  axillary  seeds  (pine  and  the 
Gymnosperms  generally). 

*     579.  THE  CONE  (SYNCARPIUM,  cruv,  together)  of  the  Magnolia  tribe 


116 


PEKICARP. 


442 


449 


441 


44C 


447  445  44S  444  443 

Fruits.  441,  Etar.-io  of  Rubus  strigostis  (Blackberry).  442,  Pepo ;  section  of  cucumber.  449, 
Berry,  Grape.  443,  Pome,  Crataegus  (Haw).  444,  Pyxis  of  Jeffersonia.  445,  Legume  of  Pea. 
446,  Loment  of  Dcsmodium.  447,  Silique  of  Sinapis.  448,  Silicic  of  Capsella. 

is  a  mass  of  confluent,  closed  pericarps  on  a  lengthened  torus  (cucum- 
ber tree). 

5,80.  THE  FIG  (syconus)  is  an  aggregate  fruit,  consisting  of  numer- 
ous seed-like  pericarps  inclosed  within  a  hollow,  fleshy  receptacle  where 
the  flowers  were  attached. 

581.  OTHER  CONFLUENT  FRUITS  (SOROSIS)  consist  of  the  entire  in- 
florescence developed  into  a  mass  of  united  pericarps,  as  in  the  mul- 
berry, osage-orange,  pine-apple. 

451  450  452          449,  bis. 


440,  bis,  Strobile  of  Pinus.    450,  The  Fig  (syconus).    451,  Sgrosis  of  Mulberry.    452,  Hip  of  Rosa, 
acaenia  nearly  inclosed  in  the  leathery^alyx  tube. 


THE    SEED. 


117 


CHAPTER    XIV. 


THE   SEED. 

582.  THE  SEED  is  the  perfected  ovule,  having  an  embryo  formed  with 
in,  which  is  the  rudiment  of  a  new  plant  similar  in  all  respects  to  the 
original.     The  seed  consists  of  a  nucleus  or  kernel  invested  with 

583.  THE  INTEGUMENTS  OR  COVERINGS.     The  outer  covering  is  the 
testa,  the  inner  the   tegmen,  as  in  the  ovule.     The  latter  is  thin  and 
delicate,  often  indistinguishable  from  the  testa. 

4C3 


453 


455 


456 


457        453 


459 


Seed  of  Water-Lily  (Nymph  sea),  enlarged  section;  alb.,  albumen  ;  a,  the  embryo  contained 
In  the  embryo-sac ;  s,  secundine  or  tegmen ;  p,  prirnine  or  testa  ;  r,  rapbe  ,  at',  aril;  T»,  mi- 
cropylc  ;  f,  funiculus.  463,  Seed  of  Bean.  464,  Same,  one  cotyledon  with  the  leafy  embryo. 
461,  Seed  of  Apple.  462,  One  cotyledon  showing  the  raphe  and  embryo.  460,  Fruit  of  Mirabi- 
lis ;  embryo  coiled  into  a  ring.  454,  Onion  ;  embryo  coiled.  455,  Convolvulus  ;  leafy  embryo 
folded.  456,  Embryo  of  Cuscuta.  45T,  Typha.  453,  Kanunculus.  459,  Hop. 

584.  THE  TESTA  is  either  membranous  (papery),  coriaceous  (leath- 
ery), crustaceous  (horny),  bony,  woody,  or  fleshy.     Its  surface  is  gen- 
erally smooth,  etc.  (118,  a). 

585.  THE  COMA  MUST  NOT  BE  CONFOUNDED  WITH  the  pappus,  which  is  a  modi- 
fication of  the  calyx,  appended  to  the  pericarp,  and  not  to  the  seed,  as  in  the  ache- 
riia  of  the  thistle,  dandelion,  and  other  Compositse.     Its  intention  in  the  economy 
of  the  plant  cannot  be  mistaken,  serving  like  the  pappus  to  secure  the  dispersion  of 
the  seed,  while  incidently  as  it  were,  in  the  case  of  the  cotton-seed,  it  furnishes 
clothing  and  employment  to  a  large  portion  of  the  human  race. 

586.  THE  ARIL  is  an'occasional  appendage,  partially  or  wholly  in- 
vesting the  seed.     It  originates  after  fertilization,  at  or  near  the  hilum, 
where  the  seed  is  attached  to  its  stalk  (funiculus).     Fine  examples  are 
seen  in  the  gashed  covering  of  the  nutmeg,  called  mace,  and  in  the  scar- 
let coat  of  the  seed  of  staff-tree.     In  the  seed  of  Polygala,  etc.,  it  is  but 
a  small  scale,  entire  or  2 -cleft,  called  caruncle. 


118 


THE    SEED. 


587.  THE  POSITION  OP  THE  SEED   in  the  pericarp  is, 
like  that  of  the  ovule,  erect,  ascending,  pendulous,  etc. 
(§  534).     Likewise  in  respect  to  its  inversions,  it  is  ortJio- 
tropous,    andtropous,    ampJitlropous,   and   campylotropous 
(§  536),  terms  already  denned.     The  anatropous  is  by 
far  the  most  common  condition. 

588.  THE  HILUM  is  the  scar  or  mark  left  in 
the  testa  of  the  seed  by  its  separation  from  the 

funiculus.  It  is  com- 
monly called  the  eye,  as 
in  the  bean.  In  ortho- 
tropous  and  campylo- 
tropous seeds,  the  hilum 
corresponds  with  the 
chalaza  (§535).  In  other 
conditions  it  does  not, 
465  464  463  461  460  462  and  the  raphe  (§537)  ex- 

460    ArilofEuonymus.   461,  Aril  of  Nutmeg  (mace).   462,    tends     between     the   two 
Seed  of  Polygala,  embryo,  caruncle,  c,  (too  small.)    463,  Seed 
of  Catalpa.    464,  Seed  of  Willow.    465,  Seed  of  Cotton.  points,  as  in  the  OVuleS. 

589.  THE  SEED  KERNEL  MAY  CONSIST  OF  two  parts,  the  embryo  and 
albumen,  or  of  the  embryo  only.     In  the  former  case  the  seeds  are 
albuminous,  in  the  latter,   exalbuminous,  a  distinction  of  great  import- 
ance in  systematic  botany. 

590.  THE  ALBUMEN  is  a  starchy  or  farinaceous   substance   accom- 
panying the  embryo  and  serving  as  its  first  nourishment  in  germina- 
tion.    Its  qualities  are  wholesome  and  nutritious,  even  in  poisonous 
plants.     Its  quantity  when  compared  with  the  embryo  varies   in  every 
possible  degree;  being  excessive  (Rammculaceae),  or  about  equal  (Vio- 
laceffi),  or  scanty  (Convolvulacea3),  or  none  at  all   (Leguminosae).     In 
texture  it  is  mealy  in  wheat,  mucilaginous  in  mallows,  oily  in  Ricinus, 
horny  in  coffee,  ruminated  in  nutmeg  and  pawpaw,  ivt>ry-like  in  the 
ivory-palm  (Phytolephas),  fibrous  in  cocoa-nut,  where  it  is  also  hollow, 
enclosing  the  milk. 

591.  THE  EMBRYO  is  an  organized  body,  the  rudiment  of  the  future 
plant,  consisting  of .  root  (radicle],  stem-bud  (plumule),    and   leaves 
(cotyledons}.     But  these  parts  are  sometimes  quite  undistinguishable 
until  germination,  as  in  the  Orchis  tribe. 

592.  THE  RADICLE  is  the  descending  part-%f  the  embryo,  almost  al- 
ways directed  towards  the  micropylc,  the  true  axis  of  the  seed. 

593.  THE  PLUMULE  is  the  rudimentary  ascending  axis,  the  terminal 
bud,  located  at  the  base  of,  or  between 

594.  THE  COTYLEDONS.     These,  the  seed-lobes,  are  the  bulky,  fari- 
naceous part  of  the  embryo,  destined  to  form  the  first  or  seminal  leaves 


THE    SEED. 


119 


of  the  young  plant.  The  nutritive  matter  deposited  in  the  seed  for  the 
early  sustenance  of  the  germinating  embryo  is  found  more  abundant 
in  the  cotyledons  in  proportion  as  there  is  less  of  it  in  the  albumen, — 
often  wholly  in  the  albumen  (wheat),  again  all  absorbed  in  the  bulky 
cotyledons  (squash). 

595.  THE   NUMBER  OF  THE  COTYLEDONS  is  variable,  and   upon  this 
circumstance  is  founded  the  most  important  subdivision  of  the  Phseno- 
gamia,  or  Flowering-plants. 

596.  THE   MONOCOTYLEDONS  are  plants  bearing  seeds  with  one  coty- 
ledon, or  if  two  are  present,  one  is  minute  or  abortive.     Such  plants 
are  also  called   Endogens,  because  their  stems  grow  by  internal  accre- 
tions (§  716).      Such  are  the  grasses,  the  palms,  Liliacese,  whose  leaves 
are  mostly  constructed  with  parallel  veins. 

597.  THE  DICOTYLEDONS   are  plants  bearing  seeds  with  two  cotyle- 
dons.    These  are  also  called  Exogens,  because  their  stems  grow  by  ex- 
ternal accretions,  including  the  Bean  tribe,  Melon  tribe,  all  our  forest 
trees,  etc.     These  are  also  distinguished  at  a  glance  by  the  structure  of 
their  leaves,  which  are  net-veined  (§  258). 

598.  MORE  THAN  TWO  COTYLEDONS.     The  Pine  and  Fir  have  seeds 
with  several  cotyledons,  while  the  dodder  is  almost  the  only  known 
example  of  an  embryo  with  no  cotyledon. 

466  467  463  469 


466,  Dicotyledonous  (Bean).  467,  Monocotyledonous  (Wheat).  4C3,  Polycotyledonous  (Pme). 
469,  Acotyledonous  (zoospore  of  one  of  the  Confervae).  (r,  r,  r,  radicle ;  p,  p,  p,  plumule  ;  e,  c,  c, 
cotyledon  ;  a,  albumen). 

599.  THE  POSITION  OF  THE  EMBRYO,  whether  with  or  without  albu- 
men, is  singularly  varied  and  interesting  to  study.  It  may  be  straight, 
as  in  cat-tail,  violet,  or  curved  in  various  degrees  (moon-seed,  pink),  or 
coiled  (hop),  or  rolled  (spice-bush),  or  bent  angularly  (buckwheat),  or 
folded  (Cruciferse).  In  the  last  case  two  modes  are  to  be  specially 
noticed.  1,  Incumbent,  when  the  cotyledons  fold  over  so  as  to  bring 
the  back  of  one  against  the  radicle  (shepherd's  purse)  ;  2,  accumbent, 
when  the  edges  touch  the  radicle  (Arabis). 


120  OFFICE    OF   THE    SEED. 

600.  THE  LEAFY  NATURE  of  the  cotyledons  is  often  distinctly  manifest  in  their 
form  and  structure,  as  in  Convolvulus  (455). 

A  few  plants,  as  the  onion,  orange,  Coniferse,  occasionally  have  two  or  even  sev- 
eral embryos  in  a  seed,  while  all  the  Cryptogamia  or  flowerless  plants  have  no 
embryo  at  all,  nor  even  seeds,  but  are  reproduced  from  spores,  bodies  analogous  to' 
the  pollen  grains  of  flowering  plants  (469). 

OFFICE    OF    THE    SEED. 

601.  ITS    NATURE    AXD    USE.      After  the  embryo  lias  reached  its 
wonted  growth  in  the  ripened  seed,  it  becomes  suddenly  inactive  and 
torpid,  yet  still  alive.     In  this  condition  it  is,  in  fact,  a  living  plant, 
safely  packed  and  sealed  up  for  transportation.     This  is  the  distinctive 
and  wonderful  nature  of  the  seed. 

602.  LONGEVITY  OF  THE  SEED.    This  suspended  vitality  of  the  seed  may  endure 
for  years,  or  even,  in  some  species,  for  ages.     The  seeds  of  maize  and  rye  have 
been  known  to  grow  when  30  to  40  years  old;  kidney -beans  when  100;   the  rasp- 
berry after  1700  years  (Lindley),  and  kernels  of  wheat  found  in  a  mummy-case, 
and  therefore  3000  years  old,  were  a  few  years  ago  successfully  cultivated  in  Ger- 
many and  England  (Schleiden).     Seeds  of  Mountain  Potentilla  (P.  tridentata)  were 
known  to  us  to  germinate  at  Meriden,  N.  II.,  after  a  slumber  of  60  years.     On  the 
other  hand  the  seeds  of  some  species  are  short-lived,  retaining  vitality  hardly  a 
year  (Coffee,  Magnolia). 

603.  IN    ORDER    THAT    SEEDS    MAY  LONG    RETAIN   THEIR  VITALITY  they 

must  be  kept  dry.  But  an  even  temperature  is  by  no  means  neces- 
sary, as  they  are  generally  able  to  resist  all^the  changes  of  our  climate 
from  many  degrees  below  zero  to  110°  above,  provided  no  moisture 
is  present. 

604.  THE  DISPERSION  OF  SEEDS  over  wide,  and  often  to  distant  regions  is  ef- 
fected by  special  agencies,  in  which  the  highest  intelligence  and  wisdom  are  clearly 
seen.       Some  seeds  made  buoyant  by  means  of  the  coma,  or  pappus,  already  men- 
tioned, are  wafted  afar  by  the  winds,  beyond  rivers,  lakes  and  seas ;  as  the  thistle, 
dandelion,  silkgrass. 

605.  SEEDS  ARE  ALSO  FURNISHED  WITH  WINGS  for  the  same  purpose.     Others 
are  provided  with  hooks  or  barbs,  by  which  they  lay  hold  of  men  and  animals,  and 
are  thus,  by  unwilling  agents,  scattered  far  and  wide  (burr-seed,  tick-seed). 

606.  OTHER  SEEDS,  destitute  of  all  such  appendages,  are  thrown  to  a  distance  by 
the  sudden  coiling  of  the  elastic  carpels  (touch-me-not).     The  squirting  cucumber 
becomes  distended  with  water  by  absorption,  and  at  length,  when  ripe,  bursts  an 
aperture  at  base  and  projects  the  mingled  seeds  and  water  with  amazing  force. 

607.  TRANSPORTATION.     Rivers,  streams,  and  ocean  currents  are  all  means  of 
transporting  seeds  from  country  to  country.     Thus  the  cocoa  and  the  cashew-nut 
and  the  seeds  of  mahogany  have  been  known  to  perform  long  voyages  without  in- 
jury to  their  vitality.     Squirrels  laying  up  their  winter  stores  in  the  earth,  birds 
migrating  from  clime  to  clime,  and  from  island  to  island,  in  like  manner  conspire  to 
effect  the  same  important  end. 


GERMINATION. 


GERMINATION. 

608.  DEFINITION.  The  recommencement  of  growth  in  the  seed  is 
called  germination.  It  is  the  awakening  of  the  embryo  from  its  tor- 
por, and  the  beginning  of  development  in  its  parts  already  formed,  so 
as  to  become  a  plant  like  its  parent. 


474 


471 


Germination  of  the  Beach-nut.  470,  Cross-section,  showing  the  folded  cotyledons.  471,  The 
radicle  only,  472,  The  ascending  axis,  above  c,  appears.  473,  The  cotyledons  expand  into  the 
primordial  leaves.  474,  The  first  true  leaves. 

G09.  EXPERIMENT.  All  the  stages  of  this  interesting  process  may  be  conveni- 
ently observed,  at  any  season,  by  an  experiment.  Let  a  few  seeds,  as  of  flax, 
cotton,  wheat,  pea,  be  enveloped  in  a  lock  of  cotton  resting  upon  water  in  a  bulb- 
glass,  and  kept  constantly  at  a  proper  temperature.  Or,  in  spring,  the  garden  soil 
will  give  us  examples  of  all  kinds  everywhere. 

610.  THAT  THE  SEED  MAY  BEGIN  TO  GROW,  or  germinate,  it  is  first 
planted,  or,  at  least,  placed  in  contact  with  warm,  moist  soil.     Con- 
cerning the  proper  depth  of  the  planted   seed  agriculturalists  are  not 
agreed ;  but  nature  seems  to  indicate  that  no  covering  is  needed  beyond 
what  will  secure  the  requisite  moisture  and  shade. 

611.  THE    PROCESS    COMMENCED.      Thus  situated  the   integuments 
gradually  absorb  water,  soften  and  expand.      The   insoluble,  starchy 
matter  deposited  in  the  cotyledons,  or  in  the  albumen,  or  in  both,  un- 
dergoes a  certain  chemical  change,  becoming  sweet  and  soluble,  capable 
of  affording  nourishment  to  the  embryo  now  beginning  to  dilate  and 
develop  its  parts.     First  (in  the  winged  seed  of  the  maple,   scattered 
everywhere)  the  radicle  is  seen  protruding  from  the  micropyle,  or  the 


122 


GERMINATION. 


bursting  integument.    A  section  of  this  seed  would  now  show  the  folded 
embryo  impatient  of  confinement. 


475 


481 


479  478  477  476 

Germination  of  the  Maple.    475,  Samara ;  section  showing  the  folded  cotyledons  at  c. 
476 — iSO,  Progressive  stages. 

612.  THE  PROCESS  CONCLUDED.     Soon  the  radicle  has  extended,  and, 
pale  in  color,  has  hidden  itself  in  the  bosom  of  the  dark,  damp  earth. 

Now  the  cotyledons,  unfolding  and  grad- 
ually freed  from  the  seed  coats,  display 
themselves  at  length  as  a  pair  of  green 
leaves.  Lastly  the  plumule  appears  in 
open  air,  a  green  bud,  already  showing 
a  lengthening  base,  its  first  internode, 
and  soon  a  pair  of  regular  leaves,  lobed 
as  all  maple  leaves.  The  embryo  is 
now  an  embryo  no  longer,  but  a  grow- 
ing plant  descending  by  its  lower  axis, 
ascending  and  expanding  by  its  upper. 
613.  WHAT  BECOMES  OF  THE  COTYLEDONS. 
The  germination  of  the  tulip-tree,  oak,  pea, 
squash,  and  other  Dicotyledons  may  be  watched 
with  equal  advantage,  and  the  chief  difference 
observed  among  them  will  be  in  the  disposal 
of  the  cotyledons.  In  general,  these  arise  with 
the  ascending  axis,  as  in  the  maple  and  bean, 
and  act  as  the  first  pair  of  leaves ;  but  some- 
times, when  they  are  very  thick,  as  in  the  pea, 

.    buck-eye,    oak  (6 — 9),   they  remain    as    first 
Germination  of  Wheat;    o   the  grain 
containing  the  cotyledon ;  r,  plumule;  r,  f 
radicle;  «,  rootlets  (adventitious).  ing  nor  descending. 


GERMINATION. 


123 


614.  THE  GERMINATION  OP  MONOCOTYLEDONS,  as  seen  in  Indian  corn, 
wheat,  tulip,  is  in  this  wise.     The  cotyledon  is  not  disengaged  from  the 
seed,  but  remains  stationary  with 

it.      The    radicle    (r)     protrudes  483  484 

slightly  and  one  or  more  rootlets 
(s)  break  out  from  it  and  descend. 
The  plumule  (c)  shoots,  at  first 
parallel  with  the  cotyledon  along 
the  face  of  the  seed,  but  soon  as- 
cends, pushing  out  leaf  from  with- 
in leaf. 

615.  THE  CONDITIONS  REQUISITE 
for  germination  are  moisture,  air, 
and  warmth. 

616.  MOISTURE  is  necessary  for 
softening    the    integuments,    dis- 
solving the  nutritive  matter,  and 
facilitating  its  circulation.   This  is 
supplied  in  the  rain  and  dew. 

617.  AIR,  or  rather  its  oxygen, 
is  required  for  the  conversion  of 
the  starch  into  sugar — a  process 
always  depending  upon  oxydation. 

The  oxygen  absorbed  unites  with  a  portion  of  the  carbon  of  the  starch, 
producing  heat,  evolving  carbonic  acid,  and  thus  converting  the  re- 
mainder into  grape  sugar,  soluble  and  nutritive. 

618.  WARMTH  is  a  requisite  condition  of  all  vital  action,  as  well  in 
the  sprouting  of  a  seed  as  in  the  hatching  of  an  egg.     The  proper  de- 
gree of  temperature  for  our  own  climate  may  be  stated  at  60°  to  80°. 
Extremes  of  heat  and  of  cold  are  not,  however,  fatal  to  all  germination. 
In  one  of  the  Geysers  of  Iceland,  which  was  hot  enough  to  boil  an  egg 
in  four  minutes,  a  species  of  Chara  was  found  in  a  growing  and  fruitful 
state.     A  hot  spring  in  the  island  of  Luzon,  which  raises  the  thermo- 
meter to  187°,  has  plants  growing  in  it  and  on  its  borders.     Many 
species   of  plants  also  seem  well  adapted  to  growth  in  the  Arctic 
regions. 

619.  DARKNESS  is  favorable  to  germination,  as  proved  by  experiment,  but  not 
an  indispensable  condition.     Hence,  while  the  seed  should  be  covered  for  the  sake 
of  the  moisture  and  shade,  the  covering  should  be  very  thin  and  light,  for  the  sako 
of  a  free  access  to  air. 


483,  484,  Germination  of  Indian  Corn. 


124 


THE    CTYPTOGAMIA    OR   FLOWKELESS    PLANTS. 


485 


620.  THE  CAUSE  OF  THE  DOWNWARD  TENDENCY  OP 
THE  ROOT  is  a,  theme  of  much  discussion.  Some  have 
referred  it  to  the  principle  of  gravitation :  others  to  its 
supposed  aversion  to  light.  But  it  is  a  simple  and  satis- 
factory explanation  that  its  growth  or  cell-development 
takes  place  most  readily  on  the  moist  side  of  its  growing 
point,  and  consequently  in  a  downward  direction,  so  long 
as  the  soil  in  contact  with  its  lower  surface  is  more  moist 
than  that  above.  Hence  also  the  well-known  tendency 
of  roots  toward  springs  and  water-courses. 


CHAPTER    XV. 


THE  CRYPTOGAMIA  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS. 

621.  DISTINCTION  OF  PARTS.  In  the  lowest 
of  the  Cryptogamic  tribes  the  organs  of  vege- 
tation and  of  reproduction  are  the  same.  Each 
cell  in  the  structure  grows,  nourishes,  multiplies. 
Higher  in  the  scale  we  find  a  gradual  specializa- 

4S5  A  Tree  Fern  (of  the  Island    .  -  ,    .       ,,       ,  . &. 

of  Java),  40  feet  in  height,    tion  of  organs,  and  in  the  higher  tribes,   as  m 

A  Fern,  Polypodium 
vulgare.  4S6,  Its  frond. 
4S7,  Lobe  of  the  frond  en- 
larged, showing  the  sori, 
4SS,  One  of  the  sori  (mag- 
nified) consisting  of  ninny 
sporangi.  489,  One  spor- 
ange  (further  magnified) 
bursting  and  discharging 
the  spores.  490,  A  spore. 
491,  Spores  beginning  to 
germinate  ;  and  492,  493, 
producing  the  prothallus 
•with  rootlets.  At  a  ap- 
pear the  untheridia  and 
at  &  thenrchegones  on  the 
surface  of  the  prothallns. 
494,  Antheridium.  495, 
One  of  its  cells.  496,  The 
same  burst ;  and  497,  tho 
spennatozoid  escaped. 
These  float  about,  and 
some  of  them  at  length 
enter,  498,  the  archegone, 
fertilizing,  and  at  length 
producing,  499,  the  young 
Fern.  500,  Sorus  of  As- 
pidiummarginale,  covered 
with  the  indusitan.  501, 
Same,  side  view. 


492 


493 


THE    CRrPTOGAMIA    OR    FLOWERLES3    PLANTS. 


125 


505 


the  Phaenogamia,  one  portion  is  devoted  to  the  preservation  of  the  in- 
dividual, the  other  to  the  preservation  of  the  species ;  in  other  words, 
the  organs,  of  vegetation  and  of  reproduction  become  separate  and  dis- 
tinct. 

622.  DISTINGUISHED  FROM  PHAENOGAMIA.     But  the  reproductive  or- 
gans, although  distinct  from  the  nutritive,  are  never  seen  combined  into 
flowers,  nor  producing  seeds  marked  by  the  presence  of  an  embryo. 
Hence  in  the  scale  of  rank  the  cryptogams  are  inferior  to  the  flowering 
plants  and  easily  distinguished  from  them. 

623.  VEGETATIVE  ORGANS. 
Again   in   the    lower   tribes, 
viz.,  the  seaweeds,  Fungi  and 
Lichens,  there  is  no  distinc- 
tion of  root,  stem  and  leaves  ; 
but  the   entire    plant   grows 
into  an  expansion  of  substance 
more  or  less  uniform  and  in- 
definite, called  a  thallus.  But 
the  higher  Hepaticse,  mosses, 
club-mosses,Equisetacea3,  ferns 
and  marsileads,  possess  stems, 
roots    and    leaves    like    the 


502 


506 


Phaenogamia. 


502,  Equisetum  arvense.  503,  E.  sylvaticum.  504. 
Section  of  the  spike.  505,  A  sporange.  506,  A  sporo 
with  its  elators  coiled. 


507 


507,  Lycopodium  dendroideum.  503,  A 
single  spike.  509,  a  scale  with  its  sporango 
bursting.  510,  Spores. 


624.  CLASSES.      The  tribe   last 
mentioned  are  embraced  in  the  class 
Acrogens,  so  named  by  Lindley  from 
their  manner  of  growth  (dtcpov,  point 
or-summit),  lengthening  into  an  axis. 
The   remaining    three    tribes    first 
named  above  constitute  the  lowest 
class  of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  called 
Thallogens,  and  named  from  their 
manner  of  growth. 

625.  THE  STEMS  OP  THE   MARSI- 
LEADS and  ferns  are  mostly  rhizomes, 
but  in  tropical  countries  some  species 
of  the  latter   arise   on   firm   aerial 
trunks  like  palms.    The  club  mosses 
have  slender,  woody  stems  much  in- 
clined to  bifurcate.     Those  of  the 
Equisetaceae,*Characeae  are  jointed, 


126 


THE    CRYPTOOAMIA    OB   FLOWERLESS    PLANTS. 


511,  Chara  fceticla.  512, 
Portion  of  a  branch  ;  the 
two  reproductive  organs- 
a,  Globule;  6,  nucule. 


bearing  slender,  whorled,  leafless  branches.  The 
mosses  and  Hepaticse  have  filiform  stems  and 
branches,  erect  and  creeping.  Fern  leaves  and 
mushrooms  arise  on  stipes. 

626.  LEAVES.  The  ferns  are  characterized  by 
their  great  development  of  leaves  called  fronds. 
They  are  rarely  simple,  often  pinnatifid,  or  pin- 
nate, simply,  doubly  or  triply.  Their  venation  is 
fork-veined  and  their  vernation  circinate.  The 
leaves  of  the  mosses  and  Hepaticaj  are  veinless 
and  delicate,  mostly  ovate  and  entire,  numerously 
covering  the  axis.  Those  of  the  latter  are  often 
garnished  with  stipule-like  processes  called  am- 
phigastrla. 

627.  THALLUS.     The  vegetative   system  of  the  Thallogens   consists 
cither  of  delicate  filaments  or  of  flattened  membranes,  varying  in  color 
through  every  shade  and  hue.     In  Marchantia,  lichens,  and  seaweeds  it 
is  green,  olive  or  red,  and  called  520 

thallus.  It  may  resemble  a  leaf 
or  a  stem,  but  its  functions  are 
still  the  same.  In  size  it  varies 
from  the  microscopic  Confervas 
to  the  gigantic  seawrack,  a  fur- 
long in  length.  Its  structure  is 
purely  cellular  and  uniform,  or, 
as  in  Marchantia,  in  layers. 

628.  MYCELIUM  or  spawn  is 
the   vegetative   system  of   the 
Fungi,  distinguished  from  thalli 
by  its  want  of  coloring  matter 
in    its    cells.     It    consists    of 
meshes   of  white    or   colorless 
filaments,  branching  and  anas- 
tamosing    to    form    entangled 
masses  pervading  the  substance 
in  which  the  Fungus  grows.    It 

is  far  less  conspicuous  than  the  fructification  (toad-stool,  etc.)  which 
ultimately  arises  from  it. 

629.  THE  REPRODUCTIVE  ORGANS  of  the  Cryptogamia  are  the  anthe- 
ridia  and  archegonia ;  and  by  their  reaction  spores  in  various  spore- 
vessels  are  produced.     They  have  been  detected  in  nearly  all  the  cryp- 
togamic  tribes,  and  are  supposed  to  represent  the  stamens  and  pistils 


513       522       517        516  513 

Mosses.  513,  Polytrichimn.  514,  Sporango  with 
calyptra,  without  ealyptra.  515,  Sporange  (en- 
larged) with  the  operculum  at  top.  516,  Mnimn, 
517,  Sporange.  518,  Bartramia.  519,  Sporango 
with  calyptra.  520,  Same  mature,  open.  521,  Pe- 
ristome.  with  its  teeth.  522,  Antheridium  and 
paraphyses  (a  flower)  .of  Polytrichium. 


THE    CRYPTOOAMIA    OR    FLOWERLESS    PLANTS. 


127 


r.23 


Hepaticse.  523,  Marchantia,  sterile  plant.  524—5,  Fertile  plant.  526,  Vertical  section  of 
the  fertil-receptacle  ;  527,  of  a  perianth,  showing  the  sporango  bursting.  523,  One  of  the  elatorz 
with  four  spores.  529,  Portion  of  it  highly  magnified. 

543  544 

of  the  flowering  plants.  In  the  mosses,  liver- 
worts, etc.,  they  appear  only  on  the  fall-grown 
plant ;  in  the  ferns,  Equisetaceae,  etc.,  they  ap- 
pear only  on  the  prothallus,  the  earliest  growth 
of  the  spore,  and  here  the  archegone  gives  birth 
to  an  embryo,  whence  at  length  the  true  fern 
arises,  while  the  prothallus  dies  away. 

630.  SPORES.      These 
are  the  true  reproductive 
germinating  bodies  of  the 
Cryptogams.     They   con- 
sist each  of  a  single  cell, 
often  exceedingly  minute, 
and  produced  in  immense 
numbers.     The    cell -wall 
of  the  spore  may  be  sim- 
ple (Botrytis)  or  double, 
as  if  a  cell  within  a  cell 

Ie         \        T>    L  640  533  537 

(terns),     .but   the    spores    ^ 

Fungi.    537,  Agancus  (Mushroom)  in  various  stages:    *, 

are         often         apparently  tearing  open  the  volva;  &,  annnlns.  the  remains  of  the  veil 
double    Or    2-celled    Oich-(e);  c'Pllcus?  «,  mycelium.    538,  Portion  of  the  gills.  539, 
v  ^  Basidia  and  spores  from  the  san-je  (magn.  490  diam.).    540, 

eilSj,  Or  4-celled,  or  6,  8,  Cyathus;  541,  Section.  542,  One  of  the  crmceptacles.  545, 
Or  many-celled.  These  JPenicilium  (mildew).  544,  Mucor;  a,  mycelium. 

compound  spores  are  in  fact  spore-vessels  inclosing  several  spores  yet 
immature,  and  called  sporidia  or  theca-spores.  The  spores  or  sporidia 
are  often  inclosed  in  still  larger  cells  called  the  sac. 

631.  ENDOSPORES  AND  EXOSPORES.     Spores  are  developed  either  in 
the  interior  of  the  parent  cell  or  on  the  outside  of  it,  and  hence  the  di- 


128 


THE    CRYPTOGAMIA    OR    FLOWERLESS    PLANTS. 


546 


549 


545  517 

,  Seaweeds  (Alg;e).  545,  Vaucheria  forming  and  discharging  its 
spores  (a)  at  the  extremities.  546,  Fucus;  a,  air-vessel;  &,  fruit, 
a  mass  of  conceptacles.  547,  Transverse  section  of  a  conceptacle. 
543,  A  spore  with  paraphyses.  549,  Ilydrogastrnm,  consisting  of  a 
single  cell.  550,  Spirogyrae  (Frogspittle)  one  of  the  Confervas ;  a, 
two  threads  (thalli)  conjugated,  i.  e.,  united  by  tubes. 

such  sporiferous  tissues  existing  in 
spots  of  definite  form,  constitute  the 
apothecia  when,  flat,  receptacles  when 
concave,  and  conceptacles  when  hol- 
low. 

632.  THE  THEC^  OR  SPORANGIA  of 
ferns  and  mosses  consist  of  tissues 
rather  than  of  single  cells,  and  contain 


division  of  the  Cryp- 
togams into  the  En- 
dospores  and  the 
Exospores.  In  tho 
latter  case  the  pa- 
rent-cells are  called 
basidia,  and  many 
such  united,  as  in 
the  lichens  and 
mushrooms,  form  a 
tissue  called  hyme- 
nium.  In  lichens 


551,  Frustules  of  a  Diatomaceous  Alga 
(Diatoma  marinum)  separating  from  each 
other. 


530 


535  536        533 


534  532 


Lichens,  530,  Cladonia;  the  minute  thallus  at  the  base  of  thepodetia,  cup-like  above,  bearing 
scarlet  conceptacles.  531,  Usnea.  532,  Sticta.  533,  Parmclia.  534,  Keceptacle,  vertical  sec- 
tion. 535,  A  portion  (highly  magnified)  with  thecae  and  paraphases.  536,  A  spore  (double). 

numerous  spores.  In  ferns  they  grow  on  the  back  of  the  fronds  in 
little  clusters  called  son'.  When  mature,  the  sporange  is  torn  open  by 
the  contraction  of  an  elastic  ring  which  surrounds  it.  In  the  mosses 
the  sporange  is  stalked,  solitary,  terminal,  and  opens  by  a  definite  num- 
ber of  teeth  called  the  peristome. 

633.  ZOOSPORES  AND  spERMATOzoiDS  are  minute  bodies  endowed  with 
spontaneous  locomotion  in  water  by  means  of  vibratile  cilise.  Zoospores 
of  ovate  form  proceed  from  the  vegetative  cells  of  the  Algae,  swim 
about  for  a  time,  then  settle  down  and  grow  into  new  plants.  Sperma- 
tozoids  are  mostly  filiform  bodies  with  several  ciliae,  discharged  from  the 


THE   CRYPTOGAMIA   OB   FLOWERLESS   PLANTS. 


129 


antheridia  (as pollen?)  and  actively  floating  until  they  reach  the arche- 
gones,  or  perish. 

634.  ALTERNATE  GENERATION  is  a  phenomenon  distinctly  traced  in  many  of  the 
cryptogams.      Thus  the  mosses,  in  germinating,  first  produce  long,  greenish  fila- 
ments quite  analogous  to  the  Confervas  (frog's-spawn).    From  these,  at  length,  buda 
arise  and  grow  into  a  true  moss.     Ferns,  also,  and  Equisetaceae,  first  from  the  spore 
exist  in  the  form  of  a  liverwort — a  small  green  lhallus,  creeping  and  rooting  along 
the  ground.     Secondly,  upon  this  prothallus  reproductive  organs  are  developed  and 
an  embryo,  whence  a  true  fern  arises.     Thus  the  plant  is  transiently,  as  it  were,  a 
liverwort,  permanently,  a  fern.     (§21 — 23.) 

635.  OTHEE  MODES  OP  PROPAGATION  occur  in  these  plants,  as,  for  example,  by 
innovations,  sporules,  gonidia.    These  bodies  are  analogous  to  bulbs  and  bulblets 
in  the  flowering  plants,  originating  from  the  nutritive  organs,  and  capable  of  sepa- 
rating from  the  parent  and  growing  up  independent  plants. 


552  553  554  555  556  55T 

552,  Zoospore  of  one  of  the  Confervas  (Chaetophora).  553,  Phytozoon  of  Chara.  554;  Anthe- 
ridium  of  Fucus  containing  two  phytozoa.  555,  Zoospore  of  Confervas  with  a  tuft  of  cilice.  556, 
Aaother  species  with  but  two  ciliae.  557  Zoospore  of  Vaucheria  with  cili»  all  around. 

9 


PART    SECOND. 

PHYSIOLOGICAL     BOTANY. 


CHAPTER    I. 

OF    THE    VEGETABLE    CELL. 

636.  KEVELATIONS  OF  THE  MICROSCOPE.  We  have  now  completed  a  brief  sur- 
vey of  the  phenomena  of  visible  vegetation.  We  commenced  with  the  root  and 
now  the  consideration  of  the  seed  with  its  embryo  completes  the  circle  and  brings 
us  around  to  the  root  again.  We  have  studied  hitherto  superficially,  as  best  we 
were  able  by  the  unassisted  eye.  But  the  microscope  opens  to  us  a  new  world  in 
botany,  more  wonderful  and  fair,  if  possible,  than  that  which  we  have  already  sur- 
veyed. No  just  appreciation  of  microscopic  botany  can  be  obtained  from  drawings 
or  descriptions.  Here  the  microscope  itself  is  the  only  adequate  teacher. 

63T.  NEXT  INQUIRIES.  We  have  seen  and  studied  the  general  organs  of  vegeta- 
tion and  their  metamorphoses ;  but  of  what  are  these  organs  made  ?  What  their 
structure  within  ?  What  their  office  and  use  in  the  life  and  growth  of  the  plant  ? 
These  inquiries  must  next  be  answered. 

638.  STRUCTURE  OP  PLANTS  CELLULAR.    All  forms  of  vegetable  structure,  how- 
ever numerous  and  diverse,  are  alike  composed  of  little  bladders,  called  vescides  or 
cells.    We  can  often  discern  the  cells  in  some  structures  with  the  naked  eye,  as  in 
the  pith  of  elder,  pulp  of  snowberry,  and  especially  plain  in  the  pulp  of  orange. 
Other  structures,  which  appear  as  a  solid  mass  to  the  eye,  are  seen  at  once,  under 
the  lens,  to  consist  of  cells  also — even  the  most  solid  wood  or  the  stony  substance 
of  the  peach.     A  thin  cutting  (shaving)  from  the  rhizome  of  the  blood-root,  magni- 
fied 100  diameters,  appears  in  outline  (to  say  nothing  of  its  brilliant  coloring)  as  here 
sketched  (557),    Therefore 

639.  THE  CELL  is  the  elementary  organism  -which,  by  its  repetitions 
makes  up  the  mass  of  all  vegetation.     It  is  defined  as  a  closed  sac  com- 
posed of  membrane  containing  a  fluid. 

640.  THE  PRIMARY  FORM  OF  THE  CELL  is  spheroidal.     In  some  cases 
it  retains  this  form  during  its  existence,  but  generally,  in  growing,  it 
takes  new  and  various  forms,  which,  on  account  of  the  two  causes  which 
control  them,  may  be  classed  as  inherent  and  casual. 

641.  THE  INHERENT  FORMS  OF  THE  CELL,  or  those  which   depend 
upon  its  own  laws  of  growth,  may  be  referred  to  three  general  types  ; 


OF   THE    VEGETABLE    CELL. 


131 


(1)  spheroidal,  like  pollen  grains,  the  red  snow-plant,  the  cells  of  leaf- 
tissue,  etc.,  varying  to  oblong,  or  lobed,  or  stellate  ;  (2)  cylindrical,  or 
tube-form,  as  most  wood-cells  are  ;  (3)  tabular  or  flattened,  as  the  cells 
of  the  epidermis. 

642.  THE  CASUAL  FORMS 
result  from  external  pres- 
sure, as  of  cells  crowding 
against  cells,  in  stems  or 
pith.     In  this  way  spher- 
oidal cells  may  become  cu- 
bical,    8-sided,     12-sided, 
etc  ;  tubiform   cells    pris- 
matic, and  tabular  cells  4- 
angled,  hexagonal,  etc.,  in  a 
outline  according   to    the 
original  pattern. 

643.  IN  MAGNITUDE  the  plant 
cell  varies  from  ^\9  to  ^  of 
an  iach  in  diameter;  the  more 

common  size  is  about  yfa  inch.    557i  Section  of  the  rhizome  of  Blood-root,    a,  a.  A  bundle 
The  cells  of  elder  pith  measure         of  wood-cells.    The  shaded  cells  contain  the  color, 
about  zlo  inch;  those  of  pa- 
renchyma (leaf-tissue)  about  T-^;  .consequently,  64,000,000  of  them  would  occupy 
only  one  cubic  inch.    The  cells  of  cork  are  computed  to  be  T^7  inch  in  diameter — 
1000  millions  to  a  cubic  inch. 

644.  BUT  THE  LENGTH  of  some  cells  is  much  more  considerable.    Wood-cells 
measure  ^  inch ;  bark  cells,  as  flax,  hemp,  nearly  £  inch ;  the  cells  of  some  plant- 
hairs  an  inch  or  more. 

645.  THE  WALL  of  the  new  cell  consists  of  two  layers  ;  the  outer  one 
a  firm,  colorless  membrane,  made  of  cellulose,  the  inner  a  plastic,  gelat- 
inous layer  applied  to  the  outer,  and  chiefly  concerned  in  cell-life  and 
multiplication.     This  is  called  the  primordial  utricle. 

646.  IT  is  BEST  SEEN  WHEN  treated  with  a  weak  solution  of  nitric 
acid,  iodine,  or  alcohol.     It  thus  becomes  colored,  contracts,  and  lies 
loose  in  the  cell. 

647.  THE  CELL  WALL  is  EASILY  PERMEATED  by  fluids  flowing  in  and 
out.     It  must,  therefore,  be  regarded  as  porous ;  although  it  appears 
perfectly  entire  even  under  the  highest  magnifier. 

648.  A  SECONDARY  LAYER  is  subsequently  added  to  the  outer  layer, 
between  it  and  the  primordial  utricle,  as  if  to  strengthen  it.      This  new 
layer  is  seldom  entire,  but  perforated  and  cleft  in  a  great  variety  of 
patterns,  leaving  certain  points  or  parts   of  the  cell-wall  still    bare 
and  discernible  by  their  transparency.     Hence  tbe  following  varieties 
of  cells : — 


132 


OF   THE    VEGETABLE    CELL. 


649.  WOOD  CELLS,  which  are  finally  filled  up  by  the  repetitions  of 
the  secondary  layers,  leaving  only  minute  points  of  the  original  cell-wall 
bare  and  transparent. 


658 


560  659  561 

Forms  of  cells.    560,  Wood-cells.    561,  Cellular  tissue  of  a  rootlet,  etc. 

650.  PITTED  CELLS,  a  variety  where  larger  transparent  points  appear, 
surrounded  by  2  or  3  rings  (pine  and  the  Coniferse  in  general). 

651.  SPIRAL  CELLS,  where  the  secondary  layer  consists  of  spiral  fibers 
or  bands.     There  may  be  a  single  fiber,   or  several  (2  to  20)  united 
into  a  band.    It  is  usually  elastic  and  may  be  drawn  out  arid  uncoiled. 

818 


562  563  565 

562,  Polyhedral  cells  of  parenchyma  in  pith  of  Elder.  563,  Stellate  cells  in  pith  of  Rush. 
565,  Spherical  cells  in  Houseleek.  566,  Wood-cells  and  ducts  of  Oak.  564,  Wood-cells  of 
the  Flax-fiber. 

These  beautiful  cells  may  be  well  seen  in  a  shoot  of  elder,  in  the  petiole 
of  rhubarb,  Geranium,  strawberry.  In  the  two  latter,  if  gently  pulled 
asunder,  the  coiled  fibers  appear  to  the  naked  eye. 

652.  ANNULAR  CELLS,  wlien  there  are  numerous  rings  within,  instead 
of  a  spiral  coil,  as  in  the  stems  of  balsam  and  some  Cryptogamia. 

653.  SCALARIFORM    CELLS,  when  the  rings  seem  conjoined  by  bars 
crossing  between  them,  giving  an  appearance  compared  to  a  ladder 
(scala),  as  in   the  vine  and  ferns.     Porous  cells  with  the  secondary 
layers  full  of  perforations,  reticulated  cells,  as  if  a  net-work ;  and  many 
other  forms. 


OF    THE    VEGETABLE    CELL. 


133 


654.  CELLULOSE,  the  material  of  which  the  outer  cell-walls  and  other 
secondary  layers  are  made,  is  proved  by  a  chemical  analysis  to  consist 
of  three  simple  elements,  carbon,  hydrogen,  oxygen,  in  the  proportions 
of  €34  H20  020, — carbon  and  the  exact  elements  of  water.      In  the 
material  of  the  primordial  utricle  nitrogen  is  added.     Out  of  these 
four  simple  elements  (C  H  O  N)  with  slight  additions  of  lime,  silex, 
and  a  few  other  earthy  matters,  God  is  able  to  produce  all  the  count- 
less varieties  of  plants  which  clothe  and  beautify  the  earth. 

655.  CONTENTS  OF  THE  CELL.    Some  cells  contain  air  only.    Others 
are  filled  with  solid  matter ;  but  the  greater  part  contain  both  fluids 
and  solids.     There  is  the  cytoblast,  a  globular  atom,  earnest  of  new 
cells;    and  protoplasm,  the  nourishing  semi-fluid,  both  of  the  same 
material  as  the  primordial  utricle,  and  with  it,  and  the  fluid  cell-sap, 
ever  flowing,  acting,  combining,  transforming,  and  producing  either  new 
cells  or  products  like  the  following.  , 

656.  THE  COLORING  MATTER,  which  gives  to  fruits  and  flowers  their  bright  and 
varying  tints  of  yellow,  red,  and  blue,  is  generally  dissolved  in  the  cell-sap  which 
is  otherwise  colorless;  but 

577  576  575  574     573    572  571 


567  563  569  570 

567,  Cells,  a,  of  the  pulp  of  Snow-berry,  showing  tho  nucleus;  &,  of  the  parenchyma  of  tho 
k>af  of  Pink,  showing  the  granules  of  chlorophylle.  563,  Cell  of  a  Cactus,  soaked  in  Alcohol,  the 
primordial  utricle  separated  and  contracted.  569,  Cell  of  pleurenchyma  of  Pine,  dotted.  570, 
Sketch  to  illustrate  the  nature  of  those  dots ;  a,  dot  seen  in  front ;  &,  a  side  view  of  the  same. 
571,  Trachenchyma,  a  spiral  cell  from  the  sporange  of  Equisettim.  572,  Spiral  vessel  of  the 
Melon,  single  thread  ;  573,  of  the  Elder,  4  threads.  574,  Annular  duct,  distended  by  rings  in- 
stead of  a  coil.  575,  Scalariform  vessels,  from  Osmunda  (Fern).  576,  A  dotted  duct  from  Gym- 
nocladus  (Coffee-tree).  578.  Spiral  vessels  apparently  branched.  577,  Branching  spirals  in 
the  Gourd. 

657.  CHLOROPHYLLE,  the  green  coloring  matter  of  leaves",  consists  of 
green  corpuscles  floating  in  the  colorless  sap  or  attached  to  the  color- 
less wall.  In  the  indigo  plant  these  corpuscles  are  blue  and  constitute 
that  poisonous  drug. 


134 


THE    TISSUES. 


658.  THE  STARCH  of  the  plant  also  originates  here,  in  the  form  of 
little  striated  granules  of  the  same  composition  as  cellulose  (C24  Hso 
O20).  Some  20  such  granules  appear  in  the  same  cell,  either  loosely 
or  compactly  filling  it.  Starch  is  nutritive  matter,  sealed  up  for  pre- 
servation and  future  use. 

579  583  584  585  532 


580  531  586 

Contents  of  cells.  579,  Cells  of  Potato  containing  starch  grains.  580,  Starch  grains  from  the 
potato ;  581,  from  the  E.  Indian  Atrow-root.  582,  Raphides,  acicular  crystals,  in  a  cell  of  Poly- 
anthes  tuberosa.  583,  Crystals  in  a  cell  of  Cactus.  584,  Cells  from  the  pulp  of  Pear,  coated  in- 
ternally ;  a  longitudinal  section  ;  585,  Transverse  section.  586,  Starch  granules  from  W.  Indian 
Arrow-root 

659.  Gmf,  SUGAR,  SALTS,  acids,  alkalies,  poisons,  medicines,    whatever  is  pecu- 
liar in  the  properties  of  each  vegetable  substance,  may  also  be  held  in  solution  in 
the  cell-sap  and  invisible,  unless  forming 

660.  RAPHIDES,  little  bundles  of  crystals,  acicular  or  of  some  other  form,  seen  in 
the  cells  of  rhubarb,  Cactus,  Hyacinth. 

661.  THE  DEVELOPMENT  OP  NEW  CELLS  in  the  plant  is  the  process   of  its  growth. 
This  is  accomplished  within  the  pre-existing  cells  and  by  the  agency  of  their  con- 
tents.    The  primordial  utricle  divides  itself  into  two  or  more  utricles,    by  septa 
growing  from  its  sides  until  they  meet.     These  then  acquire  the  cellulose  layer  out- 
side, the  cytoblast  inside,  at  the  expense  of  the  old  cell,  which  shortly  gives  place 
to  its  new  progeny.    Thus  cells  multiply,  and  by  millions  on  millions  build  up  the 
fabric  of  the  plant. 


CHAPTEK    II. 


THE   TISSUES. 


662.  ONE-CELLED  PLANTS.     The  cell,  as  heretofore  described,  is  en- 
dowed with  a  life  within  itself.     It  can  imbibe  fluids,  nourish  itself,  and 
reproduce  others  like  itself.     It  may,  therefore,  and  actually  does  in 
some  cases,  exist  alone  as  a  plant !     Many  species  of  the    Confervoids 
and  Diatomes  are  plants  consisting  of  a  single  cell — the  simplest  possi- 
ble form  of  vegetation. 

663.  PLANTS  MANY-CELLED.     With  a  few  such  exceptions,  vegetation 
consists  of  a  combination  of  cells  united  in  a  definite  manner  and  form. 


THE   TISSUES. 


135 


Such  combinations  are  called  tissues,  winch  we  may  describe  under  four 
general  names  or  types : 

I.  CELLULAR  TISSUE  (PARENCHYMA)  : 

II.  FIBROUS  TISSUE  (PLEURENCHYMA)  : 

III.  VASCULAR  TISSUE  (TRACHENCHYMA)  : 

IV.  LATICIFEROUS  TISSUE  (CIENCHYMA). 

664.  PARENCHYMA,  composed  of  spheroidal  cells,  is  the  most  com- 
mon  form  of  tissue,  no  plant  being  without  it,  and  many,  especially  of 
the  lower  orders,  being  entirely  composed  of  it.  Numerous  varieties 
occur  according  to  the  forms  of  the  cells  and  their  closeness  of  contact, 
intermediate  between  the  following  extremes,  1,  when  there  are  copious 
intercellular  spaces,  the  cells  slightly  touching,  and  being  (a)  rounded, 
or  (b)  lobed,  or  (c)  stellate  ;  2,  when  the  cells  are  crowded,  leaving  no 
intercellular  space  and  being  (d)  prismatic,  or  (e)  polyhedral,  or  (/)  ir- 
regular. 

665.  EXAMPLES  of  these  tissues  are  found  (a)  in  the  pulp  of  fruits,  in  newly-formed 
pith,  and  in  all  young  growths ;  (&)  in  the  lower  stratum  of  leaf-tissue  ;  (c)  in   the 
pith  of  rushes  and  other  aquatic  plants;  (d)  in  the  herbaceous  stems  of  Monocoty- 
ledons ;  (e)  everywhere,  but  well  observed  in  full-formed  pith ;  (/)  abundant  in  all 
the  soft,  fleshy  parts  of  plants. 

666.  PLEURENCHYMA  is  composed  of  elongated  cells  cohering  by  their 
sides  in  such  a  way  that  end  overreaches  end,  forming  a  continuous  fibre. 
Two  varieties  are  noticed  (a)  wood- 
fibre,  with  cells  of  moderate  length, 

remarkable  for  its  firmness,  the 
main  constituent  of  the  steins  and 
trunks  of  the  higher  plants;  (b) 
liber,  with  very  long  attenuated 
cells,  the  substance  of  the  inner 
layers  of  bark,  remarkable  for  its 
tenacity,  especially  in  flax,  Lcmp, 
linden. 

667.  THE  PITTED  CELLS  (§650) 
constitute    a   singular   variety    of 
wood-fiber,  common  in  pines,  firs, 
etc.     That  mysterious  double  ring 
which  encircles  each  pit,  is  pro- 
jected, the  inner  by  the  pit  itself, 

which  is  an  aperture  in  the  secondary  layer,  the  outer  by  a  lens-shaped 
intercellular  cavity  right  opposite  outside.     (570). 

668.  TRACHENCHYMA  is  a  tissue  of  vessels  or  tubes  rather  than  cells. 
The  vessels  are  extended  lengthwise,  and  composed  each  of  a  row  of 
cells  joined  end  to  end,  and  fused  into  one  by  the  absorption  of  the 


579,  Longitudinal  section  of  Thuja  (Ked  Cedar), 
a,  Medullary  rays. 


136 


THE    TISSUES. 


contiguous  walls.  This  tissue  varies  according  to  the  character  of  the 
constituent  cells,  which  are  (a)  spiral,  or  (b)  annular,  or  (c)  sclariform, 
or  (d)  reticulated. 

669.  Such  cells,  with  their  tapering  ends,  form  vessels  with  oblique  joints.    "When 
porous  cells  (653)  with  their  truncated  ends  unite  they  form  right-jointed  vessels  re- 
sembling strings  of  beads,  called  dotted  or  vascular  ducts.     These  are  usually  quite 
large,  and  characteristic  of  the  woody  layers  of  all  exogenous  plants.     (470.) 

670.  THE  DIFFERENT  VARIETIES  OF  TRACHENCHYMA  are  assigned  to  different  re- 
gions and  offices,  (a)  to  the  earliest  formed  part  of  the  wood,  the  petioles  and  veins 
of  leaves,  petals  of  flowers,  etc. ;  (b)  to  similar  parts,  but  later  formed,  most  abundant 

5SO  in  ferns  and  Eqmsetacese ;    (c)  in  the  woody 

bundles  of  the  Endogens  and  in  the  succu- 
lent parts  of  plants  in  general;  (d)  most 
abundant  in  ferns,  club-mosses. 

671.  CIENCHYMA  is  a  system  of 
milk-vessels — vessels  secreting  the  latex 
or  peculiar  juice  of  thje  plant,  white, 
yellow,  red,  turbid,  containing  opium, 
gamboge,  caoutchouc,  resin,  etc.  It 
occurs  in  the  petioles  and  veins  ;  in  the 
parenchyma  of  roots,  in  the  liber  es- 
pecially; sometimes  simple,  generally 
branched  and  netted  in  a  complicated 
manner,  as  well  seen  in  the  poppy,  ce- 
landine, blood-root,  gum-elastic  tree, 
etc. 

672.  THEIR  NATURE.     These  vessels  are  probably  mere  open  spaces  between  the 
cells  at  first,  subsequently  acquiring  a  lining  membrane  which  never  exhibits  pores 
or  spiral  markings.     But  there  are  also  true 

673.  INTERCELLULAR  PASSAGES  filled  with  air  and  admitting  its  free 
circulation  in  all  directions  through  the  parenchyma.     These  are  neces- 
sarily very  irregular,  and  they  communicate  with  the  external  air  through 
the  stomata.     (§  678.) 

674.  IMPORT  OF  THE  CELL.     Thus  the  cell  appears  to  be  the  type  of 
every  form  of  tissue,  the  material  of  which  the  vegetable  fabric  is  built, 
and  the  laboratory  where  the  work  is  performed. 

675.  ELEVATION  IN  RANK  is  MARKED  BY  the  increasing  complication  of  the  tis- 
sues.    The  basis  of  the  structure  of  all  plants  is  parenchyma.     In  the  lowest  tribes 
no  other  tissue  is  ever  added,  this  alone  performing  all  the  functions.    Higher  in  the 
scale,  as  in  mosses,  a  few  central  bundles  of  wood  tissue  are  added,  as  if  to  strengthen 
the  stem.     Still  higher,  as  in  ferns,  etc.,  we  begin  to  find  vessels  (trachenchyma)  of 
the  simpler  sort,  for  the  freer  circulation  of  the  fluids,  together  with  the  strengthening 
pleurenchyma.     Lastly,  in  the  highest  plants,  Phsenogamia,  the  true  spiral  vessels 
appear,  filled  with  air,  cienchyma  with  secretions,  and  all  the  tissues  in  their  appro- 
priate functions. 


531 

Tessels  of  Cienchyma  ;  580,  from  Dan- 
delion; 581,  from  the  Celandine. 


THE    EPIDERMAL   SYSTEM. 


137 


CHAPTER    III. 


THE   EPIDERMAL   SYSTEM 

INCLUDES  the  external  covering  of  all  herbaceous  growths,  viz.,  the 
epidermis,  stomata,  hairs,  glands,  cuticle,  etc.,  organs  which  in  older 
stems  give  place  to  bark. 

676.  THE  EPIDERMIS  (skin)  consists  of  a  layer  of  united,  empty  cells, 
mostly  tabular,  forming  a  superficial  membrane.  It  invests  all  plants 
higher  than  mosses,  and  all  parts  save  the  extremities,  the  stigma  and 
rootlets.  Its  office  is  to  check  evaporation. 

583 


5S4  5S2 

552,  Cells  of  epidermis  with  a  stoma  from  leaf  of  Helleborus  foetidus.  583,  Vertical  sectioa 
of  a  stoma  of  Narcissus;  a,  cuticle.  584,  Epidermis  ceils  with  stomata  of  Tradescantia  Vir- 
giaica. 

67  7.  EXAMPLE.  That  delicate  membrane  which  may  be  easily  stripped  off  from 
the  leaf  of  the  houseleek  or  the  garden  iris  is  the  epidermis.  It  is  transparent,  color- 
less, and  under  the  microscope  reveals  its  cellular  structure. 

678.  STOMATA.     The  epidermis  does  not  entirely  exclude  the  tissues 
beneath  it  from  the  external  air,  but  is  cleft  here  and  there  by  little 
chinks  called  stomata  (mouths).     Each  stoma  is  guarded  by  a  pair  of 
reniform  cells,  of  such  mechanism  (not  well  understood)  as  to  open  in 
a  moist  atmosphere  and  close  in  a  dry. 

679.  POSITION  OP  STOMATA.     The  stomata  are  always  placed  over  and  communi- 
cate with  the  intercellular  passages.     They  are  found  only  on  the  green  surfaces  of 
parts  exposed  to  the  air,  most  abundant  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves.     Their 
numbers  are  immense.     On  the  leaf  of  garden  rhubarb  5,000  were  counted  in  tho 
space  of  a  square  inch;  in  the  garden  iris,  12,000;  in  the  pink,  36,000;  in  Hy- 
drangea, 160,000. 


138 


THE   EPIDERMAL   SYSTEM. 


585,  Cells  and  stomata  of  the  epidermis  of  Oxalia  violacea ;  and  586,  of  Convallaria  racemosa. 

680.  CUTICLE.     The  surface  of  the  epidermis  at  length  becomes  itself  coated  with 
a  delicate,  transparent  pellicle,  not  cellular,  called  the  cuticle.    It  varies  in  consis- 
tency, being  thicker  and  stronger  in  evergreen  and  succulent  plants.     It  seems  to 
be  merely  the  outer  cell  wall  of  the  epidermis  thickened  and  separated  from  the 
newly-formed  wall  beneath  it. 

681.  THE  HAIRS  which  clothe  the  epidermis  are  mere  expansions  of 
its  tissue.     They  may  each  consist  of  a  single  elongated  cell,  or  of  a 
row  of  cells.     They  may  also  be  simple,  or  branched,  or  stellate,  or 
otherwise  diversified. 

682.  GLANDS  are  cellular  structures  serving  to  elaborate  and  contain 
the  peculiar  secretions  of  the  plant,  such  as  aromatic  oils,  resins,  honey, 
poisons,  etc.     A  gland  may  be  merely  an  expanded  cell  at  the  summit 
of  a  hair,  or  at  its  base,  and  hence  called  a  glandular  hair  (Labiatse). 
Or  it  may  be  a  peculiar  cell  under  the  epidermis,  giving  to  the  organ  a 
punctate  appearance,  as  in  the  leaf  of  lemon.     Other  glands  are  com- 
pound and  either  external  (sundew),  or  internal  reservoirs  of  secretion 
(rind  of  orange). 

683.  STINGS  are  stiff-pointed,  1-celled  hairs  expanded  at  base  into  a 
gland  containing  poisonous  secretion.  An  elastic  ring  of  epidermal  cells 
presses  upon  the  gland  so  as  to  inject  the  poison  into  the  wound  niado 
by  its  broken  point  (nettle). 

684.  PRICKLES   are  hardened  hairs  connected  with  the  epidermis 
alone,  thus  differing  from  spines,  which  have  a  deeper  origin.     Exam- 
ples in  the  rose. 


THE    LIGNEOUS    SYSTEM. 

593 


139 


592 


587 


589 


590  591 

587,  Kootlet  of  Madder,  showing  cells  expanded  into  fibrillae.  588,  Glandular  hair  of  Fraxi- 
nella,  section.  589.  Hair  of  Bryonia,  of  several  cells.  590,  Hair  of  several  cells,  surmounted  by 
a  gland,  of  Antirrhinum  majus.  591,  Sting  of  Urtica  dioica.  592,  Jointed  hair  of  the  stamens  of 
Tradescantia.  593,  Stellate  hair  from  the  petiole  of  Nuphar  advena  (magnified  200  diameters, 
Henfrey).  594,  Branched  hair,  one  cell,  of  Arabia. 


CHAPTER    IY. 

THE   LIGNEOUS    SYSTEM 

685.  INCLUDES  the  firm  structures  of  roots,  steins,  and  their  append- 
ages, summarily  called  the  wood. 

686.  STRUCTURE.     The  growing  rootlet  of  the  germinating  plant  exhibits  under 
a  microscope  a  nearly  uniform  mass  of  cellular  tissue.     The  cells  composing  it  are 
soft  and  delicate,  with  thin,  porous  walls  adapted  to  absorb  moisture,  which  it  has 
already  begun  to  do.     It  grows  by  the  accession  of  cell  to  cell  through  their  divi- 
sion and  enlargement  at  its  point,  or  rather  just  behind  the  advance  layer  which 
constitutes  its  cap  (pileorhiza  §  725. 

68Y.  THE  EARLIEST  TISSUE.  The  same  structure  also  appears  in  the  expanding 
cotyledons  and  the  opening  bud  of  the  plumule.  At  this  early  stage,  therefore,  all 
plants  alike  in  all  their  parts  are  composed  of  simple  parenchyma.  Subsequent 
changes  in  structure  occur,  giving  to  each  tribe  its  several  peculiarities.  Still  the 
growing  points  of  the  axis,  both  ascending  and  descending,  -advance  by  the  forma- 
tion of  the  same  tissue,  and  the  vessels,  if  formed  at  all,  follow  a  little  later. 

688.  THE  CHANGES.     The  rootlet  soon  becomes  a  root,  assumes  a  corky  layer  in- 
stead of  the  tender,  spongiform  epidermis,  and  ceases  to  absorb.     But  new  rootlets 
spring  from  the  radicle,  or  branch  from  the  axis,  which  in  their  turn  absorb,  harden, 
divide  and  subdivide ;  and  so  on  indefinitely. 

689.  THE  INCREASING  DEMAND  FOR  MOISTURE  is  THUS  MET  by  the  multiplica- 
tion of  these  root  ends,  which  have  been  called  the  spongelets.    The  absorbing  sur- 
face is  also  greatly  increased  by  the  hair-like  processes  of  the  epidermis; — the 
fibrillae  (§  724)  which  multiply  generally  in  proportion  to  the  dryness  of  the  soil. 

690.  THERE  ARE  FOUR  GENERAL  MODES  OP  GROWTH  and  structure, 
whereby  the  vegetable  kingdom  is  distinguished  into  as  many  great 
classes,  viz. : 


140  THE   LIGNEOUS   SYSTEM. 

THE  OUTSIDE-GROWERS  (ExOGENs), 
THE  INSIDE- GROWERS  (ENDOGENS), 
THE  POINT-GROWERS  (ACROGENS), 

THE  MASS-GROWERS  (THALLOGENS). 

691.  THE  EXOGENOUS  STRUCTURE.     A  cross  section  of  the  stem  or 
branch  of  any  dicotyledonous  plant  (mustard,  maple),  exhibits  zones  of 
different  structures,  which  are  distinguished  as  pith,  medullary  sheath, 
wood,  and  bark. 

692.  THE  PITH  occupies  the  central  part  of  the  stem.     It  consists  of 
parenchyma,  is  chiefly  abundant  in  herbaceous  plants  and  all  young 
stems.     When  new,  it  is  filled  with  fluids  for  the  nourishment  of  the 
buds  until  they  can  make  food  for  themselves.     As  the  plant  advances 
in  age,  the  pith  loses  its  vitality,  is  filled  with  air  only,  is  often  torn  into 
irregular  cavities,  or  disappears. 

693.  THE  MEDULLARY  SHEATH  immediately  surrounds  the  pith.     It 
is  a  thin,  delicate  tissue  consisting  of  spiral  vessels.     It  communicates 
with  every  bud,  and  sends  off  detachments  of  its  vessels  to  the  petioles 
and  veins  of  every  leaf.     Its  tubes  secrete  oxygen  from  carbonic  acid  or 
water  and  convey  it  to  the  leaves. 

694.  THE  WOOD  consists  of  pleurenchyma  and  ducts  (§  666)  ar- 
ranged more  or  less  distinctly  in  concentric  zones  or  layers.     The  first 
or  inner  layer,  together  with  the  medullary  sheath  and  pith,  is  the  pro- 
duct of  the  first  year.     One  new  layer  is  formed  each  successive  year, 
during  the  life  of  the  plant. 

695.  ANNUAL  CIRCLES.     The  ducts  are  usually  first  formed  and  lie  in  the  inner 
part  of  the  strata  next  the  center,  while  the  wood-fibers  are  produced  toward  tho 
end  of  the  season,  and  deposited  in  the  outer  part.     The  former  are  distinguished 
by  the  large  size  of  their  open  ends,  while  the  fibers  are  minute  and  compact.     This 
circumstance  renders  the  limits  of  each  layer  distinctly  perceptible  in  a    cross 
section,  and  their  number,  if  counted  at  the  base,  will  correctly  indicate  the  age 
of  the  tree. 

696.  EXCEPTIONS.    There  are  doubtless  some  exceptions  to  this  rule.    In  trop- 
ical countries,  where  there  is  no  distinction  of  seasons,  there  may  be  several  zones 
deposited  annually,  or  on  the  other  hand,  several  or  all  the  annual  layers  may  bo 
so  blended  by  the  uniform  mixture  of  the  ducts  with  the  wood-tissue  as  to  be  un- 
distinguishable.    The  layers  of  the  beet-root  are  certainly  not  annual.     They  seem 
to  correspond  with  the  number  of  leaf  cycles  (§  228). 

697.  THE  ALBURNUM  AND  DURAMEN — the  sap-wood  and  heart-wood, 
are  well-known  distinctions  in  the  wood.     The  former,  named  from  al- 
lus,  white,  is  usually  of  a  light  color  and  softer  structure.     It  is  the 
living  part  of  the  wood  through  whose  vessels  mainly  the  sap  ascends. 

698.  How  FORMED.      The  interior  layers  of  the  alburnum  gradually 
harden  by  the  deposition  of  solid  matter  in  their  vessels,  and  the  thicken- 
ing of  the  cell-walls,  until  fluids  can  no  longer  pass  through  them. 


THE   LIGNEOUS   SYSTEM.  141 

Thus  the  duramen  (durus,  hard)  is  formed  of  a  firm  and  durable  text- 
ure, the  only  part  valued  as  timber.  Its  varying  colors  in  cherry,  wal- 
nut, rose- wood,  are  well-known. 


595 


4" 

595,  Cross-sections  of  an  exogenous  stem  (Elm),  of  2  years'  growth  ;  1,  pith,  2,  3,  annual  layers 
of  woed,  next  the  cambium,  4,  bark;  596,  and  endogenous  stem  (Sorghum  or  Millet),  where 
there  is  DO  distinction  of  layers. 


C99.  THE  DUBAMEtf  is  OP  NO  ACCOUNT  IN  VEGETATION,  and  is  in  this  respect 
dead.  Hence  it  often  decays^  leaving  the  trunk  hollow,  and  the  tree  at  the  same 
time  as  flourishing  as  ever. 

700.  THE  BARK  succeeds  and  replaces  the  epidermis,  covering  and 
protecting  the  wood.     It  is  readily  distinguished  into  three  parts,  viz.  : 

The  inner,  white  bark  (liber), 
The  middle,  green  bark  (cellular), 
The  outer,  brown  bark  (cortical). 

The  substance  of  all  these  is  parenchyma  and  arranged,  like  the 
wood,  in  layers. 

701.  THE  LIBER  or  white  bark  contains  scattered  bundles  of  pleuren- 
chyma  and  cienchyma  with  its  cellular  tissue.     Its  wood-cells  are  very 
long  (§  666),  called  bast-cells,  and  are  strengthened  with  secondary  de- 
posits until  quite  filled  up.     Hence  the  strength  and  toughness  of  flax 
and  hemp.    The  strong  material  of  "  Russian  matting"  is  from  the  liber 
of  the  linden-tree,  and  the  "  lace"  of  the  South  Seas  from  the  lace-bark 
tree.  .  The  liber  of  other  trees  is  not  remarkable  for  strength. 

702.  THE  CELLULAR  OR  GREEN  BARK  succeeds  to  the  liber.     Its  tissue 
resembles  that  of  the  leaf,  being  filled  with  sap  and  chlorophylle.     It 
grows  laterally  to  accommodate  itself  to  the  enlarging  circumference 
of  the  tree,  but  does  not  increase  in  thickness  after  the  first  few  years. 

703.  THE  CORTICAL  or  brown  bark.     Its  color  is  not  always  brown, 
being  rarely  white  (canoe  birch),  or  straw-color  (yellow  birch),  or  green- 
ish (striped  maple),  or  grayish  (beech,  magnolia).     Its  substance  is  al- 
ways cellular  tissue,  but  differing  widely  in  consistency  in  different 
species.     Its  new  layers  come  from  within,  formed  from  the  green  bark, 
while  its  older  are  sooner  or  later  cast  off. 


142 


THE   LIGNEOUS   SYSTEM. 


704.  THE  CORTICAL  LAYERS  sometimes  accumulate  to  a  considerable  thickness 
(maple,  hickory,  oak),  but  are  finally  rent  and  furrowed  by  the  expanding  wood. 
In  the  cork  oak  (Quercus  suber)  they  attain  an  excessive  growth,  furnishing  that 
Useful  substance,  cork.  In  birch  (Betula  papyracea)  these  layers  resemble  paper, 
long  abiding  by  their  elasticity  the  expansion  of  the  trunk. 

Y05.  THE  MEDULLARY  RAYS  (medulla,  pith)  are  those  fine  lines  which 
appear  in  a  cross-section  passing  like  radii  from  the  pith  to  the  bark, 
intersecting  the  wood  and  dividing  it  into  wedge-shaped  bundles  or 
sectors.  They  consist  of  firm  plates  of  parenchyma  (muriform  tissue, 
the  cell  resembling  brick-work)  belonging  to  the  same  system  with  the 
pith. 

706.  The  medullary  rays  are  no  less  frequent  in 
the  outer  layer  of  wood  than  in  the  inner.     Henco 
their  number  must  increase  yearly,  and  a  new  set 
commence  with  each  successive  layer,  extending 
with  those  already  formed  through  the  subsequent 
layers  to  the  bark,  as  shown  in  the  diagram.  (595.) 

707.  THE   SILVER   GRAIN.    In  a  radial  section 
(597,  598)  the  medullary  rays  are  more  conspicuous 
as  shining  plates  of  a  satin-like  texture,  called  tho 
silver-grain,  quite  showy  in  oak,  maple.     A  tangen- 
tial section  shows  their  ends  in  the  form  of  thin 
ellipses. 

708.  THEY  SERYE  AS  BONDS  to  combine  into  one 
firm  body  the  successive  wood  layers,  and  as  chan- 
nels of  communication  to  and  from  the  bark  and 
heart- wood.    They  also  generate,  at  their  outer  ex- 
tremities, the  adventitious  buds. 

709.  THE  CAMBIUM  LAYER.    Between  the 
liber  and  the  wood  there  is  formed  in  the 

ducts.  spring,  at  the  time  of  the  opening  of  the 

buds,  a  mucilaginous,  half-organized 

layer  of  matter.    Its  presence  loosens 

the  bark  and  renders  it  easily  peeled 

from  the  wood.     The  cambium  is  a 

sap  solution  of  the  starchy  deposits 

of  the  preceding  year,  now  rapidly 

being  organized  into  cells. 

710.    THIS  IS   THE    GENERATIVE  LAYER 

whence  spring  all  the  growths  of  the  lig- 
neous system.  From  this,  during  each 
growing  season,  two  layers  are  developed, 
one  of  liber  and  one  of  wood,  both  at  first 
a  cellular  mass,  but  the  cells  with  wonder- 
ful precision  transforming,  some  into  tho 
Blender  bast-cells  of  the  liber,  some  into 
the  dotted  ducts  and  fusiform  cells  of  the 
wood,  some  into  the  muriform  tissue  of  tho  593,  Wood  of  Maple ;  a  modullary  rays ;  ft  ( 

ducts  j  tf,  •wood-colls. 


597,  Wood  of  Oak  ;  section  Ion- 


THE    LIGNEOUS    SYSTEM.  143 

medullary  rays.     Through  these  latter  the  quickening  influence  of  the  cambium 
pervades  both  wood  and  bark. 

711.  UNLIMITED  GROWTH  is  therefore  a  characteristic  of  the  exogen- 
ous stem :  for  the  yearly  increments  are  added  to  the  outside  of  the 
wood,  and  the  bark  is  capable  of  expansion  by  lateral  growth  to  any 
extent. 

712.  THE  PECULIAR  SECRETIONS  OF  THE  PLANT  are  generally  more 
abundantly  deposited  in  the  bark  than  in  the  other  parts.     Hence  the 
bark  is  more  generally  sought  for  its  medicinal  and  chemical  proper- 
ties. 

713.  THE  ENDOGENOUS  STRUCTURE.     In  the  cross-section  of  a  mono- 
cotyledonous  stem  (corn,  palm)  there  is  no  visible  distinction  of  bark, 
wood,  pith,  or  of  annual  Layers  of  any  kind. 

714.  IT  is  COMPOSED  of  tissues  quite  similar  to  those  of  the  exogen- 
ous stem,  but  very  differently  arranged.     The  body  of  the  monocoty- 
ledonous  stem  consists  of  parenchyma,  within  which  tissue  numerous 
thread-like  bundles  of  woody  matter  are  imbedded. 

715.  THESE  BUNDLES  CONSIST  EACH  OF  one  or  more  dotted  ducts 
accompanied  by  spiral  vessels,  pleurenchyma,  and  often  cienchyma  also, 
variously  arranged  in  different  species. 

716.  THE  FORMATION  OF  THESE  BUNDLES  is  dependent  upon  the  leaves  from 
which  they  may  severally  be  traced  downwards,  first  tending  toward  the  interior 
of  the  stem.     Further  on  they  recurve  outward  again,  and  finally  terminate  near 
the  surface,  there  interlacing  and  combining  with  their  fellows  and  forming  an 
excessively  hard  but  inseparable  rind  (false  bark). 

717.  CLEAVAGE  DIFFICULT.     From  this  entanglement  of  the  fibers  the  cleavage 
of  endogenous  stems  is  difficult  or  impossible.     In  jointed  stems  (culms)  this  entan- 
glement occurs  only  at  the  nodes  (cane,  grasses). 

718.  THE   GROWTH  of  monocotyledonous  stems  thus  takes  place  by 
the  addition  of  the  new  wood  bundles  to  the  interior  of  the  stem,  and 
hence  such  plants  are  called  Inside-growers  or  ENDOGENS. 

719.  PECULIAR  FORMS  of  the  caudex.     The  rind  of  endogenous  trees  is  capable 
of  only  a  limited  expansion.     This  limit  is  soonest  attained  at  the  base  of  the  stem 
long  before  the  upper  parts  cease  to  enlarge.     Consequently  such  trunks  are  often 
seen  of  equal  or  greater  diameter  at  the  summit  than  at  the  base :  so  the  palmetto, 
corn,  bamboo. 

720.  THE  ACROGENOUS  STRUCTURE  is  found  in  mosses,  ferns,  and  the 
other  higher  tribes  of  the  Cryptogauiia.     The  stems  advance,  beneath 
or  above  the  ground,  full-formed,  growing  only  at  the  end,  hence  called 
Acrogens. 

721.  A  CROSS-SECTION  of  a  fern  stem  shows  a  body  of  parenchyma  strengthened 
by  an  outer  zone  of  fibro-vascular  bundles,  the  whole  invested  with  a  sort  of  bark. 
The  bundles  are  precisely  similar  to  those  found  in  the  petioles,  showing  that  the 
stem  is  the  aggregate  of  the  unaltered  leaf-bases.     (600.) 


144 


THE   LIGNEOUS    SYSTEM. 


599 


600,  Section  of  an  Acrogenons  stem  of  Tree- 
Fern  (Cyathea),  showing  the  vascular  bundles 
imbedded  near  the  circumference  of  tho  cel- 
lular mass. 


722.  THALLOGENS  aro  the  lowest 
in  the  scale  of  rank,  having  no  true  axis 
and  no  other  tissue  than  parenchyma, 
which  grows  in  threads  or  in  mass  in 
all  directions.  The  apparent  stems 


Various  kinds  of  vessels  in  a  wood- 
fiber  of  Bamboo  or  Eattan.  a,  Cells  of  paren- 
chyma; 5,  annular  cells;  c,  spiral  vessels; 
d,  porous  duct ;  e,  wood-cells. 

(stipes),  if  any,  support  the  fructification  only  (sea-weeds,  lichens,  mushrooms,  puff- 
balls,  frog-spittle,  mildew). 

723.  THE  STRUCTURE  OF  ROOTS  presents  few  deviations  from  that  of  the  stems 
to  which  they  severally  belong,  being  exogenous  in  Exogens,  endogenous  in  En- 
dogens,  etc.  In  the  former  class  the  central  pith  disappears,  its  place  being  occu- 
pied mainly  by  vascular  ducts,  and  the  liber,  if  any,  has  no  bast -cells. 

724.  THE  FIBRILL^I  and  pileor- 
hiza  should,  however,  be  mentioned 
as  peculiar  in  the  structure  of  tho 
root  Tho  former  are  produced  by 
millions,  clothing  the  delicate  epi- 
dermis of  the  young  rootlets  as  with 
cottony  down,  especially  in  light 
soils.  They  usually  consist  of  a 
single  cell  of  the  epidermis  extended 
as  seen  in  figure  601.  They  are  tho 
true  absorbents,  the  mouths  of  tho 
growing  plant. 

725.  THE  PILEORHIZA.      The  mi- 
croscopo   shows  that  the   extreme, 
advancing  point  of  the  delicate,  grow- 
ing fibers  is  not  thrust  naked  against 
the  opposing   soil,   but    is    covered 
with  a  cap  called  pikorhiza   (pileus, 
a  cap,  rhiza,  root),  which  consists  of 
older,  hardened  cells,  behind  which 
In  the  Duck-meat  the  pileorhiza  is  lengthened  into  a 


601,  Extremity  of  the  rootlet  of  Maple,  with 
fibrillffi  and  (s)  pileorhiza.  602,  Two  plants  of 
Lemna  minor  (Duckmeat).  «,  Their  pileorhiza. 


are  formed  the  new  cells, 
eheath. 

726.  THE  MANNER  OF  GROWTH  IN  THE  ROOT  is  not  like  that  of  stems,  by  the 
extension  of  parts  already  formed,  but  simply  by  the  addition  of  new  matter  at  tho 


STRUCTURE    OF   LEAVES. 


145 


advancing  point.     This  accounts  for  the  wonderful  facility  with  which  it  penetrates 
the  soil  and  finds  its  way  uninjured  into  the  hardest  earth. 

12T.  DICTYOGENS.  In  those  few  Monocotyledons  which  bear  reticulated  leaves 
(Smilax,  Dioscorea),  the  Dictyogens  of  Dr.  Lindley,  the  roots  exhibit  a  structure  re- 
gembling  that  of  exogenous  stems. 


STRUCTURE    OF    LEAVES. 


728.  NATURE  OF  THE  LEAF.     The  leaf  may 
be  regarded  as  an  expansion  of  the  two  outer 
integuments  of  the  bark,  or  of  the  green  bark 
and   the  epidermis,   expanded  into  a  broad, 
thin  surface  by  a  woody  framework  proceed- 
ing from  the  medullary  sheath  and  the  liber. 

729.  THE  FRAMEWORK  of  veins  is  therefore 
fibre-vascular,  abounding  in  spiral  vessels,  and 
strengthened  with  liber. 

730.  THE  PARENCHYMA  exists  in  two  strata 
more  or   less    distinct.      In  all  those  leaves 
which   are   ordinarily  horizontal  in  position, 
one  surface  being  upward  and  the  other  down- 
ward, these  two  layers  are  dissimilar ;"  but  in 
leaves  with  a  ^rtical   lamina  (iris),   and   in 
phyllodia  (§  307)  the  two  layers  are  similar. 

731.  THE  LAYERS  DESCRIBED.  The  superficial  layer 
of  empty  tabular  cells,  belongs  to  the  epidermis.  Next 
beneath  this,  in  the  surface  on  which  the  sun  shines, 


603,  Section  of  astern  e.t  the  ori- 
gin of  a  leaf ;  p,  cellular,  or  pith; 
a,  vascular,  the  medullary  sheath 
Bending  off  a  bundle  into  the 
leaf-stalk ;  d,  the  swelling  (pul- 
vinus)  just  below  the  articula- 
tion of  the  leaf-stalk  (0;  6,  the 
axillary  bud. 


are  one  or  two  layers  of  oblong  cells  placed  perpendicularly  to  that  surface,  and 
more  compact  than  the  cells  beneath  them,  which  are  pervaded  by  intercellular 
passages  and  by  the  veins. 

732.  PLACE  OF  THE  STOMATA.    The  stomata  as  a  rule  belong  to  the 
shaded  side  of  the  leaf,  avoiding  the  sun's  direct  rays.     On  the  sunny 
side  there  are  -few  comparatively  or  none.     In  the  submerged  leaves 
of  water-plants  the  epidermal  layer  is  hardly  distinguishable,  and  is 
wholly  destitute  of  stomata.     In  such  leaves  as  float  upon  water  (water 
lilies)  stomata  are  found  in  the  upper  surface  alone. 

733.  THE  CHLOROPHYLLS.     Within   all  the  vesicles  of  the  paren- 
chyma are  seen  adhering^  to  the  walls  the  green  globules,  of  chloco- 
phylle,  which  give  color  to  the  leaf — dark  green  above,  where  it  is  more 
compact,  paler  beneath,  where  the  cells  arc  more  loose  and  separate. 

734.  VESSELS  of  cienchyma  pervade   the   under-layer    of    paren- 
chyma, returning  the  elaborated  juices  through  the  petiole  into  the  cam- 
Hum  layer. 

10 


146 


VEGETATION. 


004 


604,  Minute  portion  of  a  leaf  of  Viola  tricolor,  viewed 
in  perspective,  showing,  o,  cells  of  epidermis  above  ; 
&,  compact  parenchyma  of  the  upper  portion  of  the 
leaf;  c,  loose  parenchyma;  d,  epidermal-cells  of  the 
lower  surface  with  stomata,  one  cut  and  opening  into 
the  intercellular  passages.  (Magnified  100  diameters.) 


735.  THE  STRUCTURE  OF  BRACTS^ 
sepals,  petals,  and  other  organs, 
which  are  but  modifications  of 
the  leaf,  hardly  requires  a  separ- 
ate notice.  The  same  kinds  of 
vessels  pervade  their  parenchyma, 
but  the  spiral  exist  in  a  larger 
proportion.  In  the  pistil,  the  fibro- 
vascular  bundles  may  be  traced 
to  the  placenta,  and  thence  into 
the  funiculus  and  raphe  of  the 
ovule.  In  the  more  delicate  or- 
gans chlorophylle  is  wanting,  and 
the  peculiar  coloring,  matter  of 
whatever  other  tint,  is  uniformly 
diffused  through  the  fluid  con- 
tents of  the  cells  of  parenchyma. 
The  depth  of  the  tint  depends  on 
the  number  of  cells  thus  colored. 


CHAPTEK    V. 


VEGETATION,    OR    THE   PHYSIOLOGY  OF  PLMTT  LIFE. 

736.  NEXT  INQUIRIES.     We  have  now  briefly  surveyed  the  mechan- 
ism of  the  plant,  both  its  outward  forms  and  internal  structure.     We 
next  inquire  into  the  uses  of  all  this  wonderful  apparatus ;  what  the 
specific  office  which  each  part  performs  in  the  economy  of  the  plant  ? 
and  how  do  all  parts  cooperate  in  the  work  of  living  and  growing  ? 

737.  THIS  IS  A  SUBJECT  OP  GREAT  EXTENT,  and  involves  many  inquiries  of  deep 
interest  both  in  science  and  art, — many  inquiries,  also,  which  have  never  been  an- 
swered.    Our  limits  confine  us  to  the  bare  statement  of  admitted  principles,  to  the 
exclusion  of  all  speculative  discussion. 

738.  WHAT  is  LIFE  ?     This  inquiry  meets  us  at  the  beginning — a 
problem  never  solved.     The  spontaneous  action  of  the  plant,  the  self- 
determined  shapes  which  it  assumes,  we  at  once  refer  to  this  principle, 
its  vitality ;  but  of  the  nature  of  this  principle  itself  we  can  only  say, 
Is  it  not  a  direct  emanation  from  the  Supreme  Will,  the  Fountain  of 
all  life  ? 

739.  VEGETATION   is   DOUBTLESS    THE    LOWEST   FORM  OP  LIFE.     It 
springs  directly  from  inorganic  or  mineral  matter,  and  is  the  first  step 
in  the  organization  of  mineral  matter.     Its  material  is,  therefore,  min- 
eral matter  rendered  organic  through  the  vital  force. 


VEGETATION,    OR   TUB    PHYSIOLOGY    OF    PLANT    LIFE.  147 

740.  THE  SUBORDINATION  OF  THE  VEGETABLE  to  the  animal  kingdom 
is  thus  manifest  in  its  being  fed  and  nourished  on  inorganic  matter.     It 
is  interposed  between  these  two  incompatible  extremes,  and  is  ordained 
to  transform  the  innutritious  mineral  into  the  proper  and  indispensable 
food  of  the  animal  kingdom. 

741.  PARASITIC  PLANTS  do  indeed  require  the  ready  organized  juices  of  other 
plants,  just  as  the  carnivora  among  animals  live  on  flesh.     Still  the  general  fact  re- 
mains, that  plants  alone  feed  on  inorganic  matter,  and  in  turn  become  themselves 
the  food  of  the  animal  kingdom. 

742.  THE  PROCESS  OF  VEGETATI-ON  consists  of  imbibing  the  crude 
matters   of  the  earth  and  air,  transforming  into  sap,  assimilating  to 
plant  juice  (latex),  and  organizing  into  its  own  structure"  according  to 
its  own  plan.     The  vital  phenomena  on  which  these  transformations  de- 
pend are  called  absorption, circulation,  exhalation,  assimilation,  secretion, 
all  of  which  processes  take  place  in  the  individual  cell.     Therefore, 

743.  CELL-LIFE  is  an  epitome  of  the  life  of  the  whole  plant.    Thfijcel!  i.S-neier  a 
spontaneous  prflduc^ipn ;  it  is  the  offspring  of  a  pre-existing  cell.      So  with  the 
plant ;  it  is  always  the  offspring  of  a  pre-existing  embryo  or  cell.     Nothing  but  a 
cell  can  produce  or  nourish  a  cell 

744.  Two  KINDS  OF  ORGANIC  MATTER  make  up  the  cell.     The  first 
protoplasm  or  protein  (C40  H31  O12  N6),  the  material  of  the  primordial 
utricle  (§  645),  etc.,  containing  nitrogen,;  2d,  cellulose,  (C12  H10  Oj0),  the 
material  of  the  outer  wall  or  crust,  etc.,  containing  no  nitrogen.     The 
former  more  nearly  resembles  animal  matter,  and  is  the  seat  of  the  vital 
force  and  chemical  action. 

745.  WHAT    THE    CELL    IM- 
BIBES.     Through    the    invisible         ^^ 
pores  of  its  walls  the  cell  imbibes         ^QJ/ 
the  fluid  in  which  its  food  is  dis-    ,      ^^ 
solved,  viz.,    sugar  or   dextrine,          ^£) 
ammonia  or  some  other  nitrogen-  fnK  „  ^^  t ,    ? 

6         605,  Protococcusviridis,th9     606,  Penicillum  glau- 
OUS  Substance.       Such  a  fluid  may         Green  snow-plant.  cum,  the  Yeast-plant. 

be  the  flowing  sap  of  the  plant  or  any  similar  artificial  mixture  in  which 
the  cell  is  bathed,  as  (in  the  case  of  the  yeast  plant)  a  syrup  with  mu- 
cilage. 

746.  THE  CHEMICAL  CHANGES.  The  sugar  is  thus  brought  into  con- 
tact with  the  protoplasm  in  the  cell,  through  whose  action  it  is  decom- 
posed and  its  elements  transformed  into  cellulose  and  water.  Thus 
each  atom  of  (grape)  sugar  or  dextrine  becomes 

One  atom  of  cellulose,     C12  H10  O10 

and  two  atoms  of  water,       H2  O2 


C12  H18  0,2= grape  sugar. 


148  FERTILIZATION. 

The  water  is  exhaled  with  the  rest ;  the  cellulose  is  retained  to  incrust 
a  new  cell  as  soon  as  the  primordial  utricle  shall  next  divide  itself  to 
form  one.  Or  it  may  be  deposited  as  starch  granules  for  future  use. 

747.  ACTION  OF  CHLOROPHYLLS.     In  the  cells  of  green  plants  the 
globules  of  chlorophylle  act  an  important  part.     Their  formation  de- 
pends upon  the  decomposition  of  carbonic  acid  (C02),  the  retention  of 
the  carbon,  and  the  exhalation  of  the  oxygen  under  the  stimulus  of  the. 
light.     If  the  formation  of  cellulose  continue  beyond  the  present  need 
for  cell-formation,  the  excess  is  deposited  in  the  form  of  starch-granules  </ 
inclosed  within  the  globules  of  chlorophylle,  one  in  each. 

748.  DESTINATION  OP  THE  STARCH  GRANULES.     When  the  starch  granules  are 
redissolved,  they  go  to  incrust  the  next  new  cell  or  to  form  a  secondary  layer  in  the 
old  cell ;  or  in  autumn  they  go  out  into  the  general  circulation  and  are  at  length 
stored  up  in  the  buds,  the  cambium,  the  roots,  ready  for  an  early  use  the  following 
spring, 

749.  THE  INCREASE  OP  THE  PROTOPLASM  from  the  decomposition  of 
the  ammonia  or  other  nitrogenous  compounds  present  is  a  more  in- 
tricate process,  but  no  less  evident,  and  when  in  excess,  this  also  is  de- 
posited in  minute  globules  of  gluten,  mucus,  legumine,  chiefly  in  seeds 
(wheat,  beans,  rice),  in  aid  of  germination. 

750.  THE  STARCH  AND  GLUTEN  DEPOSITS  of  the  wheat  kernel  are  about  sixty- 
eight  and  seventeen  per  cent.     The  former  is  found  in  the  interior  cells,  the  latter 
in  the  exterior,  adjoining  the  pericarp  or  bran.     In  "  flouring"  some  of  the  gluten 
adheres  to  the  bran,  and  some  constitutes  the  coarser  meal,  all  of  which  is  separated 
by  the  "  bolt."     Extra  flour  must,  therefore,  necessarily  be  deficient  in  gluten,  the 
only  element  of  the  wheat  which  adapts  it  to  the  formation  of  muscle.   A  great  error. 


FERTILIZATION. 

751.  CAPACITY  OF  THE  CELL.     Such  being  the  vital  energy  of  the 
cell,  it  is  easy  to  adrm't  the  possibility  of  either  its  solitary  existence  as 
a  plant  (Protococcus,  etc.),  or  of  its  associated  existence,  as  in  the  living 
tissue  of  most  plants. 

752.  Two  MODES  OF  CELL-GROWTH.     Now  all  plants,  without  excep- 
tion, do  actually  commence  existence  in  the  state  of  a  simple  cell.     But 
while  in  the  lower  plants  (Cryptogamia),  this  simple  cell,  the  plant- 
rudiment  is  at  once  discharged,  free  and  independent,  to  float  or  grow, 
in  thePhaenogamia  it  is  yet  a  while  protected  and  nourished  by  other 
cells, — the  cells  of  the  ovule. 

753.  A  DISTINCTION.     This  primitive  cell-plant,  after  acquiring  the 
requisite  means,  swells  and  divides  itself  into  two  or  more  new  cells. 
If  these  new  cells  cohere  into  a  tissue  assuming  a  definite  form,  as  in 


FERTILIZATION. 


149 


the  higher  plants,  the  process  is  called  growth  ;  but  if  they  separate, 
each  one  still  abiding  separate,  it  is  reproduction. 

754.  THE  EMBRYONIC  VESICLE  is  the  expressive  name  of  the  em- 
bryonic cell  of  the  Flowering  Plants.     It  has  its  birth  in  that  large  cell 
of  the  nucleus  of  the  ovule   (§  539)  called  the  embryo  sac,  and  is  in 
some  way  developed  from  the  cytoblast  (§  655).    In  appearance  it  may 
be  like  other  new  cells,  but  in  the  impulse  <>r  instinct  with  which  it  is 
endowed  it  is  immeasurably  different.      It  looks  not  to  the  mere  con- 
tinuation of  an  old  series,  but  is  the  projector  and  pioneer  of  a  new. 

755.  ITS  NEW  IMPULSE.     Before  it 
can  enter  upon  its  course  of  develop- 
ment so  different  from  the  destination 
of  common  cells,  it  must  somehow  be 
quickened  and  energized  with  an  im- 
pulse in  this  new  direction.     In  other 
words,  it  must  be  fertilized, — a  pro- 
cess dependent  on  the  pollen  grains 
(§  509). 

756.  THE  POLLEN   TUBE — ITS    COURSE. 
When  the  pollen  falls  upon  the  stigma,  it 
imbibes  the  saccharine  moisture  there,  ex- 
pands, and  its  inner,  expansible  coat  of  pro- 
toplasm protrudes  through  the  aperture  (one 
or  more)  of  the  outer  crustaceous  coat,  in 
the  form  of  an  attenuated  tube.     This,  like 
a  radicle,  sinks  into  the  soft  tissues  of  the 
stigma  and  style,  reaches  the  ovary,  and 
there  meets  and  enters  the  micropyle  of  the 
ovule. 

757.  ITS    CONTENTS,    HOW    DISCHARGED. 

At  this  juncture  the  ovule  has  so  turned  it- 
self, whether  orthotropous,  anatropous,  etc., 
as  to  present  the  micropyle  favorable  to  this 
process.  The  pollen  tube  makes  its  way 
finally  to  the  nucleus  and  penetrates  to  the 
embryo  sac.  Here  its  growth  ceases;  its 
point  is  applied  externally  to  the  sac,  some- 
times indents  it ;  but  (according  to  the  most 
accurate  observations),  does  not  penetrate 
it  During  this  contact  the  contents  of  the 
tube  pass  by  absorption  into  the  sac. 

758.  GROWTH  OP  THE  FERTILIZED  CELLS. 
Immediately  the  embryonic  globule,  thus, 
somehow  endowed  with  a  new  instinct,  now 


607,  Section  of  the  ovary  of  Polygonum 
Pennsylvanicurn,  in  process  of  fertilization. 
(Magnified  20  diameters),  c,  Natural  size. 
«.,  One  of  the  stamens  having  discharged  its 
pollen,  t,  A  grain  of  pollen  and  its  tube. 
«,  Styles  and  stigmas,  o,  Ovary,  ovule,  em- 
bryo sac  containing  the  embryonic  globule. 
The  extremity  of  a  pollen  tube  is  seen  in 
contact  with  the  embryo  sac. 


150 


FERTILIZATION. 


608 


608,  Growth  of  the  emlryo 
in  Hippuris  vulgaris.  The  ferti- 
lized cell  has  divided  itsell  in- 
to several,  of  which  c,  6,  con- 
stitute the  suspenaor  attached 
to  the  apex  of  the  sac  ;  a,  em- 
bryo dividing  into  2,  then  into 
4  cells. 


first  expands  into  a  proper  cell,  and  is  usually  attached 
to  the  wall  of  the  sac  near  the  micropyle.  It  then  di- 
vides itself  transversely,  becoming  two  cells ;  the  upper 
elongates  either  with  or  without  subdivision,  forming  3 
filament  (suspensor) ;  the  lower  cell  enlarges  by  subdi- 
vision, first  spherically,  and  afterwards  the  little  mass 
begins  to  take  form  according  to  the  species,  showing 
cotyledons,  plumule,  etc.,  until  fully  developed  into  the 
embryo. 

759.  SCHLEIDEN'S  VIEW.  Owing  to  the  exi 
treme  difficulty  of  observation  in  this  minute, 
field,  different  views  of  this  process  have  been 
advanced.  That  of  Schleiden  should  not  be 
overlooked.  He  maintains  that  the  end  of  the 
pollen  tube  actually  penetrates  the  sac  and  itself 
becomes  the  embryonic  cell.  The  pollen  grain  is 
in  this  view  the  primitive  cell,  and  is  itself 
quickened  into  development  by  the  contents  of 
the  embryo  sac. 

760.  FERTILIZATION  IN  THE  CONIFERJE. 
Where  no  style  or  stigma  exists,  as  in  the  Coni- 
ferse,  the  pollen  falls  directly  into  the  micropyle 
of  the  naked  ovule  and  its  tubes  settle  into  the 
tissue  of  the  nucleus. 


761.  CHEMICAL  CHANGES  in  germina- 
tion.    The  ovule  matures  with  the  com- 
pletion of  the  embryo,  and   passes  into 
the  fixed  state  of  the  seed  in  which  the 
embryo   sleeps.      A  store  of    nutritive 
matter,  starch,  gluten,   etc.,  is  thought- 
fully provided  in  the  seed  for  the  use  of 
the  young  plant  in  germination,  until  its 
root  has  gained  fast  hold  of  the  soil. 

762.  THE  CHANGES  WHICH  OCCUR  IN 

THE  SEED   at    the  recommencement  of     609,  o~le  of  Vio]a  tricolor,  showing 

growth,  are  simply  such    as  are  requisite  the  process  of  fertilization  according  to 

to  reduce  its  dry,  insoluble  deposits  to  a  th°  views  °f  Schlef;n-  J>,  Pollen;  f, 

./'  tube,  r,  raphe ;  c,  chalaza;  6,  pritmnc; 

Solution  which  shall  contain  the  proper  a,  secundine ;  n,  nucleus ;  «,  sac  which 
materials  for  cell-formation  Or  growth  ;  tlie  tube  appears  to  have  penetrated. 

that  is,  gluten  and  other  nitrogenous  matters,  oil,  starch,  etc.,  are  to  be 
changed  to  diastase,  the  same  as  yeast,  and  dextrine,  the  same  as  gum 
or  grape  sugar. 


RIPENING    OF   FRUITS.  151 

763.  THE  PROCESS.  To  this  end  water  and  oxygen  are  absorbed  the 
gluten  begins  decomposition,  forming  yeast ;  fermentation  ensues  ;  heat 
is  produced  by  the  slow  combustion  of  the  carbon  with  oxygen  form- 
ing and  evolving  carbonic  acid,  by  which  process  some  of  the  oil  and 
starch  is  destroyed,  while  another  portion  gams  water  and  turns  to 
sugar.  All  this  within  the  cells  of  the  seed. 


RIPENING   OF    FRUITS. 

764.  In  the  pericarps  of  most  fleshy  fruits  (grape,  pear,  apple,  peach, 
strawberry),  sugar  exists  before  germination,  ready  formed  in  the  process 
of  ripening. 

765.  How  THE  FRUIT  GROWS.     In  its  earliest  stages  the  pericarp  consisted  of  a 
structure  similar  to  that  of  green  leaves,  composed  of  parenchyma,  pleurenchyma, 
vessels,  and  epidermis  with  stomata.     Its  distended  growth  afterwards  results  from 
the  accumulation  of  the  flowing  sap,  which  here  finds  an  axis  incapable  of  exten- 
sion.    Thus  arrested  in  its  progress,  it  gorges  the  pistil  and  adjacent  parts,  is  con- 
densed by  exhalation,  assimilated  by  their  green  tissues,  which  still  perform  the 
office  of  leaves.     Cell-formation  goes  on  rapidly  within,  and  the  excess  of  cellulose 
is  deposited  in  the  cells  as  starch.   Oxygen  is  usually  absorbed  in  excess,  acidifying 
the  juices. 

766.  How  IT  RIPENS.     After  the  fruit  has  attained  its  full  growth, 
the  process  of  ripening  commences,  during  which  the  pulp  becomes 
gradually  sweetened  and  softened  chiefly  by  the  change  of  the  starch 
into  more  or  less  of  soluble  sugar. 

767.  HONEY.     In  the  same  way  we  account  for  the  production  of 
honey  in  the  flower.     Copious  deposits  of  starch  are  provided  in  the 
receptacle  and  disc  (§  446X     At  the  opening  of  the  flower,  this  is 
changed  to  sugar  to  aid  in  the  rapid  development  of  those  delicate  or- 
gans which  have  no  chlorophylle  wherewith  to  assimilate  their  own 
food.     The  excess  of  sugar  flows  over  in  the  form  of  honey. 

768.  THE  WISE  ECONOMY  OF  THE  HONEY  is  seen  in  fertilization.    For, 
attracted  by  it,  the  insect  enters  the  flower,  rudely  brushes  the  pollen 
from  the  now  open  anthers,  and  inevitably  lodges  some  of  its  thousand 
grains  upon  the  stigma  ! 

769.  EXPERIMENT  HAS  PROVED  that  in  all  these  cases  of  the  formation  of  sugar 
from  starch  oxygen  is  absorbed  and  carbonic  acid  evolved, — a  process  which  we 
might  expect,  since  starch  (Ci2  HIO  Oio)  contains  proportionably  more  carbon  than 
sugar  (Ci2H12Oi2)  contains.   It  is  probable  that  thesa  two  phenomena  in  vegetation 
are  always  co-existent. 


152  ABSORPTION-. 

CHAPTER   VI. 

§  1.   ABSORPTION. 

| 

770.  OFFICE  OF  THE  ROOT.    The  absorption  of  liquids,  containing  in 
solution  the  food  of  the  plant,  is  the  peculiar  and  indispensable  office  of 
the  root,  as  may  be  shown  by  an 

771.  EXPERIMENT.     Take  a  small  growing  plant  from  the  earth  and  immerse  it  by 
its  roots,  which  should  be  nearly  or  quite  entire,  in  a  cup  containing  a  definite  quan- 
tity of  water.     Place  near  it  another  cup  with  a  like  quantity  of  water  to  indicate 
the  amount  of  evaporation.     The  difference  of  the  diminution  in  the  two  cups  will 
be  the  amount  of  absorption.     A  plant  of  spearmint  has  thus  been  found  to  absorb 
more  than  twice  its  own  weight  per  day.     Every  one  is  familiar  with  the  rapid  dis- 
appearance of  water  from  the  roots  of  potted  plants,  as  Hydrangea,  Oleander. 

772.  THE  ABSORBENTS.     An  impervious  epidermis  destitute  of  sto- 
mata  everywhere  clothes  the  roots,  excepting  its  fibrillse  and  the  tender 
extremities  of  the  rootlets.     No  part,  therefore,  is  capable  of  absorp- 
tion except  the  latter.     But  these,  by  their  multiplied  numbers,  present 
an  adequate  absorbing  surface  to  the  soil. 

773.  EXPERIMENT.     Let  a  growing  radish  be  placed  in  such  a  position  that  only 
the  fibrils  at  the  end  may  be  immersed  in  water ;  — it  will  continue  to  flourish.  But 
if  the  root  be  so  bent  that  the  fibrils  shall  remain  dry  while  the  body  of  the  root 
only  is  immersed,  the  plant  will  soon  wither,  but  will  again  revive  if  the  fibrils  be 
again  immersed. 

774.  INFERENCE.     Hence,  in  transplanting  a  tree  almost  the  only 
danger  to  its  life  arises  from  the  difficulty  of  preserving  a  sufficient 
number  of  these  rootlets. 

775.  THE  FORCE  WITH  WHICH  PLANTS  ABSORB  FLUIDS  by  their  roots 
is  surprisingly  great,  as  shown  by 

776.  EXPERIMENT.    If  the  stem  of  a  grape-vine  be  cut  off  when  the  sap  is  as- 
cending, and  a  bladder  be  tied  to  the  end  of  the  standing  part,  it  will  in  a  few  days 
become  distended  with  sap  even  to  bursting.     Dr.  Hales  contrived  to  fix  a  mercu- 
rial gauge  to  a  vine  thus  severed,  and  found  the  upward  pressure  of  the  sap  equal 
to  twenty-six  inches  of  mercury,  or  thirteen  pounds  to  the  square  inch. 

777.  BUT  WHAT  CAUSES  THIS  absorption  of  fluids  in  a  direction  con- 
trary to  gravitation  ?     In  explanation  of  this  phenomenon  reference 
has  been  made  to  two  well-known  principles  in  physics,  viz.,  to  capillary 
attraction  by  the  tubular  vessels  and  to  endosmose  by  the  closed  cells, 
which  are  far  more  numerous. 

778.  EXPERIMENT.    Invert  the  end  of  several  open  thermometer  tubes  in  a  colored 
liquid.     It  will  be  seen  rising  in  the  tubes  above  its  level,  to  various  heights — high- 
est in  the  smallest  calibre. 

779.  EXP.    Suspend  a  napkin  in  such  fashion  that  its  lowest  corner  shall  dip 
into  a  cup  of  water.    In  a  few  hours  the  water  will  have  ascended  into  the  napkin. 
These  are  results  of  capillary  attraction. 


ABSORPTION.  153 

780.  EXP.     Thrbw  dried  prunes,  currants,  or  raisins  into  water.     After  a  while 
they  will  have  become  swollen  and  distended  with  fluid.    Now  place  them  in  strong 
syrup  -,  they  will  again  shrink. 

781.  EXP.     Attach  a  bladder  filled  with  syrup  to  a  long  glass  tube,  and  immerse 
in  water.     The  water  flows  in  and  the  mixture  arises  slowly  but  forcibly  in  the  tube. 
Reverse  the  liquids.     Pure  water  from  within  the  bladder  will  flow  into  syrup  with- 
out.   The  former  is  a  case  of  endosmose  (ivdov,  inwards,  /z<D,  to  seek),  the  latter  of 
exosmose  (e&,  outwards). 

782.  DIRECTION  OF  THE  CURRENTS.    The  flow  will  continue  until  the  two  fluids 
are  equal  in  density.     In  both  cases  there  is  also  a  flowing  of  syrup  into  the  water, 
but  the  greater  flow  is  always  from  the  lighter  into  the  denser  fluid. 

783.  THE  FORCE  OF  ENDOSMOSE  is  found  to  depend  upon  the  excess  in  density  of 
the  inner  fluid.     Syrup,  with  the  density  of  1.3,  caused  a  flow  of  water  with  an  up- 
ward pressure  of  4J  atmospheres  (Dutrochet).     The  great  force  with  which  the  cap- 
sule of  the  squirting  cucumber  (§  606)  bursts  shows  the  power  of  endosmose.     But 
a  more  probable  theory  is  stated  in  §  791. 

784.  THE  USE  OF  ABSORPTION  in  the  vegetable  economy  is  not  merely 
the  introduction  of  so  much  water  into  the  plant,  but  to  obtain  for  its 
growth  the  elements  of  its  food  held  in  solution,  whether  gaseous  or 
earthy.     In  attaining  this  object,  the  roots  seem  to  be  endowed  with  a 
certain  power  of  selection  or  choice  which  we  can  not  explain.     Thus, 
if  wheat  be  grown  in  the  same  soil  with  the  pea,  the  former  will  select 
the  silica  along  with  the  water  which  it  absorbs  in  preference  to  the 
lime  ;  the  pea  selects  the  lime  in  preference  to  the  silica.     Buckwheat 
will  take  chiefly  magnesia,  cabbage  and  beans,  potash.     This  fact  shows 
the  importance  of  the  rotation  of  crops  in  agriculture. 

785.  OTHER  MEANS  OF  ABSORPTION.     The  office  of  absorption  is  not 
performed  by  the  root  alone.     Every  green  part,  but  especially  the  leaf, 
is  capable  of  absorbing  gases  and  watery  vapor. 

786.  PROOFS.     Every  one  knows  how  greatly  plants,  when  parched  and  withered 
by  drought,  are  revived  by  a  shower  which  sprinkles  their  leaves  without  reaching 
their  roots.   Air  plants  or  epiphytes  (§  143),  such  as  the  long-moss  and  Epidendrum, 
must  rely  on  this  source  chiefly  for  the  supply  of  their  food ;  and  when  the  dissev- 
ered stems  of  such  plants  as  the  houseleek  grow  without  roots,  suspended  by  a  thread 
in  air,  it  is  evident  that  all  their  nourishment  comes  through  their  leaves. 

CIRCULATION. 

787.  TENDENCY  OP  THE  FLOW.     The  fluids  which  are  thus  taken 
into  the  system  by  absorption  can  not  remain  inactive  and  stagnant. 
As  their  inward  flow  is  regular  and  constant  in  its  season,  so  must  be 
their  upward  and  outward  flow,  in  a  course  more  or  less  direct,  toward 
the  parts  where  they  find  an  outlet  or  a  permanent  fixture. 

788.  IN  THOSE  CRYPTOGAMS  which  are  composed  of  cellular  tissue 
alone  the  circulation  of  the  sap  consists  only  of  a  uniform  diffusion 
from  cell  to  cell  throughout  the  mass,  as  through  a  sponge. 

789.  IN  THE  HIGHER  PLANTS,  the  different  tissues  perform  appropriate 


154  CIRCULATION. 

offices  in  the  circulation,  some  conducting  upward,  some  downward,  some 
conveying  the  crude  sap,  some  latex,  and  some  air. 

790.  AIR-VESSELS.     Spiral  vessels  and  others  of  the  trachenchyma 
are  generally  filled  with  air,  and  take  no  part  in  the  circulation  of  fluids, 
except  in  the  spring,  when  the  whole  system  is  gorged  with  sap.     The 
intercellular  passages,  also,  generally  circulate  air  alone. 

791.  THE  MOVING  FORCE.     From  the  roots  the  newly  absorbed  fluid 
flows  upward  through  the  stems  and  branches,  toward  the  buds,  leaves, 
and  flowers,  being  probably  drawn  thither  into  them  by  the  exhalation 
and  consequent  exhaustion  there  going  on. 

792.  THROUGH  WHAT  TISSUE.     The  tissue  of  the  stem  and  branches 
through  which  the  ascending  sap  loves  chiefly  to  travel  is  the  pleuren- 
chyma — those  long  cells  of  the  wood  fiber,  whether  arranged  in  broad 
layers,  as  in  the  Exogens,  or  scattered  in  slender  bundles,  as  in  the  En- 
dogens. 

793.  THROUGH  WHICH  LAYERS.     And  when  the  stem  grows  old,  the 
sap  ceases  to  traverse  the  inner  layers, — the  duramen,  where  its  passage 
becomes  obstructed  by  thickened  cell  walls,  and  frequents  only  the  outer 
newer  layers, — the  alburnum,  next  adjoining  the  liber. 

794.  THE  CRUDE  SAP.     The  fluid  which  thus  flows  upward  seeking 
the  leaves  consists  largely  of  water,  is  colorless,  and  is  called  the  crude 
sap.     It  contains  in  solution  minute  quantities  of  gases  and  mineral 
salts,  imbibed  by  the  roots,  together  with  dextrine  and  sugar  (no  starch) 
which  it  dissolved  out  of  the  cells  on  its  way.     This  is  the  fluid  which 
flows  so  abundantly  from  incisions  made  in  trees  in  early  spring. 

795.  THE  OVERFLOW  OF  THE  SAP  depends  upon  the  excess  of  absorption  over 
exhalation.     After  the  decay  of  the  leaves  in  autumn,  and  the  consequent  cessation 
of  exhalation,  the  rootlets,  being  deep  in  the  ground,  below  the  influence  of  frost, 
continue  their  action  for  a  time,  and  an  accumulation  of  sap  in  the  system,  even  in 
the  air-vessels  and  spaces,  takes  place.     Also  in  early  spring,  before  the  leaves  are 
developed,  this  action  recommences,  and  the  plant  becomes  gorged  with  sap,  which 
will  burst  forth  from  incisions,  as  in  the  sugar  maple,  or  sometimes  spontaneously, 
as  in  the  grape.    As  soon  as  the  buds  expand  into  leaves  and  flowers,  the  overflow 


796.  THE  TRUE  SAP.     Throughout  its  whole  course  to  the  leaves  the 
sap  gains  in  density  by  solution.     There  arrived,  it  loses  by  exhalation 
a  large  part  of  its  water,  gains  additional  carbon,  and  undergoes  other 
important  chemical  changes  (hereafter  to  be  noticed),  and  becomes  the 
true  sap,  dense  and  rich,  both  in  nutritive  matter  for  the  immediate 
growth  and  in  special  products  for  the  future  nourishment  of  the  plant. 

797.  RETURNING,  the  true  sap  distributes  its  treasures  in  due  and  ex- 
act proportion  as  needed  to  every  organ.     Its  course  lies  in  the  tissues 
of  the  bark,  cellular  and  woody,  first  distributed  over  the  under  surface 


CIRCULATION.  155 

of  the  leaves,  thence  by  the  leaf-stalks  into  the  liber,  and  so  pervading 
all,  down  to  the  extremities  of  the  roots. 

798.  ON  ITS  PASSAGE  IT  MAKES  DEPOSITS  of  food,  first  in  the  cells, 
of  the  pith  at  the  base  of  every  incipient  bud  ;  then  in  the  cambium 
region  a  copious  store;    next  in  the  medullary  rays  a  due  portion, 
some  carried  outward  for  the  supply  of  the  cortical  layer,  and  some  in- 
ward for  solidifying  the  wood  ;  and  lastly,  the  residue,  often  the  richest 
legacy  of  all,  falls  to  the  root,  and  fills  every  branch  and  fiber,  however 
vast  its  extent.     This  last  deposit  is  that  which  is  first  met  and  dissolved 
by  the  rising  tide  of  fluid  in  the  following  spring. 

799.  GROWTH  PROGRESSES  DOWNWARD.      Since  the  flowing  of  the 
true  elaborated  sap  is  downward,  it  scarce  admits  of  a  doubt  that  the 
progress  of  the  growth  is  also  downward,  from  the  leaves  to  the  roots. 
And  on  no  other  supposition  can  we  account  for  the  results  of  the  fol- 
lowing 

800.  EXPERIMENT.     Girdle  an  exogenous  tree  by  removing  an  entire  ring  of  its 
bark.     It  will  flourish  still  during  one  growing  season,  and  form  a  new  layer  of  wood 
and  bark  everywhere  above  the  wound,  as  before,  but  not  at  all  below.    The  next 
season  the  tree  will  die.    "Why  ?    Because  the  true  sap  returning  can  not  descend 
to  nourish  the  roots. 

801.  EXP.     If  a  ligature  be  bound  firmly  around  a  stem  (sc.  of  silver-leaf  poplar) 
its  growth  is  checked  below,  while  the  part  just  above  will  exhibit,  after  a  year  or 
two,  a  circular  swelling  evidently  caused  by  the  interruption  of  the  descending  sap. 

802.  EXP.     If  a  chip  be  cut  from  the  trunk,  the  wound  heals  evidently  from  the 
upper  side. 

803.  EXP.     Cut  off  the  top  of  a  branch  just  below  a  leaf.    The  upper  remaining 
internode  will  perish.     It  has  no  leaf  above  it  to  send  down  its  food. 

804.  EXP.     Girdle  carefully  the  stem  of  a  potato-plant.     No  tubers  will  be  formed 
below.     And,  again,  girdle  a  fruit  tree,  and  the  fruit  will  for  once  be  increased  in 
amount. 

805.  IN  A  FEW  INSTANCES  TREES  HAVE   SURVIVED  THE  GIRDLING  PROCESS.      In 

such  cases  the  medullary  rays  complete  the  broken  currents.  The  descending  sap, 
on  arriving  at  the  ring,  flows  inwardly  by  the  medullary  rays,  making  a  circuit,  and 
appears  again  in  the  bark  below  the  interruption. 

806.  ROTATION.     Beside  this  general  circulation  of  fluids  rising  and 
falling  from  extremity  to  extremity,  there  is  also  a  special  circulation 
going  on  pretty  constantly  in  each  new  cell,  called  rotation. 

807.  ROTATION  is  a  flowing  of  the  protoplasm  in  slender  and  devious 
currents  on  the  inner  surface  of  the  primordial  utricle,  rendered  per- 
ceptible by  the  opaque  particles  floating  in  it.     The  cytoblast  also  par- 
takes of  the  movement.    It  is  well  observed  in  the  hairs  of  Tradescantia, 
leaves  of  Vallesneria,  and  especially  in  the  stems  of  Chara,  where  the 
current  expands  into  an  entire  revolving  layer  of  protoplasm.     It  is  a 
vital  movement. 


156  RESPIRATION. 

TRANSPIRATION. 

808.  TRANSPIRATION  relates  to  that  important  office  performed  by  the 
leaves  and  other  green  organs,  whereby  pure  water  is  separated  from  the 
crude  sap  and  given  off  into  the  air.     It  takes  place  chiefly  through  the 
stomata,  and  is  greatest  by  day  and  in  a  warm,  dry  atmosphere. 

809.  UPON     THE     ACTIVITY     OF     TRANSPIRATION     DEPENDS    also     the 

amount  of  absorption.  It  not  only  makes  room  for  the  fluids  from  be- 
low to  enter,  but  by  disturbing  their  equilibrium,  it  creates  an  upward 
tendency,  as  the  flame  of  a  lamp  draws  the  fluid  up  the  wick.  All  the 
mineral  and  organic  constituents  of  the  sap  are  of  course  left  in  the 
plant. 

810.  THE  QUANTITY  OF  PURE  WATER  TRANSPIRED  by  plants  is  immense.     A 
forest  makes  a  damp  atmosphere  for  miles  around.     Dr.  Hales,  in  a  series  of  instruc- 
tive experiments  in  transpiration,  ascertained  that  a  sunflower  three  and  a  half  feet 
high,  with  a  surface  of  5,616  square  inches,  transpired  from  20  to  30  oz.  in  twelve 
hours;  a  cabbage,  15  to  25  oz.  in  the  same  time— equal  to  the  transpiration  of  a 
dozen  laboring  men.     We  may  easily 

811.  EXPERIMENT  with  a  single  leaf  recently  plucked,  say  of  Podophyllum.    In- 
sert its  petiole  in  a  narrow-mouthed  goblet  of  water,  and  around  it  fill  the  mouth 
with  dry  cotton  to  restrain  evaporation.     Over  the  whole  place  a  bell-glass  and  ex- 
pose to  the  sunshine.     The  vapor  transpired  will  condense  on  the  bell-glass,  equal- 
ing (save  the  solid  matters)  the  loss  in  the  goblet. 

RESPIRATION. 

812.  RESPIRATION  in  plants  refers  to  their  refations  to  the  atmos- 
phere.   So  in  animals.    These  relations  are  in  either  case  vitally  impor- 
tant. 

813.  EXPERIMENT.    Place  a  small,  healthy  potted  plant  (sc.  Geranium,  Mimosa) 
under  the  receiver  of  an  air-pump,  and  thoroughly  exhaust  the  air.     At  once  every 
vital  process  ceases — no  absorption,  no  assimilation,  no  irritability,  but  speedily  de- 
cay ensues.    A  vacuum  would  bo  no  more  fatal  to  a  sparrow.    Ah*  is  quite  as 
necessary  to  the  one  as  to  the  other. 

814.  ILLUSTRATION.     So  also  when  only  the  roots  are  excluded  from  the  air  by 
being  buried  deeply  in  an  embankment,  the  tree  suffers  injury  and  perhaps  perishes. 

815.  RESPIRATION  IN  PLANTS,  OR  AERATION   (as  sometimes  called) 
consists  of  all  those  operations  by  which  the  sap  is  brought  into  con- 
tact with  the  air  or  subjected  to  its  influence.     It  occurs  in  the  inter- 
cellular passages,  in  the  spiral  vessels  everywhere,  but  especially  in  the 
leaves  and  all  other  organs  which  have  chlorophylle  and  stomata. 

816.  THE  VITAL  IMPORTANCE  OF  RESPIRATION  is  seen  in  the  vast  ex- 
tent of  the  respiratory  apparatus,  consisting  of  millions  of  leaves  and 
billions  of  breathing  pores  (stomata)  and  trachea?  (vessels)  ! 

817.  THE  FACTS  connected  with  respiration,  which  seem  to  have  been 
well  established  by  the  experiments  of  Saussure,  Garreau,  Moue,  Draper, 
etc.,  are  these  : 


RESPIRATION.  157 

1.  Carbonic  acid  (C  02)  is  absorbed  by  the  leaves  and  all  green  tis- 
sues, under  the  direct  solar  light. 

2.  Oxygen  (0)  is  absorbed  by  the  leaves  and  all  green  tissues  in  the 
absence  of  direct  solar  light,  and  by  the  roots,  flowers,  fruits,  and  ger- 
minating seeds  at  all  times. 

3.  The  oxygen  thus  absorbed  unites  with  some  of  the  free  (or  nas- 
cent) carbon  already  in  the  tissues,  and  forms  carbonic  acid. 

4.  By  a  process  of  assimilation   (§  747)  carbonic  acid  within  the 
green  tissues,  from  whatever  source  derived,  is  decomposed  under  the 
direct  sunshine,  and  its  carbon  is  retained  ;  but 

5.  Its  oxygen  is  set  free  and  exhaled. 

6.  Carbonic  acid  is  exhaled  by  the  leaves  and  all  the  green  tissues 
in  the  absence  of  the  sunshine,  and  by  all  other  parts  (root,  flower?, 
fruit,  and  germinating  seeds)  at  all  times.     Hence  it  appears  that  there 
are 

818.  Two  PHASES  of  aerial  action  constantly  performed   and  seem- 
ingly opposed  to  each  other.     One  dependent  wholly  upon  the  clear 
sunshine,  in  which,  by  the  leaves,  etc.,  C  O2  is  absorbed,  decomposed,  and 
0  returned  to  the  atmosphere  ;  the  other,  in  which  O  is  absorbed,  and 
C  O2  exhaled,  by  the  leaves  in  the  absence  of  sunshine,  and  by  all  other 
parts  (roots,  flowers,  etc.)  at  all  times.     Both  are  equally  and  vitally 
important. 

819.  THE  FORMER  PROCESS  BECOMES  VISIBLE  to  the  eye  by  the  rapid  development 
of  chlorophylle  accompanying  it,  the  latter  by  its  gradual  loss.     Hence,  during  a 
protracted  season  of  cloudy  weather  vegetation  grows  sensibly  paler ,  but  a  few 
hours  of  sunshine  restores  the  green  to  its  wonted  depth  and  richness. 

820.  BLANCHED  PLANTS.     Hence,  also,  plants  growing  in  constant  darkness  and 
shade,  as  potatoes  in  the  cellar,  are  very  pale,  and  manifest  their  affinity  for  light 
by  stretching  themselves  with  famishing  eagerness  towards  the  slender  sunbeam 
which  gains  admittance.     Analysis  shows  structures  thus  grown  to  be  deficient  in 
carbon.    We  may  easily  repeat  the 

821.  EXPERIMENT  OF  SAUSSURE.    Place  a  quantity  of  freshly  gathered  leafy  stems 
under  a  bell-glass  full  of  rain- water,  and  thus  expose  them  to  the  sun.     Soon  bub- 
bles of  gas  arise  and  slowly  collect  above,  pure  oxygen  gas,  as  long  ago  proved  by 
Dr.  Priestly. 

822.  REPEAT  THE  EXPERIMENT  with  boiled  or  distilled  water,^md  no  oxygen  will 
appear.    Rain-water  contains  C  0-2  in  solution,  boiled  water  does  not.     The  0  rrust 
therefore  have  come  from  the  C  Os  as  would  appear. 

823.  EXPERIMENT.     Inclose  air-tight  in  a  glass  globe  the  end  of  a  leafy  branch, 
without  severing  it  from  the  tree.     Thus  it  has  been  found  by  careful  analysis  after 
a  day  of  sunshine  that  the  proportion  of  0  was  increased  at  the  expense  of  C  0, 
within  the  globe ;  and  vice  versa  by  night  or  in  the  shade. 

824.  THE  RESULTS  of  both  transpiration  and  respiration,  as  concerns 
the  plants,  tend  to  concentrate  the  diluted  sap  by  the  elimination  of  the 


158  REVIEW    OF   THE    PRINCIPLES    OF   NUTRITION. 

water,  which  served  merely  for  its  conveyance,  and  to  assimilate  it  into 
food  capable  of  being  organized  into  cells  and  their  various  contents. 

And  it  is  proper  in  this  place  also  to  notice  the  effects  of  this  vast 
machinery  upon  the  constitution  of  the  atmosphere  and  its  relation  to 
the  animal  kingdom. 

825.  CARBONIC  ACID  gas  is  dissolved  in  the  atmosphere  and  some- 
what uniformly  diffused  throughout  its  whole  extent  in  the  proportion 
of  about  4  parts  in  10,000,  or  ^sW     This  gas  flows,  and  is  ever  flow- 
ing into  the  air  from  decaying  animal  and  vegetable  substances,  from 
combustion,  and  from  the  breath  of  all  living  animals.     The  quantity 
thus  added  to  the  atmosphere  annually  is  estimated  at  100  billions  Ibs., 
or  nearly  one  tenth  of  the  whole  amount  of  carbon,  and  yet  it  does  not 
accumulate. 

826.  THE    DEMAND  AND   SUPPLY.     Were  we  able  to   compute   in 
pounds  the  annual  growth  of  the  entire  plant  world,  and  the  proportion 
of  solid  carbon  which  enters  into  that  amount,  we  should  doubtless  find 
that  the  grand  total  of  the  demand  equals  this  grand  total  supply. 

A  POISONOUS  ATMOSPHERE.  And  further ;  not  only  are  the  necessi- 
ties of  the  plant  met  by  this  wonderful  circulation,  but  the  necessities 
of  animal  existence  also.  Carbonic  acid  is  poisonous,  and  should  it  be 
left  to  accumulate  unchecked,  it  would  gradually  corrupt  the  air,  and 
within  a  few  centuries  extinguish  all  animal  life. 

828.  ANIMALS  AND  PLANTS  MUTUALLY  DEPENDENT.  Thus  are  the 
two  kingdoms  of  the  organic  world  mutually,  through  the  inorganic, 
dependent  upon  each  other.  The  plant  furnishes  the  oxygen  which 
the  animal  consumes,  the  animal  the  carbonic  acid  which  the  plant 
consumes,  while  each  would  perish  in  an  atmosphere  of  its  own  pro- 
duction. "  Great  and  marvelous  are  thy  works,  0  Lord  of  Hosts !  in 
Wisdom  hast  thou  made  them  all." 


CHAPTER    VII. 

REVIEW   OF   THE   PRINCIPLES   OF    NUTRITION. 

829.  THE  FOUR  ORQANOGENS.  It  has  already  appeared  in  the  pre- 
ceding chapters  that  plants  consist  chiefly  of  four  simple  organic  ele- 
ments, viz. :  carbon,  oxygen,  hydrogen,  nitrogen.  The  first  exists  in  a 
larger  proportion,  the  last  in  a  smaller  than  either  of  the  others. 
Unitedly  these  four  elements  constitute  about  94  per  cent,  of  all  vege- 
table matter. 


REVIEW   OP  THE   PRINCIPLES   OF   NUTRITION. 


159 


830.  CARBON  (essentially  charcoal)  enters  so  largely  into  the  composition  of 
plants  that  it  retains  generally  the  exact  form  and  texture  of  the  wood  after  tho 
other  elements  have  been  expelled  by  heat.     On  this  element  chiefly  depends  the 
eolidity  and  strength.     Its  proportion  is  from  40  to  60  per  cent.    Nitrogen,  although 
equally  essential,  is  less  abundant  in  the  tissues,  and  exists  largely  only  in  certain 
vegetable  products,  as  gluten,  albumen,  casein,  theine. 

831.  OXYGEN  AND  HYDROGEN  exist  in  plants  combined  with  other  elements,  and 
also  combined  with  each  other  forming  water,  especially  in  all  fresh  green  vege- 
table matter.     The  water  is  expelled  by  drying,  and  the  following  table  shows,  in 
a  few  cases,  the  proportion  for  each  100  Ibs. 


Peas  lose  of  water 8  Ibs. 

Wheat 14  Ibs. 

Rye  and  oats 15  Ibs. 

Wheat  straw. 26  Ibs. 

Potatoes  about 75  Ibs. 


Apples  and  pears 83  Ibs. 

Bed  beet 85  Ibs. 

Strawberries  and  gooseberries.  90  Ibs. 

Turnips 93  Ibs. 

Watermelons . .  .95  Ibs. 


832.  EARTHY   ELEMENTS.      Besides  these  four  universal  elements, 
many  other  substances,   earthy  and  mineral,  are  found  in  quantities 
greater  or  less,  in  different  species.     Thus  forest-trees  and  most  inland 
plants  contain  potassa;  marine  plants,  soda,  iodine;  the  grasses,  silex, 
phosphate  of  lime ;    rhubarb  and  sorrel,  oxalate  of  lime ;  leguminous 
plants,  carbonate  of  lime  ;  the  Cruciferae,  sulphur,  etc. 

833.  THE  PROPORTION  OP  EARTHY  MATTER  is  small  and  may  be  estimated  from 
the  ashes.     As  drying  expels  the  water,  so  burning  expels  all  other  organic  ele- 
ments, and  the  inorganic  earthy,  whatever  they  be,  remain  in  the  form  of  ash.   The 
following  table  from  Bousingault  is  instructive  on  this  point. 


Wl 
Grain. 

icat 
Straw. 

Os 

Grain. 

ts 
Straw. 

fc  . 

o  g 

& 

*-<      . 

c-o 

ss 

yOD 

1 

1 

1 

£  o* 

gs 

Carbon  
Hydrogen.  .  . 
Oxygen.  .... 
Nitrogen  
Ash  

46.1 
5.8 
43.4 
2.3 
2.4 

48.4 
5.3 
38.95 
.35 
7. 

50.7 
6.4 
30.  7 
2.2 
4. 

50.1 
5.4 
39.0 
.4 
5.1 

46.5 
6.1 
40.1 
4.2 
3.1 

49.4 
5.8 
35.0 
7.0 
2.8 

45.8 
5.0 
38.7 
1.5 
9.0 

42.9 
5.6 
42.2 
1.7 
7.6 

44.0 
5.8 
44.7 
1.5 
4.0 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100    |    100 

100 

834.  AGRICULTURAL  CHEMISTRY.    Since  all  these  elements  are  found  in  plants, 
we  infer  them  to  be  essential  ingredients  iu  the  food  which  they  require  for  healthy 
vegetation ;  and  an  inquiry  into  the  sources  from  which  they  may  be  supplied  con- 
stitutes the  chief  object  of  Agricultural  Chemistry. 

835.  THE  FOOD  OF  PLANTS  is  air,  earth,  and  water.     It  is  evident 
that  plants  do  not  create  a  particle  of  matter,  and  therefore  do  not 
originate   in  themselves  any  of  the  elements   which  compose  them. 
Consequently  they  must  obtain  them  from  sources  without.     Carbon  is 
derived  from  the  carbonic  acid  contained  in  the  atmosphere,  and  from 
the  decaying  vegetable  matter  of  the  soil.     Oxygen  is  derived  from  tho 


160  REVIEW    OF    THE    PRINCIPLES    OP    NUTRITION". 

water  and  from  the  carbonic  acid  of  the  atmosphere ;  hydrogen  from 
water  and  ammonia,  and  nitrogen  from  ammonia  and  nitric  acid,  drawn 
either  from  the  atmosphere  or  the  soil. 

836.  THE  ATMOSPHERE  CONTAINS  about  ZJ-Q-Q  part  of  carbonic  acid,  diffused  through- 
out its  whole  extent ;  and  as  this  gas  contains  27  per  cent,  of  carbon,  it  is  demon- 
strable that  the  whole  atmosphere  contains  more  than  600  billions  (600, 000,000,000) 
of  tons  of  solid  carbon,  derived  from  the  sources  already  mentioned  (§  835), — 
an  amount  fully  adequate  to  the  demands  of  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

837.  SOIL  consists  of  two  classes  of  materials,  viz. :  mineral,  and  organic.     The 
former,  called  earths,  consists  of  disintegrated  and  pulverized  rocks,  including  all 
the  various  mineral  substances  which  are  found  to  enter  into  the  composition  of 
plants,  as  potassa,  soda,  silica,  lime,  etc.,  all  of  which  are  more  or  less  soluble  in 
water.     The  organic  materials  consist  of  the  remains  of  former  tribes  of  plants  and 
animals  mingled  with  the  earths ;  and  which,  having  access  to  the  air,  are  decom- 
posed, evolving  cacbonic  acid  and  ammonia  both  to  the  air  and  the  water. 

838.  WATER  is  composed  of  oxygen  and  hydrogen  (H  0)  in  the  proportion  of  8 
to  1  by  weight,  or  one  atom  of  each  to  each.     Having  pervaded  the  atmosphere  in 
the  state  of  vapor  and  rain,  and  percolated  through  the  soil,   it  holds  in  solu- 
tion carbonic  and  nitric  acids,  ammonia,  and  many  of  the  various  minerals  abovo 
mentioned. 

839.  AMMONIA  consists  of  nitrogen  and  hydrogen  combined  in  the  proportion  of 
one  atom  of  the  former  to  three  of  the  latter  (N  H3).     It  arises  from  decaying  ani- 
mal and  vegetable  matter,  as  above  stated,  and  is  diffused  through  the  atmosphere 
in  the  proportion  of  about  1  part  in  10.000. 

840.  NITRIC  ACID  is  also  believed  to  yield  nitrogen  to  plants.     It  consists  of  oco 
atom  of  nitrogen  to  five  of  oxygen  (N  03).     During  thunder-storms  it  is  generated 
in  the  air  by  lightning  and  brought  down  by  rain.     When  combined  with  the 
loses,  as  potassa,  soda,  etc.,  it  forms  nitrates — substances  known  to  be  efficient  fer- 
tilizers in  soils. 

841.  AIR  PLANTS.     Thus  it  appears  that  water,  carbonic  acid  and  am'monia  (or 
nitric  acid)  may  yield  to  plants  their  four  essential  organic  elements.     And  since  all 
of  them  are  contained  in  the  atmosphere,  some  plants  are  capable  of  subsisting  on 
air  alone  (long  moss,  lichens) ;  but  most  species  are  dependent  on  water,  earth,  and 
air,  and  demand  a  copious  supply. 

842.  THE    EXTERNAL    CIRCUMSTANCES,  therefore,  first  requisite    to 
healthy  vegetation  are, — 1,  free  access  to  an  atmosphere  which  is  often 
agitated  by  winds ;  2,  a  proper  supply  of  rain  or  river  water ;  3,  a  soil 
possessing  the  peculiar  minerals  required  by  the  species  to  be  grown 
upon  it,  together  with  a  certain  proportion  of  vegetable  mold. 

843.  THE  SUPPLY.     The  first  of  these   is    everywhere   abundantly 
supplied  by  nature,  and  asks  no  aid  from  man.     The  second  and  third 
are  often  deficient,  and  are  to  be  supplied  by  the  labors  of  agriculture. 
By  irrigation  streams  of  water  are  turned  from  their  natural  channels  to 
add  to  the  scanty  moisture  of  fields  parched  with  drought ;  by  drain- 
age the  inundated  bog  is  converted  into  a  luxuriant  lawn. 

844.  THE  OBJECT  OP  TILLAGE  is  to  pulverize  and  lighten  the  too  compact  soil; 
and  thus  expose  every  part  to  the  oxygen  of  the  air  in  order  to  hasten  its  decompo- 
sition.    Svhsotting}  or  deep  ploughing,  ia  an  operation  whereby  that  stratum  of  earth 


REVIEW   OF   THE   PRINCIPLES    OF    NUTRITION.  161 

which  lies  just  below  the  ordinary  soil  is  moved  and  subjected  to  atmospheric  in- 
fluence. Tho  subsoil,  with  less  organic  matter,  contains  often  soluble  fertilizing 
earths  which  may  thus  be  rendered  available  for  the  use  of  plants. 

845.  THE  OBJECT  OF  MANURING  is  mainly  to  increase  tho  quantity  of  organic 
matter,  or  to  restore  to  the  soil  those  qualities  which  have  been  taken  away  by  tho 
crops.     By  various  amendments  (as  gypsum,  lime,  charcoal)  ammonia  is  strongly 
attracted  from  the  air  and  yielded  again  to  vegetation.     Marl  promotes  the  decom- 
position of  the  soil,  and  ashes  add  to  the  potassa — a  substance  which  also  exists 
naturally  in  soils,  being  derived  from  the  decomposition  of  tho  rocks  which  contain 
it,  as  granite,  clay-slate,  basalt,  etc. 

846.  BONE  MANURE  is  rich  in  the  phosphates  indispensable  in  tho  formation  of 
albumine,  gluten,  and  other  blood-making  qualities  of  fruits.     Tho  mineral  phos- 
phate of  lime,  bone-chalk,  etc.,  are  of  the  same  nature. 

847.  GUANO  is  a  manure  whose  great  value  depends  upon  its  abundant  nitrates 
and  ammoniacal  salts.     It  is  the  excrement  of  sea-fowl  which  has  for  ages  accumu- 
lated in  vast  deposits  on  certain  coasts  and  islands  of  South  America  and  Africa. 

848.  FALLOW  GROUND.     Soils  arc  often  improved  by  lying  fallow  for 
a  season,  thus  allowing  time  to  form,  by  decomposition,  a  fresh  supply 
of  that  particular  ingredient  which  had  been  exhausted  by  previous 
crops.     On  the  same  principle  is  explained  the   beneficial  effects  of  a 
rotation  of  such  crops  as  require  different  mineral  substances  in  their 
composition. 

849.  LIGHT  AND  HEAT.     After  all  these  materials  have  been  supplied 
to  the  plant,  still  two  other  agents  are  requisite,  without  which  the  great 
work  of  vegetation  will  not  go  on.     These  life-giving  principles  arc  light 
and  heat,  both  of  which  emanate  in  floods  from  the  sun.     Under  their 
influence  the  raw  material  is  received  into  the  vessels  of  the  plant  and 
assimilated  to  its  own  substance — a  process  which  can  be  fully  compre- 
hended only  by  HIM  whose  power  is  adequate  to  carry  it  on. 

850.  DIGESTION.     Under  the  influence  of  solar  light  and  a  temperature  above  the 
freezing  point,  water  holding  various  earths  in  solution  is  imbibed  by  the  roots  and 
raised  into  the  tissues  of  the  stem,  dissolving  as  it  passes  small  portions  of  gum  or 
sugar  previously  deposited  there.    In  this  state  it  is  crude  sap.    Passing  on  it  enters 
the  leaves,  and  is  there  subjected  to  the  action  of  tho  chlorophylle  (§  657)  which 
chiefly  constitutes  the  apparatus  of  digestion.     Here  it  is  concentrated  by  transpi- 
ration, sending  off  quantities  of  pure  water.     Meanwhile  the  leaves  are  imbibing 
carbonic  acid  from  the  air,  decomposing  it,  retaining  tho  carbon,  and  returning  puro 
oxygen.     Thus  elaborated,  the  sap  is  now  called 

851.  THE  PROPER  JUICE,  consisting  evidently  of  carbon  and  water, 
with  a  little  nitrogen  and  minute  portions  of  the  mineral  substances 
mentioned  above.     From  this,  the  vital  fluid,  arc  elaborated  the  build- 
ing material  of  the  vegetable  fabric,  and  all  its  various  products  and 
secretions. 

852.  PROTEIN,  OR  PROTOPLASM,  the  substance  of  the  primordial  utricle,  analogous 
in  composition  to  the  living  tissues  of  animals,  and  containing  nitrogen,  is  organized, 
first  of  all,  from  this  vital  fluid.     Cellulose  (or  lignin)  next,  the  peculiar  principle  of 
vegetable  tissue,  whether  cellulal,  vasoular,  or  woody,  consisting  of  carbon  with  tho 

11 


162 


REVIEW    OF    THE    PRINCIPLES    OF    NUTRITION. 


exact  elements  of  water,  viz.,  Ci2  HID    Oio.     Then,  through  the  action  of  light,  chlo- 
rophylle  springs  into  being,  clothing  the  plant  in  living  green.     Meanwhile 

853.  Gun,  STARCH  AND  SUGAR,  nutritive  products  common  to  all  plants,  are  also 
developed  from  the  proper  juice — not  all  to  be  immediately  employed  in  building  up 
the  tissues,  but  mostly  to  be  stowed  away  in  reserve  for  future  use.     Such  deposits 
:ire  made  in  the  root  of  the  beet,  tuber  of  the  potato,  and  in  the  fruit  generally. 
These  three  products,  with  cellulose,  are  all  composed  of  carbon  and  the  elements 
of  water,  often  in  identical  proportions  ;  thus  cane  sugar  is  Ci2  Hia  Oi2 ;  grape  sugar, 
Cu  Hn  On  :  gum,  €12  HIO  Oio ;  starch,  €12  Kio  Oio ;  cellulose,  Ci»  Hio  Oio. 

854.  SUGAR  is  SOMETIMES  PRODUCED  DIRECTLY  from  the  proper  juico,  as  in  the 
root  of  beet,  stalk  of  maize,  and  sugar-cane ;  but  oftener,  during  germination,  from 
the  starch  deposited  in  the  seed.     Its  composition,  as  seen  above,  differs  from  that 
of  starch  only  in  containing  a  larger  proportion  of  the  elements  of  water  or  (what 
is  the  same)  a  smaller  proportion  of  carbon.     As  starch  is  insoluble,  its  transforma- 
tion into  soluble  gum  or  sugar  is  needful  to  render  it  available  for  the  nutrition  of 
the  growing  embryo. 

855.  TlIE   FACILITY   WITH   WHICH    THESE    FIVE     GENERAL    PRODUCTS     ARE    COX- 
VERTED  INTO  EACH  OTHER,  both  in  the  growing  plant  and  in  the  laboratory  of  the 
chemist,  is  accounted  for  by  the  similarity  of  their  chemical  condition.     Thus  starch, 
gum  and  cellulose  may  reconvert  merely  by  some  change  in  the  arrangement  of  their 
constituent  atoms,  or  they  may  become  sugar  by  the  addition  of   one  or  two  atoms 
of  water. 

856.  AMONG  THE  NUMEROUS  SECRETIONS  of  plants,  which  our  limits  forbid  us  to 
consider,  are   the  vegetable  acids  containing  more  oxygen  proportionately  than 
exists  in  water ;  the  oily  acids,  resins  and  oils,  containing  less  oxygen  than  exists 
in  water,  or  none  at  all.     These  substances  vary  in  the  different  species  almost  to 
infinity,  taking  into  their  constitution,  in  addition  to  the  four  organogens,  minute 
portions  of  the  mineral  substances  introduced  by  rain  and  river  water.     Their  pecu- 
liarities of  odor,  flavor,  color,  properties,  etc.,  although  so  obvious  to  the  senses,  aro 
occasioned  by  differences  of  constitution  often  so  slight  as  to  elude  the  most  delicate 
tests  of  the  chemist. 

857.  THE  FOLLOWING  TABLE  CONTAINS  examples  of  the  various  classes  of  secre- 
tions, arranged  in  reference  to  their  relative  proportion  of  oxygen : — 


CLASS. 

NAME   AND   SOURCE. 

FORMULA. 

1 

g- 

ftyd 

IE  2 

fcC-— 

»5  § 

•$ 

•< 

Oxalic,  Leaves  of  rhubarb,  sorrel,  etc.,..  .  . 
Citric  Fruit  of  the  Orange  worts           .... 

C2  H  04 

Cl2  H8  Ol4 

Cs  H6  Oio 
C8  He  Oi2 
Cu  He  OIQ 
C13  Ho  03  ? 

Cl4  If4  Ol4 

The  propor- 
tion of  oxy- 
gen to    hy- 
drogen   is 
grcaterthari 
in  water. 

Malic,   Apples  and  many  fruits,  

Tartaric  Juice  of  grapes 

Gallic  Nut^alls 

Tannic,  Astringent  barks,  nutgalls,  
Meconic  Juice  of  the  Poppy  worts,  

r 
Neutral  sub- 
stances. Mild, 
nutritious. 

Grape  sugar.     Grapes,  raisins,  honey,  
Cane  sugar.     Maple,  maize,  sorghum,  
Starch      In  all  plants                             .    . 

Cl2  Hl2  Ol2 
Cl2  HH  Oil 
Ci2  HlO  OlO 
Ci2  HIO  OlO 
Cl2  Hio  OlO 

The  oxygen 
proportion-] 

od   to    by-j 
drocen     i 
equally,    as! 
in  water. 

Gum  mucila°*e      Common  

Cellulose.    Substance  of  cellular  membrane, 

REVIEW    OF   THE    PRINCIPLES    OF    NUTRITION. 


163 


CLASS. 

NAME    AND  SOURCE. 

FORMULA. 

Neutral  prin- 
ciples, bitter, 
acrid,  coloring. 

Phloridein.     Bark  of  cherry,  apple,  etc.,. 
Salicine.     Bark  of  willow,  

Ci2  H7  06 
Ci8  H9  0T 
C20  Hn  03 
Cio  H5  04 
GST  Hi2  Oio 

Oxygen     in 
proportion 
slightly  less 
than  water. 

Populine.     Bark  of  aspen  (Populus),  .  .  . 

Meconine.     Juice  of  poppy,  
Alizarine  (Turkey  red).     Madder  . 

Essential,  volatile 
oils,  oxygenated. 

Oil  of  anise,     Piinpinella  anisum,  
Oil  of  cinnamon.     Lauras  cinnamomura,  .  . 
Oil  of  clover.     Caryophyllus  aromaticus,  .  . 
Oil  of  sassafras.     Laurus  sassafras  

Cie  H8  04 
Cis  Hs  02 

C-24  His  05 

Cio  H5  02 

^24  H2o  02 
Cl2  Hio  02 

Oxygen    in 
diminished 
proportion. 

Oil  of  peppermint.     Mentha  piperita,  
Oil  of  valerian.     Valeriana  officinalis 

Volatile  acids  de- 
rived from  oils. 

Valeric  acid.     Root  of  valerian.  

Cio  Hio  04 
C14  Hu  04 
Cis  His  04 

C24  H24  04 
028  H28  04 
C44  H44  04 

C60  Heo  O4 

In   this  se- 
ries the  pro- 
)ortion     of 
•xygen 
regularly 
diminishes. 

Enanthylic      Castor-oil  nut 

Pelargonic      Rose  geranium 

Laurie.     Laurus  nobilis        .        .        

Myristic.     Nutmegs   .  .            

Behmic,  

Melissic 

Eesins,  gum-re- 
sins, balsams,  and 
camphors. 

Colophony,  or  resin  of  pine  etc  

C20  Hl4  08 
C40  Hal  04 

C4o  H8i  02 
C40  Hsi  OB 
C20  His  02 
C20  His  02 

very     little 
oxygen    re- 
maining. 

Resin  of  Copaiva.     Copaifera,  

Resin  of  Mastic      Pistacia  lentiscus 

Resin  of  Copal      Hymmaea  etc 

Camphor.     Laurus  camphora              .    .  . 

Borneo  camphor.     Dryobalanops   

jfi 

«! 

,Sf 

3  11 

£M 

Oil  of  turpentine.     Pines,  

CsH4 
Co  H4 
C5H4 
C5H4 

C5H4 

- 

Carbo-hy- 
drogens, 
isomeric, 
destitute  of 
oxygen. 

Bergamot.     A  variety  of  orange        ...    . 

Black  pepper.     Piper  nigrum              

Juniper,  savine.     Juniperus    ...    

Parsley,  cubebs,  etc.,  

§^•3 
b?~"3 

K5« 

0-3^ 

Quinine.     Peruvian  bark  

C23  H22  04  N2 
C34  Hi9  06  N 
C66  Hio  04  N4 

Oxygen  less 
than  hydro- 
gen. 

Morphine.     Opium,  poppy.  .  . 

jLneme.     Leaves  ot  the  tea-plant 

ej  «> 

M  "O 
32 

Nicotine      Tobacco  (Nicotiana),  

C20  Hl4  Ng 

Cie  Hi5  N 

Oxygen.  •, 
none. 

Coneine.     Hemlock  (Conium),  

.2 
> 

3il  of  mustard      Sinapis  m°Ta 

GIG  H5  N  S2 
GIG  H5  N  82 
C6H5S 

Oxygen 
none. 

Oil  of  horse-radish      Cochlearia 

Oil  of  garlic      Allium  sativum  

Organic 
compounds. 

Protein.     Primordial  utricle  

C36   H25   OlO  N4  =Pr. 

10  Pr-f  S 
lOPr  +  P  +  S 
10Pr  +  P+2S 

Grluten.     The  cereal  grains,  

Casein     Leguminous  seeds                

Albumen      Many  seeds  .             

PART     THIRD, 

SYSTEMATIC    BOTANY. 
CHAPTER    I. 

OF   THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF   PLANTS. 

858.  SYSTEMATIC  BOTANY  relates  to  the  arrangement  of  plants  into 
groups  and  families,  according  to  their  characters,  for  the  purpose  of 
facilitating  the  study  of  their  names,  affinities,  habits,  history,  proper- 
ties and  uses. 

859.  IN  THIS  DEPARTMENT,  the  principles  of  Structural  and  Physiological  Botany 
are  applied  and  brought  into  practical  uso  in  the  discrimination  of  the  different 
groups,  and  the  limitation  of  their  characters.     Besides  the  immediate  uses  of  Sys- 
tematic Botany  in  the  determination  of  species  and  kinds,  as  above  stated,  it  ac- 
complishes 

860.  ANOTHER  PURPOSE  OF  STILL  HIGHER  IMPORT.      It  aids  us  in 
studying  plants  as  related  to  each  other,  and  constituting  one  great  and 
glorious  system.     It  shows  us  the  Almighty  Creator  at  once  employed 
in  the  minutest  details  and  upon  the  boundless  whole,  equally  attentive 
to  the  perfection  of  the  individual  in  itself,  and  to  the  completeness  of 
the  grand  system,  of  which  it  forms  a  necessary  part. 

861.  THE  SUBJECT  OP  GREAT  EXTENT.    The  study  of  classification  introduces  tho 
botanist  into  an  extensive  field  of  inquiry.    The  subjects  of  his  research  meet  him  at 
every  step.     They  clothe  the  hill  and  plain,  the  mountain  and  valley.     They  spring 
up  in  the  hedges  and  by  the  way  side.     They  border  the  streams  and  lakes  and 
sprinkle  over  their  surfaces  ;  they  stand  assembled  in  vast  forests,  and  cover  with 
verdure  even  the  depths  of  the  ocean.    Now,  with  each  individual  of  this  vast  king- 
dom the  botanist  proposes  to  acquaint  himself)  so  that  he  shall  bo  able  readily  to 
recognize  its  name,  and  all  that  is  either  instructive,  interesting,  or  useful  concern- 
ing it,  whenever  and  wherever  it  is  presented  to  his  view. 

862.  THE  WRONG  WAY  TO  STUDY.     Now  it  is  obvious  that  if  tho  student  should 
attempt  the  accomplishment  of  this  labor  by  studying  each  and  every  individual 
plant  in  detail,  whether  with  or  without  the  aid  of  books,  the  longest  life  would 
scarcely  suffice  him  for  making  a  good  beginning.     But  such  an  attempt  would  bo 
as  unnecessary  as  fruitless.    Tho  Author  of  Nature  has  grouped  theso  myriads  of 
individuals  into 


OP   THE    CLASSIFICATION    OP   PLANTS.  165 

863.  SPECIES  (§  76).  When  He  called  plants  into  existence,  in 
their  specific  forms,  He  endowed  each  with  the  power  of  perpetuating 
its  own  kind  and  no  other,  so  that  they  have  descended  to  us  distin- 
guished by  the  same  characters  and  properties  as  at  the  beginning. 
When,  therefore,  the  student  has  formed  acquaintance  with  any  indivi- 
dual plant,  he  is  also  acquainted  with  all  other  individuals  belonging  to 
the  same  species. 

864.  FOB  EXAMPLE:  a  single  plant  of  white  clover  is  a  true  representative  of  all 
the  millions  of  its  kind  that  grow  on  our  hills  and  in  our  meadows ;  and  a  single 
description  of  the  white  pine  will  answer  in  all  essential  points  for  ever y  individual 
tree  of  that  noble  species,  in  all  lands  where  it  is  found. 

865.  GENERA.     Although  the  species  are  separated  from  each  other 
by  clear  and  definite  distinctions,  still  they  are  found  to   exhibit  also 
constant  affinities,  whereby  they  stand  associated  into  larger  groups 
called  genera  (§  80).     A  genus,  therefore,  is  an  assemblage  of  related 
species,  having  more  marked  affinities  with  each  other  in  general  struc- 
ture and  appearance  than  they  have  with  other  species. 

866.  FOR  EXAMPLE  :  the  white  clover  and  me  red  (Trifolium  repens  and  T.  pra- 
tense)  are  universally  recognized  as  different  species,  but  of  the  same  genus ;  and  a 
single  generic  description  of  one  plant  of  the  genus  Trifolium  will  convey  intelli- 
gence to  a  certain  extent  concerning  every  other  plant  belonging  to  its  150  species. 

867.  THUS  are  the  individual  plants  of  the  globe  grouped  by  descent  and  resem- 
blance, and  comprehended  under  species ;  and  the  species  associated  into  higher 
groups  called  genera.     "An  individual,"  says  Prof.  Forbes,    "is  a  positive  reality; 
a  species  is  a  relative  reality ;  a  genus  is  an  idea — but  an  idea  impressed  on  nature, 
and  not  arbitrarily  dependent  on  man's  conceptions.     An  individual  is  one :  a  spe- 
cies consists  of  many  resulting  from  one ;  a  genus  consists  of  more  or  fewer  of  these 
manies  resulting  from  one  linked  together,  not  by  a  relationship  of  descent,  but  by 
an  affinity  dependent  on  a  Divine  idea." 

868.  ORDERS.     But  natural  affinities  do  not  end  here.     The  genera  are  yet  too 
numerous  for  the  ready  and  systematic  study  of  the  naturalist.  He,  therefore,  would 
generalize  still  further,  and  reduce  the  genera  to  still  fewer  and  broader  groups. 
On  comparing  the  genera  with  eac'i  otlicr,  he  finds  that  they  also  possess  in  com- 
mon certain  important  characters  which  are  of  a  more  general  nature  than  those 
which  distinguish  them  from  each  other.     By  these   general  characters  the  genera 
are  associated  into  orders. 

869.  FOB  EXAMPLE:  comparing  such  genera  as  the  mustard,  radish,  cabbage, 
cress,  wall-flower,  etc.,  it  is  seen  that,  while  they  differ  sufficiently  in  their  generic 
characters,  yet  they  all  have  certain  marked  resemblances,  in  their  didynamous 
stamens,  siliquous  fruit,  whereby  they  are  obviously  associated  into  the  same  order 
— the  Cruciferse.     So,  also,  the  pines,  the  spruces,  the  cedars,  the  larches,  and  tho 
cypress,  while  as  genera  they  are  obviously  distinct,  yet  all  bear  cones  of  some 
form,  with  naked  seeds ;  hence  they  are  naturally  grouped  into  oao   Order — the 
Conifene. 

870.  CLASSES.     In  like  manner  tho  Orders,  by  characteristics  of  resemblance  still 
more  general,  are  associated  into  a  few  groups,  each  of  great  extent,  called  Classes^ 
whether  natural  or  artificial 


166  THE    ARTIFICIAL    SYSTEM. 

871.  INTERMEDIATE  GROUPS,  formed  on  the  same  principles,  are  recognized  aa 
Subgenera,  Suborders  or  Tribes,  and  Subclasses  or  Cohorts,  which  will  be  further 
noticed  and  described  in  another  place. 

872.  METHODS   OP   CLASSIFICATION.      Two   independent  and  widely  different 
methods  of  classifying  the  genera  have  been  generally  approved,  the  Artificial  Sys- 
tem of  Linnaeus,  and  the  Natural  System  of  Jussieu.     The  former  is  founded  solely 
on  characters  relating  to  the  organs  of  fructification,  leaving  all  other  natural  affini- 
ties out  of  view.      The  latter,  on  the  contrary,  takes  for  its  basis  all  those  natural 
affinities  and  resemblances  of  plants  whereby  Nature  herself  has  distinguished  them 
into  groups  and  families. 


CHAPTER     II. 

THE   ARTIFICIAL    SYSTEM. 

873.  A  SYSTEM  OP   CLASSIFICATION  IS  SAID  TO   BE  ARTIFICIAL  WHEN,  disregard- 
ing the  real  nature  of  the  subjects  classified,  it  rests  merely  on  some  obvious  exter- 
nal circumstance.     As  when  the  books  of  a  library  are  arranged  on  shelves  accord- 
ing to  their  size,  octavo,  duodecimo,  etc.,  or  as  when  the  words  in  a  language  aro 
arranged  in  dictionaries,  alphabetically,  forming  thus  class  A,  class  B,  etc.     In  either 
case  the  books  or  the  words  constituting  any  group  may  be  quite  diverse  in  charac- 
tor,  having  nothing,  in  common  except  their  octavo  size  or  initial  letter.     The  only 
use  of  such  an  arrangement  is  convenience  of  reference. 

874.  CARL  VON  LINN£  (Linnseus)  of  Sweden,  born  in  1707,  everywhere  honored 
as  the  father  of  systematic  and  descriptive  botany,  was  the  author  of  that  renowned 
artificial  system  which  bears  his  name.     For  well  nigh  a  century  it  continued  in  al- 
most universal  use,  and  was  regarded  by  his  followers  with  far  more  respect  than  by 
Linnseus  himself,  who  designed  it  simply  as  an  index  or  cluo  to  the  vegetable  king- 
dom.    For  ho  says  (Philosophia  Botanica)  "  Methodi  Naturalis  fragmenta  studios^ 
inquirenda  sunt.     Primum  et  ultimum  hoc  in  Botanicis  desideratum  est." 

875.  CONSIDERED  AS  A  SYSTEM,  the  Linnsean  arrangement  totally  fails  to  exhibit 
those  true  relations  and  affinities  of  plants  which  render  the  knowledge  of  each  kind 
a  guide  to  that  of  the  others,  and  combine  all  into  one  consistent  whole.   It  can  not, 
therefore,  properly  be  regarded  as  a  system. 

876.  CONSIDERED  AS  AN  INDEX  or  key  to  the  vegetable  kingdom,  it  is  by  no 
means  reliable,   for  the  stamens  and  styles  often  vary  numerically  in  the  same 
plant ;  and  secondly,  the  species  of  the  same  genus  often  vary  in  these  respects,  thus 
obliging  us  to  violate  even  specific  affinities ;  and  again,  when  the  stamens  or  pistils 
are  accidentally  marred,  or  lost,  or  immature,  the  index  must  also  fail  of  its  purpose. 
For  these  reasons  this  arrangement  has  fallen  into  disuse,  having  been  superseded 
by  the  Natural  System,  and  by  other  arrangements  better  adapted  to  the  present 
advanced  state  of  the  science.     Yet  being  intimately  connected  with  the  history  of 
botany,  and  having  largely  contributed  to  its  early  progress,  its  outlines  at  least  de- 
mand a  record  in  our  pages. 

877.  THE  LINNSEAN  SYSTEM  proposes  to  arrange  all  tho  known 
genera  of  plants  under  twenty-four  classes,  each,  based  on  some  special 
character  derived  from  the  essential  floral  organs,  as  follows  : 


THE    ARTIFICIAL    SYSTEM.  167 

§  1.  THE  FIRST  THIRTEEN  CLASSES  comprehend  all  such  plants 
as  have  their  flowers  all  perfect,  their  stamens  unconnected  and 
and  of  equal  length,  or  at  least  neither  didynamous  nor  tetra- 
dynamous. 

Class        I.  MONANDRIA,— one  stamen  to  each  flower  (Saltwort,  etc.). 
Class       II.   DIANDRIA, — two  stamens  (Circsea,  Veronica). 
Class     III.  TRIANDRIA, — three  stamens  (Iris.     Nearly  all  the  Grasses). 
Class     IV.  TETRANDRIA, — four  stamens  (Galium,  Plantago). 
Class       V.  PENTANDRIA, — five  stamens  (Vitis,  Conium). 
Class     VI.  HEXANDRIA, — six:  stamens  (Lily,  Tulip,  Luzula). 
Class    VII.  HEPTANDRIA, — seven  stamens  (Trientalis). 
Class  VIIL  OCTANDRIA, — eight  stamens  (Erica,  (Enothera). 
Class      IX.  ENNEANDRIA, — nine  stamens  (Rheum,  Sassafras). 
Class       X.  DECANDRIA, — ten  stamens  (Dianthus,  Rhododendron). 
Class     XI.  DODECANDRIA, — twelve  to  nineteen  stamens  (Asarum). 
Class    XII.  ICOSANDRIA, — twenty  or  more  stamens,  perigynous  (Rosa). 
Class  XIII.  POLYANDRIA, — twenty  or  more  stamens,  hypogynous  (Ranunculus, 

Papaver). 

§  2.  THE  NEXT  TWO   CLASSES   are  founded  on  the  relative 
length  of  the  stamens,  the  flowers  being  perfect  and  stamens 
generally  unconnected. 
Class     XIV.  DIDYNAMIA, — four  stamens,  two  long  and  two  short,  by  pairs,  as  in 

Antirrhinum,  Prunella. 
Class       XV.  TETRADYNAMIA, — six  stamens,  four  long  and  two  short,  as  in  tha 

wall-flower  and  the  Cruciferse  generally. 

§  3.  THE  NEXT  FOUR  CLASSES  are  determined  by  the  con- 
nection or  union  of  the  stamens. 
Class      XVI.  MONADELPIHA, — stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  one  set,  as 

in  Malva,  Geranium. 
Class  XVII.  DIADELPHIA, — stamens  united  by  their  filaments   into   two  sets 

(Polygala,  pea,  Lathyrus). 
Class  XVIII.  POLY ADELPHIA,— stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  three  or 

more  sets  (Hypericum). 
Class     XIX.  SYXGENESIA,  stamens  united  by  their  anthers,  as  in  the  Asters  and 

other  Composite. 

§  4.  THE  NEXT  CLASS  DEPENDS  for  its  character  upon  the  ad- 
hesion of  the  stamens  with  the  pistil. 
Class        XX.  GYNANDRIA, — stamens  and  styles  united,  forming  a  column,  as  in 

Orchis,  Asclepias. 

§  5.  THE  NEXT  THREE  CLASSES  include  all  plants  with  diclin- 
ous flowers,  some  with  pistils,  some  with  stamens  only. 
Class      XXI.  MOXCECIA, — staminate  and  pistillate  flowers,  both  upon  tho  same 

plant  (Pinus,  Arum,  Hazel). 

Class    XXII.  DIOECIA,— staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  separate  plants  (Wil- 
low, Hemp,  Hop,  Smilax). 
Class  XXIII.  POLYGAMIA. — staminate,  pistillate  and  perfect  flowers  either  on  the 

same  or  on  different  plants,  as  in  Acer,  Acacia,  Veratrum). 
§  6.  THE  LAST  CLASS  includes  flowerle&s  plants. 


168  THE    ARTIFICIAL    SYSTEM. 

Class  XXIV.  CRYPTOGAMIA, — plants  in  which  the  organs  of  fructification  are 
concealed  (as  the  name  implies)  as  in  ferns,  mosses,  seaweeds. 

878.  THE  LINJUEAN  ORDERS.  Each  class  is  subdivided  into  orders,  and  these 
also  are  founded  on  some  condition  of  the  essential  organs.  The  orders  of  the  first 
thirteen  classes  are  determined  by  the  number  of  styles  (or  stigmas  when  the  stylea 
are  wanting)  in  each  flower. 


Order  1.  Monogynia,  1  style. 

Order  2.  Digynia,  2  styles. 

Order  3.  Trigynia,  3  styles. 

Orier  4.  Tetragynia,  4  styles. 

Order  5.  Pentagyma,  5  styles. 

Order  6.  Hexagynia,  6  styles. 


Order   7.  Heptagynia,  1  styles. 

Order    8.  Octogynia,  8  styles. 

Order    9.  Enneagynia,  9  styles. 

Order  10.  Decagynia,  10  styles. 

Order  11.  Dodecagynia,        12  styles. 
Order  12.  Polygynia,  more  than  12. 


879.  THE  ORDERS  OP  CLASS  XIV.  depend  upon  their  seed  vessels. 
Order  1.  Gymnosperrnia — Fruit  four  achenia,  as  in  the  Labiatse. 

Order  2.  Angiospermia — Fruit  inclosing  several  seeds. 

880.  THE  ORDERS  OF  CLASS  XV.  also  depend  on  the  fruit 
Order  1.  Siliculosa — Fruit  a  sillicle,  as  in  pepper-grass. 

Order  2.  Siliquosa — Fruit  a  silique,  as  in  wall-flower. 

881.  THE  ORDERS  OP  CLASSES  XVI,  XVII.,  XVIII.  are  distinguished  by 
the  number  of  stamens  and  named  like  the  first  classes. 

Order  1.  Triandria — three  stamens  united  by  their  filaments. 
Order  2.  Pentandria — five  stamens  united  by  their  filaments. 

882.  THE  ORDERS  OP  CLASS  XIX.  are  five,  as  follows  : 
Order  1.  Equalis — Florets  of  the  head  all  perfect  ( £  )• 

Order  2.  Superflua — Florets  of  the  disk  $ ,  of  the  ray  ?  . 

Order  3.  Frustranoa — Florets  of  the  disk  $ ,  ray  abortive.  • 

Order  4.  Necessaria — Florets  of  the  disk  £,  of  the  ray   5  . 

Order  5.  Segregata — Each  floret  with  a  separate  involucre. 

883.  THE  ORDERS  OF  CLASSES  XX.,  XXL,  XXII.  distinguished  in  the  same 
way  as  the  first  thirteen,  the  XVI.,  XVIL,  XVIII.  classes  ;  as 

Order  1.  Monandria — one  stamen.     Order  2.  Diandria — two  stamens.     Order  3.  Tri- 
andria— three  stamens,  etc. 

884.  THE  ORDERS  OP  CLASS  XXIII.  are  founded  on  the  position  of  tho 
flowers  relatively,  thus : 

Order  1.  Moncecia — Flowers  $  ,  $,  ?  on  the  same  plant  (Acacia). 

Order  2.  Dioecia — Flowers  $  on  one  plant,  I ,  $  ,  on  another  (Charaerops). 

Order  3.  Tricecia— Flowers  y  ,  £,  and  ?  ,  each  on  separate  plants. 

885.  THE  ORDERS  OP  CLASS  XXIV.  are  the  same  as  in  the  Natural  Sys- 
tem, and  can  not  be  defined  by  a  single  character. 


Order  1.  Felices,  ferns. 
Order  2.  Musci,  mosses. 
Order  3.  Hepaticae,  liverworts. 


Order  4.  Lichens,  lichens. 
Order  5.  Fungi,  mushrooms. 
Order  6.  Algae,  seaweeds. 


THE    NATURAL   SYSTEM.  169 

CHAPTER    III. 

THE     NATURAL     SYSTEM. 

886.  THE  AIM  OP  THE  NATURAL  SYSTEM  is  to  associate  plants  into 
groups  and  families  according  to  their  true  natural  likenesses  and  af- 
finities, and  thus  to  make  an  expression,  so  far  as  possible,  of  the  Di- 
vine plan  in  the  System  of  Nature. 

887.  IT  DIFFERS  FROM  THE  ARTIFICIAL  arrangement :  while  that  em- 
ploys only  a  single  character  in  classification,  the  natural  system  regards 
the  total  organization,  and  seizes  upon  every  character  wherein  plants 
agree  or  disagree,  and  forms  her  associations  only  upon  the  principle  of 
natural  affinity.     Hence  each  member  of  any  natural  group  resembles 
the  others,  and  a  fair  description  of  one  will  serve,  to  a  greater  or  less 
extent,  for  all  the  rest. 

888.  THE  SPECIES  AND  GENERA  are  formed  on  this  principle  of  clas- 
sification, as  above  stated,  and  are  truly  natural  associations.     Indi- 
viduals altogether  similar,  cast  as  it  were  in  the  same  mold,  constitute 
a  species.     Species  agreeing  in  nearly  all  respects  and  differing  but  in 
few  constitute  a  genus.     Thence  the  genera,  associated  by  their  re- 
maining affinities  into  groups  of  few  or  many,  by  this  same  method  are 
organized  into  Natural  Orders  and  other  departments  of  the  vegetable 
kingdom. 

889.  RELATIVE    VALUE    OF    CHARACTERS.      Although    the    natural 
method  employs  every  character,  yet  it  does  not  regard  all  of  equal 
value  or  importance.     As  a  rule,  the  higher  the  physiological   import- 
ance of  any  organ,  the  higher  will  be  the  value  of  the  characters  which 
it  affords. 

890.  BECAUSE,  (1)  the  less  will  it  be  subject  to  variation,  and  (2)  the  more  gen- 
eral in  respect  to  other  organs  will  be  the  resemblance  of  those  plants  which  agree 
in  respect  to  that  organ.     Thus,  first  in  value  are  those  characters  drawn  from  the 
cellular  tissue ;  second,  from  the  vessels,  the  stomata,  the  embryo,  and  albumen ; 
third,  from  the  axis  and  leaves,  the  stamens,  pistils,  and  fruit ;  fourth,  from  the  pe- 
rianth ;  fifth,  from  the  inflorescence  and  bracts. 

891.  HISTORY  OF  THE  NATURAL  METHOD.     Its  foundation  was  first  laid  1682, 
by  John  Ray,  of  England.    Ho  separated  the  Flowering  from  the  Flowerless  plants, 
and  divided  the  former  into  Dicotyledons  and  Monocotyledons.     Linnasus,  about  50 
years  later,  constructed  a  fragment  of  the  system,  consisting  of  the  names  of  67 
natural  orders,  without  descriptions.    But  to  Antoine  de  Jussieu  is  due  the  honor  of 
the  final  establishment  of  this  Method  upon  the  true  principles  of  natural  affinity. 
He  arranged  the  genera  then  known  (A.  D.  1780)  into  100  natural  orders,  defining 
them  with  so  much  exactness,  that  nearly  all  have  withstood  the  test  of  time  ;  and 
have  been  adopted  into  our  present  systems.     Robert  Brown  contributed  largely  to 
its  completion  and  introduction,  into  England,  by  the  publication  of  his  Flora  of 


170  THE    NATURAL    SYSTEM. 

New  Holland  in  1810 ;  and  finally  Do  Candolle,  by  the  publication  of  his  great 
work  "  Prodromus  Systematis  Naturalis  Eegni  Vegetabilis",  commenced  in  1816, 
and  designed  as  the  universal  Flora,  brought  this  system  into  general  use. 

892.  MANY  SYSTEMS.     But  the  aim  of  the  natural  system  as  an  expression  oftho 
Divine  Order  of  Nature  is  not  yet  consummated.     The  lower  divisions  of  the  System 
— species,  genera,  and  orders, — are  well  defined  and  settled  as  truly  natural  groups. 
The  grand  divisions  also, — Cryptogamia,    Phenogamous   Exogens  and   Endogens 
(§  897). — are  fully  established.     But  in  tiie  midst,  between  these  extremes,  there  is 
a  region  of  uncertainty,  respecting  the  arrangement  of  the  orders  into  groups  sub- 
ordinate to  the  grand  divisions,  viz.,  into  Classes  and  Subclasses.     In  this  matter, 
authors  have  maintained  different  views,  and  proposed  a  variety  of  systems. 

893.  THE  DIFFICULTY  lies  in  this.     "Wo  attempt  necessarily  a  linear  arrangement 
of  the  orders,  placing  one  after  another  in  succession,  thus  regarding  the  affinities  oi 
each  in  two  directions  only,  viz.,  toward  the  preceding  and  the  succeeding ;  whereas 
each  order  should  be  regarded  as  *\  center  of  affinities;  being  related  immediately  to 
all  others  lying  around  it,  as  a  province  on  a  geographical  map  is  related  equally  to 
aU  those  which  touch  upon  its  borders.    Hence  any  linear  arrangement  of  the  orders 
must  be  in  some  degree  artificial. 

894.  ONE  NATURAL  SYSTEM.     Although  there  be  but  one  truly  na- 
tural system,  yet  while  any  portion  of  it  remains  imperfectly  understood, 
so  far  authors  may  be  expected  to  hold  different  views,  and  to  attempt 
by  different  methods  to  express  that  true  system.     Still  the  discrepan- 
cies observed  in  the  several  "Natural  Systems,"  proposed  by  different 
writers,  are  slight  compared  with  the  number  and  importance  of  the 
principles  now  common  to  them  all  and  universally  admitted. 

895.  THE  FIRST  AND  HIGHEST  DIVISION  of  the  Vegetable  Kingdom, 
viz.,  into  the  Pha3nogamia  or  Flowering  Plants,  and  the  Cryptogamia 
or  Flowerless  Plants,  has  already  been  noticed  and  defined.     These 
grand  divisions,  or  sub-kingdoms,  lie  at  the  foundation  of  both  the  sys- 
tems of  Linnaeus  and  of  Jussieu,  and  have  in  substance  been  adopted  by 
every  subsequent  author.     It  is  a  division  founded  in  nature,  that  is, 
marked  by  nature  herself,  for 

The  PILENOGAMIA  (<j>aivu,  to  appear,  yu^uoc,  nuptials), 

a,  Consist  of  a  regular  axis  of  growth  with  leafy  appendages, 

6,  They  possess  a  woody  and  spiro-vascular  structure, 

c,  They  develop  stamens  and  pistils  constituting  flowers. 

d}  They  produce  seeds  containing  an  embryo.     On  the  other  hand 

The  CRYPTOGAMIA  (KPVTTTU,  to  conceal,  -ydfiocf). 

a,  Are  generally  destitute  of  a  regular  axis  and  of  true  leaves, 
6,  They  possess  mostly  a  cellular  structure  only, 

c,  They  do  not  develop  true  flowers, 

d,  They  produce  spores  having  no  embryo. 

896.  NATURAL  DIVISIONS  INDEFINITE.    The  above  diagnosis  does  not  mark  the 
absolute  limits  between  the  two  sub-kingdoms,  for  the  higher  Cryptogamia,  as  the 
mosses  and  ferns,  give  indications  of  approach  to  the  Phasnogamia,  both  in  form  and 
structure,  while  the  lower  Phsenogamia  can  scarcely  be  said  to  produce  flowers. 
And  universally,  so  gradual  is  the  transition  from  group  to  group,  that  it  is  difficult 


THE    NATURAL    SYSTEM.  17 1 

or  impossible  to  fir  upon  characters  so  definite  a«»  to  circumscribe  completely  any- 
one group,  while  at  the  same  time  they  exclude  every  member  of  the  surrounding 
allied  groups. 

897.  SECOND  DIVISION.     The  Flowering  plants  are  next  resolved  into 
two  great  provinces,  indubitably  marked  by  nature's  own  hand,  and  em- 
ployed in  every  natural  method.     The  following  is  their  diagnosis. 

ExoGENJ3  (t-£ w,  without,  yewaw,  to  generate),  or  DICOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS. 
o,  Growing  by  layers  external  to  the  wood,  internal  to  the  bark, 
&,  Leaves  net-veined, 

c,  Flowers  4  or  5-parted,  rarely  3-parted, 

d,  Seeds  with  two  or  more  cotyledons,  and 

e,  The  radicle  producing  an  axial  root. 

ENDOGENJE,  (ivtiov,  within,  yevvdu),  or  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS, 

a,  Growing  by  scattered  internal  wood-bundles, 

b,  Leaves  parallel-veined, 

c,  Flowers  very  generally  3-parted, 

d,  Seeds  with  one  cotyledon,  and 

e,  The  radicle  never  producing  an  axial  root. 

898.  THIRD  DIVISION; — CLASSES.     The  provinces  are  next  broken 
into  classes — groups  of  the  third  rank  in  extent.     Two  are  constituted 
of  the  Exogens,  viz. : 

ANGIOSPERM^E  (ayytto^,  a  vessel,  c-Trep/za,  seed)  (oak,  rose). 

a,  Flowers  more  generally  perfect  or  complete, 

6,  Pistils  complete,  inclosing  the  ovules, 

e,  Seeds  inclosed  in  a  pericarp. 

<?,  Embryo  with  only  two  cotyledons. 
GYMNOSPERM^E  (yv/Livu?,  naked,  oTreppa)  (pine,  yew). 

a,  Flowers  imperfect  and  incomplete, 

6,  Pistils  scale-like,  without  a  stigma, 

c,  Seeds  truly  naked,  that  is,  destitute  of  a  pericarp, 

d,  Embryo  mostly  with  several  whorled  cotyledons. 
Two  classes  arc  formed  from  the  Endogens,  viz. : 

PETALIFERJS  (Trera/lov,  petal,  <j>epo,  to  bear). 

Plants  of  the  endogenous  structure,  with  flowers  constructed  on  the  usual 
plan ;  perianth  of  one  or  more  whorls  of  petaloid  organs,  or  wanting  (lily, 
Orchis,  rush). 
GLUMIFER^I  (gluma,  husk,  fero,  to  bear). 

Plants  of  the  endogenous   structure,  the  flowers  invested  with  an   im- 
bricated perianth  of  glumes,  instead  of  petals  and  sepals  (grasses,  grains, 


899.  DIVISIONS  OF  THE  CRYPTOGAMIA.  This  sub-kingdom  is  na- 
turally divided  into  two  provinces,  the  Acrogens,  and  Thallogens, — 
terms  founded  upon  their  mode  of  vegetation.  The  former  include 
those  tribes  which  make  some  approximation  towards  the  Phaenogamia, 
the  latter  include  the  lowest  tribes  in  the  vegetable  kingdom. 
ACROGEN^E  (rkpov,  the  summit,  yevvtiu). 

Flowerless  plants  having  a  regular  stem  or  axis,  which  grows  by  the  ex- 
tension of  the  apex  only,  without  increasing  at  all  in  diameter,  generally 


172  THE   NATURAL    SYSTEM. 

with  leaves,  and  composed  of  cellular  tissue  and  scalariform  ducts  (Ferns, 
mosses,  club-mosses,  horsetails,  etc.) 
THALLOGEN^E  (0aAAof,  green  branch,  yevvuu). 

Flowerless  plants  producing  in  vegetation  a  thallus,  with  no  distinction 
of  stem  and  leaf,  or  root,  and  composed  of  cellular  tissue  only  (Lichens, 
fungi,  etc.) 

900.  CLASSES  OF  THE  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.  For  the  sake  of  analogy 
and  an  advantageous  comparison  with  the  Phsenogams,  we  may  also 
regard  these  two  provinces  of  the  Cryptogams  in  the  light  of  Classes 
founded  upon  their  different  modes  of  fruitbearing.  Thus  the  Aero- 
gens  constitute  the  class 

ANGIOSPORJ2  (ayytiioc,  GTropa). 

Acrogenous  plants,  producing  their  spores  in  sporangia  (vessels)  which 
burst  when  the  spores  are  mature. 
GYMNOSPOR.^  (yv/uvbf,  aTropa). 

Thallogenous  plants  reproduced  by  spores,  which  aro  produced  in  parent 
cells,  either  forming  a  part  of  the  vegetating  thallus,  or  growing  upon  tho 
surface  of  some  definite  region  of  the  thallus. 

901.  FOURTH  DIVISION — COHORTS.     The  six  classes,  as  above  constituted,  aro 
still  each  of  great  extent, — too  great  for  tho  comprehension  of  the  learner,  or  prac- 
tical use.     A  further  division  is  therefore  necessary.     To  effect  this  on  strictly 
natural    principles  botanists   have  labored    hitherto   in  vain.      The  truth   is,  tho 
members  of  these  several  classes  are  united  by  affinities  so  equable  as  to  render 
it  impossibla  to  subdivide,  except  by  distinctions  more    or   less   arbitrary.     So 
adjacent  territories,  where  rivers  or  other  natural  boundaries  are  wanting,  must  bo 
separated  by  artificial  lines. 

902.  THE  ANGIOSPERMS  ARE  DIVIDED  BY  DE  CANDOLLE,  in  his  great  descriptivo 
work   <:  Prodromus  Systematis  Naturalis  Kegni  Yegetabilis"  into  four  sub-classes 
founded  upon  the  conditions  of  the  floral  envelops,  viz.  : 

1.  Tkalamiflorce,  petals  distinct,  and  (with  the  stamens)  hypogynous. 

2.  Calycifloree,  petals  (with  the  stamens)  perigynous. 

3.  Corolliftorce,  petals  united,  hypogynous,  stamens  epipetalous. 

4.  Munochlamydece,  petals  wanting. 

903.  THE  PLAN  OF  ENDLICHER  in  his  "  Genera  Plantarum"  is  more 
simple  and   convenient,  and  has  been  followed   by  American  writers 
generally.     He  separates  the  Angiospermce  into  three  "  cohorts,"  thus  : 

1.  Dialypetalos  (dia^vu,  to  dissolve).     Exogenous  plants,  having  both  calyx 
and  corolla,  the  latter  composed  of  distinct  petals  (polypetalous),  sometimes 
slightly  cohering  by  the  base  of  the  stamens,  rarely  abortive. 

2.  Gamopstalce  (ya//6f,   union).      Exogenous  plants,  having   both  calyx  and 
corolla,  the  latter  composed  of  petals  more  or  less  united. 

3.  Apetake  (a,  privative).      Exogenous  plants  with  flowers    having  a  calyx 
only,  or  neither  calyx  nor  corolla  (achlamydeous). 

904.  THE  CLASS  PETALIFER^E    may  be  conveniently  separated   into 
two  cohorts,  as  follows. 

1.  Spadiciflorce.  Endogenous  plants  with  flowers  having  no  perianth,  or  a 
scaly  one,  and  borne  on  a  thickened  spadix,  which  is  often  enveloped  in  a 
epaths. 


THE    NATURAL    SYSTEM.  173 

2.  Floridecs.     Endogenous  plants  with  the  flowers  usually  perfect  and  com- 
plete, the  perianth  double,  3-parted,  tho  outer  often  and  sometimes  both  green. 

905.  THE    CLASS    GLUMIFER^E    is  equivalent  to  the  cohort   Grami- 
noidece,  including  the  sedges,  grains,  and  grasses — a  truly  natural  as- 
semblage. 

906.  THE  CLASS  ANGIOSPOR^E  consists  of  three  cohorts   defined  as 
follows. 

1.  Sporogamia.     Angiosporous  plants,  producing  spores  in  which,  when  ger- 
minating, antheridial  cells   and   archegonal,  or  ovulary  bodies,  are  formed 
(Lycopodiaceae,  Isoetacese,  Marsileacese). 

2.  Thattogamia.     Angiosporous  plants  producing  spores  of  one  kind  in  spor- 
anges  on  the  surface  of  the  leaf  or  stem,  the  spore  germinating  into  a 
green  prothallus  (629)  on  which  are  developed  antheridia  and  archegonia, 
the  latter  giving  origin  to  a  leafy  embryo  (Equisetacese,  Filices). 

3.  Axorjamia.     Angiosporous  plants  producing  antheridia  and  archegonia  in 
the  axils  of  the  leaves  or  in  buds,  the  fertilized  archegonia  giving  birth  to 
sporangcs  filled  with  spores,  all  reproducing  the  plant  (Mosses,  Hepatic®, 
Characete). 

907.  THE  CLASS  GYMNOSPORJE  consists  of  three  cohorts,  viz. : 

1.  Aerophyta.     Thallogens  growing  and  fructifying  in  tho  air,  reproduced  by 
spores  formed  in  asci,  and  by  green  gonidia  formed  in  the  medullary  layer 
of  the  thallus  (Lichens). 

2.  Hysterophyta.      Thallogens  growing  in  or  on  decaying  organic  substances 
and  fructifying  in  the  open  air,   destitute  of  chlorophylle  and  starch,  re- 
produced by  spores  formed  in  asci,  by  archegoaal  spores  and  by  gonidea 
(Fungi). 

3.  Hydrophyta.      Thallogens  with  a  branching  or  foliaceous  thallus;    mem- 
branous, gelatinous,  or  cartilaginous  in  texture,   containing  either   chloro- 
phylle or  a  red  coloring  matter  and  often  starch  grains ;  growing  in  water, 
salt  or  fresh,  or  in  moist  substances  in  damp  air  (Algae). 

908.  THE  FOLLOWING  SYNOPTICAL  ARRANGEMENT  of  the  above  divisions  and  sub- 
divisions will  exhibit  at  a  glance  the  relative  position  and  mutual  relations  of  each, 

THE    VEGETABLE   KINGDOM. 

The  sub-kingdom,  PELENOGAMIA,  or  FLOWERING  PLANTS. 
Province  1st.     Exogence,  or  Dicotyledons. 
Class  I.  Angiospermse. 

Cohort  1.  Dialypetalse,  or  Polypetalae. 
Cohort  2.  Gamopetalse,  or  Monopetalse. 
Cohort  3.  ApetalsD,  or  Monochlamydese. 
Class  II.  Gymnospermse. 

Cohort  4.  Conoidese. 

Province  2.  Endoyence,  or  Monocotyledons. 
Class  III.  Petaliferae,  or  Algumaceae. 
Cohort  5.  Spadiciflorae  (Aroidese,  etc.) 


1*74  NOMENCLATURE. BOTANICAL    ANALYSIS. 

Cohort  6.  Floridese  (Liliacese,  etc.). 
Class  IV.  Glumiferae,  or  Glumaceae. 

Cohort  7.  Graminoidcsc  (Sedges,  grasses). 
The  sub  kingdom  CKYPTOGAMIA,  or  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS. 
Province  3.  Acrogence. 
Class  V.  Angiosporse. 

Cohort  8.  Sporogamia  (Marsilleaceae,  Lycopodiaceaj), 
Cohort  9.  Thallogamia  (Filices,  etc.). 
Cohort  10.  Axogamia  (Mosses  and  Hepaticae). 
Province  4.   Thallogence. 
Class  VI.  Gymnospora). 

Cohort  11.  Aerophyta  (Lichens). 
Cohort  12.  Hysterophyta  (Fungi). 
Cohort  13.  Hydrophyta  (Algae). 


CHAPTER  IV. 

§  1.       NOMENCLATURE. BOTANICAL    ANALYSIS. 

909.  THE  NAMES  OF  THE  ORDERS  aro  Latin  adjectives  (feminine,  plural,  to  agree 
with  plantce,  plants,  understood),  usually  derived  from  the  name  of  the  most  promi- 
nent, or  leading  genus,  in  each,  by  changing  or  prolonging  the  termination  into 
acece,  as  Rosacece,  the  rose  tribe,  Papaveracece,  the  poppy  tribe,  from  Eosa  and  Pa- 
paver.     Earlier  names,  however,  derived  from  some  leading  character  in  the  order, 
and  with  various  terminations,  are  still  retained.     Thus,  Composite^,  with  compound 
flowers ;  Labiate,  with  labiate  flowers. 

910.  GENERIC  NAMES  are  Latin  substantives,  arbitrarily  formed,  often  from  some 
medicinal  virtue,  either  supposed  or  real,  or  from  some  obvious  character  of  the 
genus ;  sometimes  from  the  native  country  of  the  plants,  or  from  the  name  of  some 
distinguished  botanist,  or  patron  of  botany,  to  whom  the  genus  is  thus  said  to  be 
dedicated.     Also  the  ancient  classic  names,  either  Latin  or  Greek,  aro  often  retained. 
Examples  of  all  these  modes  of  construction  will  be  hereafter  seen. 

911.  SPECIFIC  NAMES  aro  Latin  adjectives,  singular  number,  and  agreeing  in  gen- 
der with  the  name  of  the  genus  to  which  they  belong.     They  are  mostly  founded 
upon  some  distinctive   character  of  tho  species;    as  Gerardia  glauca,  glaucous- 
stemmed  Gerardia ;    G.  purpurea,  purple-flowered  Gerardia ;    G.  tenuifolia,  slender- 
leaved  Gerardia.     Frequently  the  species  is  named  after  eome  other  genus,  which, 
in  some  respect,  it  resembles;  as  Gerardia  quercifolia,  oak-leaved  Gerardia.     G. 
delpliinifolia,  larkspur-leaved  Gerardia, 

912.  COMMEMORATIVE  SPECIFIC  NAMES.      SPECIES,   like  genera,  aro  also  some- 
times named  in  commemoration  of  distinguished  persons.     The  rules  given  by  Lind- 
ley,  for  the  construction  of  such  names,  are,  1st.  If  the  person  is  tho  discoverer,  tho 
specific  name  is  a  substantive   in  tho  genitive  case,  singular  number ;  as,  Lobelia 
Kalmii,  Kami's  Lobelia;  Pinus  Fra-seri,  Eraser's  pine.     2d.  If  the  name  is  merely 
conferred  in  honor  of  the  person  to  whom  it  is  dedicated>  it  is  an  adjectivo  ending 


NOMENCLATURE. BOTANICAL    ANALYSIS.  175 

I 

In  nus,  na,  num;  as  Erica  Linneana,    Linnaeus'   heath;   Rosa,  Lawrenciana,  Miss 
Lawrence's  rose. 

913.  RULES  FOR  THE  USE  OP  CAPITALS.     Tho  names  of  the  order,  the  sub-order 
or  tribe,  and  of  the  genus  should  always  commence  with  a  capital  letter.     Tho 
name  of  the  species  should  never  commence  with  a  capital  except  in  the  following 
cases;  (1.)  when  it  is  derived  from  the  name  of  a  person  or  of  a  country,  as  Phlox 
Drummondii,  Aquilegia  Canadensis ;  (2.)  when  it  is  a  substantive,  as  Delphinium 
Consolida. 

914.  SYNONYMS.     Very  frequently,  the  same  species  has  been  described  by  differ- 
ent (or  even  by  the  same)  authors,  under  different  names.     In  such  cases  it  becomes 
a  question,  often  of  difficult  solution,  which  name  is  to  be  adopted.     Obviously,  the 
prior  name,  that  is,  the  original  one,  if  it  can  be  ascertained,  is  entitled  to  the  most 
respect ;  and  it  is  a  rule  with  botanists  to  adopt  this  name,  unless  it  had  been  pre- 
viously occupied,  or  bo  strongly  objectionable  on  some  other  account.     All  other 
names  are  synonyms. 

915.  BOTANICAL  ANALYSIS.     The  application  of  the  rules  of  Systematic 
Botany  to  the  natural  plant,  in  order  to  ascertain  its  affinities,  place,  name,  &c.,  is 
called  botanical  analysis.     This  exercise,  whether  for  pleasure  or  improvement,  is  the 
constant  pursuit  of  the  practical  botanist.    A  more  accurate  and  useful  knowledge 
of  a  plant  can  be  acquired  in  a  few  minutes,  by  a  careful  examination  of  the  living 
specimen,  or  even  of  the  dried,  than  by  committing  to  memory  tho  most  elaborate 
description  found  in  books. 

916.  During  the  flowering  months,  the  learner  will  often  in  his  walks  meet  with 
plants  in  blossom,  with  which  he  is  yet  unacquainted.     And  he  who  is  duly  inter- 
ested in  his  pursuit,  will  by  no  means  fail  to  seize  and  analyze  each  specimen  while 
the  short  hour  of  its  bloom,  may  last,  and  to  store  his  memory  with  the  knowledge 
of  its  names,  habits,  and  uses.     Thus,  in  a  few  seasons,  or  even  in  one,  he  will  have 
grown  familiar  with  nearly,  or  quite,  every  species  of  plants  in  his  vicinity. 

917.  Let  us  suppose  the  pupil  in  possession  of  a  specimen  of  an  unknown  plant 
in  full  blossom.     In  order  to  study  it  by  the  aid  of  authors,  a  point  immediately 
requisite  is  its  name.     Now,  having  learned  by  examination  the  organic  and  physi- 
ological structure  of  tho  flower,  leaves,  stem,  etc.,  the  experienced  botanist,  who 
has  at  his  command  the  characters  of  all  tho  Natural  Orders,  will  at  onco  determine 
to  which  of  them  tho  plant  belongs. 

918.  But  this  is  not  to  bo  expected  of  the  pupil  who  is  supposed  to  be  yet,  in  a 
measure,  unacquainted  with  the  characters  of  the  orders.     Ho  must  be  guided  to 
the  place  which  his  specimen  holds  in  the  classification,  by  a  longer  course  of  inquiry 
and  comparison.     Tor  the  assistance  of  the  learner,  therefore,  and  for  the  conve- 
nience of  all,  wo  are  happy  to  be  able  to  add  a  full  series  of  ANALYTICAL  TABLES, 
which,  with  proper  use,  will  seldom  fail  of  conducting  them  almost  immediately  to 
the  object  of  their  search. 

919.  THE  ANALYTICAL  TABLES  which  accompany  the  present  edition  of  our  Flora, 
are  in  many  respects  novel  in  form,  and  remarkable,  at  least,  for  their  simplicity. 
A  dichoiomal  division,  that  is,  of  the  whole  into  two  parts,  is  the  principle  on  which 
they  are  constructed ;  and  since  those  divisions  are,  each,  characterized  mainly  by  a 
single  character,  the  tables  are  technically  artificial     But  they  are  also  natural  to  a 
considerable  extent,  at  least  so  far  as  tho  divisions  and  sections  which  they  mako 
are  in  accordance  with  the  natural  method.     "We  subjoin  a  few  examples  of  the  analy- 
sis of  particular  species  by  the  aid  of  these  tables.     If  the  exercise  be  conducted  in 
the  class-room,  tho  successive  steps  in  the  process  (indicated  by  the  numbers,  1,  2, 
3,  &c.,  below)  may  be  assigned,  in  order,  to  each  pupil  in  the  class. 


176  ANALYSIS  OF  A  POLYPETALOUS  HERB. 

• 

ANALYSIS   OF    A   POLYPETALOUS   HERB. 

920.  To  DETERMINE  THE  COHORT.    A  good  specimen  of  a  little  yellow-flowered 
herbaceous  plant,  common  in  the  grassy  fields  of  cool  regions,  is  supposed  to  be  now 
in  the  hands  of  each  pupil  of  the  class.     (1.)  The  first  pupil,  reading  (if  necessary) 
the  characteristic  of  each  sub-kingdom,  pronounces  the  plant  one  of  the  Phseno- 
gamia,  and  refers  the  next  pupil  to  the  Provinces,  1  or  2. 

(2.)  The  next  reads  the  characters  of  those  Provinces,  and  comparing  the  speci- 
men (which  has  net-veined  leaves  and  5~merous  /Lowers),  concludes  that  it  is  an  Exo- 
gen.  Refer  next  to  the  Classes,  1  or  2. 

(3.)  "  Flowers  with  stigmas,  and  pistils,  &c. 

"  Flowers  with  open  scales  instead  of  pistils  (or  no  pistils  at  all),"  &c.  Our 
plant  has  pistils,  &c.,  and  is  (moreover,  not  a  pine,  spruce  or  cedar).  It  is,  there- 
fore an  Angiosperm.  Refer  next  to  Cohort  1,  2,  or  3. 

(4.)  "Corolla  with  distinct  petals." — This  characterizes  our  plant,  and  it  is  pro- 
nounced "  Polypetalous."  Refer  then  to  (A). 

921.  To  DETERMINE  THE  NATURAL  ORDER,  tho  (5th)  pupil  reads  the  first  alterna- 
tive, or  triplet,  noted  by  a  star  (*),  and  comparing  his  plant,  finds  it  to  correspond 
with  the  first  line,  for  it  is  an  "  herb  with  alternate  leaves."     Pass  now  to  (11). 

(6.)  "  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so.     Fruit  never  a  legume." 

"  Flowers  irregular,"  &c.     Tho  flower  is  regular.     Pass  to  (13). 

Again  a  pupil  reads : — 

(7.)  "  Stamens  3 — 10  times  as  many  as  the  petals." 

"  Stamens  few  and  definite." — Tho  stamens  are  many.  Pass  to  (15).  The 
next  (8)  pupil  reads,  compares,  and  determines  that  the  stamens  are  "  perigynous  on 
the  base  of  the  calyx,"  and  announces  tho  letter  (il)  as  the  reference  to  the  next 
alternative.  (9.)  Next,  the  pupil  reads  and  compares  his  specimen  with  the  triplet 
(d),  and  concludes  that  the  sepals  are  5.  Refer  then  to  the  dash  ( — ).  (10.)  Lastly- 
the  pupil  determines  that  the  petals  are  imbricated  in  the  bud,  and  consequently 
belongs  to  the  Nat.  Ord.  ROSACES. 

922.  To  DETERMINE  THE  GENUS.    After  a  careful  comparison  of  his  specimens  with 
the  brief  diagnosis  of  the  Roseworts  (page  325),  in  order  to  verify  the  analysis  thus 
far  (11),  the  learner  consults  the  Table  of  tho  Genera,  and  inquires  the  character  of 
the  carpels,  styles,  &c.,  in  order  to  learn  tho  suborder  of  the  plant.     As  the  carpels 
are  many,  and  free,  he  concludes  that  it  is  of  the  Suborder  Rosese.     Next  learn  its 
tribe.     (12.)  As  tho    ''carpels  are  1-seeded  in  an  open  calyx,"  we  infer  that  its 
tribe  is  Resides.    Refer  to  f.     (13.)  Are  the  "styles  persistent,"  etc.,  or  "deciduous," 
etc.?     They  are  deciduous;    refer  now  to  the  dash  ( — ).     (14.)  Inquire,  "Calyx 
bractless  ?"  or  "calyx  bracteolato ?"     As  tho  calyx  is  bracteolate  (having  five  little 
leaves  close  to  the  calyx  beneath,  as  if  a  double  calyx),  we  refer  again  to  the  dash 
( — ).     (15.)  "Receptacle  pulpy"   or    "spongy,"    or    "dry?"     The  latter  is  true, 
carrying  us  to  the  next  dash  ( — ).     (16).  Finally,  are  tho  "stamens   QO,"  or  "5?" 
They  are  numerous,  and  POTENTILLA  is  the  genus  sought. 

923.  To  DETERMINE  THE  SPECIES.     Having  compared  the  generic  description  of  Po- 
tentilla  with  our  specimens,  and  assured  ourselves  of  its  agreement  thereto,  (17.)  we 
next  inquire,  are  the   "  leaves  palmately  3-foliolate,"  "  palmately  5-foliolate,"  or 
"pinnate?"     They  are  palmately  3-foliolate,  and  our  plant  is  now  referable  to  tho 
1st,  2d,  or  3d  species.     (18.)  Lastly,  the  italicized  words  alone  in  the  description  of 
these  species,  at  once  mark  our  plant  as  belonging  to  the  first,  for  it  is  hirsute,  and 
the  sepals  exceed  the  petals.    The  name  is,  therefore,  P.  NORVEGICA. 


ANALYSIS    OF    AN    APETALOUS    HERB.  1 

ANALYSIS    OF    A   POLYPETALOUS    SHRUB. 

924.  Again,  suppose  tlio  class  of  pupils  in  botany  to  be  furnished  with  specimens 
of  a  certain  flowering  shrub.     The  cohort  of  the  plant  is  ascertained,  by  the  process 
already  noticed,  to  be  Dialypetalas,  the  Polypetalous  flowers  (A),  and  we  refer  to 
the  (*),  reading  :— 

"*  Herbs  with  the  leaves  alternate  or  all  radical. 

"  *  Herbs  with  the  leaves  opposite  on  the  stem. 

"  *  Shrubs,  trees  or  undershrubs." — It  is  decided  that  our  plant  is  a  shrub,  and 
referred  to  the  dash  ( — ).  We  next  read : — 

"  —  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so. 

"  —  Flowers  irregular  (or  the  fruit  a  legume).-" — The  flowers  are  quite  regular, 
and  referred  to  (2).  "We  then  read : — 

"Polyandrous,"  &c.  "Oligandrous, "  &c. — The  stamens  are  numerous,  and  the 
plant  referred  to  (3),  where  we  again  read : — 

"  Leaves  opposite."  "  Leaves  alternate." — They  are  opposite,  and  we  refer  to  the 
letter  (§),  and  read : — 

"Stamens  on  the  receptacle,  in  several  sets."  "Stamens  on  the  calyx." — The 
latter  is  true.  Eefer  to  the  dash  ( — ).  Lastly : — 

"  —  Leaves  with  a  marginal  vein."  "  —  Leaves  with  no  marginal  vein." — As  the 
latter  is  true  of  our  specimens,  we  conclude  it  to  belong  to  the  Order  SAXIFRAGACE^E, 
and  thither  next  refer,  in  order 

925.  To  DETERMINE  THE  GENUS.     After  reading  and  comparing  as  before,  we 
read  the  characters  of  the  tribes ;  and  as  our  specimens  are  "  shrubs  with  opposite 
leaves,"  we  readily  conclude  that  it  belongs  to  the  Tribe  Hydrangeas.     "We  next 
read: — "  Corolla  valvate  in  the  bud."     "  Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud." — It  is  the 
latter.     Eefer  the  next  reader  to  the  dash  ( — ) ;  "  Stamens  20  to  40.     Petals  4." 
"  Stamens  10.     Petals  5." — In  our  specimens  there  are  20  or  more  stamens  with  4 
petals,  and  they  must  be  referred  to  the  Genus  PHILADELPHIA.    Next  turn  to  that 
genus  and  compare  characters. 

926.  The  species  is  next  found  summarily  by  the  italicized  diagnosis  in  the  de- 
scriptions, thus : — 

"  Leaves  entire.     Sepals  scarce  longer  than  the  tube. 

"  Leaves  sharply  denticulate.     Styles  united. 

"  Leaves  subdentate.  Styles  distinct." — Our  specimens  agree  well  with  the  2d, 
and  we  conclude  that  the  species  for  which  we  have  sough  t  is  P.  grandiflorus,  a 
fine  flowering  shrub,  native  of  woods  in  the  Southern  States,  and  also  cultivated  in 
shrubberies. 

ANALYSIS   OF   AN   APETALOUS   HERB. 

927.  Specimens  of  a  weed  common  in  cultivated  grounds  are  now  supposed  to 
be  before  us.     It  has  small,  homely  flowers,  not  easily  discernible  except  under  a 
lens.     As  the  leaves  are  net-veined,  and  the  flowers  5-parted,  with  a  calyx  only, 
the  learner  readily  pronounces  it  a  member  of  the  Cohort  APETAUE,  and  refers  us  to 
(C).     The  two  lines  marked  with  the  paragraph  flf),  although  placed  (for  obvious 
reasons)  at  some  distance  apart,  are  to  be  read  together,  thus : — 

"  1  Plants  herbaceous,  the  flowers  not  in  aments." 

"  Tf  Plants  woody,  shrubs  or  trees.^" — Our  plant  is  an  herb.  Kefer  to  the  two 
lines  marked  with  a  star  (2). 

"  2  Flowers  with  a  regular  calyx,  or  a  calyx-like  involucre. 

12 


178  ANALYSIS  OF  AN  ENDOGEN. 

"2  Flowers  achlamydeous, — with  neither  calyx  nor  corolla." — Our  specimens 
have  a  regular  calyx.  Refer  to  the  lines  marked  (3). 

41  Calyx  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  lobed  or  toothed. 

"  Calyx  free  from  the  ovarj',  sometimes  enclosing  it." — The  latter.  Refer  to  the 
five  lines  njaiked  (4).  The  3d  of  these  lines  reads,  "  Ovary  one,  1-3-ovuled, 
with  2-5  styles  or  stigmas."  Our  weed,  having  a  1-ovuled,  2-styled  ovary,  well 
agrees  with  this  description.  Refer  to  (c). 

"Fruit  3  seeded,  with  3  (often  cleft)  stigmas." 

"Fruit  1-seeded." — It  is  the  latter,  and  refers  us,  next,  to  the  dj^h  ( — ). 

—  Stipules  sheathing  the  stem." 

—  Stipules  none.     Calyx  scarious-bracteolate." 

—  Stipules  none.     Calyx  naked.     Leaves  alternate." 

—  Stipules  none.     Calyx  naked.     Leaves  opposite." — In  our  specimens,  the  sti- 
pules are  wanting,  bracteoles  are  wanting,  and  the  leaves  are  alternate.     Hence 
they  belong  to  CHENOPODIACE^:.     "\Ve  turn  and  consult  that  order,  as  before,  to 
verify  our  analysis  thus  far,  and  to  learn  the  genus. 

928.  To  ascertain  the  suborder,  we  must  examine  the  embryo  contained  in  tho 
little  shining  black  seed.     By  a  good  lens  (or  even  with  good  eyes),  we  learn  that 
the  embryo  is  not  coiled,  but  merely  bent  into  a  ring.     The  leaves  also,  are  thin  (not 
fleshy)  and  expanded.     Hence  its  suborder  is  Cyclolobeas.     Refer  to  the  starred  (*) 
lines  and  determine  the  tribe.     As  the  inflorescence  is  normal  (that  is,  of  the  usual 
form,  or  nothing  unusual),  with  perfect  flowers  and  continuous  (not  jointed)  stems, 
we  conclude  that  it  belongs  to  Tribe  Chenopodiex.     Refer  to  (c).     As  the  seed  (or 
the  plane  of  its  ring)  is  horizontal,  the  pericarp  thin  and  the  calyx  not  bordered  we 
decide  that  its  genus  is  CHENOPODIUM. 

The  species  remains  now  to  be  determined.     We  first  read : — 
"  Plant  smooth,  never  glandular,  ill-scented.     Embryo  a  complete  ring." 
"  Plant  glandular- puberulent,  green,  aromatic.     Embryo  half  a  ring."     The  latter 
character  applies  to  our  plant.     Read  the  starred  (*)  lines,  respecting  the  herbage, 
whether  green  or  glaucous,  &c.     It  is  glaucous  in  Our  plant,  and  covered  with  meali- 
ness.    Refer  to  species  5-7.     Seeing,  next,  the  italicized  diagnosis,  we  finally  de- 
termine that  the  species  sought  is  No.  6.  C.  ALBUM  ;  for  the  leaves  are  rhombic-ovate, 
sinuate-toothed,  etc.,  etc. 

ANALYSIS   OF    AN  ENDOGEN. 

929.  A  grass-like,  yellow-flowered  plant  is  now  supposed  to  be  found  and  fur- 
nished to  the  pupils  for  analysis.     Having  determined  that  it  is  an  Endogen  (for  it 
has  parallel-veined  leaves  and  3-parted  flowers),  the  pupils  next  seek 

930.  To  DETERMINE  ITS  CLASS,  whether  the  3d  or  4th.     They  read  tho  diagnosis 
of  these  clases,  as  follows : — 

"  CLASS  3d.  Flowers  with  no  glumes." 

"  CLASS  4th.  Flowers  with  greenish,  alternate  glumes,"  &c.  The  flowers  of  our 
plant  have  no  glumes,  but  a  regular  perianth.  It  is,  therefore,  decided  to  be  one 
of  the  PETALIFEILE,  or  Class  3d.  Refer  to  Cohorts  5  and  6,  and  the  next  pupil  reads : — 

"  Cohort  5.  Flowers  on  a  spadix,  apetalous  or  incomplete." 

"  Cohort  G.  Flowers  complete,  with  a  double  perianth."  The  latter  is  true  of 
our  plant,  and  it  therefore  belongs  to  the  cohort  of  the  FLORIDE^E.  Next  refer  the 
pupil  to  (I?),  on  page  197,  in  order 

931.  TO  DETERMINE  THE  NATURAL  ORDER.      IIo  reads : — 


ANALYSIS  OF  AN  ENDOGEN.  170 

"T[  Flowers  (not  on  a  spadix)  in  a  dense,  involucrate  head." 
"f  Flowers  (not  on  a  spadix)  solitary,  racemed,  spicate,  &a"    The  latter  is  true 
here.    Refer  to  (3). 

"  3  Perianth  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  wholly  or  partly." 
"3  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary."    It  is  adherent.     Refer  to  (*5).     The  next 
pupil  reads : — 

"  *  5  Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous.     Low  aquatic  herbs." 
"*5  Flowers  dioecious,  G-androus.     Shrubby  climbers." 

"  *  Flowers  perfect."     The  last  Is  true  of  our  specimens.     Refer  to  the  dash  (— ), 
and  read,  " — Gynandrous." 
"  —  Monandrous." 

"  —  3-6-androus."     It  is  6-androus.     Refer  the  next  pupil  to  (6). 
"  6  Perianth  woolly  or  mealy  out-side." 

"  G  Perianth  glabrous  out-side."     The  latter  applies  to  our  specimens.     Refer  to 
the  dash  ( — ).     "  —  Stamens  3,  anthers  introrse." 
"  —  Stamens  3,  anthers  extrorse." 

"  —  Stamens  6."     The  last  is  true  of  our  plant.     It  must,  therefore, 
belong  to  the  Nat.  Ord.  AMARYLLIDACEJS.    Turn  to  that  order,  and 
932.  DETERMINE  THE  GENUS  by  the  table,  page  692,  thus : 

1st.  The  perianth  being  "destitute  of  a  crown,"  refers  to  **. 
2d.  The  segments  being  "distinct  down  to  the  ovary,"  etc.,  refers  to  b. 
3d.  The  "  perianth  regular,"  directs  to  the  — . 

Lastly,  The   "  sepals  and  petals  equal,"  etc.,  indicates  that  our  plant 
belongs  to  the  genus  HYPOXIS. 

ANALYSIS   OF   A   GRASS. 

Having  determined  that  this  elegant  and  common  grass  is  an  Endogen  (for  its 
leaves  are  parallel-veined),  and  that  it  is  a  member  of  the  7th  Cohort,  the  Gram- 
inoids,  the  pupil  refers  to  G,  and  at  once  perceives,  from  its  hollow  culm,  split 
sheaths,  &c.,  that  it  is  of  the  156th  Order,  Graminese.  He  turns  to  that  Order,  and 
by  the  several  successive  steps  in  the  table  determines  the  genus,  thus : — 

First  as  to  the  spikclets,  since  each  one  is  "2 —  co-flowered  (as  seen  in  fig.  727), 
with  several  perfect  flowers,"  he  refers  to  9. 

Second,  he  determines  the  inflorescence  to  be  "  in  panicles,"  and  next  refers  to  IO. 

Third,  as  to  the  awn,  he  concludes  that  the  "pale  is  awnlcss,"  and  refers  to  ai. 

Then  as  to  the  glumes,  he  observes  that  there  are  "  definitely  2"  (as  in  fig.  7,  a,  a), 
and  refers  to  o. 

Fifthly,  as  the  pales  are  "not  at  all  awned,"  he  refers  to  §. 

Next,  as  to  tho  flowers,  he  observes  that  there  are  several,  about  4  or  5,  in  each 
spikelet,  and  all  perfect ;  therefore,  refers  to  u. 

Seventh.  Of  the  five  lines  in  this  set,  he  selects  the  second  as  best  describing  his 
specimen,  viz.,  the  "lower  pale  keeled,  5-veined."  Therefore  it  belongs  to  tho 
genus  Poa.  Then  we  turn  to  genus  40,  and  determine  the  species,  thus  : — 

1.  As  to  the  "branches  of  the  panicle"  they  are  "about  in  5s,  half-whorled." 
Pass  to  I>. 

2.  The  "spikelets"  being  "3  to  5-flowered,  subsessilo,  in  rather  dcnso  panicles," 
we  refer  to  species  13,  14. 

Lastly,  the  "smooth  stem,"  and  short,  truncate  ligules  of  this  specimen  prove  it  to 
be  Poa  pratensis,  or  Spear  Grass. 


INDEX  AND  GLOSSARY 


A  (a,    privative),   prefixed   to  a  Greek 

word  signifies  without,  as  aphyllous, 

without  leaves. 
Abbreviations,  page,  189. 
Abortion,  nondevelopment  of  a  part. 
Absorption,  770,  775,  791. 
Acaulescent,  apparently  stemless,  169. 
Accessory,  something  superadded. 
Accrescnt,  growing  after  flowering. 
Accumbent,  lying  against  a  thing,  599. 
Acerose,  needle-shaped,  277. 
Achenium,  plural,  achenia,  556. 
Achlamydeous,  without  floral  envelopes. 
Acicular,  finely  needle-shaped. 
Acotyledonous,  without  cotyledons. 
Acrogens,  summit-growers,  899. 
Aculeate,  armed  with  prickles. 
Acuminate,  drawn  out  into  a  point,  283. 
Acute,  ending  in  a  sharp  angle,  283. 
Adherent,  growing  to,  466. 
Adnate,  growing  fast  to,  495. 
Adventitious,  growing  out  of  the  usual 

or  normal  position,  as  roots,  134. 
Aeration,  same  as  Respiration,  815. 
Aerophyta,  includes  the  "Lichens,  907. 
^Estivation,  383. 

Affinity,  resemblance  in  essential  organs. 
Age  of  trees,  97. 

Aggregate,  assembled  close  together. 
Aglumaceous,   without  glumes,  the  same 

as  Petaliferse,  898. 
Agricultural  Chemistry,  834. 
Air  bladders,  311. 
Air  cells  or  vessals,  790. 
Air  plants,  841. 
Ala,  wing;  Alse,  wings,  474. 
Albumen,  590.     Albuminous,  589. 
Alburnum,  sap-wood,  697. 
Algas,  sea-weeds,  907.     Fig.  545-550. 
Alternate,  222. 
Alternate  generation,  634. 
Alveolate,  with  pits  like  the  honey-comb. 
Ament,  a  deciduous  spike,  348. 
Ammonia,  839. 

Amorphous,  without  definite  form. 
Amphigastria,  626. 
Amphitropous,  539. 
Amplexicaul,  stem-clasping,  245. 
Analysis,  Botanical,  915. 


Analytical  tables  explained,  919. 

Anastomosis,  union  of  vessels  or  veins. 

Anatropous,  537. 

Ancipital,  two-edged. 

Androecium,  491. 

Androgenous,  stamens  and  pistils  on  the 

same  peduncle. 

Angiospermae,  angiosperms,  898. 
Angiospores,  900. 
Annual,  yearly,  89. 
Annular  cells,  652. 
Anterior,  parts  (of  a  flower)  adjacent  to 

the  bract. 

Anthelmintic,  expelling  or  killing  worms. 
Anther,  494. 

Anthesis,  the  opening  of  the  flower ;  flow- 
ering. 

Antheridia,  629. 

Apetala?,  903.    Apetalous,  without  petals. 
Aphyllous,  without  leaves. 
Apophysis,  a  swelling,  e.  g   under  the 

thecae  of  some  Mosses. 
Apothecia,  631. 
Appendicular  organs,  433. 
Appressed,  closely  applied  but  not  adher- 
r  ing  to ;  the  same  as  adpressed. 
Apterous,  without  wings. 
Aquatic,  living  in  water. 
Arachnoid,  resembling  cobwebs. 
Arboreous,  arborescent,  tree-like. 
Archegonia,  629. 

Arcuate,  arched  or  curved  like  a  bow. 
Areolate,  having  the  surface  divided  into 

little  spaces  or  areas. 
Aril,  an  extra  seed-covering,  586. 
Aristate,  with  an  arista  or  awn  (barley). 
Armed,  bearing  prickles,  spines,  etc. 
Articulated,  jointed,  as  the  culm  of  wheat. 
Artificial  classes,  877. 
Artificial  orders,  878. 
Ascending,  arising  obliquely;  assurgent 
Ascidia,  leaves  holding  water,  308. 
Attenuate,  becoming  slender  or  thin. 
Auriculate,  ear-bearing,  267. 
Awn,  the  beard  of  barley,  and  the  like. 
Axial  root,  122: 
Axil  (arm-pit),   the  angle   between  the 

petiole  and  the  branch  on  tho  upper 

side. 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


181 


Axillary,  growing  out  of  the  axils. 

Axis,  ascending,  146,  148;  erect,  148; 
procumbent,  prostrate,  trailing,  decum- 
bent, 148;  excurrent,  173;  solvent, 
174;  descending,  114. 

Baccate,  berry-like ;  covered  with  pulp. 

Banner,  same  as  Vexillum,  474. 

Banyan  tree,  137. 

Baobab  tree,  100. 

Bark,  700. 

Basidia,  631.     Fig.  539. 

Basilar,  basal,  attached  to  the  base. 

Bast  cells,  wood-cells  of  bark,  701. 

Beaked,  ending  in  an  extended  tip. 

Bearded,  with  tufts  of  long,  weak  hairs. 

Berry,  566. 

Bi,  Bis,  twice  (in  compound  words). 

Bicolor,  two-colored. 

Bicuspidate,  with  two  points  or  cusps. 

Bidentate,  with  two  teeth. 

Biennial,  of  two  years,  90. 

Bifid,  cleft  into  two  parts. 

Bifoliate,  with  two  leaflets. 

Bifurcate,  twice  forked,  or  merely  forked. 

Bilabiate,  two-lipped. 

Binate,  288. 

Bipinnate,  289. 

Bipinnatifid,  twice  pinnatifid.    Fig.  142. 

Biternate,  twice  teruate,  291. 

Bivalved,  two-valved. 

Blade.     See  Lamina,  239. 

Blanched  (plants),  whitened  for  the  want 

of  light,  820.     See  Etiolated. 
Bloom,    a  fine,  white  powder  on  some 

plants. 

Botany  defined,  38. 
Botany,  elementary,  40. 
Botany,  physiological,  41,  636. 
Botany,  systematic,  42,  858. 
Brachiate,     with     opposite,      spreading 

branches  (arms). 
Bract,  319,  333. 
Bracteate,  having  bracts. 
Bracteoles,  or  bractlets,  333. 
Branches,  107,  152. 
Bristles,  stiff,  sharp  hairs. 
Bryology,  the  science  of  Mosses. 
Bud,  105.     Budding,  215. 
Buds  axillary,  202  ;  accessory,  206. 
Buds,  adventitious,  207. 
Buds,  suppression  of,  205. 
Bud-scales,  197,  305. 
Bulb,  191;  tunicated,  193;  scaly,  193. 
Bulblets,  216. 

Caducous,  dropping  off  early. 
Calyciflorffi,  902. 
Csespitous,  forming  tufts  or' turf! 
Calceolate,  slipper-shaped. 
Galvcine,  calyx-like. 


Calyculate,  having  an  outer  calyx  or  calyx- 
like  involucre. 

Calyptra,  the  hood  of  the  sporange  (cap- 
sule) of  a  moss.  Fig.  514,  519. 

Calyx,  the  outer  floral  envelope,  400. 

Cambium,  709. 

Campanulate,  bell-shaped,  477. 

Campy  16 tropous,  538. 

Canaliculate,  channeled. 

Canescent,  grayish  white. 

Capillary,   capillaceous,  hair-shaped. 

Capitate,  head-shaped,  growing  in  close 
clusters,  or  heads. 

Capitulum,  a  little  head,  354. 

Capreolate,  bearing  tendrils. 

Capsule,  576. 

Carbon,  830.     Carbonic  Acid,  825. 

Carina,  474.  Carinate,  boat-shaped,  hav- 
ing a  sharp  ridge  beneath. 

Carpel,  carpellary,  516. 

Carpophore,  553,  557.     Fig.  432. 

Cartilaginous,  firm  and  tough  in  tex- 
ture. 

Caruncle,  586. 

Caryophyllaceous,  472. 

Caryopsis,  560. 

Catkin,  348.     See  Ament 

Caudex,  176. 

Caulescent,  169.     Caulis,  169. 

Cauline,  relating  to  the  stem. 

Cellular  tissue,  664.     Cell,  639. 

Cell-growth,  752;  life,  743. 

Cellular  bark,  702. 

Cellulose,  654,  744. 

Centrifugal  inflorescence,  343. 

Centripetal  inflorescence,  342. 

Cephalous,  same  as  Capitate. 

Cereal,  relating  to  grains,  corn,  etc. 

Cernuous,  nodding  (less  inclined  than 
pendulous). 

Chaff,  chaffy.     See  Paleaceous. 

Chalaza,  535. 

Channeled,  hollowed  out  like  a  gutter. 

Characters,  relative  value  of,  889. 

Chartaceous,  with  the  texture  of  paper. 

Chlorophylle,  657,  733,  747. 

Chorisis,   432. 

Ciliate,  fringed  with  marginal  hairs. 

Cienchyma,  671. 

Cion  or  Scion,  158. 

Cinereous,  ash  gray,  ash-color. 

Circinate,  rolled  inward  from  the  top,  21& 

Circulation  of  the  sap,  748. 

Circumscissiie,  552. 

Cirrhous,  furnished  with  a  tendril 

Cirrhous  roots,  135. 

Classes,  artificial,  877,  etc. 

Classes,  natural,  898. 

Classification,  artificial,  873. 

Clavate,  club-shaped. 

Coarctate,  contracted,  drawn  together. 


182 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


Coccus,  a  berry.  Also  (in  the  pi.  cocci) 
the  1 -seeded  carpels  of  separable  fruits. 

Coehleate,  spiral  like  the  suail-shell. 

Cohesion,  438. 

Cohorts,  901. 

Collateral,  placed  side  by  side. 

Collum,  118. 

Color  of  flowers,  369. 

Colored,  of  any  color  except  green,  which 
in  botany  is  not  a  color,  while  white  is, 

Column,  the  combined  stamens  and  styles. 

Coma,  585. 

Commissure,  the  joined  faces  cf  the  car- 
pels of  the  cremocarp. 

Common,  belonging  alike  to  several. 

Complete  flower,  412. 

Complicate,  folded  up  upon  itself. 

Compound  leaf,  285. 

Compound  flower,  355. 

Compressed,  flattened  on  the  sides. 

Conceptacle,  631. 

Conduplicate,  folded  on  itself  lengthwise. 

Cone,  5T8,  579. 

Confluent,  uniting,  same  as  Coherent. 

Conglomerate,  clustered  or  crowded. 

Conjugate,  coupled,  joined  by  pairs. 

Connate,  294. 

Conneetile,  connective,  494,  498. 

Connivent,  converging,  coming  together. 

Continuous,  the  reverse  of  Jointed. 

Contorted,  twisted,  389. 

Convolute,  393. 

Cordate,  heart-shaped,  267. 

Coriaceous,  leather-like,  295. 

Corm,  189. 

Corneous,  horn-like  in  texture. 

Corniculate,  with  a  small  horn  or  spur. 

Corolla,  401.     Corolliflora,  902. 

Corolline,  pertaining  to  the  corolla. 

Corona,  crown,  435,  407. 

Cortical  bark,  703. 

Corymb,  corymbous,  350. 

Costate,  ribbed,  with  rib-like  ridges. 

Cotyledons,  306,  594. 

Crassula  (a  genus  of  plants),  415. 

Crateriform,  of  the  form  of  a  goblet. 

Creeper,  creeping  stems,  181. 

Cremocarp,  557. 

Crenate,  bordered  with  rounded  teeth. 

Crenulate,  279. 

Crested  or  cristate,  with  an  elevated 
ridge. 

Crispate  or  Crisped,  282. 

Crown  of  the  root,  186. 

Cruciform  (corolla),  470. 

Crude  sap,  794. 

Crustaceous,  hard,  thin  and  brittle. 

Cryptogamia,  cryptogams,  621,  895. 

Cucullate,  rolled  up  into  a  hood-shape. 

Culm,  the  straw  of  grasses,  170. 

Cuneate,  cuneiform,  wedge-shaped,  266. 


Cupulc,  a  little  cup  (sc.  acorn),  562. 
Cuspidate,  with  a  sharp,  stiff  point 
Cuticle,  680. 
Cyanic,  370. 
Cyathiform,  cup-shaped. 
Cycle  (in  Phyllotaxy),  228. 
Cyclosis,  same  as  Rotation,  807. 
Cyme,  cymous,  357. 
Cymbiform,  boat-shaped. 
Cypsela,  557. 
Cytoblast,  655. 

Deca,  (in  Greek  composition),  ten. 

Deciduous,  falling  at  the  end  of  the  season. 

Declinate,  bent  downwards. 

Decompound,  much  compounded  or  di- 
vided. 

Decumbent,  148.     Fig.  39. 

Decurrent,  244,  286. 

Decussate  (leaves),  227. 

Definite,  503. 

Deflexed,  bent  downward. 

Defoliation,  the  casting  off  of  leaves. 

Dehiscence,  496. 

Deliquescent  (axis),  same  as  Solvent,  174. 

Deltoid,  form  of  the  Greek  letter  A,  265. 

Dendroid,  tree-like  in  form. 

Dendron  (in  Greek  compounds),  a  tree. 

Dentate,  279.     Denticulate,  279. 

Denuded,  become  naked. 

Depauperate,  less  developed  than  usual. 

Dependent,  hanging  down. 

Depressed,  flattened  from  above ;  low. 

Dextrine,  762. 

Dextrorse  (twining),  turning  to  the  right. 
Fig.  50. 

Di  (in  Greek  numerals),  two. 

Diadelphous,  506. 

Diagnosis,  a  brief  statement  of  the  dis- 
tinctive character  of  a  plant  or  group. 

Dialypetalous,  Poiypetalous.  903. 

Diaphanous,  transparent  or  translucent. 

Diandrous,  with  two  stamens,  503. 

Diastase,  762. 

Dichotomous,  forked  or  two-forked. 

Diclinous,  421. 

Dicotyledons,  Dicotyledonous,  421. 

Dictyogens,  727. 

Dfdymous,  double. 

Didynamous,  Didyriamia,  877,  §  2. 

Digitate,  with  several  distinct  leafleta 
palmately  arranged  (as  in  the  leaf  of 
the  Horse-chestnut). 

Diffuse,  much  divided  and  spreading. 

Dimidiate  (anther),  halved,  499. 

Dioecia,  dioecious,  877,  §5. 

Dipterous,  having  two  wings. 

Dischidia,  310. 

Disk,  446.     Discoid,  no  rays.     Fig.  21 L 

Dissected,  cut  into  deep  lobes. 

Dissepiment,  525. 


INDEX   AND    GLOSSARY. 


183 


Distichous,  arranged  in  two  rows. 
Distinct,  separate,  not  united. 
Divaricate,  wide-spread,  straggling. 
Divergent,  spreading  with  a  less  angle. 
Dorsal,  on  or  relating  to  the  back. 
Double  terms,  301. 

Downy,  clothed  with  short,  weak  hairs. 
Drupe,  563.     Drupaceous.     See  Tryma. 
Ducts.     See  Trachenchyma,  668. 
Duplicate,  in  pairs,  double. 
Duramen,  heart- wood,  698. 
Dwarfing,  140. 

E,  ex  (in  composition),  without;  as, 

Ebracteate,  without  bracts. 

Earthy  elements,  832. 

Echinate,  prickly  with  rigid  hairs.    „ 

Effete,   sterile,  exhausted. 

Elaters,  spiral,  elastic  threads  accompany- 
ing certain  spores.  Fig.  506. 

Elliptic,  elliptical  (leaf),  265,  a. 

Elongated,  lengthened,  extended. 

Emarginate,  284. 

Embryo,  591,  103. 

Embryonic  vesicle,  754. 

Endocarp,  563. 

Endochrome,  the  coloring  matter  of  plants. 
See  Chlorophylle. 

Endogenous  structure,  713. 

Endogens,  70,  897. 

Endopleura,  same  as  Tegmen,  583. 

Endospores,  631. 

Ensiform,  sword-shaped,  275. 

Entire,  even-edged,  278. 

Ephemeral,  enduring  for  ono  day. 

Epi  (in  Greek  composition),  upon ;  as, 

Epicarp,  563. 

Epidermis,  676. 

Epigynous,  upon  the  ovary,  465,  504. 

Epipetalous,  on  the  petals,  504. 

Epiphytes,  plants  on  other  plants,  143. 

Episperm,  the  skin  of  the  seed. 

Equitant  (astraddle),  214. 

Erose,  eroded,  as  if  gnawed,  281. 

Etserio,  565. 

Etiolated,  colorless  for  want  of  light. 

Exalbuminor.3,  without  albumen. 

Excurrent,  173. 

Exogenas,  Exogens,  69,  897. 

Exogenous  structure,  691. 

Exosmose,  flowing  out,  781. 

Exospores,  631. 

Exserted,  projecting  out  of,  or  beyond. 

Extra  (in  composition),  beyond ;   as, 

Extra-axillary,  same  as  supra-axillary. 

Exstipulate,  without  stipules,  240. 

Extra  Flour  (of  wheat),  750. 

Extrorse,  turned  outward,  497. 

Falcate,  scythe-shaped,  curved. 
Farinaceous,  flour-like  in  texture. 


Farinous,  mealy  on  the  surface. 

Fascicle  (a  bundle),  361. 

Fasciculate  (leaves),  222. 

Feather- veined,  259. 

Ferruginous,  of  ,ne  color  of  iron  rust. 

Fertile  (flower),  seed-producing,  421. 

Fertilization,  '51,  etc. 

Fibrillse,  fibrils,  119,  724. 

Filament,  the  stalk  of  a  stamen,  493. 

Filiform,  slender  like  a  thread. 

Fimbriate,  fringed,  having  the  edge  bor- 
dered with  slender  processes. 

Fistular,  hollow,  as  the  loaf  of  onion. 

Flabelliform,  fan-shaped,  276. 

Flagelliform,  whip-shaped;  long,  taper 
and  supple. 

Flavescent,  yellowish,  turning  yellow. 

Flexuous,  zig-zag,  or  wavy. 

Floccous,  with  hairs  in  soil  fleecy  tufts. 

Flora,  (a)  the  spontaneous  vegetation  of 
a  country ;  (&)  a  written  description  of 
the  same. 

Floral,  relating  to  flowers. 

Floral  calendar,  366. 

Floral  clock,  368. 

Floral  envelopes,  399 

Florets,  the  flowers  of  a  compound  flower, 
355. 

Flower,  372,  etc.;  origin  of,  110. 

Flower,  the  standard  of  beauty,  372. 

Flowering,  364. 

Flower-bud,  195,  374,  etc. 

Foliaceous,  leaf-like  in  texture  or  form. 

Foliation,  the  act  of  leafing. 

Follicle,  571. 

Food  of  plants,  835. 

Foramen,  same  as  Micropyle,  535. 

Forms,  accommodated,  17. 

Forms,  arrested,  21. 

Forms,  graduated,  14. 

Forms,  typical,  11. 

Free,  not  adherent  nor  adnate,  462. 

Fringed.     See  Fimbriate. 

Frond,  an  organ  which  is  both  stem  and 
leaf,  as  in  duck-meat,  fern,  626. 

Frondescent,  bursting  into  leaf. 

Fructification,  flower  and  fruit  as  a  whole. 

Fruit,  112,  541;  growth  of;  765. 

Fruit,  ripening  of,  766. 

Frutescent,  shrubby,  becoming  shrubby. 

Fulcra  (roots),  136. 

Fuliginous,  smoky  brown,  blackish. 

Fulvous,  dull  yellowish  brown. 

Funiculus  (a  little  rope),  535. 

Funnel-form.     See  Infundibuliform. 

Furcate,  forked. 

Furfuraceous,  scurfy. 

Furrowed,  marked  with  channels  length- 
wise. 

Fuscous,  grayish  or  blackish  brown. 

Fusiform,  spindle-shaped,  127. 


184 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


Galea,  galeate,  483. 

Garaopetalae,  monopetalae,  903. 

Gamopetalous,  with  the  petals  united. 

Gamophyllous,  of  united  leaves. 

Gamosepalous,  with  the  sepals  united. 

Geminate,  twin,  two  together. 

Gemmation,  state  of  budding  (Latin, 
gemma,  bud). 

Geniculate,  bent  as  the  knee  (genu). 

Genus,  80.     Genera,  888. 

Germ,  the  ovary  (obsolete). 

Germination,  608,  761. 

Gibbous,  more  tumid  in  a  certain  place. 

Glabrous,  smooth  or  not  hairy,  296. 

Gladiate,  sword- shaped,  ensiform. 

Gland,  glandular,  632. 

Glans,  562. 

Glaucous,  sea-green,  bluish,  usually  with 
a  bloom  or  whitish  powder. 

Globous,  in  form  near!}'-  spherical. 

Glomerate,  collected  into  close  heads. 

Glomerule,  362. 

Glossology,  the  same  as  Terminology. 

Glumes,  339,  459. 

Glumifera,  898. 

Gluten,  750. 

Gonidia,  635. 

Granular,  composed  of  grains. 

Grafting,  158. 

Graminoidete,  905. 

Grand  Divisions,  65. 

Growth  is  downwards,  799. 

Gymnos  (a  Greek  prefix),  naked ;  as, 

Gymnospermous,  with  naked  seeds. 

Gymnospermas,  gymnosperms,  898. 

Gymnospora3,  gymnospores,  900. 

Gynandrous,  504. 

Gynoecium,  405. 

Gynobase,  a  process  of  the  torus  on  and 
around  which  the  carpels  are  sus- 
pended ;  sc.  Geranium,  Fig.  428. 

Gynophore,  a  produced  torus  bearing  the 
ovary  on  its  summit.  Fig.  290. 

Gyrate,  same  as  Circinate,  213. 

Gyrous,  strongly  bent  to  and  fro. 

Habit,  the  general  aspect  of  a  plant. 

Habitat,  the  natural  locality,  or  place  of 
growth  of  a  wild  plant. 

Hairs,  681.     Hairy,  hirsute. 

Halbert-shaped,  hastate.     Fig.  155,  I. 

Halved,  ono  half  apparently  deficient. 

Hastate,  with  the  base  lobes  abruptly 
spreading,  as  in  ahalbert.  Fig.  155,  I. 

Heart-shaped.  Fig.  155,  p.  Heart-wood, 
697. 

Herb,  herbaceous,  89,  90. 

Herbacsous,  green  and  cellular  in  tex- 
ture. 

Herbarium,  54. 

Hesperidium,  567. 


Hermaphrodite  (flower),  with  both  sta- 

mens  and  pistils. 
Heterocephalous,  heads  of  two  sorts  in 

the  same  plant,  some  $  and  some  $  . 
Heterogamous,   two  sorts  of  flowers  in 

the  same  head,  some  $  and  some  $ . 
Hexa  (Greek  numeral),  six  ;  as  in, 
Hexagonal,     6-sided.     Hexamerous,    6- 

parted. 
Hexandrous,     6-stamened.     Hexandria, 

877,  §1. 
Hilum,  537,  588. 

Hirsute,  hairy  with  rather  long  hairs. 
Hispid,  bristly  with  stiff  hairs,  298. 
Hoary,  frost-colored,  grayish- white. 
Homogamous,  head  with  all  the  flowers 

alike,  as  to  the  stamens  and  pistils. 
Honey,  767.     Honey-bee,  768. 
Hooded.     See  Gucullate. 
Horny,  of  the  texture  of  horn. 
Hortus  siccus,  herbarium,  54. 
Humifuse,  spreading  on  the  ground. 
Hyaline,  transparent  or  nearly  so. 
Hybrid,    a    cross-breed    between    two 

species. 

Hydrogen,  831. 
Hydrophyta,  907. 
Hymenium,  631. 

Hyperborean,  inhabiting  northern  regions. 
Hypo  (in  Greek  compounds),  under ;  as, 
Hypocrateriform,  salver-form,  480.  Fig. 

322. 

Hypogean,  growing  under  ground. 
Hypogynous,  463,  504. 
Hysterophyta,  907. 

Icosandria,  877,  Class  XII. 

Imbricate,  imbricated,  390. 

Immarginate,  having  no  rim  or  border. 

Immersed.     See  Submersed. 

Inaxial  root,  123. 

Incised,  divided  deeply  as  if  cut. 

Included,    inclosed    within,    or    shorter 

than;    as  the  stamens  in  the  corolla 

tube. 

Incrassate,  thickened. 
Incumbent,  sc.  embryo,  599. 
Indehiscent,  not  opening,  549. 
Indigenous,  native  of  a  country. 
Induplicate,  388. 
Indusium,    the    shield   of   the    fruit-dot 

(sorus)  of  a  fern.     Fig.  500,  501. 
Inferior,  lower  in  position,  465. 
Inflorescence,  320. 
Infundibuliform,  funnel-shaped,  479. 
Innate  (sc.  anther),  495. 
Innovations,  635. 
Inserted,  Insertion,  refer  to  the  point  of 

junction  or  apparent  origin. 
Integument,  a  coat  or  covering. 
Internode,  161. 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


185 


Interruptedly  pinnate,  287.  Fig.  159, 
Introrse  (anthers),  turned  inward,  497. 
Involucre,  337. 

Involute,  rolled  inward,  213.  Fig.  81. 
Irregular  flowers,  441. 

Jointed,  having  joints,  separable  pieces. 
Jugum,  a   pair;    as,  bijugous,  with  two 
pairs  of  leaflets ;  trijugous,  three  pairs. 

Keel,  Keeled.     See  Carinate. 
Kidney-shaped.     See  Reniform,  271. 
Kingdoms  of  Nature,  31-33. 

Labellum,  the  odd  petal  of  an  orchid,  484. 

Labiate,  lip-shaped,  483. 

Lacerate,  torn  irregularly  by  deep  inci- 
sions. 

Laciniate,  slashed,  with  deep  incisions. 

Lactescent,  containing  lac,  or  milk. 

Lacunous,  with  large  depressions  or  pits. 

Lacustrine,  growing  in  lakes. 

Lamina,  the  blade  of  a  leaf,  453. 

Lanceolate,  lance-shaped.     Fig.  11G. 

Lanuginous,  woolly,  297. 

Latex,  the  turbid  or  milky  juice  of  plants. 

Laticiferous  tissue.     See  Cienchyma,  671. 

Latin  names  of  plants,  75. 

Layer.     See  Stolon,  157. 

Leaf,  217,  etc. ;  structure  of,  729. 

Leaf-bud,  195,  etc. 

Leaflet,  the  pieces  of  a  compound  leaf. 

Leaf-stems,  166. 

Legume,  572. 

Lenticulate,  shaped  like  a  double  convex 
lens. 

Liber,  the  inner  bark,  701. 

Lichens.  Fig.  530-536.  See  Aero- 
phyta,  907. 

Ligneous  system,  685. 

Ligulate,  strap-shaped,  482. 

Ligule,  the  stipules  of  grasses,  251. 

Liliaceous  flower,  473. 

Limb,  the  border,  453. 

Linear,  long  and  narrow,  275. 

Livid,  clouded  with  bluish,  brown,  and 
gray. 

Lobate,  lobed,  270. 

Loculicidal,  opening  into  the  cell,  550. 

Locusta,  a  spikelet  of  the  grasses. 

Loment,  a  jointed  legume,  573. 

Lorate,  thong-shaped. 

Lunate,  crescent-shaped. 

Lyrate,  pinnatifid  with  the  upper  lobes 
mnch  larger  than  the  lower. 

Macros  (in  Greek  compounds),  long  or 

large. 

Maculate,  spotted  or  blotched. 
Mangrove  tree,  138. 
Male  (flowers),  same  as  Staminate. 


Marcescent,  withering,  but  persistent. 

Marginal,  belonging  to  the  border. 

Marginate,  having  the  border  different. 

Medulla,  pith.     Medullary  rays,  705.  • 

Medullary  sheath,  693. 

Membranaceous,  membranous,  thin  and 
pellucid. 

Mericarp,  one  of  the  carpels  of  a  cremo- 
carp  of  an  Umbilifer,  557. 

Micropyle,  535  ;  same  as  Foramen. 

Microscope,  60. 

Midrib,  the  central  vein  of  a  leaf. 

Midvein  (used  in  this  work),  256. 

Mitriform,  formed  like  a  conical  cap. 

Monos  (in  Greek  compounds),  one  only;  as, 

Monadelphous,  506. 

Monandrous,  one-stamened,  503. 

Moniliform  (roots),  132. 

Monocarpic  herbs,  91. 

Monochlamydea?,  902. 

Monochlamy deous  (flowers),  420. 

Monocotyledonous,  596,  897. 

Monoecious,  877,  §  5.      •  •         "•• 

Monogynous,  with  one  style,  513. 

Monopetal®.     See  Gamopetalas,  903. 

Monopetalous,  458,  459. 

Monophyllous,  one-leaved. 

Monosepalous,  458,  459. 

Monstrous  flowers,  380. 

Morphology,  39  ;  of  the  flower,  372. 

Morphology  of  the  leaf,  239. 

Mucro,  a  sharp,  small,  abrupt  point. 

Mucronate,  283. 

Multi  (in  composition),  many. 

Multifid,  cut  half-way  into  many  seg- 
ments. 

Muricate,  bearing  short,  hard  points. 

Muriform,  like  a  wall  of  mason-work. 

Muscology,  a  treatise  on  mosses. 

MuticouS;  pointless,  not  pointed. 

Mycelium,  628. 

Naked  seeds,  548. 

Napiform  (root),  28. 

Natant,  swimming ;  under  water. 

Naturalized,  growing  spontaneously  but 

not  native. 
Natural  System,  886. 
Natural  System,  history  of,  891. 
Nectar,  honey :  Nectary,  433,  456. 
Nepenthes,  309. 
Nerve,  the  veins   (254)  are  sometimea 

so-called. 

Netted  or  net-veined.  See  Reticulate,  258. 
Neutral  flower,  422. 
Nodding,  the  summit  bent  over  (sc.  snow 

drop). 

Node,  a  joint  of  the  stem,  161. 
Nodous,  knotted;  large-jointed. 
Nodulous  (root),  132. 
Nomenclature,  909. 


186 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


Normal,  according  to  rule,  regular. 
Nuciform,  nut-like. 
Nucleus,  kernel  (sc.  ovule),  535. 
See  Glans,  562. 


Ob  (in  composition),  denotes  inversion  ;  as, 
Obcompressed,  flattened  back  and  front. 
Obcordate,  284.     Oblanceolate,  266. 
Oblique,  unequal-sided  (sc.  leaves). 
Oblong,  265.    Obovate,  266.    Obtuse,  283. 
Obvolute  (in  aestivation),  214. 
Ochrea,  sheathing  stipules,  249. 
Ochroleucous,  cream-color,  pale  yellow. 
Octo  (in  Greek  composition),  eight. 
Octandria,  877.    Octandrous,  8-stamened. 
Octogynous,  8-styled,  878. 
Offset,  a  short  lateral  shoot,  1  59. 
Oligos  (in  Greek  composition),  few  ;  as, 
Oligandria,  with  few  stamens. 
Olivaceous,  olive-green,  brownish-green. 
Opaque,  dull,  not  shining. 
Opercular,  with  a  lid,  496. 
Opposite,  two  at  a  node,  153,  222. 
Orbicular,  Orbiculate,  circular,  265. 
Orchidaceous,  484. 
Organogens,  829. 
Organography,  39. 

Organic  world,  30.     Organic  soil,  837. 
Orthotropous  (ovule),  erect,  536. 
Osseous,  bony,  as  the  peach-stone. 
Oval,  265.     Ovate,  265. 
Ovary,  515.     Ovule,  532. 
Ovoid,  egg-shaped  as  in  fruits. 
Oxygen,  831. 

Palea3  or  Pales,  339,  489. 

Paleaceous,  chaffy,  having  pales. 

Palmi-veined,  260.     Palmate,  272. 

Panduriform,  fiddle-shaped. 

Panicle,  352.     Paniculate,  panicled. 

Papilionaceous,  474. 

Pappus  the  calyx  of  Composites,  485. 

Parallel-veined,  258. 

Paraphyses,  jointed  threads  around  the 

antheridia  of  mosses.     Fig.  522. 
Parasites,  144. 
Parenchyma,  664,  730. 
Parietal,  on  the  wall  (paries),  526. 
Parted,  deeply  divided  into  parts. 
Patent,  wido  open.     Patulous,  half  open. 
Pear-shaped,  obovoid,  larger  above. 
Pectinate,  combed,  finely  pinnatifld. 
Pedate,  shaped  like  a  bird's  foot,  273. 
Pedicel,  328.     Peduncle,  327. 
Peltate,  shield-form,  271. 
Pendent,  Pendulous,  hanging,  drooping. 
Penicillate,  with   a  tuft  of  hairs,  as  if  a 

camel's-hair  pencil. 

Pente  (in  Greek  composition),  five;  as, 
Pentamerous,  5-parted. 
Pentandrous,  503.     Pentandria,  877. 


Pepo,  a  fruit  like  a  melon,  568. 
Perennial,  living  several  years,  92. 
Perfect  flower,  with  both    stamen  and 

pistil. 

Perfoliate  (through  the  leaf),  293. 
Peri  (in  Greek  composition),  around. 
Perianth,  402 ;  forms  of,  469. 
Pericarp,  547. 
Perigynium,  488. 
Perigynous,  464. 
Period  of  flowering,  365. 
Perisperm,  same  as  Albumen,  590. 
Peristome,  632. 

Persistent,  remaining  long  in  place. 
Personate,  483. 
Petals,  401 ;  forms  of,  455. 
Petaliferae,  898. 
Petaloid,  with  the  form  or   texture  oi 

petals. 

Petiole,  243.     Petiolate,  239. 
Petiolule,  246. 
Phsenogamia,  893,  895. 
Phyllodium,  plur.  Phyllodia,  307. 
Phyllotaxy,  leaf-arrangement,  220. 
Physiologj-,  41,  736. 
Phytology,  43  (Greek,  phytos,  a  plant). 
Pileorhiza,  cap  of  a  rootlet,  725. 
Pileus,  cap  of  some  Fungals.     Fig.  537,  c. 
Pilous,  with  erect,  thin  hairs,  298. 
Pine,  size  of,  101,—  Californinn,  101. 
Pinnate,  287.     Pinnatiiid,  268,  269. 
Pistil,  405,  511. 

Pitchers  (leaves).     See  Ascidia,  303. 
Pith,  692.     Pitted  cells,  650,  667. 
Pitted,  with  depressions  or  excavations. 
Placenta,  520  ;  free  axile,  528. 
Pleurenchyma,  666. 

Plicate,  plaited  lengthwise  as  a  fan,  394« 
Plumous,  feathery. 
Plumule  (a  little  plume),  103,  593. 
Pollen,  508.     Pollen  tube,  756. 
Pollinia,  masses  of  pollen,  510. 
Poly  (in  Greek  compounds),  many. 
Polyadelphous,  506,— 877,  §  3. 
Polygamous,  Polygamia,  877,  §5. 
Polypetalae.     See  Dialypetalas,  903. 
Polypetalous,  Poly sepalous,  -458. 
Pome,  a  fruit  like  an  apple,  569. 
Posterior,  next  the  axis. 
Potato,  manner  of  its  growth,  188. 
Precocious,  flowering  before  the  learea. 
Praefoliation,  vernation,  209. 
Premorse,  ending  abruptly,  185. 
Press  for  drying  plants,  57. 
Prickles,  18,  684. 
Primine,  same  as  Testa,  535. 
Primordial  utricle,  645. 
Prismatic,  prism-shaped,  having  several 

parallel,  longitudinal  angles. 
Procumbent  (stem),  148.     Fig.  38. 
Prodaced,  extended  more  than  usual 


INDEX   AND    GLOSSARY. 


187 


Proliferous,  reproducing,  a3  cymes  from 
the  midst  of  a  cyme,  flowers  from  the 
midst  of  a  flower. 

Protein,  744.     Protoplasm,  744,  655. 

ProtothaUus,  629. 

Pruinous,  powdered,  as  if  frosted,  300. 

Pruriens,  causing  an  itching  sensation. 

Pseudo  (in  GreeR:  composition),  spurious. 

Pubescent,  downy  with  short,  soft  hairs. 

Puberulent,  minutely  downy,  297. 

Pumilus,  pumilous,  dwarfed  in  size. 

Punctate,  seeming  as  if  perforate,  682,  or 
marked  with  minute  dots. 

Pungent,  piercing,  sharp-pointed. 

Putamen,  the  bony  nucleus  of  a  drupe. 

Pyramidal,  form  of  a  cone  or  pyramid. 

Pyriform,  of  the  form  of  a  pear. 

Pyxis,  a  pericarp  with  a  lid,  570. 

Quadri  (in  composition),  four  ;  as, 
Quadrifoliate,  four-leaved. 
Quadrangular,  four-angled. 
Quadrijugate,  with  four  pairs  of  leaflets. 
Quadrilateral,  four-sided. 
Quinque  (in  composition),  five. 
Quinate,  growing  in  fives,  292. 
Quincuncial,  391.     Fig.  248. 
Quintuple,  five-fold. 

Race  (Latin,  stirps),  a  permanent  variety, 

as  red-cabbage. 
Raceme,  349. 

Rachis,  axis  of  the  inflorescence,  286,  330. 
Radiate,  diverging  from  a  common  contar. 
Radiate  (in  the  Composites),  the  outer 

row  of  florets  ligulate.     Fig.  170. 
Radiant,  outer  flowers  enlarged  (and  often 

neutral),  Fig.  271 ;  or  (in  the  Compos-  j 

ites),  all  the  florets  ligulate. 
Radical,  from  the  root,  103. 
Radical  of  the  flower,  408. 
Radicle,  rootlet  (of  the  embryo),  592. 
Ramial,  of  a  branch,  221. 
Raphe  (of  the  ovule  or  seed),  537. 
Raphides,  660. 

Receptacle,  331,  397,  443,  631. 
Recurved,  bent  (not  rolled)  backward. 
Reflexed,  curved  backward  excessively. 
Refracted,  bent  suddenly  as  if  broken. 
Regma,  fruit  as  of  Geranium,  577. 
Regular,  like  parts  similar,  412. 
Reniform,  kidney-shaped,  271. 
Repand  (margin),  280. 
Repent,  creeping. 
Respiration,  812. 

Resupinate,  reversed,  upside  down. 
Reticulate,  netted,  258. 
Retrorse,  backwards,  downwards. 
Retuse  (apex),  2S4.     Fig.  155,  c. 
Revolute,  rolled  backwards,  213. 
Rhizoma,  Rhizome,  183. 


Rhombic,  Rhomboidal,  in  the  figure  of  a 

rhomb,  or  approaching  it. 
Ribs,  the  chief  veins  of  a  leaf,  ridges. 
Ring  elastic  (of  the  fern-sporange).     Fig. 

489.  W 

Ringent  (corolla),  483. 
Root,  114.     Root-stock,  183. 
Rosaceous  (corolla),  471. 
Rostrate,  beaked,  with  a  beak. 
Rosulate  (leaves),   arranged  around  the 

base  of  the  stem  as  rose-leaves. 
Rotate,  wheel-shaped,  475. 
Rotation,  circulation  in  the  cell,  806. 
Rubicund,  blushing,  rosy  red. 
Rudiment,  the  beginning  of  a  thing. 
Rugous,  wrinkled,  295. 
Ruminated  (albumen),  full  of  chinks  as  if 

composed  of  numerous  folds. 
Runcinate,  hooded  backwards,  269. 
Runner,  160. 

Sagittate,  arrow-shaped,  267. 

Salver-shaped.   See  llypocrateriform,  480. 

Samara,  561. 

Sap,  the  crude,  794 ;  the  true,  796. 

Sarcocarp  (of  the  drupe),  563. 

Scabrous,  rough,  296. 

Scalariform  (cells),  ladder-shaped,  653. 

Scales,  435.     Scale-stems,  167. 

Scandent,  climbing. 

Scape,  329.     Scarious,  295. 

Scattered,  sometimes  used  for  alternate. 

Scorpoid  (inflorescence),  358. 

Scrobiculate,  pitted,  with  little  depres- 
sions. 

Screw-pine,  136. 

Sea-green,  light  bluish  green,  glaucescent. 

Secund,  all  on  one  side,  or  turned  one 
way. 

Secundine,  same  as  Tegmen,  535. 

Seed,  582.     Seed  coverings,  583. 

Seed,  longevity  of,  602 ;  dispersion  of, 
604. 

Semi  (in  composition),  half;  as, 

Semicordate,  half  of  cordate. 

Semilunar,  half-moon-shaped. 

Semisagittate,  and  Semiterete. 

Sepals,  400.     Sepaloid,  sepal-like. 

Septum,  a  partition  between  two  spaces. 

Septicidal  (dehiscence),  550. 

Septifragal  (dehiscence),  550. 

Sericeous,  silky,  297. 

Serotinous,  occuring  late  in  the  season. 

Serrate,  Serrulate,  279. 

Sessile,  sitting,  not  stalked,  239. 

Seta3,  299,  487.     Setaceous,  bristle-form, 

Setous,  Setigerous,  bearing  bristles. 

Sheath,  Sheathing,  as  the  leaves  of  tha 


Silicle,  575. 


Shrub,  95. 
Silique,  574. 


188 


INDEX   AND    GLOSSARY. 


Siliquo^s,  bearing  siliques  (as  the  Cruci- 

fers). 

Silver-graiu  (of  wood),  707. 
Simple,  of  one  piece,  not  compound. 
Sinistrorse,   twining   from  right  to  left. 

Fig.  49. 

Sinuate,  270.     Slips,  158. 
Soil,  837. 

Solitary,  growing  alone,  or  singly. 
Sori,  patches  of  fruitin  ferns,  632.  Fig.  488. 
Spadicifloras,  904.     Spadix,  347. 
Spathe,  Spathaceous,  336. 
Spatulate  (leaf),  266. 
Species,  76,  888.     Specific  name,  75. 
Specimens  (of  plants),  53,  56. 
Spermatozoid,  633.     Fig.  497,  553. 
Spike,  Spicate,  346. 
Spikelet,  a  little  spike,  as  in  a  grass. 
Spine,  a  woody  thorn,  316. 
Spindle-shaped  (root),  127.     Fig.  27. 
Spiral  arrangement  (of  leaves),  228. 
Spiral  cells  or  vessels,  651. 
Spongelet,  Spongiole,  118. 
Sporange,  632.     Spores,  630. 
Sporidia,  630.     Sporules,  635. 
Sporogamia,  906. 

Spur,  a  projecting,  slender  appendage,  434. 
Squarrous,  spreading  widely,   as  the  in- 

volucral  scales  of  some  Composites. 
Stamens,    404,  491.      Staminate  flower, 

421. 

Staminodia,  436,  502. 
Starch,  658,  748,  750. 
Stem,  or  Ascending  Axis,  14G. 
Sterile,  not  bearing  seeds,  421. 
Stigma,  Stigmatic,  515. 
Stipe,  the  stalk  of  the  ovary  or  ovaries ; 

also,  the  stem  of  a  mushroom. 
Stipels,  Stipellate,  251. 
Stipules,  Stipulate,  240,  247. 
Stolon,    157.      Stoloniferous,    producing 

stolons. 

Stomata,  678,  732.     Figs.  582-586. 
Strap-shaped,  flat,  narrow  and  straight. 
Strict,  erect  and  very  straight. 
Strigous,  with  sharp,  close,  rigid  hairs. 
Strobile  (fruit),  578. 
Strophiolate,  having  an  appendage  (stro- 

phiole  or  caruncle)  about  the  hilum. 
Style,  515.     Styloid,  style-like. 
Sub  (in  composition),  302. 
Suberous,  corky  in  texture. 
Subulate,  awl-shaped,  277. 
Succulent,  very  juicy  and  cellular. 
Sucker,  156. 

Sufitutescent,  woody  at  the  base  only. 
Sulcate,  furrowed. 
Superior,  465,  468. 

Superior  calyx,  calyx  adherent  to  ovary. 
Superior  ovary,  calyx  free  from  ovary. 
Supervolute,  394. 


Supra-axillary,  situated  above  the  axil, 
Supradecompound,  very  much  divided. 
Suspended  (ovule),  534.     Figs.  414,  419. 
Suspensor  (of  the  embryo),  758.    Fig.  608. 
Sutural  (dehiscence),  550. 
Sword-shaped,  as  the  vertical  leaves  of  Iris. 
Syconus,  fruit,  such  as  the  Fig.  580. 
Symmetry  (of  the  flower),  410,  412. 
Syn    (in   Greek    compounds),   together, 

union. 

Syncarpium,  579. 

Syngenesia,  Syngenesious,  877,  506. 
Synonyms,  914. 

Taper-pointed.     See  Acuminate,  283, 

Tap-root,  124,  142. 

Tawny,  fulvous,  dull  yellowish  brown. 

Taxonomy,  the  science  of  classification. 

Tegmen,  the  inner  seed-coat,  535,  583. 

Tendril,  313,  178. 

Teratology,  380. 

Terete,  cylindrical  or  nearly  so. 

Term  of  Plant  Life,  83,  etc. 

Terminal,  situated  at  the  end  or  apex. 

Terminology,  4'4. 

Ternate  (leaves),  in  threes,  288. 

Tesselated,  checkered,  as  a  pavement. 

Testa,  the  outer  seed  coat,  535,  583,  4. 

Tetra  (in  Greek  composition),  lour. 

Tetradynamous,  505.    Tetradynamia,  877. 

Tetragonal,  with  four  corners. 

Tetragynous,  with  four  pistils. 

Thalamifl6ra3,  902. 

Thallogamia,  906. 

Thallogens,  722,  899. 

Thallus,  627. 

Thecaspores,  630.  Thcca,  Theca3,  632. 

Thorn,  317. 

Throat,  the  orifice  of  a  monopetalous  cor- 
olla, 

Thyrse,  353. 

Tomentous,  with  short,  dense,  woolly 
hairs. 

Tor£shaped,  inversely  conical. 

Torus,  same  as  Receptacle,  331,  3S7. 

Trachenchyma,  668. 

Tree,  96. 

Tri  (in  Greek  compounds),  three. 

Triadelphous,  the  stamens  in  three  sets. 

Triandria,  Triandrous,  877. 

Trigynous,  three-styled,  513. 

Tricoccous  (fruit),  with  three  one-seedefl 
carpels. 

Tricolored,  with  three  colors. 

Triennial,  lasting  three  years. 

Trifid,  split  half-way  into  three  parts. 

Trifoliate,  with  three  leaflets. 

Trilobate,  having  three  lobes. 

Trimerous,  3-parted,  418. 

Tripartite,  separable  into  three  parts. 

Triple- veined,  261.     Fig.  118. 


INDEX    AND    GLOSSARY. 


189 


Triquetrous,  three  angled. 
Tripinnate,  thrice  pinnate,  289. 
Triternate,  thrice  ternate. 
True  sap,  T96. 
Truncate,  284.     Fig.  155,  d. 
Trunk  (of  a  tree),  171. 
Tryma,  fruit  as  the  hickory-nut,  564. 
Tube,  459.     Tubular  corolla,  481. 
Tuber,  187. 

Tuberculate,  covered  with  warts  (tuber- 
cles). 

Tumid,  swollen  or  inflated. 
Tunicate,  coated,  as  the  bulb,  193. 
Turion,  young  shoot,  as  of  asparagus. 
Typical  Flower,  412,  449.    Figs.  260,  262. 
Typical  Forms,  11,  12. 

Umbel,  351.     Umbellet,  a  partial  umbel. 

Umbellate,  bearing  umbels. 

Umbilicate,  with  a  sharp  depression  at  end. 

Unarmed,  with  no  stings,  thorns,  etc. 

Undershrub,  a  low  shrub,  95. 

Undulate,  wavy,  280. 

Unequally  pinnate,  287. 

Unguiculate  (petal),  having  a  claw,  453. 

Uni  (in  compounds),  one. 

Unifoliate,  with  one  leaf  or  leaflet. 

Uniform,  of  one  form. 

Unilateral,  one-sided. 

Unilocular,  one- celled. 

Univalved,  with  but  one  valve. 

Urceolate,  urn-shaped,  478. 

Utricle  (fruit),  559. 

Vaginate,  sheathing,  the  flattened  petiole 

involving  the  stem. 
Yalvate,  387. 
Yalves,  Valvular,  550. 
Varieties,  78. 
Vascular  tissue,  668. 


Vaulted,  arched.  [736. 

Vegetation,  or  Physiology  of  Plant  Life, 

Veins,  253.     Veinlets,  Veinulets,  257. 

Venation  (of  the  leaf),  255. 

Ventricous,  swelling  out  on  one  side. 

Vernal,  appearing  in  the  Spring  time. 

Vernation  (of  the  leaf  bud),  213. 

Ventral,  belonging  to  the  front  side,  t.  e., 
the  side  towards  the  axis. 

Verrucous,  covered  with  warts  (verrucse). 

Versatile  (anther),  495. 

Vertex,  the  summit,  same  as  Apex. 

Vertical,  in  the  direction  up  and  down, 
or  parallel  with  the  axis. 

Verticillate,  whorled,  222. 

Verticilaster,  362. 

Vespertine,  appearing  in  the  evening. 

Vexillary  (aestivation).     Fig.  251. 

Vexillum,  standard,  474.     Fig.  316,317. 

Villous,  clothed  with  long,  weak  hairs. 
297. 

Vimineous,  with  long  flexible  shoots,  osier- 
like,  [slender. 

Vine,   178.     Virgate,  twiggy,  long  and 

Viscid,  Viscous,  sticky  or  glutinous. 

Vitta,  Vittse,  the  minute  oil-tubes  in  the 
fruit-coat  of  the  Umbelifere. 

Volva,  membrane  enclosing  the  young 
Fungus.  Fig.  537,  e. 

"Wedge-shaped,  gradually  tapering  to  the 


Water,  838. 

Whorl,  a  circle  of  similar  organs. 

"Witch-grass,  181. 

Wood,  694.     Wood-cells,  649. 

Yeast  Plant.  745. 

Zoology,  37. 
Zoospores,  633. 


ABBREVIATIONS    AND    SIGNS 


OFTEN   USED   IN  DESCRIPTIVE   BOTANY. 


ach.  achenia. 
test,  aestivation. 
alter,  alternate. 
amplex.  amplexicaul. 
anth.  anther. 
axitt.  axillary. 
cal.  calyx. 
caps,  capsule. 
cor.  corolla. 
decid.  deciduous. 
diam.  diameter. 
ettip.  elliptical. 
emarg.  emarginate. 
epig.  epigynous. 
/.  or  ft.  feet. 


fil.  filaments. 

ft.  flower ;  fls.  flowers. 

jr.  fruit. 

hd.  head  ;  lids,  heads. 

hyp.  hypogynous. 

imbr.  imbricate. 

inf.  inferior. 

invol.  involucre. 

irreg.  irregular. 

kg.  legume. 

If.  leaf;  Ivs.  leaves. 

Ifts.  leaflets. 

lorn,  loment. 

opp.  opposite. 

ova.  ovary. 


ped.  peduncle. 
pet.  petals. 
perig.  perigynous. 
perig.  perigynium. 
recep.  receptacle. 
reg.  regular. 
rhiz.  rhizoma. 
rt.  root. 
sds.  seeds. 
seg.  segment. 
sep.  sepals. 
st.  stem. 
sta.  stamens. 
stig.  stigmas. 
sty.  styles. 


190 


ABBREVIATIONS    AND    SIGNS. 


The  names  of  the  months,  and  of  states  and  countries,  are  often  abbreviated,  and 
always  in  the  same  manner  as  in  other  works  ;  thus,  Apr.  April ;  Jn.  June  ;  Mass. 
Massachusetts ;  N.  Y.  New  York ;  la.  or  Ind.  Indiana ;  Car.  Carolina ;  La,  Lou- 
isiana;  etc. 

The  following  Signs  are  also  in  general  use : — 

(1)  An  annual  plant.  ^   A  plant  with  a  woody  stem. 

@  A  biennial  plant.  $  A  staminate  flower  or  plant 

2£  A  perennial  herb.  $    A  pistillate  flower  or  plant. 

$    A  perfect  flower,  or  a  plant  bearing  perfect  flowers. 

§   Monoecious,  or  a  plant  with  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers. 

$  $   Dioecious ;  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  separate  plants. 

$  $  $  Polygamous ;  the  same  species  with  staminate,  pistillate,  and  perfect 
flowers. 

0  Wanting  or  none. 

CO  Indefinite,  or  numerous. 

0=  Cotyledons  accumbent.       } 

0||  Cotyledons  incumbent.          >•  Used  only  in  the  Cruciferee. 

0>>  Cotyledons  conduplicate.  ) 

§  A  naturalized  plant. 

f  A  plant  cultivated  for  ornament. 

J  A  plant  cultivated  for  use.  This,  with  the  two  last,  are  placed  at  the  end  of  a 
description.  In  other  situations  they  have  their  usual  signification  as  marks  of 
division  or  reference.  In  measure  of  length,  or  other  dimensions,  the  following  signs 
are  adopted  in  this  work : — 

f  (without  the  period)  A  foot. 

'  (a  single  accent)  An  inch. 

"  (double  accent)  A  line  (one  twelfth  of  '). 

!  The  note  of  exclamation,  common  in  botanical  works,  is  used  in  contrariety  to 
the  note  of  interrogation  (?).  It  denotes,  in  general,  certainty  from  personal  observa- 
tion. Affixed  to  a  locality,  it  denotes  that  the  writer  has  examined  specimens  either 
in  or  from  that  place.  Affixed  to  the  name  of  an  individual,  it  denotes  that  the 
writer  has  examined  specimens  supplied  by  him.  Its  use  in  the  present  work  is 
discontinued,  except  in  the  case  of  controverted  facts. 

AUTHORS'  NAMES  are  usually  abbreviated,  as  follows : — 


Adans.  A<lanson. 

Grev.  Greville. 

Poir.  Poiret. 

A.  DC.  Alphonse  Do  Camlolle. 

Griseb.  Grisebach. 

Ph.  Pursh. 

Ait.  Alton. 

Gron.  Gronovius. 

R.  Br.  Eobert  Brown. 

Arn.  Arnott. 

Hedw.  Hedwig. 

Kaf.  Kafinesqnc. 

Aubl.  Aublct 

Hoffm.  Hoffman. 

Rich.  Richard. 

Bart.  Barton. 

Hook.  Hooker. 

Richn.  Richardson. 

Bcauv.  Beauvois. 

Huds.  Hudson. 

Rocin.  Rcemer. 

Benth.  Bentham. 

Juss.  Jussieu. 

Salisb.  Salisbury. 

Berl.  Berlandier. 

Lag.  Lagasca. 

Schw.  Schwenitz. 

liernh.  Bernhardi. 

Lam.  Lamark. 

Schrad.  Schrader. 

Brongn.  Broncniart. 

Lamb.  Lambert. 

Schult.  Schultes. 

P.igl.  or  Bw.  Bigelow. 

Lehm.  Lehmann. 

Scop.  Scopoli. 

Boeiim.  Boehmcr. 

Lindl.  Lindley. 

Ser.  Scringe. 

Hong.  Bon  gar  d. 

L.  or  Linn.  Linnseus. 

Schk.  Schkuhr. 

Br.  Brown. 

Lk.  Link. 

Sm.  Smith. 

Cass.  Cassini. 

Mart.  Martius. 

Soland.  Solander. 

Cav.  Cavanilles. 

Mentz.  Mentzel. 

Spr.  Spreneel. 

Cham.  Chamisso. 

Michx.  Michaux. 

Steud.  Steudel. 

DC.  De  Candolle. 

Michx.  f.  [films),  Michaux  the 

Sw.  Svrartz. 

Desf.  Desfontaines. 

younger. 

T.  &  G.,  Torr.  &  Gr.,  Torrey  & 

Desv.  Desvaux. 

Mill.  Miller. 

Gray. 

Dew.  Dewey. 

Mirb.  Mirbel. 

Torr.  Torrey. 

Dill.  Dillenius. 

Moench.  Mcenchansen. 

Tourn.  Tournefort. 

Duh.  Duhamel. 

Muhl.  Muhlenberg. 

Trin.  Trinius. 

Dumort.  Dninortier. 

Nees.  Nees  von  Esenbeck. 

Traut.  Trautvetter. 

Kndl.  Endlicher. 

Nutt.  Nuttall. 

Vaill.  Vaillant. 

Ehrh.  Khrhart. 

Pav.  Pavon. 

Vent.  Ventenat. 

EH.  Elliot. 

Pers.  Persoon. 

Wahl.  Wahlenberg. 

Engel.  Engelmann. 

Pall.  Pallas. 

Willd.  Willdenow. 

Frcel.  Froclich. 

Pluk.  Plukenet 

Walt.  Walter. 

Ga-rt.  Gnertner. 

Pluin.  Plumier. 

Wulf.  WulfeO. 

Gmcl.  Gmelin. 

ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS, 

FOUNDED     UPON    THE     MOST    OBVIOUS     OR    ARTIFICIAL     CHARACTERS,    DE- 
SIGNED AS  A  KEY  FOR  THE  READY  DETERMINATION  OF  ANY  PLANT, 
NATIVE,  NATURALIZED  OR  CULTIVATED,  GROWING  WITHIN 
THE    LIMITS    OF    THIS   FLORA. 


PROVINCES,  CLASSES  AND  COHORTS. 

SUB-KINGDOM  I.    Phaenogamia  or  Flowering  Plants.    (PROVINCE.) 
PROVINCE  1.    Bark,  wood  and  pith  distinct,  the  two  former 
as  concentric  layers  around  the  latter.    Leaves  net-veined. 
Flower,  at  least,  never  completely  3>-merous,  its  parts  mostly 

in  4s  and  5s.  DICOTYLEDONS  or  EXOGENS.  (CLASS.) 

CLASS  1.    Flowers  with  stigmas,  and  pistils  enclosing  the 
ovules,  becoming  seed-vessels  enclosing  the  seeds.    ANGIOSPERMS.  (COHORT.) 
COHORT  1.    Corolla  with  the  petals  distinct.  POLYPETALOUS.  (A) 

COHORT  2.     Corolla  with  the  petals  united.  GAMOPETALOTJS.  (B) 

COHORT  3.    Corolla  (and  often  the  calyx,  also,)  wanting.        APETALOUS.  (C) 
CLASS  2.    Flowers  with  open  scales  instead  of  pistils  (or  no 
pistils  at  all),  the  ovules  naked.    (Pine,  Cedar,  Fir,  Yew, 

Cypress,  etc.)  GYMNOSPEEMS.  (COHORT.) 

COHORT  4.    The  cone-bearing  plants  (same  as  Class  2).  CONOLDEJE.  (D) 

PROVINCE  2.    Bark,  wood  and  pith  commingled.  Lvs. parallel- 
veined  (rarely  netted).    Fig.  B-merous.     MONOCOTYLEDONS  or  ENDOGENS. 
CLASS  3.    Fls.  with  no  glumes.      PETALIFER^E  or  AGLUMACEOUS.  (COHORT.) 
COHORT  5.    Fls.  on  a  spadix,  apetalous  or  incomplete.     SPADICIFLOE^E.  (E) 
COHORT  6.    Flowers  complete,  with  a  double  perianth.  FLOEIDE^E.  (F) 

CLASS  4.    Flowers  invested  with  green,  alternate  glumes 
instead  of  the  perianth  which  is  wanting  or  minute.   GLUMIFEEJE.  (COHORT  \ 
COHORT  7.  The  Grasses  and  Sedges  (same  as  Class  4).    GEAMINOIDE^E.  (G) 
BUB-KINGDOM  II.    Cryptogamia,  or  Flowerless  Plants,  (PROVINCE.) 
PROVINCE  1.    With   stem   and   leaves   distinguishable,  and 

containing  woody  tissue  and  vessels.  ACROGENS  or  ANGIOSPOE^E.  (H) 

PROVINCE  2.    "With  a  thallus,  often  stem-like,  but  contain- 
ing cellular  tissue  only.  THALLOGENS  or  GYMNOSPOE^E.  (K) 

A     COHORT  1.     POLYPETALOUS. 

*  Herbs  with  the  leaves  alternate  or  all  radical  (11). 

*  Herbs  with  the  leaves  opposite  on  the  stem  (7). 

*  Shrubs,  trees  or  undershrubs.— Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so.  (2) 

— Flowers  irregular  (or  fruit  a  legume),  (r) 

2  Polyandrous, — stamens  8  to  10  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  more.  (3) 
2  Oligandrous, — stamens  1 — 2  times  as  many  as  the  petals  or  fewer.  (4) 
3  Leaves  opposite,  (s) 

3  Leaves  alternate.— Stamens  en  the  torus   or  the  hypogynous  corolla,  (t) 
— Stamens  and  petals  on  the  calyx-tube.  (\0 


192  ANALYSIS  OP  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS. 

4  Ovaries  simple,  distinct  or  solitary.    Vines  or  erect  shrubs,  (w) 
4  Ovary  compound, — wholly  adherent  to  the  calyx,  (x) 

— free  from  the  calyx  or  nearly  so.  (5) 

5  Stamens  opposite  to  the  petals  and  of  the  same  number,  (y) 
5  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals  or  of  a  different  number.  (6) 
6  Leaves  opposite  on  the  stems,  (z) 
6  Leaves  alternate, — compound,  (yy) 

— simple,  (zz) 

7  Polyandrous, — stamens  3  to  10  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  more,  (m) 
7  Oligandrous, — stamens  1 — 2  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  fewer.  (8) 
8  Pistils  separate  and  distinct,  few  or  solitary,  simple,  (n) 
8  Pistils  united, — ovary  compound,  free  from  the  calyx.  (9) 

— ovary  compound,  adherent  to  the  calyx,  (o) 
9  stamens  opposite  to  the  petals  and  of  the  same  number,  (p) 
9  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals  or  of  a  greater  number,  (q) 
11  Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so.    Fruit  never  a  legume.  (13) 
11  Flowers  irregular  (rarely  regular  and  the  fruit  a  legume).  (12) 
12  Stamens  numerous,  3  or  more  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  (k) 
12  Stamens  few  and  definite,  5 — 12.  (1) 
13  Stamens  3  to  10  times  as  many  as  the  petals.  (15) 
13  Stamens  few  and  definite. — Ovary  free  from  the  calyx.  (14) 
— Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx.  ( j) 

14  Pistils  one,  or  indefinite  (1 — 15),  distinct,  simple,  (e) 
14  Pistils  definitely — 2  united,  the  short  styles  combined  into  one.  (f) 
— 3  or  4  united,  styles  or  stigmas  3,  4  or  6.  (g) 
— 5,  distinct  or  united,  with  5  distinct  styles,  (h) 
— 5  united  and  the  styles  combined  in  one.  (i) 
15  Stamens  hypogynous, — on  the  receptacle.  (16) 
15  Stamens  perigynous, — on  the  corolla  at  base,  (c) 

— on  the  calyx  at  the  base,  (d) 

16  Pistils  few  or  many,  distinct  (at  least  as  to  the  styles),  (a) 

16  Pistils  (and  styles  if  any)  completely  united,  (b). 

a  Petals  5  or  more,  deciduous.     Leaves  not  peltate. 

a  Petals  3,  persistent,  withering.    Floating  leaves  peltate.  CABOMBACEJE.  7 

a  Petals  numerous,  deciduous.    Leaves  all  peltate.  NELUMBIACEJE.  & 

b  Sepals  4 — 6,  equal.     Petals  00,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  NYMPHJEACE.E.  9 

b  Sepals  5,  equal,  Petals  5,  imbricate.    Leaves  tubular.  SARRACENIACEJS.  10 

b  Sepals  5,  unequal.    Petals  5,  convolute.    Flowers  01'  2  sorts.          CISTACE.E.  17 

b  Sepals  2,  with — 5  petals  imbricated  in  the  bud.  PORTULACACE^E.  22 

— i  or  8  petals  usually  crumpled  in  the  bud.  PAP  AVERAGES.  11 

c  Filaments  united  into  a  tube.    Anther  1-cclled.  MALVACE.E.  24 

d  Sepals  2,  persistent,  capping  the  pyxis.  POETULACACE^E.  22 

d  Sepals  3 — 5,  valvate  in  the  bud.    Pod  long,  2-carpelod.  TILIACE^E.  26 

d  Sepals  3 — 5. — Petals  imbricate  in  bud.    Fruits  simple.  KOSACEJE.  47 

— Petals  convolute  in  bud.    Fruit  compressed.  LOASACE^.  53 

e  Stamens  opposite  to  the  imbricated  petals.     Pistil  1  only.  CERBERIDACE^.  6 

e  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals  or  more  numerous.  KANUNCULACE^E.  1 

f  Stamens  6  (tetradynamous).    Pods  2-celled.  CBUCIFER^E.  13 

f  Stamens  4,  or  8 — 32.    Pod  1-celled.  CAPPARIDACE.E.  14 

g  Sepals  and  petals  in  3s.    Stamens  6.    Small  herb.  LIMNANTHACE.E.  36 

g  Sepals  and  petals  in  4s.    Stamens  8.    Climbing.  SAPINDACE.E.  41 

g  Sepals,  etc.,  in  5s. — Stam.  5,  monadelphous.    Climbing.      PASSIFLORACE^:.  57 

— Stam.  5,  distinct.    Greenish.   Climbing.  ORDER.  104 

— Stam.  5,  distinct.    Yellow.    Erect.  TURXERACE>£.  56 

— Stam.  5,  distinct.    Cyanic.    E^ct.  DROSERACE^E.  19 

—Stam.  3— 15.— Fls.  $  ,  very  many,  minute.     CISTACEJS.  17 

— Fls.  monoecious.  OBI>BII.  113 


ANALYSIS  OF  TUB  NATURAL  OKDERS.  193 

h  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  5  petals.    Seeds  00.  LINAGES.  So 

h  Stamens  5,  opposite  to  the  5  petals.    Seed  1.  ORDER,  80 

h  Stamens  10,  the  filaments  united  at  the  base*  OXALIDAOLE.  32 

h  Stamens  6—24  (twice  as  many  as  the  petals),  distinct.        CRASSULACE/E.  60 

i  Ovary  one-celled.    Leaves  radical,  irritable.  DROSERACE^E.  19 

i  Ovary  2 — 5-celled.— Leaves  dotless,  mostly  radical.  ORDER.  73 

—Leaves  dotted.    Cauline,  pinnate.  RUTACE^E.  37 

j  Styles  5  or  more.    Ovary  1-celled,  half-adherent.    Sepals  2.       POETULACACE^E.  22 

j  Style  1,  carpels  as  many  as  the  petals  (2 — 6).  ONAGRACEJS.  52 

j  Styles  2,  carpels  2,  fewer  than  the  (5)  petals.     Seeds  several.      SAXITRAGACE^E.  61 

j  Styles  2,  carpels  2,  fewer  than  the  (5)  petals.    Seeds  two.  UMBELIFER^E.  63 

j  Styles  3 — 5,  ovary  3 — 5-celled,  3 — 5-seeded.  ABALIACE^:.  64 

k  Ovaries  many,  or  few,  rarely  1,  always  simple.  RANUNCULACE^E.  1 

k  Ovary  compound,  3-carpeled,  open  before  ripe.  RESEDACE^E.  15 

I  Sepals  2.    Petals  4  (2  pairs).     Stain.  6.     Spurs  1—2,  blunt.    FUMARIACEJS.  12 

I  Sepals  5,  very  unequal,  Petals  3.    Stam.  6 — 8.     No  spur.      POLYGALACEJS.  45 

1  Sepals  4,  petals  2,  all  colored  alike.    Spur  slender.  BALSAMINACE/E.  34 

I  Sepals  and  petals  each — 4,  not  very  irregular.    No  spur.      CAPPARIDACE^E.  14 

— 5.  Stamens  8.    Spur  slender.  TROPJEOLACE-E.  35 

— 5.  Stamens  5.    Spur  blunt  or  none.        VIOLACE^.  16 

— 5.  Stam.  10  (or  more).  Fr.  a  legume.  LEGUJIINOS.E.  46 

m  Pistils  many,  entirely  distinct,  simple.  RANUNCULACE.E.  1 

m  Pistils  3 — 5,  united  more  or  less  completely.  HYPEBICACE.E.  18 

m  Pistils  5 — 10,  united,  with  sessile  stigmas  and  many  petals.    MESEMBKYACE^:.  23 

n  Pistil  solitary,  simple.    Petals  6—9.    Stamens  12—18.  BERBERIDACE^:.  6 

n  Pistils  3  or  more,  distinct,  simple.    Flowers  all  symmetrical.    CRASSULACE.E.  60 

n  Pistils  2,  consolidated  with  the  5  stamens.     Juice  milky.  ORDER.  97 

o  Carpels  as  many  as  the  sepals.     Anthers  open  at  the  top.   MELASTOMACE^E.  50 

o  Carpels  as  many  as  the  sepals.    Anthers  open  laterally.  ONAGRACE.*;.  52 

o  Carpels  fewer  than  the  sepals, —  OO-seeded.    Styles  2.        SAXIFRAGACE^E.  61 

— 1-seeded.    Styles  2  or  3.          ARALIACE.C.  64 

— 1-seeded.    Style  1  (double).    CORNACEJE.  65 

p  .Style  3  cleft  at  the  summit.  PORTULACACE^:.  22 

p  S-tyle  and  stigma  1,  undivided.  ORDER.  78 

q  Leaves  pinnate,  with  iuterpetiolar  stipules.  ZYGOPHYLLACE^!.  33 

q  Lvs.  simple,  toothed  or  lobed.  Flowers  cruciform.  Stamens  6.  CRUCEFER.E.  13 
q  Lvs.  simple,  toothed  or  lobed.  Flowers  5-merous.  Stamens  10.  GEBANIACE^E.  31 
q  Leaves  simple,  entire,  (qq) 

qq  Petals  and  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  LYTHRACE^U  51 

qq  Pet.  hypogynous. — Fls.  irregular,  unsymmetrical.  POLYGAXACEJS.  45 

— Fls.  regular— 2  (or  3)-parted  throughout.        ELATINACE^:.  20 

— 5-parted. — Leaves  punctate.    HYPERICACE^E.  18 

— Lvs.  dotless.     CARYOPHYLLACE.E.  21 

r  Pistil  a  simple  carpel,  becoming  a  legume.    Stamens  10 — 100.        LEGUMINOS.E.  46 

r  Pistil  compound, — 3-carpeled.    Fls.  perfect.     Lvs.  digitate.  SAPINDACE.E.  41 

— 3-carpeled.    Fls.  monoecious.     Cultivated.        BEGONIACE.S:.  59 

— 5-carpeled. — Stipules  present.     Cultivated.       GERANIACEJS.  31 

— Stipules  none.     Native.  ERICACEAE.  73 

s  Stamens  on  the  receptacle,  in  several  sets.    Leaves  dotted.  HYPERICACE^E.  18 

s  Stamens    on    calyx.-^Ovaries  many,  free,  but  enclosed.          CALYCANTHACE..E.  48 

— Ov.  compound,  free  in  the  bell-shaped  cal.   LYTHBACE.E.  51 

— Ov.  adherent.— Fruit  fleshy,  baccate.  MYRTACEJS.  49 

—Fruit  dry,  capsular.         SAXIFRAGACE*.  61 

t  Petals  imbricate  or  valvate  in  sestivation.   (n) 

t  Petals  convolute. — Anthers  1-celled,  turned  inwards.  MALVACEAE.  24 

— Anthers  2-celled,  turned  outwards.  STEBCULIACEJE.  25 

13 


194  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS. 

u  Ovaries  distinct.    Petals  6,  valvate.    Erect  shrubs.  AXONACE.E.  3 

u  Ov.  distinct.    Petals  3 — 9,  imbricate.    Trees  or  erect  shrubs.    MAGNOLIACB^:.  2 

u  Ov.  distinct,  few.    Petals  6 — 9,  imbricate.    Climbing  Bhrubs.MjsNispEKiiACE^.  5 

u  Ov.  compound. — Lvs.  punctate  with  pellucid  dots.  AURANTIACE.E.  28 

— Lvs.  opaque. — Sepals  valvate.    Fls.  small.  TILLAGES.  20 

— Sepals  imbricate.    Fls.  large.  CAJUELLIACE^E.  27 

v  Style  1  with  many  stigmas.     Green,  fleshy  shrubs.  CACTACE.E.  54 

v  Styles  several,  or  1  with  1  stigma.    Woody  trees  or  shrubs.         B.OSACEJS.  47 

W  Pistils  many,  spicate  on  the  slender  torus.    Climbing.  SCHIZANDRACEJE.  4 

17  Pistils  2 — 6,  capitatate  on  the  short  torus.    Climbing.  MENISPEEMACE^:.  5 

iff  Pistil  one  only.    Flowers  6-parted.    Stain,  opposite  the  petals.    BERBERIDACE.S:.  6 

X  Flowers  4-parted.    Stamens  8.     (Flowers  red  or  roseate.)  ONAGRACE^E,  52 

I  Flowers  4-parted.    Stamens  4.    Flowers  whitish.  CORNACEJE.  65 

x  Flowera  5-parted. — Ovary  5-carpeled,  5  styled.  ARALIACE.E.  64 

— Ov.  2-carpeled. — Leaves  palmate-veined.    GEOSSVLACE^E.  55 

— Leaves  pinnate-veined.  SAXIFRAGACE.E.  61 

y  Leaves  opposite,  stem  climbing  with  tendrils.  VITACE.  44 

y  Leaves  alternate.    Erect,  or  vine  without  tendrils.  BHAMNACE^E.  43 

z  Carpels  3 — 5,  styles  short.    Leaves  simple.  t  CELASTRACEJ:.  42 

X  Carpels  3,  styles  long,  slender.    Leaves  pinnate,  serrate.  SAPIIIDACE.J:.  41 

z  Carpels  2,  with  2  slender  styles.    Samara  double.  ACERACE^E.  40 

1  Carpels  1 — 2,  with  1  short  style.    (Drupe  or  single  samara.)  OLEACE^S.  99 

yy  Filaments  10,  united  into  a  tube.    Leaves  bipinnate.  MELIACE^E.  29 

yy  Fils.  5,  distinct. — Leaves  pellucid  punctate.  KUTACE^E.  37 

•  — Lvs.  opaque. — Ov.  3-carpeled,  1-seeded.  ANACARDIACE.E.  38 

— -Ov.  of  3  one-seeded  carpels.  SAPiNnACE^E.  41 

zz  Petals  4,  yellow.    Ovary  2-carpeled,  2-seeded.  HAMAMELACEJE.  62 

zz  Petals  4 — 7,  cyanic. — Drupe  1-seeded,  but  with  3  stigmas.  ANICARDIAOE^E.  38 
— Drupe  4 — 6-seeded,  stigmas  4 — 6.  AQUIFOLIACE.^.  74 
— Capsule  OO-seeded.  Ericineae,  73.  PITTOSPORACE^.  39 
— Cap.  3-seeded  (scarlet).  Seeds  ariled.  CELASTRACE.E.  42 
—Capsule  2— 3-sceded.  Ovules  pendulous.  §  3,  OBD.  73 

B     COHORT     2.     GAMOPETALOUS. 

\  Stamens  (6 —  CO)  more  numerous  than  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  (a) 
§  Stamens  (2 — 12)  fewer  than  the  corolla  lobes  or  of  the  same  number.  (*2) 
*2  Ovary  inferior,  adherent  to  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  (3) 
3  Stamens  cohering  by  their  anthers,  (c) 
3  Stamens  entirely  distinct,  (d) 

*2  Ovary  superior,  free  from  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  (6) 
6  Flowers  regular  and  the  stamens  symmetrical.  (7) 

7  Stamens  opposite  to  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  (and  free),  (e) 
7  Stamens  alternate  with  the  corolla  lobes  (rarely  connate).  (9) 
9  Shrubs,  trees,  with  the  carpels  or  stigmas  3 — 6.  (f ) 
9  Herbs  1 — 10-carpelled  or  shrubs  2-carpeled.  (g) 
6  Flowers  reguhvv  and  the  stamens  reduced  to  2.  (n) 

G  Flowers  irregular.    Stam.  (except  in  3  or  4  species)  unsymmetrical.      (o) 
a  Filaments  6,  united  into  2  equal  sets.    Herbs.  •  ORD.  12 

a  Filaments  OO,  united  into  1  tube  enclosing  the  styles.  ORD.  24 

a  Filaments  10,  united  into  a  split  tube  around  the  1  style.  ORD.  46 

a  Filaments  CO,  united  only  at  the  base  into  1  or  5  sets,  (b) 

b  Calyx  of  5  leafy  imbricated  sepals.    Shrubs,  trees.  ORD.  27 

b  Calyx  tubular,  5  toothed  or  truncate.    Shrubs,  trees.  STTRACACE^E.  75 

a  Filam.  entirely  distinct. — 8  or  10  in  number.    Flowers  perfect.      ERICACEAE.  73 

•— S  and  1G  ia  numb.    Fls.  polygamous.    EBENACEJE.  76 


ANALYSIS   OF   THE    NATURAL   ORDERS.  195 

C  Flowers  in  a  compact  head  surrounded  by  an  involucre.      COMPOSITE.  7C 

c  Flowers  separate,  irregular,  perfect.    Plants  erect.  LOBELIACE.S.  71, 

c  Flowers  separate,  regular,  imperfect.    Weak  vines.  ORD.  58 

d  Leaves  alternate.    Flowers  5-parted,  regular,  separate.      CAMPANULACE^E.  72 

d  Leaves  opposite,  with  stipules  between,  or  vertieiilate.  KUBIACEJS.  67 

d  Lvs.  opp.    Stipules  none. — Stam.  5 — 4.    Ov.  2 — 5-celled.  CAPRIFOLIACE^E.  66 

— Stam.  2—3.     Ov.  1-celled.        VALERIAN  ACEJS.  68 

— Stamens  4.    Flowers  capitate.          DIPSACEJS.  69 

e  Herbs.    Ovary  with  5  styles  and  but  1  seed.  PLUMB  AGINACE  20.  80 

e  Herbs.    Ovary  with  1  style  and  many  seeds.  PRMULACE.E.  78 

c  Trees  or  shrubs.    Ov.  1-styled,  5-celled,  1-seeded.  SAPOTACE^E.  77 

-     f  Style  none.    Drupe  4 — 6  seeded.  AQUIFOLIACEJS.  74 

f  Style  one.    Drupe  4-seeded.  VERBENACE^E.  88 

f  Style  one.    Capsule  3 — 5-celled,  OO-seeded.  ERICACEAE.  73 

g  Ovary  deeply  4-parted,  forming  4  achenia.  BORRAGINACEJE.  90 

g  Ovaries  2,  distinct  (often  covered  by  the  stamens),  (h) 
g  Ovary  1,  compound,  1-celled  (placenta  often  large),  (k). 
S  Ovary  1,  compound,  2— 6-celled.  (m). 

h  Stigmas  connate.    Flower  bud  convolute.  ArocTNACE2E.  96 

h  Stigmas  connate.    Flower  bud  valvate  ?  ASCLEPIADACE^E.  97 

h  Stigmas  distinct.    Flowers  minute,  yellow,          CONVOLVULACE^B.  93 

k  Ovule  solitary.      Corolla  limb  entire.  ORD.  101 

k  Ovules  several.    Leaves  cleft  and  lobed.  HYDROPHYLLACE.E.  91 

k  Ovules  several.    Lvs.  or  Ifts.  entire. — Fls.  not  spicate.   GENTIANACE^B.  95 

— Fls.  spioate.      PLANTAGINACE,E.  79 

m  Leaves  all  radical.    Flowers  spiked.     .  PLANTAGIXACEJB.  79 

m  Leaves  opposite. — Ovary  2-celled.  LOGANIACEJB.  85 

— Ov.  3-celled.    Not  twining,  i 

m  Leaves  alternate.-Ov.  3-celled.    Not  twining,  f  POLYMONIACM.  95 

— Ov.  2-celled.    Twining.  CONVOLVULACE^E.  93 

— Ov.  2-celled,  4-seeded.  Erect.  BORRAGINACEJS.  90 

— Ov.  2-celled,  cc -seed.— Styles  2.  HYDROPHYL.  91 

—Style  1.    SOLANACE.B.  94 

n  Shrubs.    Corolla  5-parted,  imbricated  in  bud.  JASXINACEJS.  98 

11  Shrubs.    Corolla  4-parted,  valvate,  or  none.  OLEACE^E.  99 

o  Ovary  deeply  4-parted,  forming  4  (or  fewer)  achenia.  (p) 
o  Ov.  entire,  4-ovuled,  4  or  fewer-seeded.     Lvs.  opposite.    VERBENACE^E.  88 
o  Ovary  entire,  OO-ovu'ed,  CO  or  several-seeded,  (s) 

p  Leaves  opposite.    Stems  square.    Stamens  2—4.  LABIATE.  89 

p  Leaves  alternate.     Stems  round.    Stamens  5.  BORRAGINACE^E.  90 

s  Trees  or  climbing  shrubs.    Seeds  winged.  BIGNONIACEJE.  83 

s  Trees.    Seeds  not  winged.         SCBOPH.  86.    Erect  shrubs.      ERICACEAE.  73 

s  Herbs. — Leafless  parasites.  OROBANCHACEJE.  82 

— Lvs.  at  base.  Fruit  1-celled.  Fls.  spurred.  LENTIBULACE^E.  81 

—Leafy.— Fruit  4— 5-celled.    Leaves  opposite.  PEDALIACEJS.  84 

•—Fruit  2-celled.  (t) 

t  Corolla  convolute  in  bud.  Seeds  exalbuminous.  ACANTHACE^E.  87 
t  Corolla  imbricate  in  bud.  Seeds  albuminous.  SCBOPHULARIACE  js.  86 
t  Corolla  plicate  in  bud.  Seeds  albuminous.  SOLANACEJS;.  94 

C     COHORT  3.     APETALOUS. 

t  Plants  herbaceous,  the  flowers  not  in  aments  (except  Humulus,  115).  (2) 
Tf  Plants  woody,— shrubs  or  trees.  (5) 

2  Flowers  with  a  regular  calyx  (or  a  calyx-like  involucre).  (3) 
2  Flowers  achlamydeous, — neither  calyx  nor  corolla,  (f) 

3  Calyx  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  lobed,  toothed,  or  entire,  (a} 
3  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  sometimes  enclosing  it.  (4) 


196  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS. 

4  Ovaries  several,  entirely  distinct,  each  1-styled,  1-ovuled.  ORDER  1 

4  Ovary  one,  1-ovuled,  1-seeded,  style  or  stigma  1.  (b) 

4  Ovary  one,  1 — 3-ovuled,  with  2 — 5-styles  or  stigmas,  (c) 

4  Ovary  1,  with  many  ovules  and  1  style  or  stigma,  (d) 

4  Ovary  one,  with  4 —  CO  ovules  and  2 — 12  styles  and  stigmas,  (e) 

a  Stamens  1 — 8,  symmetrical  with  the  stigmas.  ORD.  52 

a  Stamens  8 — 10,  the  stigmas  2.     Ovary  GO-seeded.  OED.  61 

a  Stamens  6  or  12,  symmetrical  with  the  6  ovary-cells.  AKBTOLOCHIACE^:.  100 

a  Stamens  5,  the  style  1.    Ovary  2-ovuled,  1-seeded.  SANTALACEJE.  109 

b  Flowers  perfect.     Calyx  4-lobed,  stamens  1—4.  OED.  47 

b  Flowers  perfect.    Calyx  entire,  funnel-shaped,  colored.         NYCTAGTNACEZ:.  101 

b  Flowers  diclinous.    Calyx  4 — 5-parted,  green.  URTICACE.S:.  115 

c  Fruit  3-seeded,  with  3  (often  cleft)  stigmas.  EUPHOKBIACE^E.  112 

c  Fruit  1-seeded. — Stipules  sheathing  the  stems.  POLYGONACE.E.  102 

— Stip.  0.   Calyx  scarious-bracted.  AMARANTACE.E.  106 

— Stip.  0.   Calyx  double.   Climbing.  BASELLACE.E.  104 

— Stip.  0.   Calyx  naked.  Lvs.  alternate.  CHENOFODIAOEJE.  105 

— Stip.  0.  Calyx  naked.  Lvs.  opposite.  §  3,  OKD.  21 

d  Stamens  (4)  opposite  the  sepals.  OED.  51 

d  Stamens  (5)  alternate  with  the  sepals.  OED.  78 

e  Leaves  opposite.    Fruit  circumscissile  (utricle).  OKD.  22 

e  Leaves  opposite.    Fruit  4 — 5-valved  (capsule).  OED.  21 

e  Leaves  alternate. — Fruit  5-horned,  5-celled  (capsule).  OED.  60 

— Fruit  a  fleshy  4 — 10-seeded  berry.  PHYTOTACCACEJS.  103 

— Fruit  circumscissile  (utricle).  AMAEANTACE^E.  106 

f  Flowers  on  a  spadix  with  a  spathe.    Monocotyledons.  OED.  131 

f  Flowers  in  a  long  naked  spike.    Stamens  6  or  7.  SACRURACE.*!.  123 

f  Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  minute.    Aquatic  plants,  (g) 

g  Stamen  1,  styles  2.    Leaves  opposite.  CAIXITEIOACE^:.  124 

g  Stamens  2,  styles  2.    Leaves  alternate,  dissected.          PODOSTEMIACE^.  125 
g  Stamens  12 — 24,  style  1.  Lvs.  verticillata,  dissected.  CERATOPHYLLACEJE.  126 
5  Flowers  not  in  aments,  with  the  leaves  opposite,  (h) 
5  Flowers  not  in  aments,  with  the  leaves  alternate,  (k) 
5  Flowers  (diclinous),  the  sterile  only,  in  aments.  (n) 
5  Flowers  (diclinous),  both  the  fertile  and  sterile  in  amenta,  (o) 

h  Fruit  a  double  samara  (2-winged).  OKD.  40 

h  Fruit  a  single  samara  (1-winged),  or  a  drupe.    Stamens  2.         OLEACE^E.  09 

h  Fruit  not  winged, — 3-seeded.    Stamens  4.  EUPHORBIACE^E.  112 

— 1-seeded.    Stamens  4  or  8.  ELEAGNACE.E.  Ill 

— 1-seeded.     Stamens  3.     Parasites.       LORANTHACE.E.  103 

k  Style  or  stigma  one.    Fruit  1-seeded.  (m) 

m  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary. — Anthers  opening  by  valves.      LATJEACE^E.  107 

m  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary. — Anthers  opening  by  slits.    THYMELACEJC.  110 

m  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary. — Ovules  2 — 4.     (Shrubs.)    SANTAJ^ACE^.  103 

—Ovule  1.     (Trees.)  OKD.  65 

k  Styles  or  stigmas  2. — Stamens  numerous.  OED.  62 

— Stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx  lobes.  ULMACEJC.  113 

k  Styles  or  stigmas  3  (rarely  2 — 4). — Fruit  dry,  3-partible.       EUPHORBIACE.S.  112 

— Fruit  a  fleshy  drupe.  OKD.  43 

k  Styles  or  stigmas  6 — 9.    Heath-like  undershrubs.  EMPETRACE^E.  116 

k  Styles  and  ovaries  5,  scarcely  xmited.     Leaves  pinnate.  OKD.  87 

n  Nut  or  nuts  in  a  cup  or  involucre.    Leaves  simple.  CiTPirLrFERJE.  119 

n  Nut  drupaceous,  naked.    Leaves  pinnate.  JITGLANDACEJB.  118 

o  Fruit  fleshy,  aggregated  (sorosis).    Juice  (or  sap)  milky.     ABTOCABPACE^S.  114 

Q  Fruit  dry.    Plants  with  a  watery  juice  or  sap.  (p) 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    NATURAL    OEDERS. 


197 


p  Aments  globular,  racemed.    Nutlets  2-celled,  woolly.  OBD.  62 

p  Aments  globular,  solitary.    Nutlets  1 -celled,  1  seeded.          PLATANACE^E.  117 
p  Ainents  cylindrical  or  oblong,  (s). 

s  Ovary  1-celled,  1-seeded.    Fruit  often  fleshy.  MYRICACE.E.  121 

s  Ovary  2,ceiled,  2-ovuled,  1-seeded.    Fruit  ofteu  winged.  BETCLACEJS.  120 
s  Ovary  many-ovuled,  many-seeded.    Seeds  comous.  SALICACE^E.  122 

D     COHORT  4.     CONOIDE^E. 

Leaves  simple.  Fertile  flowers  in  cones.  Stems  branching,  woody, 
jointless.  CONIFERJS.  127 

Leaves  simple.  Fertile  flowers  solitary.  Stems  branching,  woody, 
joiatless.  TAXACE.E.  128 

Leaves  pinnate.    Fertile  flowera  solitary.   Stems  simple,  palm-like.  CYCADACE^G.  128 

E     COHORT  5.     SPADICIFLORJE. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  palmi-cleffc  leaves  all  from  one  terminal  bud,  and 

a  branching  "  spadix"  from  a  spathe.  PALMACE^S.  130 

Herbs  with  simple,  rarely  ternate  leaves.    Spadix  simple.  (2) 
2  Plants  frond-like,  minute,  floating  loose  on  the  water.  LEMNACEJE.  132 

2  Plants  with  stem  and  leaves,  rooting  aud  fixed.  (3) 

3  Spadix  evident,  in.  a  spathe  or  on  a  scape.  AUACE^E.  131 

3  Spadix  obscure  or  spike-like.    Stems  leafy.  (4) 

4  Flowers  with  no  perianth,  densely  spicate  or  capitate.  TYPHYCEJE.  133 

4  Flowers  with  a  perianth  or  not.    Plants  submersed.  NAIADACEJS.  134 

F     COHORT  C.     FLORIDE^E. 

Flowers  (not  on  a  spadix)  in  a  small,  dense,  involucrate  head,  (k) 
Flowers  (not  on  a  spadix)  solitary,  racemed,  spicate,  etc.  (3) 

3  Perianth  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary  wholly  or  partly,  (a) 
3  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary.  (4) 

4  Petals  and  sepals  differently  colored  (except  in  Medeola,  147).  (c) 
4  Petals  and  sepals  similarly  colored,  (e) 

a  Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous.     Low,  aquatic  herbs.  HYDEOCHARIDACE^E   138 

a  Flowers  dioecious,  6-androus.    Shrubby  climbers.  DIOSCOBEACE^.  144 

a  Flowers  perfect, — gynandrous  (stamen  on  the  pistil).  ORCHIDACE^E.  133 

— monandrous  with  half  an  anther.  MABANTACK^E-  139 

— 3 — 6-androus.    Stamens  distinct,  (b) 

b  Perianth  woolly  or  mealy  outside.    Ovary  half-free.  ILEMODOKACE.E.  542 

b  Perianth  glabrous  outside, — Stamens  3,  anthers  introrse.     BURMANNIACE.E.  137 

— Stamens  3,  anthers  extrorse.  IEIDACE/E.  143 

— Stamens  6.  AUARYLLIDAGE^.  140 

c  Carpels  many,  distinct,  acheniate  in  fruit.  ALISUACE^E.  135 

c  Carpels  3,  united,  with  the  stigmas  distinct  or  not.  (d) 

d  Leaves  verticillate  in  1  or  2  whorls.    Stigmas  3.  TKILLIACE.E.  147 

d  Leaves  alternate. — Stigmas  3.    Scurfy  epiphytes.  BROJTELIACE^E.  141 

— Stigmas  united  into  1.  COMMELYNACE^E.  152 

e  Leares  net-veined,  dilated. — Flowers  perfect,  4-parted.      KOXBURGHIACE^:.  146 
— Flowers  dioecious,  6-parted.  SMILACE^E.  145 

<j  Leaves  parallel-veined,  (f ) 

f  Styles,  and  often  the  stigmas  also  united  into  1.  (g) 

g  Flowers  colored,  regular.  Stamens  6  (4  in  1  species).  LILIACE^E.  148 
g  Flowers  colored,  irregular  or  else  triandrous.  PONTEDERIACE^:.  150 
g  Flowers  greenish,  glume-like  or  scarious.  JUNCACE^E.  15i 


198  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  NATURAL  ORDERS. 

f  Styles  and  stigmas  3,  distinct,  (h) 

h  Leaves  rush-like.    Ovary  of  3  one-seeded  carpels.  JUNCAGINE^E.  135 

h  Leaves  linear,  lanceol&te,  etc.    Ovary  6 — GO  -seeded.      MELANTHACE^E.  149 

k  Petals  yellow,  small  but  showy.    Plant  acaulescent.  XYBIDACE^E.  153 

k  Petals  white,  minute,  fringed.    Plant  acaulescent.  ERIOCAULONACK^E.  154 

ft     COHORT  7.     GRAMINOIDE^E. 

1  Flower  with  a  single  bract  (glume).    Culm  solid,  sheaths  entire.     CYPERACE.E.  155 
H  Flower  with  several  bracts  (glumes  and  pales).    Culm  hollow.    Sheaths 

split  on  one  side.  GBAMINEJ:.  155 

H     PROVINCE,  ACROGENS. 

§  Plants  with  well  developed  foliage.  (IF) 

TT  Leaves  few,  mostly  ample  and  from  subterranean  rhizomes,  (a) 
a  Fruit  borne  on  the  leaves  which  are  often  more  or  less  contracted.  FIUCES.  160 
a  Fruit  borne  at  the  base  of  the  radical,  entire  or  lobed  leaves.  MARSILEACE.E.  157 
Tf  Leaves  numerous,  small,  mostly  spirally  imbricated  on  the  stem,  (b) 
b  Fruit  axillary,  sessile,  opening  by  a  slit.  LYCOPODIACE.E.  15S 

b  Fruit  mostly  terminal  and  usually  stalked,  opening  by  a  lid.  Musci.  162 

T  Leaves  numerous,  small,  imbricated  on  the  stem  in  2  rows,  i 
§  Plants  with  the  leaves  and  stem  confounded,  thallus-like.  f 
§  Plants  with  verticillate  branches  instead  of  leaves,  (c) 

c  Fruit  in  terminal  spikes,  and  of  one  kind  only.  EQUISETACE.E.  159 

C  Fruit  lateral,  scattered  on  the  branches,  and  of  two  kinds.  CHABACEJE.  161 

K    PROVINCE,  THALLOGENS. 

Plants  aquatic,  with  a  colored  thallus.    Fruit  immersed  in  the  frond.  ALG^E.  164 

Plants  on  dry  rocks,  logs,  or  bark  of  trees,  thalloid  or  granular.  LICHENS.  165 

Plants  growing  on  decaying  organisms.    Thallus  cotton-like,  the  fruit  very 
different,  all  without  chlorophylle  or  starch.  Fux<w.  165 

NOTE.— Six  Orders  of  the  Cryptogamia,  Nos.  161-1 6G,  arc  necessarily  excluded.    In  the  ful- 
filment of  our  plan,  these  ex^nsive  Orders  will  constitute  a  separate  and  independent  volume. 


PART    FOURTH, 

DESCRIPTIVE  BOTANY;  OB,  PHYTOLOGY. 


COMPRISING 


THE  FLORA  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA 

(WITHIN  THE  LIMITS  MENTIONED  IN  THE  PREFACE). 


SUB-KINGDOM,  PHJENOGAMIA  OR  FLOWERING 
PLANTS. — Vegetables  having  an  axial  development,  leafy 
appendages  and  true  flowers,  their  substance  composed  of  cel- 
lular, spirovascular,  and  woody  tissue  ;  their  flowers  with  mani- 
fest stamens  and  pistils,  and  producing  seeds  with  an  embryo. 
(For  sub-kingdom  Cryptogamia  or  Flowerless  Plants,  see  page 
810), 

PROVINCE,    EXOGEN^E    OR     DICOTYLEDONOUS 

PLANTS. — Phsenogamous  plants  having  a  stem  composed 
of  a  central  column  of  pith  enclosed  with  wood  and  bark, 
the  latter  exterior ;  growing  by  the  addition  of  concentric 
layers  external  to  the  wood,  internal  to  the  bark.  Leaves 
mostly  net-veined.  Flowers  very  generally  5-merous,  rarely 
3-merous.  Embryo  with  two  or  more  opposite  cotyledons. 
(Province  Endogena3  or  Monocotyledonous  plants,  see  page 
666.) 

CLASS  I,  ANGIOSPERM^E.— Exogenous  plants  with  net- 
veined  leaves.  Pistils  complete,  having  stigmas  for  the 
reception  of  the  pollen,  enclosing  the  ovules  within  an 
ovary  which  becomes  at  maturity  a  seed-vessel  enclosing 
the  seeds.  Cotyledons  only  two.  (Class  II.  Gymno- 
spermas,  with  no  stigmas,  naked  seeds,  and  leaves  not  net- 
veined,  see  page  659.) 

COHORT  1,  DIALYPETAL^  OR  POLYPETALOUS 
EXOGENS. — Plants  having  a  double  perianth,  consist- 
ing of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the  latter  composed  of 
distinct  petals,  rarely  abortive.  (Cohort  2.  Gamope- 
talse  or  Monopetalous  Exogens,  page  393.  Cohort  3. 
Monochlaraydeaa  or  Apetalous  Exogens,  page  601.) 


1 


200  ORDER  1.— RANUNCULACE^B. 

ORDER  I.     RANUNCULACE^E.     CROWFOOTS. 

Herbs  (or  woody  climbers)  with  a  colorless,  acrid  juice.  Leaves  mostly  divided^ 
exstipulate,  with  half-clasping  petioles.  Calyx. — Sepals  3-15,  green  or  petaloid, 
distinct,  hypogynous.  Corolla. — Petals  3-15,  distinct,  hypogynous,  sometimes 
irregular  or  none.  Stamens  GO,  distinct,  hypogynous,  Anthers  adnate,  opening 
lengthwise.  Ovaries  GO  or  few,  simple,  distinct,  the  cell  1 — CO  -ovuled.  Fruit 
either  dry  achenia,  or  follicles,  or  baccate,  1 — 30  -seeded.  Seeds  anatropous  with  a 
straight,  minute  embryo  in  horny  albumen. 

Illustrated  in  Figs.  10,  24, 133,  143,  162,  241,  242,  233,  291,  294,  8I5T,  8SG,  415,  458,  236,  2S5,  Ac. 

Gc:iera  48,  species  about  1000,  mostly  natives  of  cool,  damp  climates,  those  of  file  tropical 
regions  growing  only  upon  the  mountains,  and  in  their  proper  localities  abundant. 


PROPERTIES.  Nearly  all  the  genera  possess  acrid  and  more  or  less  narcotic  properties,  somo 
of  them  being  highly  prejudicial  to  animal  life.  These  qualities  are  dissipated  by  a  boiling  heat 
or  by  drying,  or  heightened  by  spirits  and  sugar.  The  species  of  Helleborus  and  Aconitum  are 


highly  poisonous,  but  medicinal  when  rightly  used.    This  order  is  rich  in  ornamental  cultivated 
plants. 

TRIBES  AltfD   GENERA. 

Sepals  4,  valvate  in  the  bud.    Achenia  tailed.    (Tribe  I.) 
Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud.— Ovaries  1-  seeded,  acheniate.  (2). 

— Ovaries  2 — oo  -seeded.  (3.) 

2  Corolla  o,  or  undistinguishable  from  the  colored  calyx.    (Tribe  II.) 
2  Corolla  and  calyx  distinct  either  in  color  or  form.     (Tribe  III.) 
3  Sepals  as  permanent  as  the  stamens.    Fruit  follicul.ar.    (Tribe  IV.) 
3  Sepals  caducous  sooner  than  the  stamens.     (Tribe  V.) 
3  Sepals  persistent  with  the  follicular  fruit.    (Tribe  VI.) 

I.  CLEMATIDE^E.    Petals  0,  or  stamen-like.    Leaves  all  opposite.  CLEMATIS, 

II.  ANEMONEJi — Sepals  deciduous  with  the  stamens.  Stem-leaves  opposite.    ANKMONR. 
— Sepals  deciduous  with  the  stamens.  Leaves  all  radical.  HBPATICA. 
—Sepals  caducous.    Flowers  usually  imperfect.  THALICTRUM, 

—  Sepals  caducous.    Flowers  perfect.  TKAUTVETTERIA.  5 

III.  EANUNCULE.<E. — Sepals  not  appendaged.    Flowers  scarlet  or  yellow.  ADONIS,  6 

— Sepals  not  appendaged.  Petals  xanthic,  a  scale  at  base.  RAJnrxcnrnra.        7 
— Sepals  appendaged.     Plant  minute.    Leaves  radical.  MYOSUBU*.  8 

IV.  HELLEBOEE-iE,  Perianth  regular. 

— Petals  0.     Sepals  white.  ISOPYRI/M.  9 

—Petals  0.     Sepals  G  to  9,  yellow.  CALTIIA.  10 

— Petals  slender,  tubular  at  apex.  EootsLrlgLrt  yellow.  COPT  is.  11 

— Petals  minute,  tubular  at  base,  1-lipped.  TROLLIC'SV  12 

— Petals  small,  tubular,  2-lipped.  Sepals  persistent  HKLLKBOKUSV  IS 
— Pet.  small,  concave,  2-lobed.  Fls.  racemed.  roots.yel-ZANTHORiiiZA.  14 
— Petals  larger  than  the  colored  sepals,  3-lobed.  NIG  ELLA.  15 

— Petals  larger  than  the  colored  sepals,  spur-like,  equal.AquiLifiiA.         16 

IV.  IIELLEBOEE^E,  Perianth  irregular. 

— Upper  sepal  spurred,  containing  two  spurred  petals.  DELPHINIUM.       IT 
—Upper  sepal  hooded,  covering  the  deformed  petals.    ACONITUM.          IS 
V.  CIMICIFUGEJS. — Flowers  numerous,  in  long  spicate  racemes.  CIMICIFTTOA.         19 

— Flowers  many,  in  short  racemes.    Fruit  fleshy.          ACT^EA.  21) 

— Flower  1  only.    Plant  2-leaved.    Berry  compound.  HYI>KASTI*.          21 

VI.  PJ2ONIEJ2. — Pet.  plane,  large,  showy.    Disk  sheathing  the  ovary.        P.BONIA.  22 

1.  CLEMATIS  L.  VIRGIN'S  BOWER.  (Gr.  /eA^ea,  a  vine  or  tendril.) 
Calyx  of  four  colored  sepals,  in  aestivation  valvate-induplicatc.  Petals 
none,  or  if  present  more  like  sterile  filaments.  Stamens  oo7  shorter 
than  the  sepals,  the  outer  or  all  sometimes  sterile.  Ovaries  oo,  in  a 
head.  Achenia  caudate  with  the  lengthened  plumous  or  pubescent 
style,  if  Herbs,  or  vines  a  little  woody,  climbing  by  twining  petioles. 
Leaves  opposite.  The  herbage  is  acrid  and  caustic. 

§  ATRAGENE.    Outer  stamens  petal-like.    Lvs.  vorticillate.     FI».  solitary.  Vine No.  1 

§  Cr.KMATis  proper.    Petals  none.     Leaves  opposite.  (*) 

*  V4nes.— Flowers  in  cymous  panicles Nos.  2 — i 

— Fls.  solitary. — Sepals  panduriform,  wavy-edged Nos.  5,  6 

— Sepals  lance-ovate  with  a  reflexed  point Nos.  7,  8 

*  Erect  herbs,  near  1  f.  high.    Flowers  solitary Nos.  9—11 

Exotic,  cultivated  specie* No*.  12—15 


ORDER  1.— RANOTCULACEJS.  201 

1  C.  verticillaris  DC.     Stem  ascending  trees  15  ft.  by  means  of  it*  twisting 
petioles.      At  each  node  is  a  whorl   (arising  from  two  buds)  of  four  ternate 
leaves,  and  two  large  purple  flowers.     Leaflets  acute,   1 — 2'  by  ^ — 1',  ovate, 
slightly  notched.     Sepals  lanceolate,   acute,  15"  by  5".      Filaments  about  24, 
outer  ones  (petals  ?)  dilated,  spatulate,  tipped  with  imperfect  anthers. — A  hand- 
eome  climber  in  highland  woods,  V t.  (Dr.  Phelps)  to  N.  Car.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Mts. 
May,  Jn.  (Atragene  Americana  Sims).    / 

2  C.  Virgin! ana  L.    Lvs.  ternate ;  Ifts.  smooth,  lobed,  and  cut-dentate. — A  common, 
hardy  climber  in  hedges  and  thickets,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  the  Miss.     Stem  8-15  f.  in 
length,  supporting  itself  on  fences  and  brushwood  by  means  of  the  long  petioles. 
Leaflets  2 — 3'  by  l\ — 2',  with  mucronate  teeth.    Sep'als  4,  white,  oblong-obovate, 
obtuse.   Stamens  28 — 36.    Panicles  large,  axillary,  dichotomous.    Fruit  furnished 
with  long,  plumous  tails  (caudae),  appearing  in  large,  downy  tufts.     Aug.f 

3  C.  holosericea    Ph.      Lvs.   ternate ;   Ifts.  pubescent  both  sides,  entire,   oblong- 
lanceolate. — la   Carolina.      Plant   climbing,    downy   or   silky  in   all   its  parts. 
Panicles  corymbous,  triehotomous,  few  flowered.     Flowers  dioecious,  small,  white; 
the  linear  petals  longer  than  the  stamens.     Achenia  long-plumed. 

4  C.  Catesbyana  Ph.     Lvs.  biternate ;  Ifts.  ovate,  small,  mostly  3-lobed,  the 
lobes  entire. — In  Georgia.    Plant  climbing,  minutely  pubescent.    Flowers  in  axil- 
lary, divaricately  forked  cymes,  small,  mostly  $  $ .     Sepals  linear  oblong.     Fila- 
ments in  the    ?    flowers,  linear-margined,    without  anthers.      Achenia  short- 
plumed. 

5  C.  cylmdrica  Sims.      Lvs.  ternale,  pinnate,  or  decompound;  Ifts.  ovate  (very 
variable),  acute,  smooiJi,  membranous. — Virginia  to  Ga.  and  La.     Stems  climbing, 
but  not  extensively,  smooth.     Leaves   exceedingly  various.     Leaflets  3-15,  glab- 
rous, simple,  often  lobed  or  3-parted,  rendering  the  leaf  decompound.     Peduncle 
terminal,  bearing  a  large,  nodding,  bell-shaped,  bluish  purple  flower.     Achonia 
xvith  short  (6 — 9")  pubescent  tails.     Apr.  May. 

ft.  crispa.     Lfts.   large  (2' — 3'),  broadly-ovate,   obtuse  or  subcordate  at  base. 

Sepals  above  much  dilated  and  crisped,  spreading  or  reflexed.— Ga.     Varying 

imperceptibly  into  a.     (C.  crispa  L.) 
y.  Wcttteri.    Slender  throughout.     Leaflets  3 — 5,  very  narrow,  acute  at  each  end. 

Sepals  narrow  and  scarcely  wavy.     Stamens  sometimes  sterile. — Ga.    Perhaps 

distinct.     (E.  Walters,  Ph.) 
6.  linearilvba.    Lfts.   about   15,  lance-linear,  acute   or   acuminate   at  each  end. 

Flower  more  or  less  cylindraceous  below. — Quincv.  Fla..  La.      (C.  lineariloba, 

DC.) 

6  C.  reticulata  Walt.     Leaves  pinnate  or  ternate.     Lfts.  obtuse  at  each  end,  at 
length  rigid  and  prominently  net-veined. — Fla.    Lfts.  3 — 6,  stalked  as  in  the  other 

.  species,  oblong,  ovate  or  oval,  entire,  simple  or  lobed.  Flower  terminal,  nodding, 
bell-shaped,  pale-purple,  much  resembling  that  of  No.  5.  Sepals  1 — !£'  long. 
Achenia  with  long  silky  tails.  Apr. 

7  C.  Viorna  L.   LEATHER-FLOWER.    Lfts.  ovate,  acute,  smooth.    Sepals  ovate,  thick 
and  leathery;  ach.  with  long  plumous  tails. — Woods,  Ohio  to  Ga.    Stems  10 — 15f 
in  length,   striate.      Lvs.  pinnate,  those  of  the  branches  (bracts)  simple,  ovate, 
subsessile.     Lfts.  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  simple  or  3-lobed.     Flower  terminal,  nod- 
dins;,  dark  purple.     Sepals  ovate-lanceolate,    1'   long,   cuspidate  point  reflexed. 
Tails  If  long.     Jn.  JL 

8  C.  Pitcheri  T  &  G.      Lfts.  rough  with  prominent   veins,  coriaceous.      Sepals 
lance-ovate,  thick,  achenia  with  short  pubescent  tails. — Towa,  111.  to  Ark.     Leaves 
pinnate,  those  of  the  peduncles  simple,  subsessile.   Leaflets  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse, 

.  often  subcordate  at  base.  Sepals  of  the  nodding  flower  ovate-lanceolate,  dull 
purple,  8—10"  in  length,  the  cuspidate  point  reflexed.  Jn.  (Hardly  distinct 
from  the  preceding.) 

9  C.  ochroleuca  Ait.      Lvs.  simple,  ovate,  silky,  pubescent  beneath. — Mts.  and 
river  banks,  K  Y.  to  Ga.     Rare;  stem  12—18'  high,  sericious.     Leaves  sessile, 
entire,  simple,  2-4'  long,  f  as  wide,  with  prominent  veins,  upper  surface  at  length 
smooth.     Flower  terminal,  nodding,  ovate-cam panulate.      Sepals  silky  outside, 
yellowish-white  within.     Plumes  of  the  fruit  long,  straw-colored.    May. 


202  ORDER  1.— RANUNCULACE^E. 

10  C.  ovata  Ph.      Leaves  broadly  ovate,  glabrous,  glaucous  and  veiny  beneath. 
— N.  Car.  to  Fla.     Stem  simple,  1 — 2f  high,  glabrous  as  well  as  the  whole  plant. 
Leaves  entire,  simple,  on  short  petioles,  the  lower  subcordate.     The  stem  termi- 
nates in  a  short,  nodding,  purple  flower,  with  ovate-acuminate  sepals.     Achenia 
with  long  plumous  tails. 

11  C.  Baldwin!!  T.  &  G-.     Leaves  varying  from  oblong  to  lance-linear,  the  lower 
3-lobed  or  cleft. — Tampa  Bay,  Fla.    (Baldwin.)     Slender,  1 — 2f  high.     Lvs.  acute 
at  base,  about  £'  by  2',  petiolate.    Flower  cylindrical-campanulate,  purplish,  on  a 
long  terminal  peduncle.     Plumous  tails  2'  long. 

12  C.  Flammula  L.     Flowers  paniculate;  Ivs.  pinnate;  Ifls.  oblong,  acute  at 
each  end. — S.  Europe  and  N.  Africa,  often  cultivated.      Its  long,  half  woody, 
angular,  climbing  stems  form  shady  masses,  covered  with  small,  white,  cymous, 
extremely  fragrant  flowers.     Lfts.  very  variable.    Fruit  tipped  with  long  shaggy 
tails.     JL,  Oct.f 

13  C.  florida  L.    Flowers  solitary ;  sepals  acuminate,  smooth;  Ifts.  ovate,  acute. 
— From  Japan.     Vine  12f  long.     Lvs.  ternate  and  decompound;    Ifts.   entire. 
Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  bearing  each  a  large,  white-yellow  flower. 
Jn.,  Septf  / 

14  C.  ViticellaL.    Flower  solitary  ;  sepals  obovate. — From  Spain.  Vine  long 
and  climbing,  with  ternately  decompound  leaves.     Lfts.  entire,  ovate  or  oval. 
Flower  large,  purple,  the  sepals  broad,  obtuse  at  end,  often  double.     Jn. — Septf 

15.  C.  lasiantha  Nutt  Fls.  solitary,  dioecious,  on  clustered  2-Ieaved  branch- 
lets;  sepals  oblong-cuneate,  spreading,  villous  on  both  sides;  Ivs.  ternate,  Ifts. 
broadly  ovate,  incisely  toothed,  the  terminal  3-lobed  or  cleft. — Vine  delicate, 
climbing  many  feet,  pubescent  or  villous.  Lfts.  about  1J'  by  1'.  Peduncles  3' 
long,  the  pale  blue-purple  fl.  !£'  broad. f  Eocky  Mts. 

2.  ANEMONE,  L.  Fig.  361.  (Gr.  dvefw^  wind.  Most  of  the 
species  grow  in  elevated  or  windy  places.)  Involucre  remote  from  the 
flower,  of  3  divided  leaves;  calyx  regular,  of  5 — 15  colored  sepals; 
corolla  0  ;  stamens  oo,  much  shorter  than  the  sepals ;  ovaries  GO,  free, 
collected  into  a  roundish  or  oblong  head ;  achenia  with  a  short,  rarely 
lengthened  beak;  seeds  suspended. —  2f  Lvs.  radical,  stem  Ivs.  2  or  3 
opposite  or  whorled,  forming  the  involucre. 

§  PULSATILLA.    Carpels  many  (50—75)  with  long,  plumous  tails No.  1 

§  ANEMONE  proper.    Carpels  not  produced  into  tails.  (*) 

*  Pistils  many  (50 — TO)  in  a  head,  densely  woolly  in  fruit,    (a) 

a  In volucrate  leaves  sessile,  with  a  single  flower Nos.  2 — i 

a  Involucrate  leaves  petiolate,  with  2 — 3  flowers Nos.  5 — 7 

*  Pistils  fewer  (15 — 20),  merely  pubescent  in  fruit Nos.  8,9 

*  Pistils  few  (10—15),  glabrous.    Flowers  umbeled Nos.  10, 11 

Exotic,  cultivated  species Nos.  12,  13 

1  A.  Nuttalliana  DC.    PASQUE-FLOWER.    Plant  clothed  with  silky  hairs.    St.  in 
flower  very  short,  in  fruit  8 — 12'  high.      Lvs,  long-stalked,  many-cleft,  segments 
linear  or  cuneiform,  incised.     Involucre  below  the  middle  of  the  stem,  sessile, 
subulately  dissected,  concave   or  cup-shaped  in  position.      Sep.  of  tha  singlo 
showy  flower  5  or  6,  1'  long,  pale-purple,  silky  outside,  appearing  before  tho 
leaves,  in  Apr.      Tails  of  the  carpels  1J'  long. — Dry  hills.  Wise.,  111.,  W.  to  R. 
Mts.     (A.  patens  L.     Pulsatilla,  Gray.) 

2  A.  Caroliniana  "Walt.     Lvs.  3-parted  into  cuneate-linear,  twice  triftd  segments: ; 
invol.  similarly  cleft  halfway,  hand-shaped;  sep.  15 — 20,  obtuse;  head  of  carpels 
cylindraceous-oblong. — A  delicately  beautiful  plant,    Car.  to  Ark.    and    Ncbr. 
Rhizome  tuberous,  sending  up  many  stalked,  multifid  leaves  and  a  scape  G — 10' 
high,  bearing  the  2  or  3-leaved  involucre  below  the  middle,  and  the  single  large, 
fragrant,  white  or  rose-colored  flower  at  top.     Scape  pubescent  above.     Outer 
sepals  dotted  with  purple,  oblong,  the  inner  (or  petals)  narrower,  all  nearly  per- 
sistent.   InvoL  similar  to,  or  less  deeply  cleft  than  the  leaves.   Apr.    (A.  tenella, 
Ph.) 

3  A.   heteroph^lla    Nutt.     Lvs.   of  roundish-oval,   crenate    segments;     invol. 
linear-cleft  to  the  base;  sep.  acute,  5 — 13;  head  of  carpels  cylindrical. — Ga.  (near 
Macon,  Mettauer]  to  La.  (Hale)  and  Ark.  Rhizomo  tuberous.     Radical  Ivs.  one  or 


ORDER  1.— RANUNCULACE^E.  203 

few,  long-stalked  (3—5 '),  ternate,  the  segments  stalked,  simple,  or  incisely  3-lobed  or 
parted.  Scape  8 — 16'  high,  silky  pubescent  above.  Lvs.  of  the  invoL  totally  unlike 
the  others,  the  segments  1 — !£'  by  1",  placed  (in  flower)  above  the  middle  of  the 
scape.  FL  greenish,  scentless:  sepals  commonly  8,  all  linear-oblong,  5 — 6"  long, 
soon  falling.  Heads  of  carpels  !£'  long;  ach.  flattened.  Mar. — Apr. 

4  A.  parviflora  MX.    Invol.  2-leaved ;  sep.  5-6,  oval ;  head  of  carpels  gtobular. — 
Canada  and  northward.     Stem  2 — 12'  high,  pubescent.     Lvs.  3-parted,  segments 
cuneiform,  3-cleft,  crenate  lobsd,  those  of  the  involucre  similar,  subsessile.    Flojver 
•whitish.     (A.  cuneifolia,  Ph.) 

5  A.  nmltifida  DC.     RED  "WIND-FLOWER.     Invol.  short-petioled ;  lateral  peduncles 
involucellate :  heads  of  carpels  oval. — Rocks,  northern  Vt.  and  N".  Y.,  "W.  to  Lake 
Superior ;  rare.    Plant  hairy,  about  If  high.     Radical  Ivs.  ternately  divided,  segm. 
cuneiform,  gashed  into  3  linear  acute  lobes,  petioles  2 — 4'  long.    Invol.  2 — 3-leaved, 
similar,  subtending  2  or  3  peduncles.     Involucels  2-leaved,  sessile.     Fls.  of  5 — 8 
obtuse  sepals,  small,  purple,  varying  to  white.     Jn.     (A.  Hudsoniana  Rich.) 

6  A.  Virginiaiia  L.     Invol.  long-petiokd;  lateral  peduncles  involucellate ;  heads 
of  carpels  oblong. — A  tall  species  in  dry  woods  and  hilly  pastures,  Can.  to  Car. 
Scape  erect,  2-3  f.  high,  hairy,  dividing  above  into  about  3  long  parallel  1-flowered 
peduncles,  middle  one  naked,  lateral  ones  each  with  an  involucel  of  two  bracts. 
Lvs.  2-3' by  3-4',  3-parted;  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  toothed  and  lobed ;  petioles 
6 — 10'  long,  petioles  of  the  bracts  much  shorter.    Sepals  5,  yellowish  green.    Fruit 
woolly,  in  heads  f '  long.     July. 

{3.  ALBA,    Fis.  larger;  sep.  white. — Ledges,  Vt.  (Dr.  Robbing.) 

7  A.  cylindrica  Gray.    Invol.  long-petioled;  peduncles  all  naked;  head  of  carpels 
cylindrical — Dry  soils,  Mass.,  N.  H.  to  Iowa.      Plant  silky  pubescent,  1 — 2f  high. 
Lvs.  2 — 3'  wide,  3-parted;  segm.  cuneate,  deeply  gash-lobed  and  cut-toothed,  petioles 
3 — e'  long;  ped.  3 — 6,  1-flowered,  6 — 10'  long,  umbellate,  sometimes  one  or  two 
with  involucles ;  sep.  5,  silky,  greenish- white,  obtuse ;  heads  of  fruit  !£'  long.   May. 

8  A.  nemorosa  (and  quiuquefolia)   L.    Low,  smooth,  l-flowered;  invol.  petiolate. — 
A  common  and  interesting  little  plant,  6 — 9'  high,  found  in  old  woods,  hedges,  and 
in  open  fields.     Radical  leaf  1,  ternate,  segm.  cleft  or  lobed.     Invol.  of  3  petiolato 
leaves,  placed  in  a  whorl  near  the  top  of  the  stem,  its  bracts  cut-toothed  and 
lobed,  the  lateral  segments  cleft,  sometimes  quite  to  the  base,  so  as  to  render  the 
leaf  quinate.     At  the  top  of  the  stem  is  a  single  white  flower,  purplish  outside. 
Apr.,  May. 

9  A.  Fennsyhra'nica  L.    Hairy :  invol  sessile :  ped.  one,  at  length  2  or  3,  lateral 
ones  involucellate. — Shores  and  wet  prairies,  Can.  to  Penn.  W.  to  Ind.  and  Wis. 
Stem  12  to  20'  high;  Ivs.  large,  veiny,  those  of  the  root  5-parted,  segm.  cuneate, 
3-lobed,  pointed.     Lvs.  of  the  involucre  3-parted,  acuminate-lobed  and  toothed. 
First  flower  on  a  naked  stalk.     From  its  base  arise  tw"o  branches,  each  2-leaved 
(involuceled)  and  1-flowered.     Sep.  5,  obovate,  large,  white.     Jn. — Aug. 

10  A.  narcissiflora  L.      Villous ;  involucre  sessik ;  achenia  flattened. — In  Canada 
and  northward.    Plant  clothed  with  long  silky  hairs.    Lvs.  palmately  3 — 5-parted, 
segm.  cuneiform,  incisely  many  cleft  into  linear  acute  lobes.     Invol.  somewhat 
similar,  the  sessile  leaflets  3 — 5-cleft.    Flowers  several,  umbelate,  white,  on  leafless 
stalks. 

11  A.  thalictroides  L.      RUE  ANEMONE.     (Fig.  361.)      Glabrous,  low;  invol. 
petiolate:  ach.  grooved. — In  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.,  \V.  to  Iowa,  common.     A  fine 
little  plant  of  early  spring.     Root  consisting  of  several  oblong  tubers ;  Ivs.  biter- 
nate  or  triternate,  the  common  petiole  2 — 4'  long.     Lfts.  like  those  of  the  invoL 
G — 12"  long,  f  as  wide,  oval,  subcordate,  3-lobed.     Invol.  of  two  ternate  leaves 
appearing  as  a  whorl  of  G  petiolulate  Ifts.     Flowers  several,  white  varying  to 
pale  purple.     Eight  G — S'.     Apr.,  May.     (Thalictrum  anemonoides  MX.) 

12  A.  coronaria  L.  Lvs.  ternate,  with  mullifid  segments  and  linear  mucronate 
lobes :  sep.  6,  oval,  close. — From  Levant.     A  hardy,  flowering  plant,  with  largo 
single  or  double  variegated  flowers.     May.f 

13  A.  hortensis  L.  Lvs.  3-parted,  with  crenate,  cut-dentatel  obes :  invol.  sessile, 
of  oblong,  entire  or  cut  leaflets.     Sep.   10 — 12,  oblong. — From  Italy.     A  fine 
garden  specios,  with  double  and  semi-double  varieties  of  red,  white,  and  blue 
flowers.     May.f 


204  ORDER  1.— RANUNCULACE^E. 

Observation. — Many  other  foreign  species  are  ornamental,  and  perhaps  rarely 
cultivated.  They  all  prei'er  a  fresh,  loamy  soil 

3.  HEPATICA,    Dill.      LIVERWORT.     Fig.  132,  190.     (Gr.  ^naro^ 
of  the  liver ;  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  leaf.)     Involucre  of 
3  entire,  ovate,  obtuse  bracts,  resembling  a  calyx,  situated  a  little  below 
the  flower ;  calyx  of  5 — 9  petaloid  sepals,  disposed  in  2  or  3  rows ; 
corolla  0  ;  achenia  awnless. 

H.  triloba  Chaix  (and  acutiloba  DC).  Lvs.  trilobate,  the  lobes  entire;  scape 
1-flowered,  hairy. — Woods,  Can.  to  Ga.,  and  Wise.  This  little  plant  is  one  of  the 
earliest  harbingers  of  spring,  often  putting  forth  its  neat  and  elegant  flowers  in 
the  neighborhood  of  some  lingering  snow  bank.  The  root  consists  of  numerous 
and  strong  fibers.  Lvs.  all  radical,  on  long,  hairy  petioles,  smooth,  evergreen, 
coriaceous,  divided  into  three  lobes,  which  suggest  all  its  names.  Fls.  on  scapes 
3 — 4'  long,  solitary,  numerous,  generally  blue,  but  frequently  in  varieties  of  white 
and  flesh  color.  In  cultivation  they  become  double.  In  respect  to  the  form  of 
leaves  there  are  two  varieties : 

«.   OBTUSA,  lobes  obtuse,  rounded. — Prefers  the  south  side  of  hills. 

(3.   ACUTA,  lobes  acute. — Prefers  the  north  side  of  hills.   (II.  acutiloba,  D.  C.) 

4.  THALICTRUM,   Tourn.      MEADOW   Kjjir.       (Said  to    be  frora 
fla/lAto,  to   be   green.)     Calyx   colored,    of  4 — 5    roundish,    concave, 
caducous  sepals ;  corolla  0 ;  filaments  GO,  compressed,  dilated  upward, 
longer  than  the  calyx;  ovaries  numerous  (4 — 15);  achgnia  sessile  or 
stipitate,  ribbed  or  inflated,  pointed  with  the  stigma  or  short  style. — 
U  Lvs.  ternately  compounded,  with  stalked  leaflets.     Fls.  paniculate, 
often   ?   $  or  ?   Q  $  . 

*  Carpels  mostly  10  or  12,  beaked  with  a  style Nos.  1,  2 

*  Carpels  few  (4 — 6),  with  sessile  stigmas Nos.  3,  4 

1  T.  dioicum  L.       5  $  ;  stem  leaves  on  a  short  common  petiole ;  Ifts.  obtusely 
6-7  lobed  •  ach.  about  8,  sessile. — Hilly  woods,  Brit  Am.  to  Ga.  and  Ala.    A 
slender  and  delicate  plant,  glabrous    and  glaucous,  1 — 2f  high.      Lvs.  ternately 
decompound,  the  cauline  on  petioles  1 — 3'  long,  shortening  upward.    Lfts.  roundish, 
about  £•'  diameter,  with  5 — 7  obtuse  lobes,  paler  beneath.    Filaments  filiform,  longer 
than  the  5  obtuse  sepals.     The  slender  terminal  panicle  is  often  purplish,  gener- 
ally pale  green.    Fruit  strongly  ribbed  and  distinctly  pointed.     May. 

2  T.  cornuti  L.       $  $  ;  stem  Ivs.  all  sessile  (no  common  petiole) ;  Ifts.  roundish 
obovate,  rather  acutely  3-lobed;  ach.  about  12,  substipitate,  ribbed. — Common 
in  meadows.      Stem  3-4f  high,  smooth,  hollow,  jointed,  furrowed,      Lvs.  resem- 
bling those  of  the  columbine  (Aquilegia),  green  above,  smooth,  several  times 
compounded.     Lf;s.  1-2'  long,  f  as  wide.     Panicles  large  and  diffuse.     Jn.,  JL 

0.  PURPURASCKNS.  Stems  purplish,  tall;  stem-lvs.  sessile  or  the  lower  with 
short  stalks ;  fls.  purp'ish-green,  with  drooping  capillary  fil.  •  Ifts.  thickish, 
the  sides  revolute.  Dry  hills,  N.  II.  to  Ga.  (T.  purpurascens  L.) 

3  T.  clavatum,  D  C.    Fls,  perfect ;  Ivs.  cauline :  panicle  corymbous :  ach.  stiped. — 
N.  Car.  (Curtis).      Plant  very  smoooth,  2f  or  more  in  hight.      Lvs.  biternate,  on 
petioles  1'   in   length  ;  Ifts.   roundish,   obtusely  3 — 5-lobed,    glaucous  beneath. 
Panicles  loose  and  capillary.     Fruit  inflated,  obovate,  striate,  each  as  long  as  its 
slender  stipe,  acute.     Style  0. 

4  T.  alpinura  L.      Lvs.  mostly  radical :  fls.  $  in  a  simple  raceme :   ach.  ovate, 
sessile. — Can.  and  northward.     Plant  about  6'  high,  glabrous.     Lvs.  petiolate, 
biternate;  Ifts.  roundish,  about  4'  diam.,  crenately  toothed.     Stems  few-leaved, 
terminating  in  a  cluster  of  a  few  nodding  flowers  on  slender  pedicels.    Fila- 
ments filiform.     Style  0. 

5.  TRAUTVETTfiRIA,  Fisch.  and  Meyer.      (Named  in  honor  of 
Trautvctter,   a   German   botanist.)     Sepals    4 — 5,   colored,   caducous ; 
petals  0;  stamens  oo,  petaloid ;  carpels  15 — 20,  membranous  and  in- 


OIIDEB  1.— RANUXCULACEJ3.  205 

dehiscent,  angular,   1 -seeded,  tipped  with  the  short,  hooked  style. — 

14  Lvs.  palmately  lobed.     FJs.  corymbous. 

T.  palmata  Fisch  and  Meyer.  A  coarse  plant  of  the  prairies  and  woods,  Ya.  to 
Can.,  W.  to  111.  Stem  slender,  2 — 5f  high,  terete,  smooth,  terminating  in  a  large 
branching  corymb.  Radical  Ivs.  4 — 6'  wide  by  3 — 5'  long,  rugous  and  reticulate- 
veined,  5 — 9  lobed,  long-stalked  ;  stem  Ivs.  few,  remote,  the  upper  sessile.  Fls. 
many,  white.  Sepals  orbicular,  concave,  falling  as  soon  as  expanding.  Jl,  Aug. 
(Cimicifuga,  Hook.) 

6.  AD&NIS,  L.     PHEASANT'S-EYE.     (Feigned  to  have  sprung  from 
the  blood  of  Adonis  when  wounded  by  the  boar.)     Sepals  5,  appressed  ; 
petals  5 — 15,  with  a  naked  (scaleless)  claw.     Achenia  spiked,  ovate 
and  pointed  with  the  hardened,  persistent  style. — Herbs  with  dissected 
Ivs.  and  terminal,  solitary,  red  or  yellow  flowers. 

1  A.  autumnalis  L.    Petals  5 — 8  (crimson),  concave  and  connivent.— A  fine 
hardy  annual,  from   Europe,  naturalized  in  some  parts  of  the  country.     Stem 
thick,  branching,   If  high.      Lvs.  pinnately  parted,  with  numerous  linear  seg- 
ments.    Fls.  1  £'  diam.     Carpels  crowned  with  a  very  short  style,  and  collected 
into  an  ovate  or  sub-cylindric  head.     Seeds  to  be  sown  in  autumn  in  a  light 
soil. 

2  A.  vernalis  L.     Petals  10 — 12  (yellow),  oblong,  spreading. — A  handsome 
perennial,  from  Europe.     Stem  branching,  1  f.  high.     Lvs.  sessile,  multifid. 

7.  RANUNCULUS,  L.     CROWFOOT.     BUTTERCUPS.     Fig.   24,   241, 
242,  294,   369,  458,  386,  415.     (Lat.  rana,  a  frog ;  from  the  aquatic 
habitat  of  some  species.)     Calyx  of  5  ovate  sepals  ;  coiolla  of  5  round- 
ish, shining  petals,  each  with  a  nectariferous  scale  (Fig.  294)  or  pore  at 
the  base  inside ;  filaments   oo  ;  achenia   oo,  flattened,  pointed,  crowded 
in  a  roundish  or  oblong  head. — Herbs,  mostly  ^ ,  with  alternate  leaves 
and  yellow  flowers. 

|  Seeds  (carpels)  rough  with  points  or  prickles Nos.  1,  2 

§  Seeds  (carpels)  smooth  and  even,  or  merely  rugous  (a). 

a  Leaves  in  fine,  numerous,  thread-like  divisions,  under  water Nos.  3,  4 

a  Leaves  all  undivided  and  simple. — Stems  creeping Nos.  5,  6 

— Stems  erect Nos.  7 — 9 

a  Root-lvs.  simply  crenate  or  lobed,  stem  leaves  divided Nos.  10,11 

a  Leaves  all  more  or  less  divided,  not  submersed  (b). 

b  Sepals  spreading  in  flower,  shorter  than  the  showy  petals Nos.  12 — 14 

b  Sepals  reflexed  in  flower. — Head  of  carpels  oblong Nos.  15, 16 

— Heads  of  carpels  globous Nos.  17, 18 

1  R.  xmiricatUB  L.     Glabrous ;  carpels  aculeate,  strongly  margined,  and  ending 
in  a  stout,  ensiform,  recurved  leak.     Va.  to  La.     Stem  branched,  erect,  If  high. 
Lvs.  roundish  (!£'  diam.),  cordate,  3-lobed,  lobes  coarsely  crenate-toothed,  all 
similar,  and  on  petioles  1 — 5'  long.     Bracts  close  to  the  flower,  simple.     Fls. 
small,   few.      Pet.  obovate,    yellow.      Carpels  large  (3"  long,   including  beak). 
§Eur. 

2  R.  parviflorus  L.      Villous;  carpels  roundish,  granulated,  tipped  with  a  very 
short  beak. — Va.  to  La.     Stem  6 — 12'  high,  slender,  branched.     Lvs.  all  petiolate, 
small,  roundish  (9 — 16"  diam.),  cordate,  3-lobed  or  parted,  the  segments  acutely 
toothed.     Fls.  quite  small,  the  yellow  petals  not  exceeding  the  calyx.    Seeds 
scarcely  1"  in  length,  in  a  globular  head.     §  Eur. 

3  B.  aquatilis  L.     (3  CAPILLACEUS.     Lvs.  all  fiiliformly  dissected;  pet.  white; 
carpels  transversely  rugous. — Ponds  and  sluggish  streams,  Arctic  Am.  to  S.  Car., 
W.  to  Rocky  Mts.     The  whole  plant  is  submerged  except  the  flowers,  and  per- 
haps a  few  of  the  upper  leaves.     Stem  1 — 2f  or  more  in  length,  slender,  weak, 
round,  smooth,  jointed.     Leaves  divided  dichotomously  into  numerous  hair-like 
segments,  in  outline  roundish  and  \ — 1'  diam.     Ped.  thick,  1— 1J'  long.     Fls. 
smaller  than  in  R.  acris.     Petals  rather  narrow,  white,  except  tha  yellow  claws. 
II.,  Aug. 


206  ORDER  1.— RANUNCULACE^E. 

4  R.  multifidus  Ph.      Floating;  st.  long;  submerged  Ivs.,  cleft  into  numerous 
capillary  segments,  emersed  ones  reniform,  3 — 5  parted,  the  lobes  variously  di- 
vided ;  sep.  reflexed,  \  as  long  as  the  yellow  petals ;  carpels  smooth,  with  a  short, 
straight,   ensiform   style;    hds.  globous. — Ponds,   sluggish   streams,   and  muddy 
places,  Can.,  U.  S      Stem  1 — 2f  or  more  in  length,  fistulous.     Lvs.  pentangular 
in  outline,  f — H'  diam.,  those  below  more  finely  divided ;  petioles  J — 2'  in  length, 
Pis.  bright  yelloV,  emerging  on  forked,  striate  peduncles.     May,  Jn. 

/3.  FLUVIATILIS.     Lvs.  all  capillaceous-multifid ;    fls.  as  largo  as  in,  R.  acris.     (R. 
lacustris  Beck.) 

5  R.  Cymbalaria   Ph.     St.  filiform,  creeping,  rooting ;  Ivs.  reniform-cordate,  cre- 
nate-dentate ;  ped.  solitary,  mostly  2 -flowered  ;    petals   spatulate;  ach.  oblong. — 
In  salt  marshes  on  the  sea-coast,  and  at  Salina,  N.  Y.     Stem  round,  sending  out 
runners  from  the  joints.     Lvs.  radical,  \ — 1'  diam.  on  long  petioles.     Scapes 
2 — 6'  high,  each  with  2  small,  bright-yellow  flowers,  and  as  many  obtuse  bracts. 
Nectary  naked  (not  covered  by  a  scale).     Jn. 

6  R.  reptans  L.     Stem  creeping,   geniculate,  rooting;  nodes  I -flower ed ;  Ivs.  lin- 
ear, entire,  remote. — A  slender  species,  creeping  on  river  banks  and  other  wet 
places,   Can.,  N.  H.,  TV.  to  Oregon.     Stem  6 — 8'  long,   round,  rooting  at  tho 
joints.     Lvs.  fleshy,   6 — 12"  in  length,  mostly  very  narrow  and  acute  at  each 
end.     Fls.  small  (3 — i"  wide).     Sepals  spreading,  obtuse.     Petals  obovate,  yel- 
low, fading  to  white.     Nectary  covered  by  a  scale.     Ach.  very  smooth.     Jl.     (R. 
filiformis  MX.) 

/?,  OVALIS.     Lvs.  oval  and  lanceolate  ;  pet.  5 — 1 0. 

7  R.  Fiamnrula  L.     SPEARWORT.     Stem  declinate  at  base,  erect ;  Ivs.  all  lance- 
shaped,  on  sheathing  petioles. — An  aquatic  herb,  growing  in  ditches  and  swamps, 
Can.  to  N.  Car.,  "W.  to  111.     Root  fibrous.     Stem  6 — 18'  long,  more  or  less  de- 
cumbent, succulent.     Lvs.  3 — 6'  in  length,  entire,  or  with  a  few  teeth,  thick- 
ened at  the  acute  summit.     Fls.  solitary,  of  a  golden  yellow,  on  peduncles  £  as 
long  as  the  leaves.     Fruit  roundish,  twice  longer  than  its  beak,  in  a  globular 
head.     Jn.,  Aug.     (R.  alismsefolius  Geyer.) 

8  R.  ptisillus  Poir.     Erect;  Ivs.  all  pet-iolate,  lower  ones  ovate,  tipper  ones  linear- 
lanceolate;  pet.  mostly  but  3  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx ;  stam.  8 — 10  ;  carpels 
ovate,  scarcely  pointed. — In  wet  grounds,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  La.     Stems  slender, 
weak,  6 — 12'  high,  dichotomously  branched.     Lower  Ivs.  subcordate,  \ — 1'  long. 
\  as  wide,  petioles  1 — 3"  long,  upper  ones  1 — 1}"  long,  £  as  wide,  with  minute, 
remote  teeth.     Fls.  very  small,  yellow,  on  long  p'eduncles.     May. 

9  R.  oblongifolius  Ell   Erect  or  ascending,  di/use,  branched;  Ivs.  lance-ovate  and 
lanceolate;  fls.  minute,  stam.  about  20.— Car.,  Ga.,  and  W.     Glabrous,  or  stem 
puberuient,  12 — 18'  high,  dividing  above  in  numerous  slender  branches  and  pe- 
duncles.   Lvs.  petiolate,  denticulate,  upper  linear.     Fls.  numerous,  petals  yellow, 
less  than  1"  long.     Carp,  minute,  pointless,  in  round  heads.    (R.  Texensis  Engl.) 

10  R.  abortivus  L.    Smooth ;  radical  Ivs.  roundish,  cordate,  crenate,  petiolate ;  cal. 
a  little  longer  than  petals,  reflexed.     A  very  pretty  species  in  woods,  Can.   to 
Ark.,  remarkable  for  the  dissimilarity  of  the  root  and  stem  leaves.     Stem  8 — 16' 
high,  nearly  naked.     Root  Ivs.  8 — 18"  diam.,  quite  regularly  margined  with  cren- 
ate  divisions,  and  on  petioles  2 — 5'  long.     Lower  stem  Ivs.  pedate,  with  a  pen- 
tangular outline ;  upper  in  3  deep,  linear  segments,  sessile.     Fls.  small,  yellow. 
Fruit  in  globous  heads.     May,  Jn. 

ft  MICRANTHUS.     Hairy,  low  (3 — 5');  lower  Ivs.  scarcely  cordate,  3-lobed  or  3- 
cleft.     Fls.  1  or  2.     Mass.  (Sprague)  to  Ga.  1     (R.  micranthus,  Nutt.) 

11  R.  rhomboideus   G oldie.      Hirsutdy   pubescent,   much  branched;    root  Ivs. 
rhomboid-ovate,  crenate- dentate,  on  long  petioles ;  sep.  spreading,  shorter  than  tho 
petals ;  ach.  smooth,  with  very  short  beaks. — Wis.  (Lapham)  and  Can.  "W.     A 
low,  bushy,  hairy  species,  6 — 10'  high.     Root  Ivs.  about  1'  by  f,  often  roundish 
or  elliptical,  the  petioles  about  2'  long.     Segments  of  the  stem  leaves  linear- 
oblong,  obtuse,  oftener  entire.    Petals  yellow,  oblong- obovate.     Heads  of  carpels 
globous.     (R.  ovalis  and  brevicaulis,  Hook.) 

12  R.  fascicularis  Muhl.     EARLY  CROWFOOT.     Erect;  root  fasciculate ;  radical 
Ivs.  appearing  pinnate  ;  p&dundes  terete ;  carpels  scarcely  margined. — Rocky  woods 


ORDER  1.— RAXUNCULACEJS.  207 

and  hills.  Root  a  cluster  of  fleshy  fibres.  Root  Iva.  on  petioles  3—8'  long,  ter- 
nate,  with  the  middle  segment  loug-stalked  and  again  pinnately  ternate ;  lateral 
segm.  mostly  sessile,  all  3 — 5  cleft  into  acute  lobes.  Stems  never  creeping. 
Pubescence  silky,  appressed.  Fls.  bright  yellow,  1'  broad.  Petals  spatulato- 
obovate,  with  a  broad  scale.  Beak  of  the  carpels  slender.  Apr.,  May. 

13  R.  repens   L.     Root  fibrous;  radical  Ivs.  ternate  with  stalked  leaflets;  pedun- 
cles furrowed;  carp,  broadly  margined  and  pointed. — In  moist  and  shady  places. 
Early  flowering  stems  erect ;  later  branches  from  the  base   prostrate,  1 — 3 — if 
long,  generally  hirsute  at  the  base.    Petioles   hairy,    long.     Lvs.   hairy  on  the  ' 
veins,  dark  green,  ternate,  the  Ifts.  ovate  or  broadly  crenate,  variously  lobed  and 
cleft,  all  (or  at  least  the  middle  ones)  petiolulate.     Fls.  middle  size,  bright  yel- 
low.    Fr.  in  a  round  head.     May, — Jl.     Varies  exceedingly  in  different  localities 
and  stages  of  growth.     Some  of  its  more  striking  forms  are : 

/3.  LINEARILOBUS.  St.  very  long,  floriferous,  smoothish ;  lobes  of  Ivs.  very  nar- 
row. Fruit  not  strongly  margined. 

y.  HISPIDUS.  Stem  and  petioles  densely  hirsute  with  soft-spreading  hairs ;  Ifts. 
all  distinctly  stalked,  deeply  parted.  Fr.  short-pointed. 

6.  NITIDUS.  Mostly  erect,  glabrous ;  fls.  large,  sep.  reflexed ;  fr.  strongly  mar- 
gined. Common  South.  Probably  a  distinct  species. 

14  R.  palmatua  Ell.     Lvs.  palmately  3 — 5  cleft  or  divided,  with  the  sinus  at  base 
dosed,   the  segm.  all  sessile  and  cut-toothed  or  lobed;  carp,  few,  margined,  and 
straight-beaked. — In  wet  barrens,  Car.   to  Fla.     St.   12 — 18'  high,  with  a  few 
slender  branches,  pubescent.     Lvs.  all  petiolate,  pentangular  in  outline,  1 — 2' 
wide,  with  appressed  pubescence.     Upper  Ivs.  of  3  linear  segments.     Fls.  few, 
yellow,  small  (6 — 8"  diam.)     Fr.  compressed. 

15  R.  acria  L.     BUTTER-CUPS.     St.  erect,  many-flowered ;  Ivs.  more  or  less  pu- 
bescent, deeply  trifid,  with  the  base  segm.  divaricate,  all  laciniats,  upper  ones  with 
linear  segments;  ped.  terete;  cal.  hairy,  spreading;  carp,  roundish,  smooth,  com- 
pressed ;  beak  short,  recurved. — This  is  the  most  common  species  in  N.  Eng.  and 
Can.,  in  meadows  and  pastures,  rapidly  and  extensively  spreading.     St.  1 — 2f 
high,  round,  hollow,  mostly  hairy.     Lvs.  1J — 3'  diam.,  upper  ones  in  3  linear  seg- 
ments.    Fls.  large  (!'  diam.),  golden  yellow.     Jn.,  Sept. 

ft.  PL&N-A.     Fls.  double,  the  petals  excessively  multiplied.     Gardens. 

16  R.  Pemisylvanicus  L.     Hirsute,  with  stiff,  spreading  hairs ;  Ivs.  ternate,  Ifts. 
sub-petiolate,  deeply  3-lobed,  incisely  serrate ;  cal.  reflexed,  rather  longer  than  the 
roundish  petals ;  carp,  tipped  with  a  short,  straight  style. — A.  very  hairy  species 
in  wet  grounds,  Can.  and  IT.  S.      Stem  1J — 3f  high.     Lvs.  2 — 3'  diam.,   Ifts. 
strongly  veined  and  with  spreading  segments.      Fls.  numerous,   small,  bright 
yellow.     Fruit  in  dense  oblong  or  cylindrical  heads. — Jn.,  Aug.     (R.  hispidus 
Ph.) 

17  R.    sceleratus   Ph.      Smooth;  lower  Ivs.  3-parted,  segm.   3-lobed,    crenately 
incised,  or  entire;  carp,  minute,  2)ointless. — Grows  in  wet  places,  Can.  to  Ga. 
St.   rather  thick,   hollow,   much  branched,   1 — IJf  high.     Lower  petioles  3 — 5' 
long,  with  rather  large,  palmately  3 — 5-p?.rted   leaves.     Floral  Ivs.  or  bracts 
mostly  simple,  lanceolate  and  entire.     Fls.  small,  yellow.     Cal.  reflexed,  as  long 
as  the  minute  petals.     Hds.  of  carpels  only  2 — 3"  long.     This  is  one  of  the  most 
acrid  of  the  tribe,  and  will  raiso  blisters  upon  the  skin.     Jn.,  Jl. 

18  R.  recurvatus  L.    Hirsute  with  thin,  spreading  hairs;  Ivs.  all  similarly  3-parted, 
segm.  oval,  unequally  incised,  the   lateral  ones  2-lobed;    cal.  recurved,  longer 
than  the  lanceolate  petals;  ach.  with  a  hooked  beak. — About  ]f  high,  in  damp 
woods.     Lab.  to  Fla.    Pale  green,  branching  above.     Lvs.   1| — 2'  long,  2 — 3£' 
wide,  on  petioles  3 — 6'  long.    Upper  Ivs.  subsessile  and  3-parted  quite  to  the 
base.      Fls.  small,  with  inconspicuous,  pale  yellow  petals.      Carp,  ovate,  tipped 
with  long,  hooked  beaks.     May — Jl. 

19  R.  bulbosiis  L.      Hairy ;  st.  erect,  bulbous  at  the  base ;   radical  Ivs.  ternate, 
Ifts.  petiolate,  incisely  dentate,  each  about  3-cleft ;  ped.  furrowed,  cal.  reflexed. — 
This  is  another  acrid  species,   very  common  in  pastures,  mow-lands,   &<x     Rt. 
fleshy.     St.  leafy,  furrowed,  6 — 18'  high,  hollow,  thickened  at  the  base  into  a 
sort  of  bulb,  and  dividing  above  into  upright  peduncles,  with  golden  yellow 


208  ORDER  1.—  RANUNCULACE^E. 

flowers.  It  is  well  distinguished  from  R.  acris  by  its  reflexed  sepals  and  its  fur- 
rowed peduncles.  The  lobes  of  the  root-leaves  are  also  rounded  rather  than 
acute  at  apex.  May,  Jn.  §  Eur. 

8.  MYOSflRUS,     Dill.      MOUSE-TAIL.      Fig.  286,  287.      (Gr.  JEW?, 
juvdf,  mouse,  ovpa,  tail;  alluding  to  the  long  spike  of  carpels.)     Sepals 
5,  produced  downwards  at  base  below  their  insertions  ;  petals  5,  with 
slender,  tubular  claws:   stamens  5  —  20  ;  achenia  very  closely  spicate  on 
the  elongated  torus.  —  (D  Lvs.  linear,  entire,  radical.     Scapes  1  -flowered. 

1  M.  minimus  L.     Prairies  and  bottoms,   111.  to  La.  and  Oreg.     A  diminutive 
plant,  remarkable  for  its  little  terete  spikelet  of  fruit,  which  is  often  more  than 
an  inch  long.     Lvs.    1  —  3'  long  and  1  —  2"  wide.     Scape  a  little  taller,  with  a 
single  minute,  pale  yellow  flower  at  top.     Carp,  very  numerous,  blunt.     Apr. 

9.  ISOPYRUM,  L.     FALSE  HUE  ANEMONE.      Fig.-  288.      Sepals  5, 
petaloid,  deciduous  ;    petals   5,  small,  tubular,   sometimes    0  ;  stamens 
10  —  40  ;  ovaries  3  —  20  ;  follicles  subsessile,  acuminate  with  the  style, 

2  —  several-seeded.  —  Delicate  herbs,  with  leaves  2  —  3-ternate,  segments 
2  —  3-lobed.     Fls.  pedunculate,  axillary  and  terminal,  white. 

1  I.  biternatum  Torr.  &  Gr.  Low,  erect,  glabrous  ;  pet.  none  ;  carp.  3  —  6, 
broadly  ovate,  divaricate,  sessile,  strongly  veined,  2-seedod  ;  sds.  ovate,  com- 
pressed, smooth,  and  shining.  —  If  Damp  shades,  Lake  Erie  to  Ark.,  rare.  Rt. 
fibrous.  Stems  several,  4  —  10'  high.  Lvs.  mostly  biternate,  the  radical  on  long 
petioles,  segm.  cuneate-obovate,  4  —  G"  long,  on  stalks  of  equal  length.  Fls.  on 
slender  peduncles  1  —  2'  long.  May.  Looks  like  the  Rue  Anemone. 


10.  CALTHA,   L.    MARSH  MARIGOLD.     (Gr.  KdhaOo^  a  goblet  ;  the 
yellow  calyx  may  well  be  compared  to  a  golden  cup.)     Calyx  colored, 
of  5  —  9  sepals,  resembling  petals  ;  corolla  0  ;  stamens  oo,  shorter  than 
the  sepals;  follicles  5  —  10,  oblong,  compressed,  erect,  many  seeded.  — 
li  Aquatic  and  very  glabrous. 

C.  paliistris  L.  Lvs.  reniform  or  orbicular,  crenate  or  entire.  —  Wet  meadows, 
Can.  to  Car.,  W.  to  Oregon.  Root  large,  branching.  Stem  about  If  high,  some- 
times trailing,  hollow,  round,  dichotomous.  Lower  Ivs.  2  —  4'  wide,  on  long  semi- 
cylindric  petioles,  upper  ones  sessile,  all  of  a  dark,  shining  green,  veiny  and  smooth. 
Pis.  of  a  golden  yellow  in  all  their  parts,  1  J'  diam.,  few  and  pedunculate.  Outer 
row  of  filaments  clavate,  twice  longer  than  the  inner.  The  young  leaves  are  in 
great  request  in  spring  for  greens.  May. 

11.  COPTIS,  Salisb.      GOLDTHREAD.      (Gr.  /COTTTW,  to  chop  or  cut; 
referring  to  the  parted  leaves.)     Sepals  5  —  7,  oblong,  concave,  colored, 
deciduous  ;  petals  5  —  7,  small,  clavate,  tubular  at  apex  ;  stamens  20  —  25; 
follicles   5  —  10,    stipitatc,    rostrate,    diverging   in   a   stellate    manner, 
4  —  6  seeded.  —  Low  herbs  with  radical  Ivs.,  and  a  long,  slender,  peren- 
nial, creeping  rhizome. 

C.  trifolia  Salisb.  Lvs.  3-foliate;  scape  1-flowered;  petals  much  smaller  than 
the  sepals.  —  Penn.,  K  to  Arctic  Am.  St.  subterranean,  extensively  creeping, 
golden  yellow,  very  bitter  and  tonic.  Lvs.  all  radical,  Ifts.  sessile,  4  —  8"  long, 
crenate-mucronate,  smooth,  coriaceous,  common  petiole  1  —  2'  long.  Ped.  3  —  4' 
high,  with  a  single  minute  bract  above  the  middle,  bearing  a  single  white,  star- 
like  flower.  The  yellow  petals  are  barely  distinguishable  by  their  color  among 
the  white  stamens.  May.  Medicinal. 

12.  TRdLLIUS,  L.     GLOBE  FLOWER.     (Germ,  trol  or  trollen,  globu- 
lar ;  alluding  to  the  form  of  the  flowers.)     Sepals  5  —  10  —  1&,  roundish 


ORDER  1.— RANUNCULACE^E.  209 

ovate,  colored,  deciduous;  petals  5 — 25,  small,  linear,  tubular  at  base  ; 
stamens  oo,  much  shorter  than  the  sepals;  follicles  oo,  subcylindric, 
sessile,  many-seeded. —  4  Smooth,  with  palmately  parted  leaves. 
1  T.  laxus    Salisb.      Sep.  5,  oblong,  spreading;  petals  15 — 25,  shorter  than  the 

stamens.— In  swamps,  Can.  to  Perm.     Not  common.     About  1  f.  high.     Lvs. 

deeply  cleft  into  5  segments,  which  are  lobed  and  cut-dentate.     Fls.  !£'  diam., 

not  globular.     Sep.  yellow,  greenish  outside.     Petals  very  small,  orange-colored. 

Follicles  about  10,  crowned  with  the  persistent  styles.     This  is  the  only  American 

species.     Jn.     (T.  Americanus  Muhl.) 

2  T.  Europaeus  L.     Sep.  15,  incurved  petals  5 — 10.  as  long  as  the  stamens.—; 
From  Europe.      St.   2 — 3f  high.      Fls.  of  a  rich   yellow.     A  very  ornamental 
plant,  of  easy  culture  from  seeds  or  roots.     May,  Jn.f 

3  T.  Asiaticus  L.     Sepals  10,  spreading;  petals  10,  longer  than  the  stamens. — 
From  Asia.     Plant  about  2f.  high,  with  ample  foliage,  and  large,  deep  orange- 
colored  flowers — yellow  in  some  of  its  varieties.     Jn.f 

13.  HELlf BORUS,  L.    HELLEBORE.    ('EAwv,  to  cause  death,  fiopct, 
food ;    the  poisonous   qualities   are   well   known.)     Sepals   5,  mostly 
greenish,   persistent;    petals    8 — 10,   very    short,   tubular,   2-lipped  ; 
stamens   oo ;    stigmas    3 — 10,    orbicular;   follicles   cohering   at   base, 
many-seeded. —  If  Lvs.  coriaceous,  palmately  or  pedately  divided.    Fls. 
large,  nodding. 

H.  viridis  L.  Glabrous;  radical  Ivs.  pedately  divided,  segm.  lanceolate,  acute, 
serrate;  cauline  Ivs.  few,  palmately  parted,  nearly  sessile ;  pods,  often  in  pairs; 
sep.  roundish  ovate,  acute,  green. — A  European  plant,  §  on  Long  Island.  Stem 
2 — 3f  high,  thick.  Apr.f 

14.  ZANTHORHIZA,    L.      YELLOW   ROOT.      (Gr.    favfldf,    yellow; 
p/£a,  root.)     Sepals   5 ;    petals    5,  of  2    roundish   lobes   raised  on  a 
pedicel  ;    stamens    5 — 10  ;    ovaries    5 — 10,  beaked   with   the   styles, 
2 — 3-ovuled  ;  follicles  mostly  1-seeded,  seed  suspended. — Suffruticous, 
stem  and  bark  yellow,  and  bitter.     Lvs.  pinnately  divided.     Racemes 
axillary,  compound.     Fls.  small,  dark  purple,  often   $  £  $  . 

Z.  apifolia  L'Her.  River  banks  K  Y.  to  Ga.  Rt.  thick.  St.  short,  woody, 
leafy  above.  Lvs.  glabrous,  about  8'  long,  including  the  long  petioles.  Lfts.  5, 
2 — 3'  long,  sessile,  incisely  lobed  and  dentate.  Rac.  many-flowered,  appearing 
with  the  leaves.  Follicles  spreading  l.V  long.  March,  Apr.  (Z.  simplicissima 
MX.) 

15.  NIGELLA,  L.     FENNEL-FLOWER.    Fig.  143.     (Lat.  niger,  black; 
the  color  of  the  seeds,  which  are  used  in  cookery.)     Calyx  of  3  sepals, 
colored ;    corolla  of  5,  3-cleft  petals ;  styles  5  ;  capsules  5,  follicular, 
convex. — CD  Oriental  herbs.      Lvs.  in  many  linear  and  subulate  seg- 
ments. 

1  N.  Damascena  L.   Fls.  in  a  leafy  involucre;  carp.  5,  smooth,  2-celled,  united 
as  far  as  the  ends  into  an  ovoid-globose  capsule.  A  hardy  annual  of  the  gardens,  to 
which  have  been  applied  the  gentle  names  of  "ragged  lad}-,"  "devil  in  a  bush," 
&c.      Lvs.  twice  and  thrice  pinnatifid,  as  finely  cut  as  those  of  the  fennel.     Fls. 
terminal,  solitary,  encompassed  and  over-topped  by  a  circle  of  leaves  divided  like 
the  rest.     They  are  often  double,  white  or  pale  blue.     Jn. — Sept.f 

2  N.  sativaL.    NUTMEG-FLOWER.     St.  hairy,  erect  \Jls.ndked;  capsules  muri- 
cate,  not  united.     From  Egypt.     Rather  smaller  than  the  last.     Jn. — Sept.f 

16.  AQUILEGIA,  L.      COLUMBINE.      (Lat.   aquila,   the    eagle;   tho 
spurred  petals  resemble  the  talons  of  a  bird  of  prey.)     Sepals  5,  equal, 
ovate,   colored,  spreading,   caducous ;  petals  5,  tubular,  dilated  at  tho 

14 


210  ORDER  1.— RANUNCULACE^E. 

mouth,  the  outer  margin  erect,  the  inner  attached  to  the  torus,  extend- 
ing behind  into  a  long  spurred  nectary ;  stamens  30 — 40,  the  inner 
ones  longer  and  sterile  ;  styles  5,  follicles  5,  mftny-seeded.  Lvs.  2 — 3- 
ternate.  Fls.  nodding. 

1  A.  Canadensis  L.  Glabrous ;  spurs  straight,  longer  than  the  limb ;  sta.  and 
sty.  exserted. — This  beautiful  plant  grows  wild  in  most  of  the  States,  in  dry 
soils,  generally  on  the  sunny  side  of  rocks.  It  is  cultivated  with  the  greatest 
case,  and  is  much  more  delicate  in  its  foliage  and  in  the  hues  of  its  flowers  than 
the  common  blue  columbine.  St.  branching,  a  foot  high.  Lfts.  3—9,  cuneate, 
lobed.  Fls.  terminal,  scarlet  without  and  yellow  within,  pendulous,  much 
embellished  by  the  numerous  descending,  yellow  stamens  and  styles.  Fruit 
erect.  May. 

2  A.  vulgaris  L.  Spurs  incurved;  Ivs.  nearly  smooth,  glaucous,  biternate; 
sty.  a  little  longer  than  the  stamens. — Gardens.  St.  1 — 2f  high,  with  a  profu- 
sion of  handsome,  smooth  foliage  and  largo  purple  flowers.  Lfts.  bifid  and  trifid, 
with  rounded  lobes.  In  cultivation  the  flowers  become  double,  by  the  multipli- 
cation of  the  hollow,  spurred  petals.  They  also  vary  in  color  through  all  shades 
from  purple  to  white.  Jn.f  §  Eur. 

17.  DELPHINIUM,  L.  LARKSPUR.  Fig.  280.  (Gr.  de^Lv,  a  dol- 
phin, from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the  flower.)  Sepals  5,  colored, 
irregular,  the  upper  one  spurred  behind  ;  petals  4,  very  irregular,  the 
two  upper  ones  protracted  into  a  tubular,  nectariferous  spur,  enclosed 
in  the  spur  of  the  calyx ;  styles  1 — 5  ;  follicles  1 — 5. — Showy  herbs. 
Lvs.  palmately  divided.  Fls.  of  the  cyanic  series,  never  yellow. 

§  Leaves  many-cleft  into  linear  or  subulate  divisions Nos.  1,  2 

§  Leaves  8 — 5-parted,  the  segments  lobed.  (*) 

*  Spur  as  long  as  the  sepals,  ascending,  straight Nos.  3,  4 

*  Spur  longer  than  the  sepals,  deflexed  at  end Nos.  5,  6 

1  D.  Consolida  L.      Glabrous,    with  spreading    branches;     fls.    few,   loosely 
racemed,  ped.  longer  than  the  bracts:    sty.  solitary,  smooth. — The  common  lark- 
spur of  the  gardens,  sparingly  naturalized,  fields  and  roadsides.     Lvs.  in  nume- 
rous linear  divisions.     Jn.,  Jl.     It  has  numerous  varieties  of  double  and  semi- 
double  flowers  of  various  colors,     f  §  Eur. 

2  D.  azureuni  MX.     Pubescent  or  nearly  smooth ;  st.  erect ;    Ivs.  3 — 5-parted, 
many-cleft,  with  linear-stalked  lobes;  petioles  some  dilated  at  basa ;  rac.  strict ; 
petals  shorter  than  sepals,  lower  one  densely  bearded,  2-cleft ;  spur  ascending ; 
ovaries  3 — 5. — 1±  Native  in  Wis.  and  Ark.      A  very  variable  species  cultivated 
in  gardens.     St.  2 — 4f  high.     Fls.  azure  colored. f 

3  D.  ezaltatum  L.     Petioles  not  dilated  at  base ;    Ivs.  flat,  3-cleft  below  the 
middle,  segm.  cuneiform,  3-cleft  at  the  end,  acuminate,  the  lateral  ones  often 
2-lobed ;  rac.  strict,  many-flowered ;  spur  slightly  longer  than  the  calyx ;  pods  3, 
erect. — 14  Native  of  the  Middle  States,  rarely  of  the  Northern.     St.  3— 4f  high, 
straight,  erect.     Fls.  of  a  brilliant  purplish  blue.      It  is  deservedly  esteemed  in 
the  flower  garden,  and  is  of  the  easiest  culture.     Jl.,  Aug.f 

4  D.  tricorne  MX.   Petioles  slightly  dilated  at  base;    Ivs.    5-parted,    divisions 
3 — 5  cleft,  lobes  linear,  acutish;  rac.  few-flowered,   loose;    petals   shorter  than 
eepals,  lower  ones  2-cleft,  densely  bearded  inside ;  spur   ascending,  straight,  as 
long  as  the  calyx ;  pods  3,  spreading  in  fruit. — 1£  Uplands,  Penn.  to  Mo.  and  Ark. 
Plant  6 — 18'  high,   nearly  smooth.      Lvs.   roundish  in  outline,  on  long  petioles. 
Fls.  6 — 8,  light  blue,  in  a  rather  loose  panicle. 

5  D.  virescens  Nutt.     Pubescent;   rac.  toose,    few-flowered;  spur  longer  than 
the  sepals,  ascending,  straight,  or  but  slightly  deflexed ;  lower  petals  deeply  2- 
clefl ;  fls.  greenish  white  ;  ovaries  3. — N.  Car.  to  Ga.  W.  to  Kansas.     Plant  8 — 
12'  high.     Lvs.  3 — 5-parted,  lobes  lanceolate,  2 — 3-cleft,  the  middle  one  mostly 
entire.     Petals  much  shorter  than  the  sepals,  the  lower  densely  bearded. 

6  D.  elatuxn  L.    BEE  LARKSPUR.    Lvs.  downy,  5-lobed,  lobes  cuneate  at  base, 
triiicl,  cut-dentate  ;  spur  curved  downwards. —  ~L{.  Gardens.     St.  5  or  Of.  high.     Fls. 


ORDER  1.—  RANUNCULACEJE.  211 

blue,  and  when  viewed  at  a  little  distance  the  stamens  and  bearded  petals  re- 
semble a  bee  nestling  within  the  calyx,     f  Siberia. 

7  D.  graiidiflomrn.  L.  Lvs.  palmately  5  —  7  -parted,  lobes  linear,  distant; 
sessile,  3-cleft  pedicels  longer  than  bract  ;  petals  shorter  than  calyx.  —  A  superb 
perennial.  Pis.  double  or  single,  in  racemes,  of  brilliant  dark  blue,  with  a  tingo 
of  purple,  f  Siberia. 

Observation.  —  A  few  other  species  may,  perhaps,  be  found  in  gardens.     All  are 
ghowy  plants,  of  the  easiest  culture. 


18.  ACONITUM,  Tourn.  WOLFSBANE.  Fig.  283.    (Gr.  aKOvlro^  with- 
out dust  ;  because  the  plants  grow  on  dry  rocks.)     Sepals  5,  irregular, 
colored,  upper  one  vaulted  ;  petals  5,  the  3  lower  minute,  the  2  upper 
on  long  claws,  concealed  beneath  the  upper  sepal,  recurved  and  nectar- 
iferous at  the  apex  ;  styles  3  —  5  ;  follicles  3  —  5.  —  If.  Lvs.  digitate  or 
palmate.     Fls.  in  terminal  spikes. 

1  A.  uncinatum  L.    Stem  flexuous  ;  pan.  rather  loose,  with  divergent  branches; 
Ivs.  palmate,  3  —  5-parted,  with  rhomboidal-lanceolate,  cut-dentate  divisions;  helmet 
(upper  sepal)  exactly  conical,  short-beaked  in  front  ;  ova.  villous.  —  A  cultivated, 
poisonous  plant,  also  native,   N.  Y.  to  Ga.     St.  2f  high.     Lvs.  coriaceous,  dark 
green,  4  —  5'  wide.     Fls.  large,  purple,  3  or  4  near  the  summit  of  each  branch. 
Jl.,  Aug. 

2  A.  reclinatum  Gray.      St.  trailing  (3  —  8f  long)  ;  Ivs.  deeply  3  —  7-cleft,  peti- 
olate,  divisions  crenate,  incised  or  lobed  ;  fls.  ivhite,  in  very  loose  panicles  ;  hel- 
met soon  horizontal,  elongated  conical,  with  a  straight  beak  in  front.  —  Alleghany 
Mts.,  Va.  and  Southward.     Aug. 

3  A.  Napellus  L.  MONKSIIOOD.  St.  straight,  erect  ;  Ivs.  deeply  5-cleft  cut 
into  linear  segments,  furrowed  above  ;  uppei  sep.  arched  at  the  back,  lateral  ones 
hairy  inside  ;  ova.  smooth.  —  A  poisonous  plant  cultivated  among  flowers.  It  is 
a  tall,  rank  perennial,  making  quite  a  consequential  appearance.  St.  4f  high, 
with  a  long  spicato  inflorescence  at  its  termination.  Fls.  dark  blue,  surmounted 
by  the  vaulted  upper  sepal,  as  if  hooded  in  a  monk's  cowl.  Aug.  There  aro 
varieties  with  flowers  white,  rose-colored,  etc. 

19.  CIMIC1FUGA,  L.     BUGBAHTE.    (Lat.  cimex,  a  bug,  fugo,  to  drive 
away;  alluding  to  its  offensive  odor.)     Sepals  4  or  5,  caducous;  petals 
stamen-like,  1  —  8,  small,  clawed,  2-horned  at  apex  ;  sta.  numerous,  with 
slender  white  filaments  ;  follicles  1  —  8,  dry,  dehiscent.  —  1±  Lvs.  ternatcly 
decompound.     Flowers  white,  in  long,  slender  racemes. 

§  MA.OROTYS.    Pistil  1,  with  a  broad  stigma,  and  seeds  in  two  rows  .....................  "No.  1 

§  CIMIOIFUQA  vera.     Pistils  2—  S,  with  a  minute  stigma,  seeds  in  one  row  ............  Nos.  2,  3 

3.  C.  racemcsa  Ell.  BLACK  SXAKEROOT.  Lfts.  ovate-oblong,  incisely  serrate  j 
rac.  very  long  ;  caps,  follicular,  ovoid,  sessile.  —  Plant  resembling  a  tall  Actsea, 
found  in  upland  woods  Can.  to  Ga.  St.  4  —  8f  high,  with  long,  panicled  racemes 
of  white-sepaled  and  monogynous  flowers.  Petals  4  —  6,  small.  Sta.  about  100 
to  each  flower,  giving  the  raceme  the  appearance  of  a  long  and  slender  plume. 
Fls.  very  fetid.  Jn.,  Jl.  (Actaea,  L.  Macrotys,  Kaf.) 

2  C.  Americana  MX.     Glabrous  ;  Ivs.  triternate,  segm.  ovate,  terminal  one  cunei- 
form at  base,  3-parted  or  3-cleft,  and  incised;  petals  concave,  sessile,  2-lobed, 
nectariferous  at  base  ;  ova.  2—5,  stiped,   obovate  and  pod-shaped  in  fruit  ;  sds. 
C—  8,  flattened  vertically.—  Mts  Penn.  to  N".  Car.  andTenn.    St.  3—  Gfhigh.  Lfts. 
2  —  4'  long,  with  coarse,  unequal,  mucronate  serratures.     Fls.  smaller  than  in  C. 
racemosa,  in  a  long  panicle  of  racemes.     Aug.     (C.  podocarpa  Eli.     Actcea  podo- 

3  C.  cordifolia  Ph.      Lvs.  Uternate;  Ifts.  Iroadly  cordate,  3—  Globed;  ova.  1—3; 
follicles  sessile^  8  —  1  0-seeded.  —  Mts.  Carolina.  St.  3—  5f  high,  terminating  in  a  long 
glabrous  panicle  of  racemes.     Sep.  5,  roundish,  petals  spathulate,  bifid,  few  or 
wanting 


212  ORDER  1.— RANUNCULA.CEJE. 

20.  ACT>£A,  L.     BANEBERRY.     (Gr.  a/m),  the  Elder ;  wliich  plant 
these  herbs  resemble  in  foliage.)     Sepals  4 — 5,  caducous  ;  petals  4 — 8, 
spatulate,  long-clawed;    filaments  about   30,  slender,   white;  pistil   1, 
with  a  sessile  2-lobed  stigma  ;  berry  globous,  with  a  lateral  furrow,  1- 
celled  ;    seeds  many,  smooth,  compressed. —  U  with  ternately  divided 
leaves.     Fls.  white,  in  a  short,  oblong  raceme. 

A.  spicata  L.  (3  RUBRA.     RED  BANEBERRY.     Rac.  hemispherical ;  petals  acute; 
pedicels  slender;  berries  red,  ovoid-oblong. — Not  uncommon  in  rocky  woods, 
Can.  to  Penn.  W.  to  the  R.  Mts.     Plant  glabrous,   1^ — 2f  high,  bearing  2  or  3 
ample  bi  or  triternate  Ivs.  and  a  terminal  short  raceme  of  white  ns.     Lfts.  ovate, 
1 — 3'  long,  half  as  wide,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed.     Petioles  4 — 7'  long,  some- 
what glaucous.     Rac.  as  broad  as  long.     May.     (A.  rubra.  Bw.) 
ft.  ALBA.  MX.    Rac.  oblong ;  petals  truncate ;  pedicels  of  the  fruit  thicker  than  the 
peduncle ;  berries  white. — Common  in  rocky  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.     The  ample 
leaves  are  precisely  similar  to  those  of  a.  and  the  distinctive  characters  given 
above  are  not  quite  constant.      Specimens  from  Castleton,  Vt.,  have  bright 
red  berries  on  thickened  pedicles;   from   N.  Y.  (Torr.)  have  white  berries 
on  slender  pedicles.     The  European  variety  has  purplish  black  berries.     May. 

21.  HYDRASTIS,  L.     TURMERIC    ROOT.      Fig.   359.      (Gr.   vdup, 
water ;  the  plant  grows  in  watery  places.)      Sepals  3,  petaloid,  cadu- 
cous; petals  0;  stamens  QQ,  a  little  shorter  than  the  sepals;  ovaries  12 
or  more,  becoming  a  baccate  fruit  composed  of  1-seedcd  acines  aggre- 
gated  into    a   head. — U  Rhizome   thick,  knotty,    yellow,    with    long 
fibrous  roots,  sending  up  a  single  radical  leaf  and  a  stem  which  is  2- 
leaved  and  1 -flowered. 

H.  Canadensis  L.  The  only  species.  It  grows  in  bog  meadows.  Can.  to  Car. 
and  Ky.  Stem  G — 12'  high,  becoming  purplish,  hairy  above.  St.  leaves  2  only, 
alternate  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  petiolate,  palmate,  with  3 — 5  lobes. 
Ped.  terminal,  solitary,  1-flowered.  Sep.  reddish  white,  of  short  duration.  Fr. 
red,  juicy,  resembling  the  raspberry.  Sds.  nearly  black.  May,  Jn. 

22.  P>£ONIA,  L.     PJSONY.     Fig.   10—23,  30,  291.      (The  physi- 
cian Pceon,  according  to  mythology,  first  used  this  plant  in  medicine, 
and  cured  Pluto  with,  it.)      Sepals  5,  unequal,  leafy,  persistent ;  petals 
5 ;  stamens  co  (mostly  changed  to  petals  by  cultivation) ;  ovaries  2 — 5, 
surrounded  by  an  annular  disk ;  stigmas  sessile,  double,  persistent ;  fol- 
licles many  seeded. — 2f  Rt.  fasciculate.      Lvs.  biternate.      Fls.  large, 
terminal,  solitary. 

*  Stems  annual,  herbaceous.     Carpels  2 — 5 Nos.  1 — 3 

*  Stems  perennial,  shrubby.     Carpels  5 Nos.  4,  5 

1  P.  ofScinalis   L.      COMMON  P^ONY.      Lower  Ivs.  bipinnately  divided; 
Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  variously  incised;   carp.  2,  downy,   nearly  straight. — The 
splendid  Pseony  has  long  been  cultivated  throughout  the  civilized  world.     This 
species  is  said  to  be  a  native  of  Switzerland.      It  is  a  hardy  perennial,  requiring 
very  little  pains  for  its  cultivation.      Among  its  varieties  the  double  red  is  roost 
common.     The  white  is  truly  beautiful.    The  flesh-colored  and  the  pink  are  also 
favorites.     May,  Jn.f 

2  P.  albiflora  L.     Lfts.  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  smooth ;  follicles  2  or 
3,  recurved,  smooth. — Native  of  Tartary.     Whole  plant  dark,  shining  green  and 
smooth.   Fls.  smaller  than  the  last,  but  truly  elegant  and  fragrant.    Petals  white. 
Cal.  brown,  with  3  green,  sessile  bracts  at  base.      Nine  or  ten  varieties,  with 
flowers  single  or  double,  white,  rose-colored,  &c.,  are  now  mentioned  in  the  cata- 
logues of  American  gardeners.-)- 

3  P.  anomala  L.    Lfts.  with  many  lanceolate  segments,  smooth ;   follicles  5, 
depressed,  smooth;  cal.  bracteolate.     From  Siberia.      Distinguished  by  the  long 
narrow  segments  of  the  leaflets.     Fls.  concave,  rose  colored.     Many  varieiies.f 


ORDER  2.— MAGNOLIACEJ3.  213 

4  P.  Moutan  L.     CHINESE  TEEE  P^ONT.    St.  shrubby;  Ifts.  oblong-ovata, 
glaucous  and  somewhat  hairy  beneath,  terminal  1 — 3-lobed  ;  ova.  5,  distinct,  sur» 
rounded  by  the  very  large  disk. — From  China.     The  woody  stem  branches  into  a 
bush  3 — 4f  high.     Lvs.  large,  on   long  stalks.     Fls.  very  large,  always  double 
in  cultivation,  fragrant  and  truly  splendid.     This  plant  is  remarkable  for  produc- 
ing the  largest  form  of  disk  in  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

5  P.  papaveracea  L.    St.  shrubby ;  Ifts.  oblong-ovate,  glaucous  and  slightly 
hairy  beneath,  terminal  one  lobed ;  ova.  about  5,  closely  united  into  a  globous  head. — 
From  China.    Resembles  the  last  in  foliage,  but  is  remarkably  distinguished  from 
all  the  other  species  by  its  united  carpels.     Flowers  white,  with  a  purple  centre, 
often  single  in  cultivation.     Other  species  and  varieties  are  cultivated,  rarely  in 
this  country,  amounting  to  about  150  in  all. 

ORDER  II.     MAGNOLIACEJE.     MAGNOLIADS. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  coriaceous,  simple,  entire  or  lobed  (never  toothed) 
leaves.  Leaf  buds  sheathed  with  membranous  stipules  which  soon  fall  off.  Fls. 
large,  polypetalous,  poiyandrous,  polygynous,  hypogynous,  perfect.  Calyx  and 
corolla  imbricated  in  bud,  colored  alike,  in  3  or  more  3-merous  circles.  Ovaries 
several  or  many,  compactly  covering  the  elongated  torus.  Fruit  of  numerous  dry 
or  fleshy  carpels,  aggregated  into  a  sort  of  cone.  Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  carpel,  with 
a  minute  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen.  (See  Figs.  68,  72,  131.) 

An  order  of  12  genera  and  63  species,  including  some  of  the  most  splendid  of  flowering  trees 
and  shrubs.  Most  of  them  belong  to  the  Southern  States,  some  to  the  Western,  and  a  few  to 
Japan,  China  and  India. 

Properties.— The  bark  is  aromatic,  containing  an  intensely  bitter  principle,  which  is  tonic 
and  stimulating.  The  flowers  are  fragrant  and  aromatic  in  a  high  degree. 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 

Tribe  ILLICIE  J3.     Carpels  arranged  into  a  single  circle ILLICITJM.  1 

Tribe  MAGNOLIE^E.     Carpels  imbricated  into  a  cone-like  fruit.* 

*  Anthers  opening  inwards.    Lvs.  folded  lengthwise  in  bud MAGNOLIA.         2 

*  Anthers  opening  outwards.    Lvs.  folded  crosswise  in  bud LIUIODENDEON.  3 

1.  ILLICIUM,  L.    STAR  ANISE.    Sepals  3 — 6,  colored  ;  petals  6 — 30  ; 
carpels  capsular,  dry,  arranged  circularly,  dehiscent  on  the  upper  side, 
each  with  one  smooth  shining  seed. — Shrubs  with  very  smooth,  ever- 
green leaves ;  exhaling,  when  bruised,  the  odor  of  Anise. 

1  I.  floridamim  Ellis.      Petals  21 — 30,  purple;^  Ivs.  acuminate. — Swamps,  Fla. 
to  La.     Shrub  4 — Sf  high.     Lvs.  on  short  petioles,   oblong-lanceolate,  slightly 
acuminate,  entire,  smooth,  thick,   3 — 6'    by  1 — 2'.      Fls.  about   LV  broad,  on 
slender,  nodding  pedicles.      Cal.   deciduous.      Petals  purplish   crimson,  linea^ 
obtuse,  in  3  whorls.     Sta.  30  or  more.      Ova.  about  12  in  one  regular  circle, 
with  short,  recurved  styles.     Seed  polished,  as  large  as  that  of  the  apple.     May. 

2  I.   parviflora    MX.     Petals  6 — 12,  yellowish;   Ivs.  oblong,    obtusish. — River 
banks,  Fla.  and  G-a.     Shrub  6 — lOf  high.      Lvs.  thick  and  leathery,  entire,  on 
short  petioles.     Fls.  smaller  than  in  the  last,  nodding,  dull  yellow.     Petals  ovate 
or  roundish,  concave.     May.     The  bark  and  leaves  of  these  plants  are  strongl}- 
aromatic  and  spicy,  in  their  properties,  much  resembling  Anise.     The  root  of  tha 
latter  has  the  properties  of  Sassafras. 

2.  MAGNOLIA,  L.     (Named  for  Prof.  Magnol,  a  French  botanist 
of  the  17th  century.)      Sepals  3;  petals  C— 9  ;  anthers  longer  than 
the  filaments,  opening  inwards ;  carpels  2-valved,  1 — 2-seeded,  aggre- 
gated into  a  hard,  cone-like  fruit ;  seeds  berry-like,  and  suspended  from 
the  opening  carpels  by  a  long  funiculus. — Trees  and  shrubs  with  large, 
fragrant  flowers.      Lvs.  conduplicate  in  the  bud,  embracing  and  em- 
braced by  the  sheathing  stipules. 


214  ORDER  2.— MAGXOLIACE^E. 

*  Le-aYes  cordate  or  auriculato  at  the  base.      Trees  80 — 40f  high Nos.  5,  6 

*  Leaves  acute  at  the  base, — ferruginous  or  glaucous  beneath, "thick JSos.  1,  2 

— green  (not  shining)  both  sides,  thin Nos.   3,  4 

Exotic  species,  cultivated.  Nos.  8 — 19 

1  M.  grandiflora  L.      BIG  LAUREL.     Tees;  Ivs.  rust-downy  beneath,  evergreen; 
petals  obovate. — In  swampy  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Miss.   A  stately  and  beau- 
tiful tree,  attaining    the  hight  of  70 — 90f,   with    a  diameter  of   2    or   3f  at 
base.      Its   form  in  open  ground  is  pyramidal.     Bark  smooth,  gray,  resembling 
that  of  the   beech.      Lvs.  6 — 8'  long,  thick  and  firm,  oval-oblong  entire,  dark 
green  and  shining  above,  clothed  with  a  rust-colored  tomentum  beneath.     Fls. 
pure  white,   strongly  fragrant,    8    or  9'   broad.      The  seeds  after  quitting  tho 
cells  of  the   ovoid   fruit  remain  several  days  suspended  on  a  whito  thread. 
May. 

2  M.  glauca  L.     WHITE  BAY.     BEAVER  TREE.     Shrub  or  small  tree ;  Ivs.  oval, 
obtuse,  gaucous-white  beneath ;  petals  ovate  or  roundish,  erect.' — Native  in   marshy 
grounds,  Mass,  to  La.,  chiefly  found  near  tho  coast.     It  is  a  fine  shrub,  5 — 20  f. 
high,  with  a  grayish  bark,  crooked,  divaricate  branches.      Lvs.  beneath  remark- 
ably pale,  silky  when  young,  3 — 4'  long,  8'  on  the  young  shoots,  entire,  nearly 
persistent  southward.      Fls.  2'  broad,  cup-shaped,  with  white,  concave  petals, 
very  fragrant.     May  (South) — Jl. 

3  M.  acuminata   L.    CUCUMBER  TREE.    Lvs.  oval,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath : 
petals  obovate,  obtusish. — Groves  near  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  but  more  abnndant  in  tho 
Southern  States.      It  is  a  noble  forest  tree.      Trunk  perfectly  straight,  4 — 5f 
diam.,  60 — SOf  high,  bearing  an  ample  and  regular  summit.      Lvs.  very  acumi- 
nate     Fls.  5 — G'  diam.,  bluish,  sometimes  yellowish- white,  numerous,  and  finely 
contrasted  with  the  rich,  dark  foliage.      Cones  of  fruit  about  3'  long,  cyliudric, 
bearing  so:ne  resemblance  to  a  small  cucumber.     May. 

4  M.   umbrella  Lam.      UMBRELLA  TREE.      Lvs.   deciduous,   cuneate-lanceolate, 
silky  when  young ;  sep.  3,  reflexed;  pet.  9,  narrow -lanceolate,  acute. — A  small  tree 
20 — 30f  high,  common  in  the  southern  States,  extending  north  to  southern  N.  Y. 
and  0.     Branches  irregular.     Lvs.  16 — 20'  by  6 — 8',  appearing  whorled  at  tho 
end  of  the  branches  in  the  form  of  an  umbrella.     Fls.  terminal,  white,  7 — 8' 
diam.     Fr.  conical,  4 — 5'  long,  rose-colored  when  ripe.     May,  Jn. 

5  M.  macroph^lla  MX.     Lvs.  obovate-spatulate,  cordate  ;  pet.  rhomb-ovate,  white, 
purple  inside  at  base. — River  banks,  Chattahoochee  to  Red  R.  (Dr.  Hale),  north  to 
the  Tenn.  (Miss  Carpenter),  and  to  the  Ky.  R.    A  small  tree  30 — SOf  high,  8 — 10' 
diam.     Lvs.  with  a  strong  midvein,  often,  on  young  shoots,  3f  in  length  by  If  in 
breadth,  glaucous-white  beneath.     Fls.  magnificent,  the  separate  petals  measuring 
6 — 8'  in  length.     Sepals  erect,  lance-linear.     June. 

6  M.   Fraseri   "Walt.     Lvs.   obovate-spatulate,   auriculate  at  the  narrowed  base1 
glabrous;  pet.  pure  white. — A  slender  tree,  25 — 35f  high,  Fla.  northward  to  Va. 
and  Ky.     Bark  smooth,  light-gray.     Lvs.  6 — 9'  long.  4— -S'  broad  above,  much 
narrowed  below,  and  ending  at  base  in  peculiar  ear-shaped  lobes.     Sep.  3,  greenish 
on  the  back.   Pet.  6,  lance-ovate,  thick,  1\ — 3'  long,  strongly  aromatic.    Apr.  May. 

7  M.  cordata  MX.     Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  subcordate,  acute,  whitish  and  pubescent 
beneath;  pet.  6 — 9,  oblong,   yellow. — The  yellow  flowered   species  inhabits  the 
upland  regions  of  Ga.  and  Car.     Trunk  straight,  40 — SOf  high,  covered  with  a 
deeply  furrowed  bark.   Lvs.  long-petioled,  4 — 6  by  3 — 4',  smooth,  and  entire.  Fls. 
about  4'  diam.,  marked  within  with  fine  red  lines.    Fr.  cylindrical,  3'  long.    May. 

8  M.  fuscata.     Lvs.   evergreen,  elliptic  or  oblong,  clothed  with  fuscous  down 
when  young,  at  length  glabrous ;  branches  also  fuscous-tomentous ;  11s.  erect. — 
From  China.     Shrub  3f  high.     Fls.  brownish. 

9  M.  obovata  L.     Lvs.  deciduous,  obovate,  acute,  strongly  veined,  glabrous  ; 
fls.  erect ;   sep.   3 ;  petals  6 ;  obovate. — From  China.     Shrub  6f  high,  opening  its 
erect,  cup- shaped,  rose-purple  fis.  in  May. 

10  M.  conspicua  L.    YULAN.    Lvs.  deciduous,  obovate,  abruptly  acuminate, 
the  younger  pubescent ;  sep.  none  or  very  small ;  pet.  6 — 9,  white  or  rose  color. — 
From  China.     Shrub  or  small  tree,  10 — SOf  high,  with  numerous  white,  fragrant 
flowers  appearing  eariy  in  spring. 


ORDER  3.— ANONCAE^E.  215 

3.  LIRIODENDRON,  L.  TULIP  TREE.  (Gr.  heiplov,  a  lily ;  devdpov, 
a  tree.)  Sepals  3,  reflexed,  caducous ;  petals  6,  erect ;  carpels  imbricated 
in  a  cone,  1 — 2-seeded,  indeliiscent  and  attenuated  at  apex  into  a  lance- 
olate wing. — Tree,  with  showy,  bell-shaped,  upright  flowers.  Vernation 
induplicate.  Stipules  large,  oval,  caducous.  In  the  bud,  each  leaf 
bends  inward  to  an  inverted  position,  infolds  all  that  is  within  it,  and  is 
in  itself  infolded  by  its  pair  of  stipules  and  by  the  next  lower  leaf,  and 
so  on.  as  seen  in  Figs.  68,  72. 

L.  tulipifera.  TULIP  TREE.  "WHITE-WOOD.  POPLAR.  A  fine  tree,  one  of 
most  remarkable  of  the  American  forests,  Can.  to  La.,  especially  abundant  in 
the  Western  States.  It  is  ordinarily  about  80f  high,  with  a  diam.  of  2  or  3f, 
but  along  the  Ohio  and  Miss,  rivers  it  grows  much  larger.  Near  Bloomington, 
Ind.,  we  measured  a  tree  of  this  species  which  had  been  recently  felled.  Its  cir- 
cumference 4f  from  the  ground  was  23f;  30f  from  the  ground  its  diam.  was 
5f;  the  whole  hight  125f.  The  trunk  is  perfectly  straight  and  cylindric.  At 
top  it  divides  abruptly  into  coarse,  crooked,  rather  unsightly  branches.  Lvs. 
dark-green,  smooth,  truncate  at  the  end,  with  2  lateral  lobes,  3 — 5'  in  length  and 
breadth,  on  long  petioles.  In  May  and  June  it  puts  forth  numerous  campanulate 
flowers,  greenish  yellow,  orange  within,  solitary,  broader  than  the  tulip,  and 
erect.  The  wood  is  extensively  used  as  a  substitute  for  pine. 

ORDER   III.     ANONACEJE.     ANONADS. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  naked  buds,  entire,  alternate  Ivs.  destitute  of  stipules.  Fls. 
usually  green  or  brown,  axillary,  hypogynous,  valvate  in  aestivation.  Sepals  3; 
petals  6,  in  two  circles,  sometimes  coherent.  Stamens  GO,  with  an  enlarged  con- 
nectile,  short  filament,  and  large  torus.  Ova.  several  or  oo,  separate  or  coherent, 
fleshy  or  not,  in  fruit.  Embryo  minute  in  the  end  of  ruminated  albumen. 

Genera  20,  species  300,  chiefly  natives  within  the  tropics  of  both  hemispheres.  Four  species 
are  found  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  all  of  the  following  genus.  The  Anonads  aro 
generally  aromatic  in  all  their  parts.  Their  pulpy  fruit,  as  the  custard  apples,  are  sweet  and 
esculent. 

ASIMINA  Adans.  PAPAW.  Fig.  113.  Sepals  3,  petals  G,  the  outer 
row  larger  than  the  inner ;  stamens  densely  packed  in  a  spherical  mass ; 
pistils  several,  distinct,  ripening  but  few,  which  become  large,  oblong, 
pulpy  fruits  with  many  flat  seeds. — Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  brown- 
ish, axillary,  solitary  flowers. 

*  Flowers  appearing:  before  the  leaves ISTos.  1,  2. 

*  Flowers  appearing  with  the  leaves Nos.  3,  4. 

1  A.  triloba  Dunal.     Lvs.  obovate-vblong,  acuminate ;  pet.  dark  purple,  exterior 
orbicular,  3  or  4  times  as  long  as  the  sep. — A  small  and  beautiful  tree,  15 — 20f  high, 
on  banks  of  streams,  Mid.,  Southern  and  Western  States.    Branches  and  Ivs.  nearly 
glabrous,  the  latter  8 — 12'  by  3—4',  very  smooth  and  entire,  tapering  to  very  short 
petioles.     Fls.  1'  broad,  precocious.     Fr.  about  1'  thick  and  3'  long,  ovoid-oblong, 
about  8-seeded,  yellowish,  fragrant,  eatable,  ripe  in  October.     Fls.  in  March,  Apr. 
(Uvaria,  Torr.  and  Gr.     Anona,  L.). 

2  A.  parviflora  Dunal.      Lvs.  obovate-oval,  acuminate;  pet.  greenish-purple,  the 
outer  oval,  hardhj  twice  the  length  of  the  sep. — Woods  near  the  coast,  from  Car.  to 
Fla.  and  La.     Shrub  2 — 3f  high,  smaller  every  way  than  No.  1.     Lvs.  about  half 
as  large,  glabrous,  obtuse-pointed,  tapering  to  the  base.     Fls.  less  than  half  as 
large,  opening  while  the  branches  are  naked.     Fr.  roundish,  about  1'  long.     May. 

3  A.  grandiflora  Dunal.      Lvs.   obovate-oblong,  obtuse,   grayish-tomentous   both 
sides ;  outer  pet.  very  large,  yellowish  white. — Pine  woods,  Ga.,  and  Fla     Shrub 
2 — 3f  high,  its  young  branches  also  tomentous.     Peduncle  and  calyx  woolly,  of 
about  equal  length.     Outer  petals  about  2'  in  length,  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse, 
G — 8  times  longer  than  the  oblong,  brownish,  inner  petals.     Apr. 


216  ORDER  5.— MENISPERMACE^.-— MENISPERMADS. 

4  A.  pygmcea  Dunal.  DWARF  PAP  AW.  Lvs.  coriaceous,  evergreen,  linear 
lanceolate  or  linear-oblanceolate,  or  lin. -oblong  or  spatulate,  etc.,  glabrous;  pet. 
reddish-brown,  obovate-oblong. — Shrub  6 — 12'  high,  sandy  plains,  Ga.,  and  Fla. 
Lvs.  very  variable  in  form,  3 — 6'  long,  usually  very  narrow,  often  obovate  or 
elliptical.  Pet.  about  1'  in  length.  Carp,  ripening  about  3,  1'  long  in  fruit, 
erect.  Apr. 

OKDER  IV.     SCHLZANDRACE^E. 

Scrambling  shrubs  with  alternate,  simple,  exstipulate,  punctate  leaves  ;  with  Fls. 
diclinous,  axillary,  small,  hypogynous  and  polygynous ;  with  Gal.  and  cor.  3-merous 
in  two  or  several  rows,  imbricated;  with  Slam,  few  or  many,  on  very  short  filaments, 
condensed  on  a  roundish  torus.  Ova.  few  or  coherent,  becoming  baccate,  1 — 2-seeded 
in  fruit.  Seeds  suspended ;  embryo  minute,  in  solid  albumen. 

Genera  5,  species  12,  belonging  to  India,  Japan,  and  the  United  States. 

SCHIZANDRA  MX.  (Gr.  0%/£k>,  to  cut,  dvdpa,  stamens  ;  the  stam- 
ens are  cleft.)  8  Sepals  and  petals  9 — 12,  similar,  roundish,  concave  ; 
stamens  5,  anthers  connate ;  carpels  at  first  aggregated  in  a  roundish 
head,  becoming  in  fruit  scattered  on  the  elongating,  filiform  torus. — A 
trailing  shrub  with  entire  or  repandly  denticulate  leaves,  and  small 
crimson  flowers. 
S.  coccinea  MX.  A  handsome  plant  in  damp  woods,  S.  Car.,  Ga,,  to  La.  St.  10 

or  12f  long.     Lvs.  alternate,  ovate   or  oval,  tapering  at  each  end  or  somewhat 

cordate  at  base.     Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  on  slender  stalks,  the  upper  ones  stami- 

nato.     Carp,  and  torus  red  when  mature.     May,  Jn. 

ORDER  V.     MENISPERMACE^E.     MENISPERMADS. 

Shrubs  climbing  or  twining,  with  alternate,  palmate-veined,  exstipulate  leaves. 
Fls.  dioecious,  rarely  $  or  ?  $  £,  hypogynous,  3 — 6-gynous.  Sepals  and  petals  simi- 
lar, in  3  or  more  circles,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stam.  equal  in  number  to  the  petals 
and  opposite  to  them,  or  3  or  4  times  as  many.  Fruit  a  1 -seeded  drupe  with  a  large 
or  long  curved  embryo  in  scanty  albumen.  (Illust.  in  Fig.  14V.) 

This  curious  order  consists  of  44  genera  and  302  specie*,  most  of  them  natives  of  tropical  Asia 
and  America,  where  they  become,  in  the  forests,  woody  climbers  of  great  size. 
'  Properties. — A  few  plants  of  this  order  contain  a  bitter  principle  in  their  roots.    A  foreign 
species  of  Menispermum  yields  the  columbo  of  the  shops,  which  is  a  valuable  tonic;  another 
genus,  An.am.irta  cocculus  of  India,  furnishes  the  Indian  cockle,  so  intoxicating  to  fishes. 

GENERA. 

&  Stamens  12 — 20,  sop.  4 — 8,  nut  moon -shaped.    Lvs,  peltate MEXISPERMITM.    1 

S  Stamens  6  ;  sepals  C ;  nut  moon-shaped.    Lvs.  sinuate,  3-lobcd COCCULUS.  2 

£  Stamens  6 ;  sepals  6 ;  nut  cup-shaped.    Lvs.  deeply  5-lobed CALYCOCAKPIIM.  8 

i.  MENISPERMUM,  L.  MOON-SEED.  (Gr. IITJVTJ,  the  moon;  tnrepfjLa, 
seed  ;  from  the  crescent  form  of  the  seed.)  Fls.  ?  $  ;  sepals  4 — 8  ; 
petals  4 — 8,  minute,  retuse  ;  $  stamens  12 — 20,  as  long  as  the  sepals, 
anthers  4-celled  ;  ?  ovaries  and  styles  2 — 4  ;  drupes  1 — 3-seeded ; 
seeds  lunate  and  compressed. — Fls.  white,  in  axillary  clusters. 

M.  Canadense  L.  St.  climbing;  Ivs.  roundish,  cordate,  angular,  peltate,  the 
petiole  inserted  near  the  base  ;  rac.  compound ;  petals,  6 — 7,  small. — In  woods 
and  hedges  near  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Miss.  Sts.  round,  striate, 
8 — 12f  long.  Lvs.  4 — 5'  diam.,  generally  5-angled,  smooth,  pale  beneath,  on 
petioles  3 — 5'  long.  Fls.  in  axillary  clusters,  small,  yellow.  Drupes  about  4" 
diam.,  black,  resembling  grapes.  The  root  is  perennial,  and  in  medicine  has  the 
properties  of  a  tonic.  Jl. 

3.  LOBATUM,  has  the  leaves  lobed. 


ORDER  6.— BERBERIDACE^E.  217 

2.  COCCULUS,     DC.      (Diminutive,   from   Lat.    coccum,    a   berry.) 
Fls.  $  $  .     Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  6  ;  anthers  4-celled  ;    ?  ovaries 
3  to  6  ;  drupe  globular-compressed,  nut  curved  as  in  Menispermum. 
— Fls.  in  axillary  panicles. 

C.  Caroliniamis  DC. — In  woods  along  rivers,  S.  111.  to  Ga.  St.  round,  slender, 
trailing.  Lvs.  pubescent,  at  length  glabrous  above,  broadly  ovate  or  cordate, 
mucronate,  entire  or  sinuate-lobed,  sometimes  hastately  3-lobed,  2'  to  3'  diam., 
petioles  half  as  long.  Fls.  very  small,  greenish.  Pet.  of  the  sterile  fls.  with 
inflected  auricles  at  the  base  of  each.  Drupes  red,  1 — 3  together,  2"  wide,  the 
nut  curved  almost  into  a  circle  and  finely  crenated.  Jn.,  Jl. 

3.  CALYCOCARPiM,    Nutt.      CUP-SEED.      (Gr.    Kdkv%,    a    cup; 
KapTTbg,  fruit.)     Sepals  6  ;  petals  0;    $  stamens  12,  anthers  2-celled  ; 

$  stamens  6,  abortive  ;  ovaries  3  ;  stigma  fimbriate-radiate ;  drupe 
oval  with  the  putamcn  deeply  excavated  in  front  and  cup-shaped. — Fls. 
greenish  white,  in  long  axillary  panicles. 

C.  Lyoni  Nutt.  Ga.  (Mettauer)  to  Ky.  A  slender  vine,  very  smooth,  ascend- 
ing many  feet.  Lvs.  large,  thin,  4 — 8'  diam.,  the  lobes  dilated  above  and  acumi- 
nate. Petioles  long,  slender.  Rac.  slender,  3 — 12'  long.  Fls.  small,  2"  diam., 
nearly  white,  about  5  on  each  ped.  Drupe  1'  lonsr,  oval.  Jl.  (Menispermum 
Lyoni  Ph.) 


ORDER  VI.     BERBERIDACE^E.     BERBERIDS. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  usually  exstipulate,  simple  or  compound  leaves. 
Flowers  perfect,  hypogynous,  imbricated  in  aestivation.  Cdlyx  of  2 — 6  deciduous 
sepals,  in  1  or  2  rows,  often  with  petaloid  scales  at  base.  Corolla  of  as  many 
or  twice  as  many  petals  as  sepals,  in  ons  to  several  rows.  Stam.  as  many  as  tho 
petals  and  opposite  to  them,  rarely  more  numerous.  Anthers  opening  mostly  by 
recurved  valves  hinged  at  the  top.  Pistil  one,  style  short  or  none.  Ft',  a  berry  or 
capsule,  seeds  several,  albuminous.  (Figs.  168,  182,  253,  304,  346,  347,  444.) 

An  order  hard  to  define,  including  12  genera  and  100  species,  some  of  them  of  widely  different 
habit  and  very  doubtful  affinities.  They  inhabit  the  temperate  zones.  Some  genera,  as  1'odo- 
phyllum  and  .Teffersonia,  possess  catharic  properties.  Others,  as  Berberis,  contain  in  their  fruits 
malic  and  oxalic  acids. 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 

TKIBR  BERBERIDE^E.— Shrubs.    Embryo  long  as  albumen.    Anth.  halved BERBERIS.      1 

TRIBE  N AND LNE^E.— Herbs.    Embryo  short  or  minute.  (*) 

*  Anthers  opening  by  2  valves  hinged  at  the  top.  (a) 

a  Stamens  6.    Fruit  2  drupe-like,  soon  naked  seeds CAULOPHTLLTTM.  2 

a  Stamens  6.    Fruit  a  2 — 4  seeded  berry DIPHYLLEIA.        3 

a  Stamens  8.    Fruit  a  capsule  opening  by  a  lid JEFFEKSONIA.       4 

*  Anthers  opening  by  2  slits  lengthwise.    Stam.  6 — IS PODOPIIYLLUM.    5 

i.  BERBERIS,  L.  BERBERRY.  (Name  from  the  Arabic.)  Calyx 
of  6  obovate,  spreading,  colored  sepals,  with  the  3  outer  ones  smaller ; 
corolla  of  6  suborbicular  petals,  with  two  glands  at  the  base  of  each  ; 
filaments  6,  flattened ;  anthers  2  separate  lobes  on  opposite  edges  of 
the  connectile  ;  style  0  ;  berry  oblong,  1-celled ;  seeds  2  or  3. — Fine, 
hardy  shrubs. 

1  B.  vulgiris  L.  Spines  (reduced  Ivs.)  3-forked :  Ivs.  simple,  serratures  termi- 
nated by  soft  bristles ;  rac.  pendulous,  many-flowered ;  pet.  entire. — A  well- 
known  bushy,  ornamental  shrub,  in  hard  gravelly  soils.  Northern  States.  Grows 
3 — 8f  high.  Lvs.  1J — 2'  long,  half  as  wide,  round-obtuse  at  apex,  tapering 


218  ORDER  6.—  BERBERIDACE^E. 

at  base  into  the  petiole,  and  remarkably  distinguished  by  their  bristly  serratures. 
Fls.  yellow,  a  dozen  or  more  in  each  hanging  cluster.  Sta.  irritable,  springing 
violently  against  the  stigma  when  touched.  Berries  scarlet,  very  acid,  forming 
an  agreeable  jelly  when  boiled  with  sugar.  The  bark  of  the  root  dyes  yellow. 
Jn.§?  Eur. 

(3  CANADENSIS  Willd,  Rac.  few  (6  —  8)-flowered  ;  berries  oval.  —  Can.  (Pursh)  to 
Va.  and  Ga.,  along  the  Alleghanies.  Apparently  a  reduced  form  of  a,  with 
narrower  leaves  and  smaller  flowers  and  clusters.  (B.  Canadensis  Ph.) 

2  B.  Aquifolium  Ph.  Lvs.  pinnate,  Ifts.  3—6  pairs,  leathery,  with  spinulose 
teeth  ;  fil.  with  2  slender  teeth.  —  In  woods,  Oregon  (Rev.  G-.  Atkinson),  now  often 
cultivated.  A  firm  bushy  shrub,  3—  5f  high,  with  shining,  dark  green  leaflets, 
resembling  the  leaves  of  the  holly.  Fls.  yellow,  in  short,  upright  clusters,  opening 
early,  f  (Mahonia  Nutt.) 

2.  CAULOPHYLIUM,  MX.  COHOSH.  (Gr.  Kavhb?,  stem  ;  ^AAov, 
leaf;  the  stem  appearing  as  the  stalk  of  the  compound  leaf.)  Calyx 
of  6  green  sepals  3-bracted  at  base  ;  corolla  of  6  short,  gland-like 
thickened  petals,  opposite  the  sepals  ;  stamens  6  ;  ovary  2-ovuled, 
becoming  a  thin  pericarp,  which  soon  breaks  away  after  flowering,  and 
the  2  round  drupe-like  seeds  ripen  naked.  —  14  Glabrous  and  glaucous, 
arising  from  a  knotted  rhizome.  Lvs.  compound. 

C.  tlialictroides  MX.  PAPPOOSE  ROOT.  A  curious  plant  in  woods,  Can.  to  Car. 
and  Ky.  Plant  glaucous,  purple  when  young.  St.  1—  2|f  high,  round,  dividing 
above  into  2  parts,  one  of  which  is  a  short  common  petiole  of  a  triternate  leaf,  tho 
other  bears  a  2-ternate  leaf  and  a  racemous  panicle  of  greenish  flowers.  Lfts. 
paler  beneath,  2  —  3'  long,  lobed  like  those  of  the  Thalictrum  or  Aquilegia.  Seeds 
2  (mostly  1  by  abortion),  naked  after  having  burst  the  caducous,  thin,  pericarp, 
deep  blue,  resembling  berries  on  thick  stipes.  May.  (Leontice,  L.) 


3.  DIPHYLLEIA,  MX.     UMBRELLA-LEAF.     (Gr.  dig,  twice  ; 

leaf.)     Calyx  of  5  sepals,  caducous  ;  cor.  of  6  oval  petals  larger  than 
the  sepals  ;  stamens  6  ;  ovary  eccentric  ;  stigma  subsessilc  ;  berry  few- 
seeded,  seeds  attached  laterally  below  the  middle.  —  H  Glabrous,  arising 
from  a  thick,  horizontal  root-stock.     Lvs.  simple,  peltate. 
D.  cymdsa  MX.     Along  streams  or  Mts.,  Va.  to  Ga,,  and  Tenn.     Stems  1  —  2f 
high,  stout,  some  of  them  bearing  a  single  large  (1  —  2f  broad)  orbicular,  cut* 
lobed,  centrally  peltate  loaf;  others  with  two  alternate,  smaller,  roundish  reni- 
form  leaves,  which  are  peltate  near  the  base,  deeply  2-lobed,  the  lobes  cleft,  and 
a  terminal  cyme  of  white  flowers  in  June. 

4.  JEFFERStiNIA,  Bart.    TWIN-LEAF.    (In  honor  of  President  Jeffer- 
son, a  patron  of  science.)     Sepals   4,  colored,  deciduous  ;   petals  8, 
spreading,  incurved  ;  stamens  8,  with  linear  anthers  ;  stigma  peltate  ; 
capsule   obovate,   stipitate,   opening    by   a   circumscissile    dehiscence. 
Rhizome  thick,  blackish,  with  a  mass  of  matted  fibers.     Scape  simple, 
1-flowered.     Lvs.  2-parted  or  binatc.     (Figs.  168,  253,  304,  444.) 

J.  diph^lla  Barton.     A  singular  plant  8  —  14'  high,  Middle  and  Western  States, 

5.  to  Ga.     Rhizome  horizontal.     Each  petiole  bears  at  the  top  a  pair  of  binate, 
obliquely  ovate  leaflets,  which  are  placed  base  to  base,  and  broader  than  long, 
ending  in  an  obtuse  point,  glaucous  beneath.    Scape  as  long  as  the  petioles.    Ffe. 
large,  regular,  white.     The  capsule  opens  only  half  round,  and  has,  therefore,  a 
persistent  lid.     Apr.     This  plant  has,  in  Ohio,  the  reputation  of  a  stimulant,  and 
anti-spasmodic,  and  is  there  significantly  termed  rheumatism  root. 

5.   PODOPHYLLUM,  L;     MAY  APPLE.     (Gr.  7rovg,  Trodor,  a  foot, 
a  leaf;  alluding  to  the  long,  firro  petioles.)     Sepals  3,  oval, 


OBDER  8.— NELUMBIACE^S.  219 

obtuse,  concave,  caducous;  petals  6 — 9,  obovate,  concave;  stamens 
9 — 18,  with  linear  anthers;  berry  large,  ovoid,  1 -celled,  crowned  with 
the  solitary  stigma. —  U  Low,  rather  poisonous  herbs.  Flowering  stems, 
2-leaved.  Fl.  solitary. 

P.  peltatum  L.  "WILD  MANDRAKE.  In  woods  and  fields,  common  in  the  Mid.  and 
"Western  States,  rare  in  N.  Eng.  S.  to  La.  Height  about  If.  It  is  among  our 
more  curious  and  interesting  plants.  St.  round,  sheathed  at  base,  dividing  into 
2  round  petioles,  between  which  is  the  flower.  Lvs.  broadly  cordate,  in  5 — 7 
lobes,  each  lobe  6'  long  from  the  insertion  of  the  petiole,  2-lobed  and  dentate  at 
apex.  Barren  stems  with  one  centrally  peltate  leaf.  FL  pedunculate,  drooping, 
white,  about  2'  diam.  Fr.  ovoid  oblong,  large,  yellowish ;  with  the  flavor  of  the 
strawberry.  The  root  is  cathartic.  May. 

ORDER  VII.     CABOMBACEJ3.     WATER  SHIELDS. 

Herls  aquatic,  with  the  floating  Ivs.  entire,  centrally  peltate,  the  submersed  ones 
dissected.  Fls.  small,  erect,  one  on  each  peduncle,  hypogynous.  Petals  3 — 4, 
alternate  with  the  3  or  4  sepals  which  are  colored  inside,  all  persistent.  Sta.  twice, 
or  4  or  6  times  as  many  as  the  petals.  Anthers  adnate.  Ova.  2  or  more,  distinct. 
Stig.  simple.  Fr.  indehiscent,  tipped  with  the  hardened  style.  Sds.  globular, 
pendulous.  Embryo,  minute,  2-lobed,  external  to  an  abundant,  fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  2,  species  3.  American  water  plants,  extending  from  Cayenne,  S  America,  N.  to 
N.  Eng.  Properties,  slightly  astringent. 

\.  BRASfiNIA,  Schreb.  WATER  TARGET.  Calyx  of  3 — 4  sepals, 
colored  within,  persistent;  corolla  of  3 — 4  petals;  stamens  12 — 24; 
ovaries  6 — 18 ;  carpels  oblong,  2  (or  by  abortion  l)-seeded. —  2f  Aquatic. 
The  stems  and  under  surface  of  the  leaves  are  covered  with  a  viscid 
jelly.  Lvs.  all  floating,  entire. 

B.  peltata  Ph.     It  inhabits  muddy  shores  and  pools,  often  in  company  with  the 
water  lily,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ark.     Lvs.  peltate,  elliptical,  entire,  2 — 3'  by  1 — 1  £', 
with  the  long,  flexible  petioles  inserted  exactly  in  the  center,  floating  on  the 
surface  of  the  water,  smooth  and  shining  above.     Fls.  arising  to  the  surface,  on 
long,  slender,  axillary  peduncles.     Petals  purple,  about  3"  long.     Jl.     (Hydro- 
peltis  purpurea  MX.) 

2.  CABOMBA,  Aublet.  Sepals  3,  petaloid ;  petals  3  ;  stamens  6  ; 
pistils  3  (rarely  2  or  4),  nearly  the  length  of  stamens,  and  half  as  long 
as  the  petals  and  sepals;  carpels  few-seeded. — Lvs.  opposite,  mostly 
submersed  and  filiformly  dissected. 

C.  Caroliniana  Gray.    In  stagnant  waters,  K  Car.  to  Ga  and  La.     Stems 
branched.     Floating  Ivs.  small  (6"  long,  1"  wide)  and  few,  oblong-linear,  cen- 
trally peltate ;  submersed  Ivs.  many,  reniform  in  outline,  1 — 2'  broad,  repeatedly 
di  and  tri-chotomous  into  threadlike  segments.     Ped.  2'  long,  1-flowered.     Fls. 
white,  5 — 6"  broad,  strictly  ^/,  (sometimes  </),  with  oval,  obtuse  petals  yellow  at 
base.    May. 

ORDER  VIII.    NELUMBIACEJE.     WATER  BEANS. 

Herbs  aquatic,  large,  with  prostrate  rootstock  and  radical,  peltate  leaves,  with 
flowers  large,  solitary,  on  long,  upright  scapes,  4 — 5-sepaled;  petals  numerous, 
arranged  in  many  rows,  as  are  also  the  stamens,  ovaries  separate,  each  with  a  simple 
style  and  stigma,  becoming  in  fruit  1 -seeded  nuts  half  sunk  in  the  hollows  of  tho 
vary  large  torus,  the  seeds  with  largely  developed  embryo,  and  no  albumen. 


220  ORDER  9.— STYMPHAEACE^E. 

This  order  comprises  but  a  single  genus  with  2  species,  viz.,  N.  speciosum,  supposed  to  be 
the  sacred  Egyptian  bean  of  the  E.  Indies  ,•  the  other,  as  follows.  The  nuts  are  nutritive,  and 
also  at  certain  seasons,  the  farinaceous  rhizomes. 

NELtlMBIUM,  Juss.     NELUMBO.     Characters  of  the  genus  the  same 
as  those  of  the  order. 

N.  luteum  L.  A  magnificent  flowering  plant,  frequent  in  the  stagnant  waters  of 
the  South  and  West;  in  Sodus  Bay,  N.  Y.  (Williams) ;  Lyme,  Ct. ;  near  Philadel- 
phia, etc.  Rhizome  creeping  in  mud  in  depths  of  water  from  2  or  3  to  G£  From 
this  arise  the  simple  scapes  and  petioles  to  the  surface.  Lvs.  10 — 18'  diam., 
orbicular,  entire,  concave,  the  petioles  inserted  at  the  center.  Ms.  several  times 
larger  than  those  of  Nymphaea  odorata,  fragrant.  Petals  concave,  obtuse,  light- 
yellow,  3 — t'  in  length.  The  nuts  imbedded  in  the  torus  are  about  the  sizo  of 
acorns,  and  remarkable  for  ths  large,  leafy  embryo,  Juno  (S.) — Aug. 


ORDER  IX.     NYMPHAEACE^E.      WATER  LILIES. 

Herbs  aquatic,  with  peltate  or  cordate  leaves  from  a  prostrate  rhizome.  Fls.  large, 
showy,  often  sweet-scented.  Sepals  and  petals  numerous,  imbricated,  gradually 
passing  into  each  other.  Sep.  persistent.  Petals  inserted  upon  the  disk  which  sur- 
rounds the  pistil.  Sta.  numerous,  in  several  rows  upon  the  disk,  often  passing  into 
petals.  Anthers  adnate,  introrse.  Pistils  many,  united  into  a  many -celled,  many- 
seeded,  compound  ovary  with  a  radiate  stigma.  Sds.  embryo  inclosed  in  a  sack  at 
the  end  of  a  copious  albumen  next  the  hilum.  (Figs.  453,  232 — 240.) 

Genera  5,  species  50,  inhabiting  the  northern  hemisphere,  Victoria  in  equatorial  America. 
Their  general  aspect  is  that  of  an  endogen,  but  they  havo.  2  foliaceous  cotyledons.  The  stems 
of  nymphaea  contain  a  powerful  astringent  principle,  which  is  removed  by  repeated  washing  in 
water,  after  which  they  are  tasteless,  and  may  be  used  for  food. 

1.  NYMPH>EA,  L.     WATER  LILY.     (The  Greek  nymph,  or  Naiad,  of 
the  waters.)    Sepals  4  or  5  ;  petals  oo,  inserted  on  the  torus  at  its  base ; 
stamens  gradually  transformed  into  petals :    stigma  surrounded  with 
rays  ;  pericarp  many-celled,  many-seeded. — 14  Aquatic. 

1  N.  odorata  L.    Rhizome  thick,  in  mud  beneath  deep  (3 — 9f.)  water,  sending  its 
Ivs.  and  fls.  to  the  surface  ;  Ivs.  floating,  orbicular  (5-8'),  entire,  cleft  at  base  to 
the  centre,  where  the  long  petiole  is  inserted,  the  lobes  imbricated;  fls.  white, 
deliciously  fragrant,  often  with  a  delicate  tinge  of  purple;  filaments  yellowish; 
seeds  oblong,  half  the  length  of  the  aril     Jl.,  Aug.     One  of  the  loveliest  of  flowers. 

2  N.  tuberosa  Paine.   Rhizome  producing  oblong  (1 ')  tubers  which  spontaneously 
separate;  Ivs.  floating,  orbicular-reniform,  (6 — 15')  entire,  very  veiny,  the  lobes 
divaricate ;  fls.  scentless,  or  nearly  so,  milk-white  (never  purplish),  pet.  very  blunt; 
seeds  globular-ovoid.    Sodus  Bay  (Hankenson)  to  Pa.,  and  westward.     Jl. 

2.  NflPHAR,  Smith.     POND   LILY.     (Neufar  is  the  Arabic  name.) 
Sepals  5  or  6,  oblong,  concave,  colored  within ;  corolla  of  numerous 
small  petals  furrowed  externally,  and  inserted  with  the  numerous,  trun- 
cated,  linear  stamens   on  the  torus  ;  stigma  discoid,  with  prominent 
rays ;  pericarp  many-celled,  many-seeded. — H  Aquatic.     Lvs.  oval  or 
oblong,  sagittate-cordate. 

J.  N.  advena  Ait.  YELLOW  POND  LILY.  Lvs.  floating  or  erect,  with  rounded, 
diverging  lobes  at  base,  petioles  half-round;  sep.  6;  petals  OO;  stig.  12-—1 5 -rayed, 
margin  slightly  repand. — Very  common  in  sluggish  streams  and  muddy  lakes, 
Can.  to  Ga.,  W".  to  Oregon.  A  well-looking  and  very  curious  plant,  but  from 
its  filthy  habits  it  has  been  called,  with  justice,  the  frog  lily.  The  rhizomo  is 
large,  creeping  extensively.  Lvs.  large,  dark  green,  pinning  above,  and  when 
floating,  pale  and  slimy  beneath.  Petioles  half  round.  Fls.  rather  large  and 


ORDER  10.— SARRACENIACE^E.  221 

globular  in  form,  erect,  on  a  thick,  rigid  stalk.  Three  outer  sepals  yellow 
inside,  and  the  three  inner  entirely  yellow,  as  well  as  the  petals  and  stamens. 
Jn.  Jl.  (Nymphaea  MX.) 

2  N.  Kalxniana  Ait.     Floating  Ivs.  with  base  lobes  approximate,  submersed  Ivs. 
membranous,  reniform-cordate,  the  lobes  divaricate,  margin  waved,  apex  retuse ; 
sep.  5  ;  stig.  8 — 12-rayed,  crenate. — A  smaller  species,   with  small  yellow  fls., 
growing  in  similar  situations  with  the  last,  Northern  States.     Dr.  Robbins,  from 
whose  MSS.  the  above  is  quoted,  thinks  it  wholly  distinct  from  N.  lutea,  (Smith) 
or  any  other  species.     Petiole  slender,  subterete.     Upper  Ivs.  2 — 3'  long  1£ — 2^-' 
wide ;  lower  Ivs.  3 — 4'  diam.     Jl.     (Nuphar  lutea  /3  Kalmiana  Torr  &  Gr.) 

3  IT.  sagittaefolia  Ph.     Lvs.  elongated,  sagittate-cordate,  obtuse ;  sep.  6 ;  pet.  0 ; 
anth.  subsessile. — In  slow  waters,   N.  Car.  to  Ga.  (Savannah).     Rhizome  erect. 
Lvs.  large,  10  to  15'  long.     Fls.  as  large  as  in  No.  2.     Outer  sep.  green;  inner, 
yellow  and  petaloid. 

VICTORIA  regia  is  also  a  member  of  this  Order, — a  gigantic  "Water  Lily, 
native  of  the  rive.rs  of  Brazil  and  Guiana,  and  successfully  cultivated  here.  Its 
earliest  leaves  are  linear,  then  hastate,  next  sagittate  ;  its  late  ones  become  ovate 
with  a  deep  slit  at  base.  Thence  they  gradually  become  circular  and  centrally 
peltate,  exhibiting  by  a  distinct  line  the  union  of  the  base  lobes.  When  full  grown 
they  are  4 — 6f  diam.  (or  8— 12f  in  their  native  rivers),  with  upturned  edges  and 
prominent  veins  beneath.  The  expanded  flowers  with  numerous  petals  and  sepals 
are  If  in  diameter, 


ORDER  X.     SARRACENIACE^B.     WATER  PITCHERS. 

Herls  aquatic,  in  bogs,  with  fibrous  roots,  perennial,  and  with  the  leaves  all  radi- 
cal, urn-shaped,  or  trumpet-shaped,  and  large  flowers  on  scapes.  Floral  envelops 
4 — 10,  imbricated,  the  outer  greenish,  sepaloid.  Stamens  CO,  hypogynous.  Carpels 
united  into  a  several-celled  capsule.  (Figs.  174,  175,  176.) 

A  carious  order,  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  leaves  which  are  of  that  class  called  asctdia  (§308). 
It  embraces  at  present  8  genera  and  6  or  S  species;  the  Heliatnpbora  of  Guiana,  the  Darlingtonia 
of  California  and 

SARRACENIA,  Tourn.  PITCHER  PLANT.  (Named  in  honor  of  Dr. 
Sarrazen  of  Quebec.)  Calyx  of  5  colored  sepals,  with  3  small  bracts  at 
base,  persistent ;  corolla  of  5,  incurved,  deciduous  petals  j  stigmas  5, 
united  into  a  large,  peltate,  persistent  membrane  covering  the  ovary 
and  stamens  ;  capsule  5-celled  ;  seeds  very  numerous,  albuminous. — 
Lvs.  holding  water,  with  a  wing  on  the  front  side  and  a  hood  (lamina) 
at  top.  Scapes  1-flowered,  fl.  large,  nodding. 

Lamina  inflected  over  the  throat  of  the  tube IsTos.  I,  2. 

Lamina  erect  or  nearly  so,  throat  open.* 

*  Leaves  ventricous,  never  spotted  with  white No.  ?. 

*  Leaves  trumpet-shaped,  very  tall,  often  mottled  and  spotted  above .No.  4. 

1  S.  psittacina  MX.  Lvs.  short,  reclined,  with  a  broad  semi-ovate  wing :  fls.  deep 
purple. — Bogs,  Ga.,  Fla.  to  La.      Lvs.  3'  to  5'  long  when  the  plant  is  in  flower, 
6 — 10'  when  in  fruit,  slightly  mottled  with  white  on  the  back.      The  tube  is 
small  and  nearly  closed  by  the  hooded  lamina,  which  gives  to  the  whole  leaf 
the  semblance  of  a  parrot,  whence  the  specific  name.      Scape  If  high.    PI. 
rather  smaller  than  that  of  S.  purpurea.     March. 

2  S.  variolaris  MX.     Lvs.  elongated,    nearly   erect,  mottled  with  white  on  the 
back,  the  wing  lance-linear;    fls.  yellow. — -Bogs   in  pine  barrens,  S.  Car.,  Ga. 
(Feay  and  Pond)  and  Fla.     Lvs.  12'  to  18'  high,  remarkable  for  their  white  dia- 
phanous spots  near  the  top.     Tube  somewhat  ventricous  above,  nearly  enclosed 
by  the  strongly  inflexed  hood  ;  wing  6"  to  12"  wide.      Scapes  shorter  than  Iva. 
Fls.  about  the  sizo  of  the  last.     Mar.,  Apr. 


222  ORDER  12.— PAPAVERACEuE. 

3  S.  purpftrea  L.     SIDE-SADDLE  FLOWER.     Lvs.  short,  decumbent,  inflated  most 
near  the  middle ;  lamina  broad  cordate. — Bogs  throughout  Can.  and  U.S.     This 
species  ia  the  most  common,  and  on,  it  the  genus  was  founded.     Lvs.  6 — 9'  long, 
rosulate,  evergreen,  composed  of  a  hollow,  pitcher- form  petiole,  swelling  in  the 
middle,  with  a  wing-like  appendage  extending  the   whole  length  inside,  from 
i — 1'  wide,  and  extended  on  the  outside  of  the  mouth  into  a  lamina,  covered 
above  with  reversed  hairs.      Their-  capacity  when,   of   ordinary  size  is  about  a 
wine   glass,   and   generally,    like   the    other    species,  they    contain  water  with 
drowned  insects.     Scape  14 — 20'  high,  terete,  smooth,  supporting  a  single,  large, 
purple,  nodding  flower,  almost  as  curious  in  structure  as  the  leaves.     Jn. 

f3.  HETEROPHYLLA  Torr.  Scape  rather  shorter ;  sep.  yellowish  green ;  pet. 
yellow. — Northampton,  Mass.  (R.  M.  Wright).  Lvs.  scarcely  different.  (S, 
heteropbylla  Eaton.) 

4  S.  Gronovii.    TRUMPET-LEAF.    Lvs.  tall,  straight,  erect,  tube  gradually  enlarged 
to  the  open  throat,  wing  narrowly  linear,  lamina  sub-erect,  roundish,  mucronate,  con- 
tracted at  base. — The  largest  species  of  the  genus,  in  swampy  pine  woods,  Va.  to 
Fla.  and  La.      Lvs.  often  3f  in  hight,  and  the  scapes  even  taller  ;   the  lamina  as 
broad  as  the   open   throat    (2 — 3').      Fls.  very  large   (when   extended  4 — 5' 
diam.)  and  of  exactly  the  same  structure  in  all  the  varieties. 

a.  FLAVA.  Fls.  yellow ;  foliage  yellowish  green,  with  or  without  purplish  veins 
(S.  flava  L.  S.  Catesbsei  Ell.).  r 

8.  ALATA.  Fls.  yellow?  large;  Ivs.  1 — 2f  high,  with  the  tube  somewhat 
ventricous  above?  throat  contracted,  wing  conspicuous  (£'  broad).  La. 
(Hale). — Intermediate  between  species  3  and  4 ;  perhaps  distinct. 

y.  BUBRA.  Fls.  reddish  purple,  smaller  than  S.  purpurea.  Lvs.  1 — 2f  high, 
with  purple  veins  (S.  rubra  Walt.). 

A  DRUMMONDH.  Fls.  purple,  very  large;  Ivs.  very  tall  (20 — 30'),  remark- 
ably mottled  above  with  purple  veins  and  white,  diaphanous  interstices.  (S. 
Drummondii  Groom)  Fla.  (Chapman.) 


ORDER  XII.     PAP  AVERAGES.     POPPY-WORTS. 

Herbs  with  alternate,  exstipulate  leaves,  and  generally  a  milky  or  colored  juice. 
Fls.  solitary,  on  long  peduncles,  never  blue,  hypogynous,  regular,  ^/  or  y.  Sep. 
2,  rarely  3,  caducous,  and  petals  4,  rarely  6,  all  imbricated.  Sta.  indefinite,  but 
some  multiple  of  4.  Anthers  2-celled,  innate.  Ova.  compound.  Sly.  short  or  0. 
Stig.  2,  or  if  more,  stellate  upon  the  flat  apex  of  ovary.  Fr.  either  pod-shaped, 
with  2  parietal  placenta,  or  capsular,  with  several.  Sds.  GO,  minute.  Embryo 
minute,  at  the' base  of  oily  albumen.  (Figs.  229—231,  276.) 

An  order  consisting  of  15  genera,  and  130  species,  more  than  two- thirds  of  which  are  natives 
of  Europe.  The  order  is  characterised  by  active  narcotic  properties,  principally  resident  in  the 
turbid  juice.  Opium  is  the  dried  milky  juice  of  Papaver  somniferum.  The  seeds  are  com- 
monly rich  in  fixed  oil.  Several  of  the  species  are 'highly  ornamental  in  cultivation. 

«f  Plants  with  a  red  juice.    Petals  8,  plane  in  tho  bud SANGUINARIA.        1 

1  Plants  with  a  yellow  juice.     Petals  crumpled  in  the  bud.  (*) 

*  Stigmas  and  placenta;  3,  4,  or  6.    Capsule  ovoid,  (b) 

*  Stigmas  and  placentae  2  only.     Capsule  long,  pod-shaped,  (a) 

a  Pod  1-cclled,  smooth.    Lvs.  pinnate CHEHDONUTM.        2 

a  Pod  2-celled,  rough.    Lvs.  palmate GLAUCIUM. 

b  Style  distinct,  but  short MECONOPSIS.          5 

b  Style  none,  stigma  sessile ARGEMONE. 

1  Plants  with  a  white  juice.    Petals  4,  crumpled  in  bud PAPAVKU. 

*f  Plants  with  a  watery  juice.    Calyx  a  mitre,  falling  off  whole ESCHSOHOITZIA.         T 

1.  SANGUINARIA,  L.  BLOOD-ROOT.  (Latin  sanguis,  blood  ;  all  its 
parts  abound  in  a  red  juice.)  Sepals  2,  caducous  ;  petals  8 — 12,  in  2 
or  3  rows,  the  outer  longer.  Stamens  about  24  ;  stigma  sessile,  1 
or  2-lobed;  capsule  silique-form,  oblong,  1  -celled,  2-valved,  acute  at  each 


ORDER  11.—  PAP  AVER  ACE  M.  223 

end,  many-seeded.  —  H  A  low,  acaulescent  plant,  with  a  white  flower, 
and  a  glaucous,  palmate-veined  leaf. 

S.  Canadensis  L.  An  interesting  flower,  in  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  appearing 
in  early  spring.  Rhizome  fleshy,  tuberous,  and  when  broken  or  bruised  exudes 
an  orange-red  fluid,  as  also  does  every  other  part  of  the  plant.  From  each  bud 
of  the  root-stalk  there  springs  a  single  large,  glaucous  leaf,  and  a  scape  about  6' 
high,  with  a  single  flower.  "Whole  plant  glabrous.  Leaf  kidney-shaped,  with 
roundish  lobes  separated  by  rounded  sinuses.  Fl.  of  a  quadrangular  outline, 
white,  scentless,  and  of  short  duration.  The  juice  is  emetic  and  purgative. 
Apr.,  May.  (Fig.  557.) 

j3.  Leaf  not  lobed,  margin  undulate.     Bainbridge,  Ga. 

2.  CHELIDdNIUM,   L.     CELANDINE.     (Gr.  xefaduv,  the   swallow; 
being  supposed  to  flower  with  the  arrival  of  that  bird,  and  to  perish 
with   its  departure.)     Sepals   2,  suborbjcular  ;   petals  4,  suborbicular, 
contracted  at  base  ;  stamens  24  —  32,  shorter  than  the  petals  ;  stigma  1, 
small,   sessile,  bifid;    capsule    silique-form,  linear,   2-valved,   1  -celled  ; 
seeds  crested.  —  H  Fragile,  pale  green,  with  saffron  yellow  juice. 

C.  ma  jus  L.  Lvs.  pinnate;  Ifts.  lobed,  -segments  rounded;  fls.  in  umbels.  —  By 
roadsides,  fences,  etc.,  arising  1  —  2f  high.  Lvs.  smooth,  glaucous,  spreading, 
consisting  of  2—4  pairs  of  leaflets  with  an  odd  one.  Lfts.  1£  —  2£'  long,  §  as 
broad,  irregularly  dentate  and  lobed,  the  partial  stalks  winged  at  base.  Umbels 
thin,  axillary,  pedunculate.  Petals  elliptical,  entire,  yellow,  and  very  fugacious, 
like  every  other  part  of  the  flower.  The  abundant  bright  yellow  juice  is  used  to 
cure  itch  and  destroy  warts.  May  —  Oct.  §  Eur. 

3.  GLAUCIUM,  Tourn.    HORN  POPPY.    (Gr.  ykavubv,  glaucous,  the 
hue  of  the  foliage.)      Sepals   2  ;    petals  4  ;    stamens  oo  ;  style  none, 
stigma  2-lobed;  ped.  2-celled,  linear,  very  long,  rough.  —  0  or  ®  sea- 
green  herbs,  with  clasping  Ivs.,  yellow  juice,  and  solitary,  yellow  fls. 

G.  luteum  Scop.  Sparingly  naturalized  near  the  coast,  from  the  Potomac  south- 
ward. About  2f  high,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom.  St.  glabrous.  Lvs. 
repandly  5  —  7  -lobed,  clasping  so  as  to  appear  perfoliate.  Fls.  2'  broad,  of  short 
duration,  but  many  in  succession,  succeeded  by  a  horn-shaped  fruit,  which  is 
rough  with  tubercles,  and  6  —  9'  in  length.  Jn.  —  Aug.  § 

4.  ARGEMdNE,  L.     PRICKLY  POPPY,.     (Gr.  apyefia,  a  disease  of  the 
eye,  which  this  plant  was  supposed  to  cure.)     Sepals  2  or  3,  roundish, 
acuminate,  caducous  ;  petals  4  or  6,  roundish,  larger  than  the  sepals  ; 
stamens  oo,  stigma  sessile,  capitate,  4  or  6-rayed  ;  capsule  ovpid,  prickly, 
opening  at  the  top  by  valves.  —  (p  Herbs  with  yellow  juice,  spinous- 
pinnatifid  Ivs.,  and  showy  fls. 

A.  Mexicana  L.  Cal.  prickly  ;  caps,  prickly,  G-valved.  —  A  weed-like  plant,  native 
at  the  South  and  West,  §  at  the  North.  St.  2  —  3f  high,  branching,  armed  with 
prickly  spines.  Lvs.  5  —  7'  or  8'  long,  sessile,  spinous  on  the  margin  and  veins 
beneath.  Fls.  axillary  and  terminal,  on  short  peduncles,  2  —  3'  diam.,  yellow. 
The  juice  becomes  in  air  a  fine  gamboge-yellow,  and  is  esteemed  for  jaundice, 
cutaneous  eruptions,  sore  eyes,  fluxes,  etc.  July.  —  Varieties  occur  with  ochro- 
leucous  fls.  and  with  large  white  fls.  (N".  Car.  Curtis.) 


5.  MECONOPSIS,  Viguier.    YELLOW  POPPY.    (Gr.  pj/^v,  a  poppy; 

1$,  resemblance.)  Sepals  2,  hirsute  ;  petals  4  ;  stamens  oo  ;  style  con- 
spicuous; stigmas  4  —  6,  radiating,  convex,  free;  capsule  ovoid,  1  -celled, 
opening  by  four  valves.  —  ^  Herbs  with  a  yellow  juice,  pinnately  divided 
Ivs.,  and  yellow  fls. 


224  OBDEB  12.— FUMARIACE^E. 

M.  diphylla  DC.  Lvs.  glaucous  beneath,  segments  5 — T,  ovate -oblong,  sinuate, 
cauline  2,  opposite,  petiolate;  ped.  aggregated,  terminal;  caps.  4-valved,  echi- 
nate-setous. — Woods,  Western  States.  Plant  12 — 18'  high.  Lvs.  large,  8'  by  6', 
on  petioles  about  the  same  length,  terminal  segment  somewhat  confluent.  Ped. 
about  3'  long.  Petals  deep  yellow,  orbicular,  1'  diam.  Sty.  surpassing  the  stain. 
May.  (Stylophorum  Nutt.) 

6.  PAPAYER,  L.     POPPY.     Fig.  229,  230,  231.     (Celtic,  papa,  pap ; 
a  soporific  food  for  children,  composed  of  poppy  seeds,  etc.)     Sepals  2, 
caducous  \  petals  4;  stamens  oo  ;  capsule  1-celled,  opening  by  pores 
under  the  broad,  persistent  stigma. — Exotic  herbs,  with  \vhito  juice, 
abounding  in  opium.     Fl.  buds  nodding,  erect  in  flower  and  fruit. 

1  P.  somniferum  L.    OPIUM  POPPY.     Glabrous  and  glaucous ;  Ivs.  clasping, 
cut-dentate ;  caps,  globous. — (1)  with  large,  brilliantly  white  flowers,  double  in  culti- 
vation.     St.  lg — 3f  high.     Lvs.  4 — 8-'  by  2 — 3',  with  rather  obtuse  dentures. 
Extensively  cultivated  in  Europe  and  southern  Asia  for  opium,   a  drug  moro 
generally  applicable  and  more  frequently  prescribed  than  any  other  article  of  the 
materia  medica.     Jn.  JL  f  § 

2  P.  dubium  L.     St.  hispid.with  spreading  hairs;  Ivs.  pinnately  parted,  segm. 
incised;   sop.  hairy;    caps,  club-shaped. — CD  Sparingly  naturalized   in  cultivated 
grounds,  Pcnn.  and  southward.      St.  about  2f  high,  very  slender.      Fls.  light 
red  or  scarlet,  much  smaller  than  in  No.  1,  on  very  long  hairy  pedicels.     Jn.  Jl.§ 

3  P.  Rha&as   L.      St.  many-flowered,   hairy;    Ivs.   incisely  pinnatifid;  caps, 
globous. — 0  Distinguished  from  the  last  species  chiefly  by  its  more  finely  divided 
leaves  and  its  globular  capsule.    About  2f  high.    Fls.  very  large  and  showy,  of  a 
deep  scarlet.    Varieties  are  produced  with  various  shades  of  red  and  parti-colored 
ilowers,  more  or  less  double.     Jn.  Jl.f 

4  P.  orientale  L,     St.  \-flowered,  rough ;  Ivs.  scabrous,  pinnate,  serrate ;  caps, 
smooth. —  "H.  Native  of  Levant.      St.  3f  high.      Fls.  very  large,  and  of  a  rich 
scarlet  color,  too  brilliant  to  bo  looked  upon  in  the  sun.     Jn.f 

7.  ESCHSCHOLTZIA,  Cham.      (Named  for  Eschscholtz,  a  German 
botanist  well  known  for  his  researches  in  California.)      Sepals  2,  co- 
hering by  their  edge,  caducous  ;  petals  4  ;  stamens  GO,  adhering  to  the 
claws  of  the  petals ;  stigmas  4 — 7,  sessile,  2 — 3  of  them  abortive ;  capr 
sule  pod-shaped,  cylindric,  10-striate,  many-seeded. — CD  Lvs.  pinnatifid, 
glaucous.    The  juice,  which  is  colorless,  exhales  the  odor  of  hydroch- 
loric acid. 

1  E.  Douglasii  Hook.     St.  branching,  leafy;  torus  obconic;  cal  ovoid,  with 
a  very  short,  abrupt  acumination;  pet.  bright-yellow,  with  an  orange  spot  at 
base. — A  very  showy  annual,  common  in  our  gardens,  native  of  California,  Ore- 
gon, etc.     The  foliage  is  smooth,  abundant  and  rich,  dividing  in  a  twice  or  thrice 
pinnatifid  manner  into  linear  segments.     Fls.  2'  broad. f    (Chryseis  Californica  of 
Lindl.  and  1st  edition.) 

2  E.  Californica  Hook.      St.  branching,  leafy;  torus  funnel  form,  with  a 
much  dilated  limb;  cal.  obconic;  with  a  long  acumination;  fls.  orange-yellow.— 
From  California.    Lvs.  and  color  of  flowers  as  in  the  preceding,  except  the  latter 
are  more  of  a  reddish,  orange  bue.f     (Chryseis  crocea  Lindl.  and  of  1st  edition.) 

ORDER   XII.     FUMARIACE^E.     FUMEWORTS. 

Herbs  smooth  and  delicate,  with  brittle  stems,  and  a  watery  juice.  Leaves  usually 
alternate,  multifid,  often  furnished  with  tendrils.  Fls.  irregular,  purple,  white  or 
yellow.  Sepals  2,  very  small.  Petals  4,  hypogynous,  parallel,  one  or  both  of  the 
outer  saccate;  2  inner  cohering  at  apex.  Sta.  6,  diadelphous ;  fit.  dilated;  anth. 
adaate,  extrorse,  2  outer  1-celled,  middle  2-celled.  Ova.  superior,  1-celled:  *ty. 


ORDER  12.— FUMARIACEJE.  225 

filiform ;  stig.  with  one  or  more  points.    Fr.  either  an  indehiscent  nut  1 — 2-seeded, 
or  a  pod-shaped  capsule  many-seeded.     Sds.  shining,  ariled.     Albumen  fleshy. 

Illustrations,  42,  43,  44,  318. 

Genera  15,  species  110, — some  of  them  beautiful  and  delicate,  inhabiting  thickets  in  the  tem- 
perate regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  They  possess  no  remarkable  action  upon  the  animal 
economy.  ' 

Corolla  equally  2-spurred  or  2-gibbous  at  base,  (a) 
Corolla  unequal,  only  one  of  the  petals  spurred,   (b) 

a  Petals  not  united,  deciduous.    Not  climbing DICENTRA.    1 

a  Petals  united,  persistent.     Plants  climbing. '. ADLUMIA.     2 

b  Fruit  pod-shaped,  many-seeded CORYDALIB.  3 

b  Fruit  a  globular,  1-seeded  nut ;  FUMA.BIA.     4 

1.  DICENTRA,  BorMi.  EAR-DROP.  (Gr.  (%,  double;  icwrpov,  a 
spur ;  from  the  character.)  Sepals  2,  small ;  petals,  4,  the  2  outer 
equally  spurred  or  gibbous  at  base,  and  distinct ;  stamens  united  in  2 
sets  of  three  each ;  pod  2-valved,  many-seeded. —  If  Fls.  in  racemes  on 
scapes.  (Diclytra,  DC.) 

Low  herbs  (6'),  with  whita  flowers,  in  simple  racemes Nos.  1,  2 

Taller  (12'),  with  purple  flowers,  in  paniculate  racemes Nos.  3,  4 

1  D.  cucullaria  DC.     Fig.  42,  43,  318.     DUTCHMAN'S  BREECHES.     Root  lulbi- 
ferous ;  rac.  4 — 10-flowered,  secund;  spurs  divergent,  elongated,  acute,  straight. — 
"Woods,  Can.  to  Ky.     A  smooth,  handsome  plant.     Rhizome  bearing  triangular, 
small,  pale  red,  scale-like  tubers,  forming  a  loose  bulb  under  ground.   Lvs.  radical, 
multifid,  somewhat  triternate,  smooth,  with  oblong-linear  segments,  the  petioles 
rather  shorter  than  the  scape.     Scape  slender  6 — 10'  high.     Fls.  scentless,  nod- 
ding, whitish,  at  summit  yellow.     Pedicels  short,  axillary  to  a  bract,  and  with  2 
minute  bracteoles  near  the  flower.     Spurs  about  as  long  as  the  corolla.     Apr., 
May. 

2  D.  Canadensis  DC.    Fig.  44.     SQUIRREL  CORN.    St.  subterranean,  tuberiferous, 
tubers  globous,  raceme  simple,  secund,  4 — 6-flowered ;  spurs  short,  rounded,  ob- 
tuse, slightly  incurved. — A  smooth,  pretty  plant,  common  in  rocky  woods,  Can. 
to  Ky.     The  rhizome  bears  a  number  of  roundish  tubers  about  the  size  of  peas, 
and  of  a  bright  yellow  color.     Lvs.  radical,  subglaucous,  biternate,  the  Ifts.  deeply 
pinnatifid,  segments  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  5 — 8"  long.     Scape  6 — 8'  high,  bearing 
a  few  odd-looking  flowers.     Cor.  white,  tinged  with  purple,  fragrant,  5"  long. 
Sta.  3  on  each  lip.     May,  Jn. 

3  D.  eximia  DC.     Rhizome  scaly ;  Ivs.  numerous ;  rac.  compound,  the  branches 
cymous ;  fls.  oblong,  spurs  very  short,  obtuse,  incurved ;  stigma  2-horned  at  apex. 
— A  fine  species  on  rocks,  etc.,  found  by  Dr.  Sartwell  in  Yates  Co.,  N.  Y.,  S.  to 
N.  Car.     Lvs.  radical,  10 — 15'  high,  somewhat  triternate,  with  incisely  pinnati- 
fid,  acute  segments.     Scape  8 — 12'  high,  with  several  (4 — 8)  cymes,  each  with 
6 — 10  purplish,  nodding  flowers.     Cor.  8 — 10"  long,  ^  as  broad  at  base.     Bracts 
purplish,  at  base  of  pedicels.     Jn.,  Sept.f     (Corydalis  formosa  Ph.) 

4  D.  formosa  DC.     Rhizome  many-leaved;  rac.  slightly  compound;  fls.  ovate,  in- 
flated; spurs  short,  rounded,  saccate;  stig.  entire. — Can.  to  Or.     An  elegant  and 
showy  species  in  cultivation,  about  the  sizs  of  the  last,  with  foliage  less  incised 
and  lobes  rather  obtuse.     Rac.  secund,  the  cymes  2  to  4-flowered.     Fls.  bright 
purple,  about  10"  long,  by  5"  or  6"  wide,  the  stigma  angular,  not  cleft  as  in  No. 
3.     May,  Jl.f 

2.  ADLUMI  A,  Raf.  MOUNTAIN  FRINGE.  (Named  for  John  Adlum, 
Washington,  D.  C.,  a  cultivator  of  the  vine.)  Sepals  2,  minute ;  petals 
4,  united  into  a  fungous,  monopetalous  corolla,  persistent,  bigibbous  at 
base,  4-lobed  at  apex;  stamens  united  in  2  equal  sets;  pod  2-valved, 
many-seeded. — (D  A  delicate,  climbing  vine. 

A.  cirrhosa  Raf.  Rocky  hills,  Can.  to  K  Car.  Stem  striate,  many  feet  in 
length.  Lvs.  decompound,  divided  in  a  pinnate  manner,  ultimate  divisions  3- 
lobed,  smooth,  their  foot-stalks  serving  for  tendrils.  Fls.  very  numerous,  in  axil- 
lary, pendulous,  cymous  clusters,  pale  pink.  Cal.  minute.  Cor.  slightly  cordate 

16 


226 


ORDER  13.— CRXJCIFER^. 


at  base,  of  4  petals  united  into  a  spongy  mass,  cylindric,  compressed,  tapering 
upward,  2-lipped.     Fine  for  arbors,  Jn.,  Aug.-j- 

3.  CORYDALIS,  DC.    (Gr.  name  of  the  Fumitory,  from  which  genus 
this  was  t,aken.)     Sepals  2,  small ;  petals  4,  one  of  which  is  spurred  at 
the  base  ;  stamens  6,  diadelphous ;  filaments  united  into  two  equal  sets 
by  their  broad  bases,  which  sheath  the  ovary  ;  pod  2-valved,  compress- 
ed, many-seeded. — Lvs.  cauline.     Pedicels  racernous,  bractless. 

1  C.  glaftca  Ph.     Glaucous,  erect;  fls.  red,  yellow  at  the  tip;  pods  erect;  lobes 
of  the  Ifts.  obtuse,   bracts  minute. — ©  Rocky  woods,  Can.  to  N.  Car.,  1 — 3f. 
high.     Lfts.  1'  long,  3-lobed,  Corolla  with  a  short,  blunt  spur.     Racemes  panicled. 
Apr.— Jl. 

2  C.  aurea  "Willd.  Low,  diffuse,  finally  ascending  (8 — 12') ;  lobes  of  the  leaves  acute ; 
rac.  opp.  the  Ivs.  and  terminal ;    fls.  secund,  bright  yellow,  spur  deflected;  pods 
pendulous.  —  ©  Rocky  shades.     Cor.  G".     Apr. — Jl. 

P.  MACRANTHA.     Pis.  10" ;  spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  limb.     Dakota. 

y.  FLAVULA.  Fls.  3 — 4'',  pale  yellow  ;  spur  very  short ;  pet.  pointed.     Com. 

3  C.  montana  Engl.  ?     Ascending;  rac.  terminal;  If.-lobes  ob  tuse ;  bracts  lanceo- 
late ;  cor.  yellow,  spur  ascending,  nearly  as  long  as  the  limb  ;  lower  pet.  at  length 
pendent;  pods  erect,  seeds  lenticular.     South- West. 

4.  FUMARIA,  L.     FUMITORY.     (Lat.  fumus,  smoke ;  from  its  dis- 
agreeable odor.)     Sepals  2,  caducous  ;  petals  4,  unequal,  one  of  them 
spurred  at  the  base  ;    filaments  in  2  sets,  each  with  3  anthers  ;  nut 
ovoid  or  globous,  1-seeded  and  indehiscent.— Lvs.  cauline,  finely  dis- 
sected. 

F.  officinalis  L.  St.  suberect,  branched  and  spreading;  Ivs.  bipinnate;  rac. 
loose;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  about  as  long  as  the  globous,  retuse  nut. — 
A  small,  handsome,  smooth  plant,  10 — 15'  high,  in  sandy  fields  and  about  gar- 
dens, introduced  from  Europe.  Lfts.  cut  into  segments,  dilated  upwards,  Fls. 
small,  rose-colored,  nodding,  the  pedicels  becoming  erect  in  fruit,  and  twice  as  long 
as  the  bracts.  Jl.,  Aug.  §  Eur. 


ORDER  XIII.     CRUCIFER^E.     CKUCIFERS. 

6 


620.  A  flower  of  Sinapis  nigra.  1.  The  stamens  (4  long 
nnd  2  short)  and  pistil.  2.  Plan  of  the  flower, — stamens 
in  2  rows,  outer  row  half  wanting.  3.  A  silique, — 4.  partly 
open,  showing  the  septum  with  seeds  attached.  5.  Cross 
section  of  a  seed,  cotyledons  eondnplicate  (0»).  6.  Cross 
section  of  a  seed  of  Capsella,  the  cotyledons  incumbent  (Oil). 
7.  Section  of  a  winged  seed  of  Arabia  (Janadeusis,  cotyle- 
dons accumbent  (0—). 

Herbs  with  a  pungent,  watery  juice,  and  alternate,  exstipulate  leaves,  with 
flowers  cruciform,  tetradynamous,  generally  in  racemes,  and  bractless.  Sepals  4, 
deciduous ;  petals  4,  hypogynous,  with  long  claws  and  spreading  limbs.  Stamens 
6,  the  2  outer,  opposite  ones  shorter  than  the  4  interior.  Ovary  2-carpeled,  2-ceUed 


ORDER  1 3.— CRUCIFEILE.  22  Y 

by  a  false  partition,  with  parietal  placentae.  Fruit  a  silique,  or  silicle,  usually  2- 
celled.  Stigmas  2,  sessile.  Seeds  2-ro\ved  in  each  cell,  but  often  so  intercalated 
as  to  form  but  one  row.  Embryo  with  the  2  cotyledons  variously  folded  on  the 
radicle.  Albumen  0. 

Illust  266,  312,  365,  447,  443. 

Genera  195,  species  1600.  This  is  a  very  natural  order,  larger  than  any  of  the  preceding. 
The  greater  part  of  the  species  are  found  in  the  temperate  zones.  About  100  are  peculiar  to 
this  continent. 

Properties.  The  Crucifers  as  a  class  are  of  much  importance  to  man.  They  furnish  several 
Uimentary  articles,  whicli  are  very  nutritious,  as  the  Turnip,  Cabbage,  Cauliflower ;  several 
others  are  used  as  condiments,  as  Mustard,  Eadish,  Cochlearia,  etc.  They  all  possess  a  peculiar 
acrid,  volatile  principle,  dispersed  through  every  part,  often  accompanied  by  an  ethereal  oil 
abounding  in  sulphur.  Tuey  are  also  remarkable  tor  containing  more  nitrogen  than  other  vege- 
tables, for  which  reason  ammonia  is  generally  evolved  in  their  putrefaction.  In  medicine  they 
are  eminently  stimulant  and  antiscorbutic.  None  are  really  poisonous,  although  very  acrid. 
The  root  of  Isatis  tinctoria  affords  a  blue  coloring  matter. 

01m.  The  genera  of  this  large  order  were  arranged  into  sub-orders  by  De  Candolle,  according 
to  their  various  modes  of  folding  the  cotyledon  upon  the  radicle,  which  modes  are  as  follows: 
1.  Cotyledons  accumbent,  the  radicle  turned  round  and  applied  to  the  edges  of  the  cotyledons, 
represented  thus  0=.  2.  Cotyledons  incumbent,  the  radicle  applied  against  the  back  of  one  of 
the  cotyledons,  0  II .  3.  Cotyledons  conduplicate,  radicle  folded  as  in  the  last  case,  but  the  coty- 
ledons bent  .so  as  partly  to  enfold  it,  0»,  as  in  the  mustard. 

In  the  analysis  of  the  Crucifers  it  is  indispensable  that  the  specimens  be  in  fruit  as  well  as 
flower,  and  that  the  student  bring  to  bear  all  his  patience  and  resolution  in  the  study  of  the 
above  and  other  forms  of  structure  in  the  seed,  however  minute.  In  the  followins  synopsis  the 
student  may  use  in  analysis  either  the  artificial  arrangement  of  the  Genera  or  the  less  obvious 
but  more  natural  arrangement  of  the 

TRIBES. 

§  SILIQUOSJ2,— fruit  a  silique  opening  by  valves.     (Tribes.) 

Tribe  1.  ARABIDE^E.    Seeds  flattened,  often  bordered  ;  cotyledons  0= Genera  1 10 

Tribe  2.  SISYMBKE^;.    Seeds  oblong,  not  bordered  ;  cotyledons  0  II Gen.  11 — 14 

Tribe  3.  BUASSICE.E.    Seeds  globular,  cotyledons  6».    Flowers  yellow Gen.  15, 16 

§§  SILICULOS^E,— fruit  a  silicle  opening  by  valves  when  more  than  2-seeded.    (Tribes.) 

Tribe  4.  ALTSSIXE.E.     Dissepiment  broad.    Cotyledons  0— Gen.  IT— 21 

Tribe  5.  CAMELINE.E.     Dissepiment  broad.    Cotyledons  0  || Gen.  22,  23 

Tribe  6.  THLASPE^E.    Dissepiment  narrow.     Cotyledons  0= Gen.  24 

Tribe  7.  LEPIDINEJE.     Dissepiment  narrow.     Cotyledons  0  H Gen.  25 — 2T 

Tribe  8.  ISATIDE^E.    Dissepiment  0.      Silicle  1-seeded,  indehiscent Gen.  28 

§§§  LOMENTACE^,— fruit  a  jointed  silique,  partitioned  across.    (Tribes.) 

Tribe  9.  CAKALINE^E.    Cotyledons  0=,  seeds  compressed .' Gen.  29 

Tribe,  10.  KAPHANE^E.    Cotyledons  0»,  seeds  globous Gen.  3d 

ARTIFICIAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENERA. 

§  Fruit  a  silique.    Seeds  in  a  double  row t Genera  1,  2 

Seeds  in  a  single  row.    Flowers  cyanic  (a). 
Flowers  xanthic  (b) 

a  Flowers  purple,  single.    Stigma  capitate.    Plant  native Genera  3 

a  Flowers  purple  (or  white  and  double).    Stigmas  horned.    Cultivated Gen.  4, 14 

a  Flowers  white  or  roseate.    Siliques  flattened,— raised  on  a  filiform  stipe Gen.  13 

—sessile,  having  no  stipe Gen.  5,  6,  7 

b  Seeds  globular,  with  cotyledons  conduplicate  (0») Gen.  15,  16 

b  Seeds  oblong  or  lens-shaped.     Siliques  terete  or  flattened,  veinless Gen.  8,  9 

Siliques  squarish,  valves  1— 3-veined Gen.  10, 11, 12 

§§  Fruit  a  silicle.    Silicle  turgid  or  flattened,  with  a  broad  partition  (c). 
Silicle  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition  (d). 

Silicle  -with  no  partition,  1-seeded.    Flowers  yellow Gen.  28 

C  Ornamental  exotics,  variously  colored.    Gardens Gen.  17,  IS 

C  Native  pi  ints  with— flowers  cyanic,  white Gen.  19,  20,  23 

— flowers  yellow.    Silicles  ?  oblong Gen.  1 

Silicles  ovoid  or  globular Gen.  21,  22 

d  Seeds  several  in  each  cell.    Silicle  triangular Gen.  25 

d  Seeds  only  2,— one  in  each  cell.    The  two  outer  petals  larger Gen.  24 

The  petals  all  equal .Gen.  26,  27 

§§§  Fruit  a  lament,  jointed  and  partitioned  across G~en.  29,  30 


228  ORDER  13.— CEUCIFEE^E. 

1.  NASTURTIUM,  K.  Br.  WATER  CRESS.  (Lat.  nasus  tortus  ;  from 
the  effect  of  these  acrimonious  plants  upon  the  nose.)  Sepals  equal  at 
base,  spreading;  siliques  subterete,  generally  curved  upwards,  some- 
times shortened  so  as  to  resemble  a  silicic ;  valves  veinless ;  seeds 
small,  lens-shaped,  oo,  in  a  double  row  (0  — ). — Aquatic  plants  with 
pinnate  or  pinnatifid  Ivs. 

«  Petals  white.     Siliques  rather  long  (10—12") No.  1 

*  Totals  yellow.     Siliques  shortened  (4 — 8"),  but  longer  than  the  pedicels  (a). 

*  Petals  yellow.     Siliques  or  silicles  (1—6")  shorter  than  the  pedicels  (b). 

a  Leaves  pinnate  or  pinnatifid.    Diffusely  branched Nos.  2,  3 

a  Leaves  lyrate,  or  merely  toothed.     Steins  erect Nos.  4,  5 

b  Petals  not  longer  than  the  calyx,  obscure Nos.  6, 1 

b  Petals  longer  than  the  calyx,  bright  yellow Nos.  8,  9 

1  N.  officinale  E.  Br.    ENGLISH  WATER  CRESS.     Lvs.  pinnate,  Ifts.  ovate,  sub- 
cordate,  repand;  petals  white,  longer  than  the  calyx. —  If  Brooks  and  springy 
places,  rare.    (Yellow  Springs,  0-)    Sts.  decumbent,  thick,  branching,  6 — 12' long. 
Lfts.   3 — 7,   broad,   mostly  rounded  at   base,    obscurely  toothed,   terminal  one 
largest.     Fls.  corymbed.    fjiliques  hardly  1'  long.     Occasionally  cultivated  for 
salad.     May,  Jn.  §  \. 

2  N.  tanacetifolium  Hook.    TANSEY-LEAVED.    Upper  leaf  segm.  confluent,  lower 
•distinct,  oblong  or  roundish,  sinuate-toothed  teeth  obtuse ;  pods  linear-oblong. — (D 
Damp  soils,   Ga.  and  Fla.,  "W.  and  N".  W.  to  the  Miss.     Sts.  smooth,  diffusely 
branched  from  the  base,  4 — 12'  high.     Eoot  Ivs.  2 — 4'  long,  narrow,  regularly 
pinnate  with  19 — 15  segm.  in  the  larger  plants,  the  3  upper  segm.  often  conflu- 
ent.    Fls.  minute.     Pods  4 — 8"  long,   slightly  curved,  on  ped.  ^  as  long,  and 
tipped  with  a  distinct  but  short  style.     Mar.,  May. 

P.  OBTUSUM.     Lfts.  mostly  distinct,  oval,  obtuse ;  pods  shorter  (3  to  5"),  twice 
longer  than  pedicel.     (N.  obtusum,  Nutt.) 

3  N.  Walteri.     Segm.  of  the  Ivs.  all  distinct,  narrow,  with  a  few  linear,  acute  lobes 
or  teeth;  pods  linear, —  If.  ?  Ga.  (Feay  and  Pond.)  and  Car.     Rt,  thick,  blackish, 
with  many  strong  fibres.      Lvs.  numerous,   mostly  radical  or  subcauline,  1 — 2' 
long,  finely  dissected,  the  terminal  segm.  3-lobed.     Sts.  branched  from  the  base 
(only?),  3 — 5'  high,  puberulent.      Fls.   minute.       Pods   slender,   about  5"  long, 
ped.  half  as  long ;  style  distinct.     Mar.,  Apr.     (Sisymbrium  Walteri  Ell.) 

4  N.  limosum  Nutt.     Lvs.   lanceolate,   toothed,  lower  ones  pinnatified  at  base 
(lyrate),  upper  entire  at  base;   pods    elliptic-oblong  (3 — 4"). — (g)  Edges  of  the 
Miss.,  La.  (Hale.)     Glabrous.     Sts.  erect,  simple,  branched  only  at  top,  10 — 15' 
high.     Lvs.  all  cauline  and  petiolate,  the  lower  irregularly  divided  at  base,  where 
they  touch  the  water.     Eac.  several.     Fls.  minute.     Pods  on  very  short  pedicels, 
with  styles  much  shorter.     Apr.,  May.     Hardly  distinct  from  the  next. 

5  N.  sessiliflorum  Nutt.     Lvs.  cuneate-obovate,  repandly  toothed  or  sub-entire ; 
pods  linear-oblong  (5 — 6"),   subsessile. — ®  Banks  of  the  Miss.      Glabrous.      Sts. 
erect,  nearly  simple.       Lvs.    attenuated    at    base,  those    of   the  stem    nearly 
entire.      Fls.  minute.      Eac.  elongated  in  fruit,  both  pods  and  stigmas  almost 
sessile.     Apr. — Jn. 

6  N.  palustre  DC.     MARSH  CRESS.      Glabrous  ;  Ivs.  pinnately  lobed,  amplexical, 
lobes  confluent,  dentate ;    rt.  fusiform ;    pet.  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  silicle  spreading, 
turgid,  twice  longer  than  wide. —  If  I*1  we^  places.    St.  1 — 2f  high,  erect,  branched 
above.      Lvs.  2 — 3'  long,  all   more  or  less  pinnatified,  with  the  terminal  lobe 
large,  ovate.     Fls.  numerous,  small.    Silicle  3"  long,  pedicels  twice  as  long,  often 
deflexed.     Jn. — Aug. 

7  N.  hispidum  DC.       Villous ;  Ivs.  runcinate-pinnatified,   lobes  oltusety  dentate; 
silicles  tumid,  ovoid  or  globular,  the  pedicels  longer,  ascending;   pet.  scarcely  as 
long  as  Hie  calyx.— (g)  Banks  of  streams  N.  H.  to  Penn.     Stem  angular,  branched, 
1 — 3f  high,  with   many  paniculate  racemes  above.      Lvs.   3 — G'  long.      Fls. 
minute.     Silicles  1"  long,  on  pedicels  2 — 3"  long  and  somewhat  spreading.     Jn. 
-Aug. 

8  N.  sylvestre  E.  Br.     WOOD  CRESS.     Lvs.  pinnately  divided,  segm.  serrate  or  in- 
cised; pods  linear,  style  very  short. — 1$  Wet  meadows,  near  Philadelphia  (Nutt); 


ORDER   13.-— CRUCIFER^E.  229 

near  Boston  (Sprague).  Sts.  ascending  from  a  prostrate  base.  Fls.  rather  large 
and  showy.  Pet.  £  longer  than  calyx.  Pods  nearly  £'  long,  the  pedicels  rather 
longer,  ascending.  Jn.,  JL  §  Eur. 

9  N.  sinuatum  Nutt.  Lvs.  pmnatified,  segm.  lance-oblong,  nearly  entire ;  pods 
oWong,  acute,  withasknderstyle.—'Ba.nksoftlie  Miss,  opposite  St  Louis,  southward, 
W.  to  Oregon.  Glabrous  and  diffusely  branched.  Lvs.  regularly  pinnatified,  the 
terminal  segm.  often  confluent.  Fls.  rather  large  and  showy.  Pods  about  £' 
long,  slightly  curved,  the  pedicels  still  longer,  spreading  or  recurved.  Jn. 

2.  TURRITIS,  Dillon.     TOWER  MUSTARD.     (Lat.  turritis,  turreted ; 
from  the    pyramidal   form,  of   the  plant.)      Sepals  erect,  converging; 
silique  long,  linear,  2-edged ;  valves  plain,  1-veined ;  seeds  in  a  double 
row  (margined  in  one  species)  (0=). — Fls.  white  or  rose-colored.  Stem 
Ivs,  mostly     sagittate-clasping. 

1  T.  glabra  L.     Fls,  (cream-tchite)  erect;  siliques  long  (3'),  strictly  erect;  stem-lvs. 
ovate  lanceolate, — (T)  In  rocky  fields  about  New  Haven  (Eaton)  and  Can.    Glabrous. 
St  round,  simple,  l£f  high.     Radical-lvs.  petiolate,  dentate ;  cauline  arrow-shaped 
and  half-clasping  at  base,  smooth,  glaucous  and  entire.     Siliques  straight  ^and 
very  narrow.     May.     §  Eur. 

2  T.  stricta  Graham.     Fls.  (rose-white)  erect;  silique  long  (3'),  erect,  finally  ascend- 
ing, stem-lvs.  linear-lanceolate, — @  On  rocks,  N.  Y.  (rare),  "W.  to  Or.     Plant  glab- 
rous.    St.  straight,  erect,  simple,  1 — 2f  high.    Root-lvs.  spatulate,  remotely  den- 
ticulate ;  stem-lvs.  arrow  shaped,  clasping,  erect,  nearly  entire.      Rac.  terminal, 
elongated  in  fruit     May. 

3  T.  brachycarpa  Torr  &  Gr.      Fls.  (pale-purpk)  nodding ;  siliques  shorter  (!'), 
spreading. — Lake  shores  Mich.      Glabrous  and  glaucous,  often  purplish.      Stem 
1 — 2f  high.     Root-lvs.  spatulate,  dentate;  cauline  linear-lanceolate,  sagittate  and 
slasping.     Fls.  rather  large. 

3.  IODANTHUS,  Torr.  &  Gray.     FALSE  ROCKET.     (Gr.  ludrjs  violet- 
colored,  av6o$,  flower,)     Calyx  closed,  shorter  than  the  claws  of  the 
petals ;  silique   linear,  terete,  veinless ;  seeds  arranged  in  a  single  row 
in  each  cell   (0=). — Glabrous,  with  violet-purple  flowers  in  panicled 
racemes, 

I.  pinnatifida  Torr  &  Gr. — ^  Perm,  to  111.,  S.  to  Ark.  St.  slender,  furrowed 
2 — 3f  high.  Lvs.  thin,  sharply  dentate,  3 — 5'  long,  £•  as  wide,  the  lower  often 
lyrate-pinnatifid,  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scarcely  petiolate. 
Rac.  terminal  and  axillary.  Petals  long-clawed,  with  an  obovate  border.  Pods 
torulous,  15 — 20"  long;  sds.  oblong,  plano-convex.  May,  Jn. 

4.  MATTHlOLA,  R.  Br.     STOCK.     (In  honor  of  P.  A.  Matthioli, 
physician  to  Ferdinand  of  Austria,  and  botanic  author.)     Calyx  closed, 
2  of  the  sepals  gibbous  at  base  ;  petals  dilated ;  siliques  terete  ;  stigmas 
connivant,  thickened  or  cornute  at  the  back. — Herbaceous  or  shrubby, 
oriental  plants,  clothed  with  a  hoary,  stellate  pubescence. 

*  Perennial  or  biennial.    Stems  herbaceous Nos.  1,  2. 

*  Perennial.     Steins  shrubby  at  base Nos.  8,  4. 

1  M.  animus  R.  Br.     TEN  WEEKS' STOCK.     St  erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  hoary- 
canescent,    lanceolate,    obtuse,    subdentate;    silique  subcylindrical. — <D    A    fine 
garden  flower  from  S.  Europe.     St.  2f  high,  and,  with  the  leaves,  covered  with 
a  soft,  stellate  pubescence.     Fls.  variegated.     Jn.f 

2  M.  Graecus  R.  Br.    GRECIAN  STOCK.    St.  erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
glabrous;     siliques    somewhat    compressed.—®  From  Greece.     Plant  about    If 
high,  distinguished  from  the  remainder  of  the  genus  by  its  smooth  foliage.     Fls. 
white,  appearing  all  summer. f 

3  M.  incanus  R.  Br.    PURPLE  JULY  FLOWER,    St  erect,  branched;  Ivs. lance- 
olate, entire,  hoary-canescent ;  siliques  subcylindrical,  truncate  and  compressed 


230  ORDER  13.—  CRUCIFER^L 

at  apex.  —  fy  One  of  the  most  popular  flowers  of  the  genus,  native  of  England, 
etc.  St.  2f  high.  Fls.  purple.  —  Several  varieties  are  enumerated,  as  the  doublo 
flowered,  Brornpton  Stock,  Brompton  Queen.  Jn.f 

4  M.  fenestralis  R.  Br.  Erect,  simple;  Ivs.  crowded,  recurved,  undulate, 
downy;  siliques  downy,  broadest  at  base.  —  1J.  From  S.  Europe.  Plant  If  high. 
Fls.  numerous,  large,  purple.  Jl.,  Aug.f 

5.  DENTARIA,  L.  PEPPER-ROOT.  (Lat.  dens,  a  tooth  ;  from  the 
tooth-like  projections  of  the  rhizome.)  Sepals  converging  ;  silique 
lance-linear,  with  ilat,  veinless  valves,  often  opening  clastically  ;  placentae 
not  winged  ;  sds.  in  a  single  row,  ovate,  not  bordered  ;  funiculus  broad 
(0  =  ).  —  Rhizome  H.  Lvs.  palmately  divided,  those  of  the  stem  but  2 
or  3,  somewhat  whorled.  Fls.  white  or  purplish,  in  a  terminal 
raceme. 

*  Leaves  of  the  stem  sub-opposite  or  sub-  vcrti  dilate  ...............................  Nos.  1  —  3 

•Leaves  of  the  stem  alternate.-  ........  ...........  .  .................................  Nos.  4,  5 

1  D.  diphylla  L.      St.  2-leaved  ;    Ifts.  subovate;   rhizome  continuous,  toothed.  —  In 
woods   and  wet  meadows,   Can.   to  Car.,  W.  to  the  Miss.      St.  about  If  high, 
round,  smooth,  with  2,  nearly  opposite,  ternate  leaves  above  the  middle.      Lfts. 
on  very  short  stalks,  the  lateral  ones  oblique,  all  with  rounded,  mucronato,  un- 
equal teeth.     Fls.  racemed,  large,  white  ;  the  petals  much  larger  than  the  calyx. 
The  rootstock  is  long  and  largo  in  proportion  to  the  plant,  beset  with  teeth,  with 
a  pungent,  aromatic  taste.     May. 

2  D.  laciniata  Muhl.     Cauline  Ivs.  3,  3-parted,  the  divisions  lanceolate  or  linear- 
oblong,  obtuse,  lobed,  toothed  or  entire  ;  rhiz.  moniliform.  —  In  woods,  Can.  and  U. 
S.     The  rootstock  consists  of  several  connected  tubers  of  a  pungent  taste.    Stem 
]f  high,  smooth,  simple.     Lvs.  usually  in  a  whorl  about  half  way  up,  the  segm. 
with  very  irregular,  mucronate  teeth,  rarely  subentiro,  lateral  ones  sometimes 
cut  nearly  to  the  base,  rendering  the  leaf  almost   quinate.      Root-lvs.   generally 
wanting.     Fls.  racemed,  purplish.     Apr.,  May. 

3  D.  multifida   Muhl.       Cauline  Ivs.  mostly  3,  and  verticillate,  rarely  2,  multifid 
with  numerous  linear  lobes  ;  rhiz.  tuberous.  —  In  woods,  N.  Car,  to  Ala.,  rare.     St. 
G  —  10'  high.      Lvs.  finely  dissected  in  a  bi-  or  triteruate  manner.      Fls.  white, 
smaller  than  in  the  above  species. 

4  D.  maxima  Nutt.     Stem  about  3-leaved  (2  to  7)  ;  Ifts.  3,  ovate,  toothed  or  cleft  ; 
rhiz.  moniliform,   the  tubers  toothed.  —  N.  Y.  and  Penn.,  rare.      Tubers  of  the 
rootstock  thick  as  the  finger,  an  inch  or  more  in  length.      St.  1  —  2f  high,  bear- 
ing a  lengthened  raceme,  with  pale  purple  flowers  which  are  larger  than  in  No.  1, 
and  several  alternate,  remote,  ternate,  petiolate  Ivs.     Lfts.  sharply  and  coarsely 
cut-toothed  or  lobed.     May. 

5  D.  heteroph^lla  Nutt.    St.  about  2-leaved(2  or  3),  leaflets  3,  lanceolate  and  nearly 
entire;  root-lvs.  of  3,  ovate-oblong,  toothed  and  cut-lobed  Ifts.  ;  rhiz,  moniliform, 
scarcely  toothed.  —  Pcnn.,  Va.,  Ky.      A  small  and  delicate  species,  some  6'  high. 
Tubers  of  the  root  few  (1  —  3),  oblong.     Radical  If.  always  present,  long-potioled. 
The  alternate  stem-lvs.  small  (!'  long),  also  petiolate.      Fls.  few  (G  —  9),  pale- 
purple.     Jn. 


6.  CARDAMINE,  L.  BITTER  CRESS.  (Gr.  Kapdia,  heart, 
to  strengthen  ;  from  its  stomachic  properties.)  Calyx  a  little  spreading, 
silique  linear  with  flat,  veinless  valves,  narrower  than  the  dissepiment, 
and  often  opening  elastically  from  the  base  *,  stigma  entire  ;  seeds  nqj 
margined,  with  a  slender  funiculus  (0  =  ).  Fls.  white  or  purple. 

*  Leaves  pinnate,  with  many  leaflets  .............................................  Nos.  1,  2 

*  Leaves  simple,  or  partly  ternate.     Routs  mostly  perennial,  (a) 

a  Style  slender.     In  low,  wet  grounds  .........  '.  ................................  Nos.  3,  4 

a  Style  none.     In  high  mountains  ...............................................  Nos.  5,  6 

1  C.  hirstita  L.     St.   (hirsute  in  Europe)  glabrous,  erect;  Ivs.  pinnately  5  —  11- 
foliate,  terminal  Ifl.  largest;  Us.  (white)  small,'  silique  erect,  linear  or  filiform  ;  stig* 


ORDER  13.— CRUCIFEILE.  231 

minute,  sessile. — ©  Common  in  streams  and  springy  places  throughout  the  country. 
Aspects  various ;  st  varying  from  filiform  to  thick' and  fleshy.  Lfts.  few  or  many, 
regular  or  not,  lobed,  toothed,  angled  or  entire,  always  obtuse,  terminal  one  gen- 
erally 3-lobed.  Pods  always  torulous  and  straight  (except  in  (3)  about  1'  loDg. 
Mar. — Jn. 

/?.  VIBGINICA  Hook.     Slender  and  delicate ;  Ifts.  1  or  2-toothed  ;  pods  filiform, 
incurved. — Grows  on  rocks  and  sandy  shores. 

2  C.  pratensis  L.    CUCKOO  FLOWER.    St.  ascending,  simple  ;  Ivs.  pinnately  7 — 15- 
foliate,  Ifts.  petiolate,  subentire,  lower  ones  suborbicular,    upper   linear-lanceolate ; 
sty.  distinct. —  Ij.  Swamps,  N".  Y.  to  Arc.,  Am.     Whole  plant  smooth.     St.  round, 
striate,  10 — 16'  high.     Lvs.  few,  1^ — 2'  long,  including  the  petiole.     Lfts.  small 
or  minute,  regular.      Fls.  largo  (6 — 3"  broad),  few.  in  a  terminal  raceme.      Pet. 
white  or  rose-color.     Siliques  nearly  1'  in  length,  erect.      Apr.,  May. 

3  C.   rhomboidea  DC.      Sts.  simple,  erect  or  ascending,   tuberiferous  at  base; 
siliques  linear-lameolate. —  If.  Wet  woods    and    meadows,    9ommon.      Glabrous, 
8 — 14'  high.     Tubers  1  to  several,  roundish,  white,  bearing  one  or  several  stems. 
Radical   leaves   roundish,    long-stalked,    somewhat    cordate,    entire;    stem   Ivs. 
oblong  or  rhomboidal,  angular-subdentat3,   tho   upper   lanceolate,   sessile.      Ra- 
cemes one  or  two,  with  white,  showy,  flowers.     Styles  1"  long ;  stigmas  capitate. 
Apr. — Jn. 

{3.  PURPURE.A.  Torr.      Slender,  erect,  few-leaved  and  purple-flowered. — Cleve- 
land, 0.,  &c.     May. 

4  C.  rotundifolia  MX.      Sis.  decumbent,  branching,  finally  stoloniferous ;  Ivs.  all 
petiolate;  siliques  linear-subulate;  rt.  fibrous. —  74  Cool  springs  and  rivulets  in 
Mts.,  Penn.  to  Car.  (Buckley).     Prostrate  stems  or  runners  1 — 2f  in  length.    Lvs. 
roundish,  subcordate  angular,  the-  lower  3-lobed  or  ternate,  with  the  terminal 
1ft.  much  the  largest.     Fls.  smaller  than  in  N"o.  3,  white.     May,  Jn. 

5  C.  bellidifolia  L.       Lvs.   smooth,    orbicular-ovate,    nearly    entire,   petiolate; 
cauline  entire  or  3-lobed;  siliques  erect. — 1[  A  minute  species,  on  the  summits  of 
the  White  Mts.  (Storrs),  &c. ;  also,  Arc..  Am.  to  Cal.      Stem   H — 3'  high.     Lvs. 
mostly  radical,  broadly  oval  or  ovate,  \'  long,  on   petioles  as  long  as  the  stems. 
Fascicles  corymbous,  each  of  3  or  4  white  flowers.     Pet.  oval,  obtuse,  about  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx.     Jl. 

6  C.  spatulata   MX.      Lvs.   hirsute,   the   radical   spatulate,   petiolate ;    cauline 
sessile,  siliques  spreading '.— (D  Mts.  of  Car.  and  Ga.      Sts.   decumbent,  slender, 
6 — 8'  long.      Lvs.  about  1'  in  length,  the  lower  entire,  obtuse  ;  the  upper  some- 
what toothed,  narrow.      Rac.  several,   loose,   with  filiform,    spreading,  distant 
pedicels.     Fls.  white.     Pods  straight,  1'  loag.     Apr. 

7.  ARABIS,  L.  ROCK  CRESS.  (Name  from  Arabia,  the  native  coun- 
try of  some  of  the  species.)  Sepals  mostly  erect ;  silique  linear  corn- 
pressed;  valves  each  with  one  or  three  longitudinal  veins,  seeds  in  a 
single  row  in  each  cell,  mostly  margined,  cotyledons  accurnbent  or 
oblique.— Fls.  white. 

*  Leaves  (all  or  at  least  the  radical)  pinnatifM Nos.  1,  2. 

*  Loaves  all  undivided,  toothed  or  entire,  often  clasping,  (a) 

n  S.liqties  short  (6— 12")  and  straight.     Seeds  not  winged Nos.  8,  4. 

a  Siliques  longer  (1—2"),  straight  or  curved.     Seeds  not  winged < Nos.  5.  6. 

a  Siiiques  long  (3'),  curved,  pendant.    Seeds  winged boa.  7,  8. 

1  A.  Ludoviciana   Meyer.     All  the  Ivs.  pinnatiftd  or  pinnate,   smoothish;  st. 
branched  at  base;  siliques  and  pedicels  ascending;  sds.  bordered. — CD  N.  Car. 
and  Ky.  (Curtis)  to  (Macon)  Ga.     Sts.  6—10'  high,  slender.     Leaves  1—2'  long, 
at  first  rosulate,  of  6—9  pairs  of  oblong,  few-toothed  leaflets,   rachis  slightly 
winged.     Pods  7 — 10"  by  1",  valves  veiny.     Fls.  minute,  white.     Mar.,  Apr. 

2  A.  lyrata  L.     Upper  Ivs.  smooth,  linear,  entire ;  radical  Ivs.  lyrately  pinnatifi^, 
often  pilous:  st.  branched  at  base;  pedicels  spreading;  siliques  erect,  seeds  hot 
bordered,-^)  On  rocky  hills,  Can.  and  Wis.  to  Va.     Sts.  declined  at  base,  6—12' 
high.     Root-lvs.  numerous,  rosulate,  1—3'  long,  i  as  wide,  petiolate,  pinnatifid  or 
sinuate-dentate,  upper  ones  sublinear  and  stfbentire.     Fls.  middle  size  (3"  long) 


232  ORDER  13.— CRUCIFERJ3. 

Siliques  when  mature  1 J — 2'  long,  1"  wide,  tipped  with  a  short  style.     Cotyledons 
obliqueiy  0=  or  nearly  0||.     Apr.,  May. 

0.  A  variety  (A.  PETR./EA  Lam.  ?)  has  very  slender,  upright  stems,  smooth,  a 
few  small,  incised  root-lvs.,  few  linear  stem-lvs.  and  cotyledons  wholly  0=. — 
Shores  of  the  great  lakes  (Ohio),  Can. 

3  A.  Thaliana  L.     MOUSE-EAR  CRESS.     Sts.  branched  at  base,  erect;  Ivs.  pilous, 
oblong,  nearly  entire ;  petals  twice  longer  than  calyx;  pods  erect,  squarish. — @  Rocks 
and  sandy  fields,  Vt.  to  111.  and  Car.     "Whole  plant  pubescent  with  stellate-hairs. 
St.  several  from   ihe  same  root,  erect,  simple,  slender,  4 — 12'  high.     Root-lvs. 
rosulate,   petiolato,  1—2'  long,  cauline  oppressed,  an  inch  long,  base  somewhat 
clasping.     Pis.  small,  white.     Pods  6 — 8"  long.     Cotyledons  obliquely  Oj.     May. 
§Kar.     (Sisymbrium,  Gay.) 

4  A.  dentata  Torr.  &  Gr.     Sts.  branched  at  base,  diffuse ;  Ivs.  roughish-downy, 
oblong,   sharply   toothed;  petals  hardly  longer  than  calyx;  pods  spreading. — CD 
River  banks,  N.  Y.  to  Mo.     Plant  scabrous  with  stellate  hairs.     Sts.  decumbent, 
a  foot  high.      Root-lvs.  2'  Jong  by  f ;  cauline  half-clasping  with  an  auriculato 
base,  all  very  obtuse  and  irregularly  toothed.    Pis.  small,  whitish.     Pods  very 
slender,  1'  long.     May. 

5  A.  patens  Sullivant.     Erect,  pubescent;  cauline  Ivs.  coarsely  toothed ;  siliques 
spreading  and  curved  upwards,  beaked  with  a  distinct  style. — Rocky  banks  of  tho 
Scioto,  0.  (Sullivant),  and  southward.     Sts.  1 — 2f  high.     Root-lvs.  rosulate,  petio- 
late ;  stom-lvs.  oblong-ovate  or  linear,  auriculate-clasping.    Pis.  rather  large  (5 — 6" 
broad),  white.     Pods  nearly  2'  long.     May. 

6  A.  hirsuta  Scop.     Erect,  hirsute ;  radical  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  tapering  to  a  pe- 
tiole, cauline  oval  or   lanceolate,  sagittate-clasping,  entire  or  toothed ;   siliques 
straight,  erect ;  sty.   none. — (1)  Pound  in  low,  rocky  grounds,  Can.  to  Va.,  W.  to 
Oregon.     Sts.  2  or  more  from  the  same  root,  round,  hairy  at  base,  near  a  foot 
high,  slender  and  parallel.     Lvs.  scarcely  dentate,  sessile,  with  heart-shaped  or 
arrow-shaped  bases,  the  upper  acute.   Pis.  greenish-white.   Siliques  1 — 2'  long.  Jn. 

7  A.  laevigata    DC.      Tall,   glaucous,    smooth;   stem-lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  and 
linear,  sagittate-clasping,  the  upper  entire ;  siliques  very  long,  linearr  at  length 
spreading  and  pendulous. — ^  In  rocky  woods  and  low  grounds,  Can.  to  Tenn. 
and  westward.     St.  2f  high,  round,  simple,  or  branched  above.     Root-lvs.  often 
purplish,  obovato  and  oblong,  petiolate,  | — !£'  long,  £  as  wide,  with  acute  teeth. 
Stem-lvs.  3 — 5'  long  and  very  narrow.     Pis.  erect,  greenish,  the  petals  hardly 
longer  than  the  calyx.     Siliques  3'  long,  scarcely  1"  wide.     May. 

8  A.  Canadensis  L.    SICKLE  POD.    Tall,  pubescent;  stem  Ivs.  lanceolate,  pointed 
both  ways,  sessile ;  silique  subfalcate,  veined,  pendulous. — ^J.  On  rocky  hills  Can. 
to  Ga.,  W.  to  Ark.     A  plant  remarkable  for  its  long,  drooping  pods  which  resem- 
ble a  sickle-blade,  or  rather  a  scythe.     St.  2 — 3f  high,  slender,  round,  smooth, 
Lvs.  3 — 5'  long,  \  as  wide,  the  lowest  early  marescent,  middle  and  upper  ones 
sessile  or  clasping,  with  narrow  bases,  remotely  denticulate.     Pis.  small,  the  nar- 
row, white  petals  twice  longer  than  the  calyx.     Pods  slender,  flattened,  3'  long. 
May,  Jn. 

8.  CHEIRANTHUS,  L.     WALL  FLOWER.     (Arabic  Jcheyry,  the  name 
of  a  certain  plant,  and  Gr.  av6og,  flower.)     Calyx  closed,  2  of  the  sepals 
gibbous  at  base  ;  petals  dilated  ;  silique  terete  or  compressed  ;  stigma 
2-lobed  or  capitate  ;  seeds  flat,  in  a  single  series,  often  margined.  (0—). 
Garden  perennials,  mostly  European.     Lvs.  undivided. 

C.  Cheiri  L.  St.  somewhat  shrubby  and  decumbent  at  base ;  Ivs.  entire  or 
slightly  dentate,  lanceolate,  acute,  smooth  ;  branches  angular ;  petals  obovate ; 
siliques  erect,  acuminate. — rM-  Prom  S.  Europe.  A  popular  garden  flower,  ad- 
mired for  its  agreeable  fragrance,  and  handsome  corymbous  clusters  of  orange 
or  yellow  flowers.  Plant  about  2f  high.  Jn.-j- 

9.  LEAYENW6RTHIA,    Torr.      (Named  for  Dr.  Leavenworth,  the 
discoverer.)     Calyx  rather   erect ;  petals  cuneate,  retuse  or  truncate ; 


ORDER  13.— CRUCIFEILE.  233 

eilique  flat,  linear  or  oblong,  valves  indistinctly  veined  ;  seeds  in  a  single 
row,  flattened,  wing-margined  ;  embryo  nearly  straight,  curving  towards 
an  accumbent  form. — ©  Low,  smooth  herbs  with  lyrate-pinnatifid  Ivs. 
FJs.  yellowish. 

L.  Michauxii  Torr.  (and  L.  aurea  Torr.).  On  wet  rocks  S.  E.  Ky.  to  Texas. 
Plant  2—6'  high.  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  an  inch  or  two  in  length,  segm.  1 — 5, 
angular.  Fls.  at  first  solitary,  on  slender  scapes,  finally  racemed.  Petals  twiccv 
longer  than  the  sepals,  yellow,  at  least  its  broad  claws.  Pods  erect,  3 — 5-seeded. 
Mar.,  Apr.  (Cardamine  uniflora.  MX.) 

10.  BARBAREA,  E.  Br.     WINTER  CRESS.     (In  honor  of  St.  Bar- 
bara who  discovered  [what  are  since  unknown]  its  medicinal  proper- 
ties.)    Sepals  erect ;  siliques  columnar,  2  or  4-angled,  valves  carinate 
with  a  mid- vein ;  seeds  in  a  single  row  (0=). — Lvs.  lyrate-pinnatifid. 
Fls.  yellow. 

1  B.  vulgaris  R.  Br.     Upper  Ivs.  toothed  or  pinnatifid  at  base ;  siliques  obscurely 
^•angled,  pointed  with  the  style. — D  Fields  and  brooksides,  common,  JSL  States. 
Whole  plant  glabrous.     St.  furrowed,  1 — 2f  high,  branching  above.     Lower  Ivs. 
lyrate  pinnatifid,  with  small,  oblong  pinnae,  and  a  large,  broad-ovate,  terminal  lobe, 
dark  green,  shining,  with  clasping  petioles ;  upper  Ivs.  sessile,  all  very  obtuse. — Fls. 
in  dense  racemes.   Pods  about  9"  long,  usually  curved,  ascending  or  erect.  May,  Jn. 

2  B.  prdcox  R.  Br.     BELLE  ISLE  CRESS.     SCURVY  GRASS.     Upper  Ivs.  pinnati- 
fid, with  the  lobes  all  linear-oblong;  silique  2-edged. — ^  Cultivated  southward 
for  salad,  and  sparingly  naturalized.     St.  slender,  If  high.     Lower  Ivs.  with  the 
terminal  lobe  ovate.     Siliques  2  or  3'  long.     Apr.,  Jn. 

11.  ERYSIMUM,  L.    FALSE  WALL  FLOWER.    (Gr.  epvcj,  to  cure ;  from 
its  salutary  medicinal  properties.)     Calyx  closed;    siliques  columnar, 
3-sided,  valves  with  a  strong  mid-vein  ;  stigma  capitate  ;  seeds  in  a  sin- 
gle series  ;  cotyledons  oblong,  0||. — Fls.  yellow. 

1  E.  cheiranthoides  L.     Pubescence  minute,  appressed,  branched;  Ivs.  lanceo- 
late, denticulate,  or  entire;  fls.  small;  siliques  short  (8 — 10"),  on  slender,  spread- 
ing pedicel* ;  stig.  small,  nearly  sessile. — (D  By  streams  and  in  wet  grounds,  U.  S. 
and  Can.,  not  common.     St.  erect,   1 — 2f  high,   often  branched,  and,  with  the 
leaves,  scabrous.     Lvs.  acute  at  each  end,  1 — 2'  long,  ^  as  wide.     Fls.  small,  yel- 
low, in  long  racemes.     Siliques  £  to  near  1'   in  length,  linear,   and  somewhat 
spreading.     JJ. 

2  E.  Arkaiisamim  Nutt.    YELLOW  PHLOX.     Scabrous,  with  an  appressed  pu- 
bescence ;  st.  simple ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  remotely  dentate,  sessile,  lower  ones 
runcinate-toothed ;  inflorescence  racemous,   corymbed  at  summit ;  siliques   long 
(3'),  erect,  on  short,  erect  pedicels ;  stig.  capitate. — (D  A  fine  plant,  with  large, 
showy  flowers,  resembling  the  wall-flower,  on  bluffs  along  rivers,  Ohio  to  Ark. 
St.  1 — 3f  high,  slender.    Lvs.  2 — 3'  by  3 — 6".    Sep.  straw-colored.    Petals  large, 
bright-orange  yellow.     Siliques  3'  long.     Jn.,  Jl. 

12.  SISYMBRIUM,  Allioni.     (An  ancient  Greek  name.)     Calyx  half- 
spreading,  equal  at  base ;  petals  unguiculate,  entire  :  silique  subterete, 
valves  concave,  marked  lengthwise  with  1 — 3  veins ;  style  very  short ; 
seeds  in  a  single  series,  ovoid,  0||. — Fls.  (yellow)  small. 

1  S.  ofHcinale  Scop.  HEDGE  MUSTARD.  Lvs.  runcinate ;  rac.  slender,  virgate ; 
siliques  subulate,  erect,  closely  appressed  to  the  rachis. — OP  A  common  weed,  in 
fields,  roadsides,  rubbish,  etc.,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  1— 3f  high,  with  spreading 
branches.  Lower  Ivs.  3 — 8'  by  1 — 3',  the  lower  segments  placed  at  right  angles 
to  the  midvein,  or  pointing  backwards,  the  terminal  segment  largest.  Upper  Ivs. 
in  3  lanceolate  segments  at  right  angles.  Fls.  small,  yellow,  terminating  the  ra- 


234  OJIDER  13— CRUCIFEILE. 

ceme,  which  becomes  1 — 2f  long,  and  environed  by  the  appressed  sessile  pods. 
Jn.,  Sept.     Medicinal.   §  Eur. 

2  S.  Sophia  L.  FLIXWEED.    Los.  bipinnatifid,  lobes  linear-oblong,  acute,  incised ; 
sepals  longer  than  the  petals ;  silique  linear,  slender,  erect,  longer  than  the  spread- 
ing pedicel.— Plattsburg,  JST.  Y.  (Mrs.  Conant),  and  Can.  along  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Stems  erect,  1 — 2f  high.     Leaves  ovate  in  outline,  finely  dissected,  almost  tripin- 
natifid.     Pis.  very  small,  pale  yellow.     Siliques  1'  long,  very  narrow,  in  long 
racemes.     July. 

3  S.  canescens  Nutt.     TANSEY  MUSTARD.    Lvs.  bipinnately  divided,  canescent, 
lobes  oblong  or  lanceolate,  subdentate,  obtuse;  petals  about  equalling  the  calyx ; 
siliques  oblong-linear,  ascending,  shorter  (or  never  longer)   than  the  spreading  pedi~ 
cels.—Q  Arctic  Sea  to  Florida,     Plant  1 — 2f  high,   often  nearly  smooth.     Lvs. 
about  3'  long,  sessile,  lance-oblong  in  outline,  segm.  5 — 7  pairs,  finely  divided. 
FJs.  very  small.    Siliques  3 — 6"  in  length,  tha  seeds  somewhat  2-rowed.  Variable. 
Mar.,  Jn. 

13.  WAREA,  Nutt.     (Named  in  honor  of  Mr.  Ware,  the  discoverer.) 
Sepals  colored,  ligulate  ;  petals  with  very  slender   claws,  longer  than 
the  lamina;  silique  flattened,  long  and  slender,   raised  on  a  slender 
stipe ;  stamens  nearly  equal,  0||. — X  Glabrous,  entire-leaved  plants,  with 
the  aspect  of  Cleome.    Fls.  white  or  purple,  in  short  racemes.    Siliques 
curved  and  declinate. 

1  W.  cuneifolia  Nutt.     Lvs.  oblong,  obtuse,  cunoate  at  base,  and  sub-sessile. — 
Dry  hills,  Ga.  (Mettauer)  and  Fla.     St.  1— 2f  high,  branched  above.     Lvs.  £—1' 
long,  rather  thick,  the  upper  linear.     Fls.  in  showy  clusters  at  the  summits  of  the 
branches,  white  or  purplish.     Pedicels  divergent.     Sta.  exserted,  with  the  anth- 
ers finally  circinate.     Petals  with  remarkably  slender  claws  2"  in  length,  lamina 
1".     Siliques  1^'  or  more  in  length,  4  times  longer  than  the  filiform  stipe. 
Jn.,  Aug. 

2  W.  amplexifolia  Nutt.     Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  partly  clasping. — CI)  Fla.    In  all 
other  respects  like  No.  1,  and  in  all  probability  not  distinct  from  it. 

14.  HESPERIS,  L.      ROCKET.      (Gr.    Zanspa,   evening;    when   the 
flower  is  most  fragrant.)     Calyx  closed,  furrowed  at  base,  shorter  than 
the  claws  of  the  petals ;  petals  bent  obliquely,  linear  or  obovate ;  sil- 
ique  4-sided,    2-edged   or   subterete ;    seeds   not   margined ;    stigmas 
forked,  with  the  apices  converging  (0||). — Fls.  cyanic. 

1  H.  matronalis  L.   St.  simple,  erect ;  Ivs.  lanceolate- ovate,  denticulate ;  petals 
emarginate,  mucronate ;  pedicels  as   long  as  the  calyx. — A  fine  garden  peren- 
nial, said  to  be  found  native  about  Lake  Huron.     St.  3 — 9f  high.     Fls.  purple, 
often  double,  and  white  in  ft  hortensis.  June— Aug.  f  Eur. 

2  H.  aprica  L.     St.  erect,  simple,  pubescent :  Ivs.  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  ciliate 
hispid ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx. — 1(  From  Siberia.     Stem  a  foot  high. 
Fls.  purple.     May,  Jn.,  f. 

15.  SINAPIS,  Tourn.    MUSTARD.    (The  Greek  name,  oivaiu.)   Sepals 
equal  at  base,  spreading;  petals  ovate,   with  straight  claws;  siliques 
subterete  ;  valves  veined  ;  style  short  and  subulate,  or  ensiform  ;  seeds 
in  a  single  series,  globular  (0»). — Fls.  always  yellow. 

1  S.  nigra  L.  BLACK  MUSTARD.  Smooth;  silique  smooth,  somewhat  ^-angled, 
appressed  to  the  rachis,  and  beaked  with  a  slender,  4-sided  style. — CD  In  culti- 
vated grounds  and  waste  places.  St.  3 — 6f  high,  round,  smooth,  striate,  branch- 
.  ing.  Lvs.  all  petiolate,  lower  ones  variously  lyrate  and  dentate,  upper  ones 
lance-linear,  pendulous,  entire.  Sep.  and  pet.  sulphur-yellow.  Pods  very  nume- 
rous, nearly  1'  long.  Sds.  numerous,  small,  globous,  nearly  black,  well  known 
as  a  condiment.  Jn.,  July.,  \  §  Eur. 


ORDER  13.—  CRUCIFEILE.  235 

2  S.  arv6nsis  L.  FIELD  MUSTARD.  St.  and  leaves  hairy;  silique  smooth,  many- 
angled,  torulous,  spreading,  about  3  times  linger  than  the  slander,  ancipital  style.  —  (1) 
Naturalized  in  N.  Y.  (T.  and  G-.)  and  in  Vt.  (Robbing).  Lower  Ivs.  large,  subly- 
rate-pinnatifid,  upper  ones  oblong-ovate,  all  repand-toothed.  Siliquo  somewhat 
spreading,  !£'  long.  Sds.  large  and  black.  Jn..  Aug.,  §  Eur. 

3  S  alba  L.  WHITE  MUSTARD.  Lv?.  sraoothish;  siliques  hispid,  torosc, 
shorter  than  the  ensiform  leak  sds.  large,  pale  yellow.  —  (I)  Native  of  Europe.  St. 
2—  5f  high,  thinly  hirsute.  Lvs.  all  lyrately  pinnate,  dentate,  petiolate.  Siliques 
spreading,  about  4-seeded.  The  seeds  are  used  for  about  the  same  purposes  as 
those  of  S.  nigra,  esteemed  in  medicine.  Jn.,  Jl.  J. 

16.  BRASSICA,  L.  CABBAGE,  etc.  (Celtic  bresic,  the  cabbage.) 
Sepals  equal  at  base,  (mostly)  erect  ;  petals  obovate  ;  ,  filaments  without 
teeth;  silique  sub-compressed,  valves  concave,  with  a  central  vein; 
style  short,  subterete,  obtuse  ;  seeds  globous,  in  a  single  (often  double) 
row  (0»).  —  Fls.  fellow. 

1  B.  campestris  L.  CALE.  Lvs.  somewhat  fleshy  and  glaucous,  the  lower  lyrate- 
dentate,  subciliate,  upper  ones  cordate-amplexicaul,  acuminate.—  <l)  Cultivated 
fields  and  waste  places.  St.  1J  —  3f  high,  with  a  few,  scattered,  reversed  hairs 
below.  Lower  Ivs.  3  —  7'  long,  "J  as  wide,  upper  smaller,  entire,  with  rounded 
clasping  lobes  at  base,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  point.  Rac.  1  —  2f  long.  Sep. 
erect,  spreading.  Cor.  yellow,  4  —  5"  diam.  Siliques  H'  long,  with  the  style  |'. 
Sds.  small,  dark  brown.  Jn.,  Jl.  §  Sweden. 

fi  RUTABAGA.  SWEDISH  TURNIP.  Rt.  tumid,  napiform,  subglobous,  yellowish. 
—  Cultivated  like  the  common  turnip:  but  after  a  thorough  experiment,  it  is 
conceded  oy  farmers  to  be  inferior  in  value  to  that  root,  although  it  grows  to 
an  enormous  size.  \. 

2  B.  rdpa  L.     Radical  Ivs.  lyrate,  rough,  not  glaucous,  cauline  ones  incised, 
upper  entire,  smooth.  J. 

ft  DEPEESSA.  COMMON  TURNIP.  Rt.  depressed,  globous  or  napiform,  contracted 
below  into  a  slender  radicle.  —  (2)  Loug  cultivated  for  the  table,  etc.,  in  gar- 
dens and  fields.  St.  2  —  4f  high,  and  with  the  leaves  deep  green.  Upper 
Ivs.  amplexicaul.  Pods  1'  long.  Sds.  small,  reddish-brown.  Ju.  | 

3  B.  oleracea  L.    CABBAGE.    Lvs.  very  smooth  and  glaucous,  fleshy,  repand- 
toothed  or  lobed.  —  (£)  Native  of  Europe,   where  it  grows  on  rocky  shores  and 
cliffs,  with  no  appearance  of  a  head,  forming  a  surprising  contrast  with  the  cul- 
tivated varieties.     The  excellence  of  the  cabbage  as  a  pot-herb  needs  no  en- 
comium. \ 

0  BULLATA.     SAVOY  CABBAGE.     Lvs.  curled,  subcapitate  when  young,  finally 

expanding. 
y  BOTRYTIS-CAULIFLORA.    CAULIFLOWER.   St.  low  ;  lids,  thick,  compact,  termi- 

nal ;  fls.  abortive,  on  short,  fleshy  peduncles.  \. 
d  BOTRYTIS  ASPARAGOIDES.    BROCCOLI.     St.  taller  ;  hds.  subramous  ;   branches 

fleshy  at  the  summit,  consisting  of  clusters  of  abortive  flower-buds,  j. 
e  CAPITATA.     HEAD  CABBAGE.     St.  short;  Ivs.  concave,  packed  in  a  dense 

head  beforo  flowering  ;  rac.  paniculate.  $. 


17.  ALYSSUM,  L.  MADWORT.  (Gr.  a,  privative,  /Lvcrtra,  rage  ;  sup- 
posed by  the  ancients  to  allay  anger.)  Calyx  equal  at  base;  petals 
entire  ;  some  of  the  stamens  with  teeth  ;  silicic  orbicular  or  oval,  with 
valves  flat  or  convex  in  the  centre  ;  seeds-  1  —  4  in  each  cell  (0=).  — 
Showy  European  herbs. 

1  A.  saxatile  L.  ROCK  ALYSSUM.  MADWORT.  St.  suffruticous  at  base,  sub- 
corymbous;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire,  downy;  silick  obovale-orbicular,  2-seeded  ;  sds. 
margined.  —  An  early-flowering  garden  perennial,  native  of  Candia.  St.  If 
high,  with  numerous  yellow  flowers  in  close  corymbous  bunches.  Apr., 
May.  f. 


236  ORDER  13.— CRUCIFERJE. 

2  A.  marftimum  Lam.  SWEET  ALTSSUM.  St.  suffruticous  and  procumbent 
at  base ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  somewhat  hoary ;  pods  oval,  smooth. — 
2£  A  sweet-scented  garden  plant,  with  fine  leaves  and  small  white  flowers. 
St.  a  foot  in  length.  Fls.  from  Jn.  to  Oct. — All  the  species  of  Alyssum  are  of 
easy  culture  in  common  loamy  soils,  f. 
\ 

18.  LUNARIA,  L.    HONESTY.    (Lat.  luna,  the  moon  ;  from  the  broad, 
round  silicles.)     Sepals  somewhat  bisaccate  at  base ;  petals  nearly  en- 
tire ;  stamens  without  teeth  ;  silicle  pedicellate,  elliptical  or  lanceolate, 
with  flat  valves  ;  funiculus  adhering  to  the  dissepiment  (0  =  ). 

1  L.  rediviva  L.    PERENNIAL  SATIN  FLOWER.     St.  erect,  branching;  Ivs. 
ovate,   cordate,   petiolate,  mucronately  serrate;   silicles    lanceolate,   narrowed  ai 
each  end, — 14  From  Germany.     Stem  2 — 3f  high.    Fla  light  purple.     Jn.f 

2  L.  biennis  DC.   HONESTY.    St.  erect ;  Ivs.  with  obtuse  teeth ;  silicles  oval, 
obtuse  at  both  ends. — (D  These  are  large,  hairy  plants,  native  of  Germany.     Sts. 
3 — if  high.      Lvs.    cordate.        Fls.  lilac-colored.      The  broad,  round,  silvery 
silicles  are  the  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  plants.     May,  Jn.f 

19.  DRABA,  L.    WHITLOW  GRASS.     (Gr.  dpa/3r/,  acrid,  biting ;  from 
the  taste  of  the  plant.)     Calyx  equal  at  base;  petals  equal ;  filaments 
without  teeth  ;  silicle  oval  or  oblong,  entire,  the  valves  flat  or  slightly 
convex,  veined;  seeds  not  margined,  2-rowed  in  each  cell  (0=). — Fls. 
white,  rarely  yellow.     Plants  small. 

§EKOPHILA  (DC.).   Petals  2-parted No.  1 

§  DRABA  proper.    Petals  entire  or  only  emargiuate.  (a) 

a  Stylo  long  or  short,  but  distinct.    Plants  perennial Nos.  2,3 

a  Style  none      Plants  annual  or  biennial,  (b) 

b  Pedicel  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  silicic Nos.  4,  5 

b  Pedicel  shorter  than  the  silicle Nos.  6,  T 

1  D.     (Er6phila)  verna  L.      WHITLOW  GRASS.      Scapo  naked;  Ivs.  oblong, 
acute,  subserrate,  hairy ;  petals  bifid ;  stig.  sessile :    silicle  oval,  flat,  shorter  than 
the  pedicel. — (D  A  little,   early-flowering  plant  in  grassy  fields,  rather  rare,  Can. 
to  Va.      Lvs.  all  radical,  lanceolate,  \— \\'  long,  $  as  wide,  with  a  few  teeth 
towards  the  end.      Scapo  a  few  inches  high,  with  a  rac.  of  5 — 15  small,  whito 
flowers.     Cal.  spreading.     Petals  cleft  half  way  down.     Silicles  about  a  line  wide 
3"  long,  with  deciduous  valves.     Apr.,  May. 

2  D.  arabisans  MX.      St.  leafy,  erectly  branched,  pubescent;   Ivs.  lanceolate, 
minutely  dentate ;  silicle  oblong-lanceolate,   smooth,  longer  than  the  pedicel  /  sty. 
short  but  distinct. — Lake  shores,  Willoughby,  Vt.,   N.  Y.,  Mich.      Sts.  several 
from  the  same  root,  6 — 8'   high.      Radical  Ivs.  about  1'  long,  forming  rosulato 
tufts  at  the  top  of  the  short  radical  shoots ;  cauline  somewhat  clasping.      Fls. 
white,  in  a  short  raceme.      Silicles  elongated  (4 — 6"),  twisted  when  ripe  so  as  to 
appear  double.     May. 

3  D.   ramosissima   Desv.      Minutely  pubescent;   sts.  numerous;   Ivs.  linear- 
lanceolate,  with  remote  and  slender  teeth,  upper  ones  entire ;  rac.  corymbously 
paniculate ;  silicle  lanceolate,  about  the  length  of  the  pedicel,  the  style  half  as  long. 
— On  rocks,  Harper's  Ferry,  Va.,  W.  to  Ky.     Sts.  slender,  4 — 10'  long,  the  bar- 
ren ones  with  tufted  leaves  at  top.     Lvs.  about  1'  long,  with  one  or  two  teeth  on 
each  side.     Fls.  white.     Silicles  3"  in  length,  ascending.     Apr.,  May. 

4  D.  nemoralis  Ehrh.     St.  pubescent,  branched;  Ivs.  oval,  cauline,  lanceolate, 
toothed ;  pet.  emarginate ;  silicles  oblong-elliptical,  half  the  length  of  the  pedicels  ;* 
seeds  nearly   30. — Mich.,    Mo.      Plant   slender,   8 — 10'  high.      St.  ,vith  a  few 
branches.     Lvs.  mostly  radical.      Rac.  much  elongated  in  fruit,  with  very  long 
pedicels.     Fls.  minute,  yellowish- white.     May. 

5  D.  brachycarpa   Nutt.       Minutely  pubescent ;    radical  Ivs.  roundish-ovate, 
petiolate,  cauline  oblong  or  linear,  slightly  dentate  or  entire ;  rac.  many-flowered, 
straight,  elongated  in  fruit ;  petals  obovate,  entire ;  silicle  oval,  glabrous,  about  as 
long  as  the  pedicels,   10 — 12-seeded. — U  Grassy  places  near  St.  Louis,  S.  to  La. 


ORDER  13.—  CRUCIFER^E.  237 

gt  branched  and  leafy,  2  —  4'  high.  Silicles  scarcely  2"  in  length.  Mar., 
Apr. 

6  D^  cuneifolia  Nutt.      Hirsute,  pubescent;    st.  branching  and   leafy  below, 
riaked  above;    Ivs.    cuneate-oblong,  sessile,   denticulate;    rac.    elongated  in  fruit- 
silicles  twice  longer  than  the  pedicels,  20  —  3Q-seeded.  —  Fields,  Ky.  to  La.     Plant 
3  —  8'  high.    Fls.  much  larger  than  in  the  preceding.     Petals  white,  nearly  thrice 
longer  than  the  sepals.     Mar.,  Apr. 

7  D.   Caroliniana   "Walt.     Lvs.   ovate-roundish,   entire,    hispid;   silicles  linear, 
smooth,  longer  than  the  pedicels,  corymbous,  30  —  40-seeded.  —  Sandy  fields,  Ct.,' 

R,  L,  S.  to  Ga.  St.  1  —  3'  high,  leafy  at  base,  hispid,  naked  and  smooth  above. 
Lvs.  clustered  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem,  very  hairy.  Petals  white,  twice  as 
long  as  the  sepals.  Silicle  6"  long,  rather  obtuse,  smooth  (or  minutely  hispid  in 
ft  ?).  Apr.  —  Jn.  (D.  micrantha  Nutt.) 

20,  ARMORACIA,  Hupp.     HORSE    RADISH.     (Armorica,  its  native 
country,   now  the  province  Brittany,  France.)       Calyx  equal   at  base, 
spreading;  petals  entire,  much   exceeding  the  calyx;  filaments  tooth- 
less ;  silicles  ellipsoid  or  globular,  turgid,  1-celled  from  the  incomplete 
partition;    style    distinct;    seeds  few   (0=).  —  4    Lvs.  oblong,  undi- 
vided, or  the  lower  pinnatifid.     Fls.  white. 

1  A.  nisticana  Rupp.      Radical  Ivs.  oblong,  crenate;  cauline  long,  lanceolate, 
dentate  or  incised,  sessile  ;  silicle  roundish,  ellipsoid,  much  longer  than  the  style. 
—  If.  A  common  garden  herb,  sparingly  naturalized  in  wet  grounds.     Rt.  fleshy, 
large,  white,  very  acrid.     St.  2  —  3f  high,  angular,  smooth,  branching.      Radical 
Ivs.  near  a  foot  long,  \  as  wide,  on  long  channeled  petioles.      Lower  stem-lvs. 
often  cut  in  a  pinnatifid  manner,  upper  toothed  or  entire.       Fls.  not  large. 
Silicle  much  shorter  than  the  spreading  pedicels.     The  root  is  a  well  known  con- 
diment for  roast  beef  and  other  viands.     Jn.     §  Eur.     (Cochlearia  L.) 

2  A.   Americana    Am.      Aquatic  ;    immersed  leaves   doubly  pinnatifid  with 
capillary  segments,  emersed  oblong,  pinnatifid,  serrate  or  entire;  silicle  ovoid, 
little  longer  than  the  style.  —  Lakes  and  rivers,  Can.,  N.  Y.  to  Ky.     Fls.  not  largo 
(4"  broad).     Silicle  2"  long,  on  long  spreading  pedicels,  much  as  in  No.  1.    (Nas- 
turtium lacustre  Gray.      N.  natans  /?.  Americanum  ejusd.     Cochlearia  aquatica 
Eaton?) 

21.  VESICARIA,  Lam.     BLADDER-POD.     (Lat.  vesica,  a  bladder  or 
blister  ;  from  the  inflated  silicles.)      Petals  entire  ;  silicle  globous  or 
ovoid;  inflated  valves  nerveless,  hemispherical  or  convex  ;  seeds  several 
in  each  cell,  sometimes  margined  (0—  ).  —  Fls.  yellow. 

1  V.  Shortii  Torr  &  Gr.  Lvs.  elliptical,  sessile,  entire  ;  style  twice  as  long  as  the 
globous  silicle;  sds.  2  —  4,  not  margined.  —  CD  Banks  of  Elkhorn  Creek,  near 
Frankfort,  Ky.  (Short,  in  North  Am.  Flora.)  St.  decumbent,  about  a  span  long, 
slender,  stellately  pubescent.  Lvs.  6  —  12"  long.  Pedicels  6"  long,  and  the  siliclo 
as  large  as  the  fruit  of  Coriander. 


22.  CAMELINA,  Crantz.  FALSE  FLAX.  (Gr.  xapal,  dwarf,  Xivov, 
flax.)  Calyx  equal  at  base;  petals  entire;  silicle  obovate  or  sub- 
globous,  with  ventricous  valves  and  many-seeded  cells  ;  styles  filiform, 
persistent  ;  seeds  obiong,  striate,  not  margined  (0||).  —  Fls.  small  yel- 
low. 

C.  sativa  Crantz.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  sagittate  at  base,  subentire  ;  silicle  obovate- 
pyriform,  margined,  tipped  with  the  pointed  style.  —  1)  In  cultivated  fields.  St. 
I  —  2£'  high,  straight,  erect,  branching.  Lvs.  roughish,  1—2'  long,  clasping  the 
stem  "with  their  acute,  arrow-shaped  lobes.  Fls.  in  paniculated  racemes.  Silicles 
3  —  4"  long,  on  pedicels  2—3  times  as  long.  Said  to  be  cultivated  in  Germany 
for  the  oil  which  is  expressed  from  the  seeds.  Jn.  §  Eur. 


238  ORDER   13.— CRUCIFERJE. 

23.  SUBULARIA,  L.      AWLWORT.      (Named  in  reference  to  the 
linear-subulate  leaves.)     Silicle  oval,  valves  turgid,  cells  many-seeded  ; 
stigma  sessile  ;  cotyledons  linear,  curved   and  incumbently  folded  on 
themselves. — CD  Aquatic  acaulescent  herbs. 

S.  aquatica  L. — A  small  plant,  growing  on  the  muddy  shores  of  ponds  in  Me.  and 
N.  II.  Lvs.  all  radical,  entire,  subulate,  an  inch  in  length.  Scape  2 — 3'  high,  ra- 
cemous,  with  a  few  minute  white  fls.  on  slender  pedicels,  only  2"  in  length.  Jl. 

24.  IBERIS,  L.     CANDYTUFT.     (Most  of  the  species  are  natives  of 
Iberia,  now  Spain.)      The   2   outside  petals  larger  than  the  2  inner  ; 
silicles  compressed,  truncate,  cmarginate,  the  cells  1-seeded. — Handsome 
herbs  from  the  Old  World,  pretty  in  cultivation.     Fls.  white  or  purple. 

1  I.  timbellata    L.      Herbaceous,  smooth ;  Ivs.   linear-lanceolate,   acuminate, 
lower  ones  serrate,  upper  ones  entire ;  silicles  umbellate,  acutely  2-lobed. — This  and 
the  following  species  are  very  popular  garden  annuals,  very  pretty  in  borders 
and  of  very  easy  culture.     I.  umbellata  is  from  S.  Europe.      St.  If  high.     Fls. 
purple,  terminal  in  simple  umbels,  and  like  tli3  rest  of  the  genus  remarkable 
for  having  the  2  outer  petals  longer  than  the  2  inner  ones.     Jn.,  JL  f 

2  I.  amara  L.     BITTER  CANDYTUFT.    Herbaceous;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  some- 
what toothed ;    fla.  corymbed,  becoming  racemed ;    silicles  obcordate,  narrowly 
emarginate. — (T)  Native  of  England.     St.  If  high.     Fls.  white.      Jn.,  Jl.  f 

3  I.  pinnata  L.     Herbaceous,  smooth;  Ivs.  pinnatifid;  rac.  corymbous,  but 
little  elongated  aft'er  flowering. — ;T)  From  S.  Europe.      Plant  If  high.      Fls. 
white.    Jn. — Aug.  f 

4  I.  sax.vtilis  L.     Shrubby;  Ivs.  linear,  entire,  somewhat  fleshy,  rather  acute, 
smooth  or  ciliate ;   fls.  in  corymbs. — 'T)  From  S.  Europe.    Nearly  If  high.    Fls. 
while.     Apr. — Jn.  f     (Obs. — Twenty-four  species  of  the  Iberis  have  been  des- 
cribed,  others  of  which  are  less  known,  but  equally  ornamental  wilh  those 
above-mentioned.) 

25.  CAPSELLA,  Vent.     (Derived  from  capsa,  a  chest  or  box ;  allud- 
ing to  the  fruit.)      Calyx  equal  at  base ;  silicles  triangular-cuneiform, 
obcordate,  compressed   laterally ;   valves  carinatc,   not  winged  on  the 
back ;    septum   sublinear ;  style  short ;    seeds  oo,  oblong,  small,  0||. — 
Fls.  white.     A  common  weed. 

C.  Bursa-pastoris  Msench.  SHEPHERD'S  PURSE. — Found  everywhere  in  fields 
and  pastures,  roadsides.  St.  6 — 8 — 12'  high,  nearly  smooth  in  the  upper  part, 
hirsute  below,  striate,  branching.  Hoot  Ivs.  rosulate,  2 — 5 — 8'  long,  \  as  wide, 
cut  lobed,  on  margined  petioles,  segm.  about  13.  These  leaves  are  sometimes 
wanting  (when  the  weed  is  crowded),  or  only  dentate.  Stem-lvs.  much  smaller, 
very  narrow,  with  2  small,  acute  auricles  at  base,  half  clasping  the  stem.  Fls. 
small,  in  racemes,  which  are  finally  3 — 12'  long.  Silicle  smooth,  triangular, 
emurginate  at  the  end,  and  tipped  with  the  style.  Apr. — Sept.  §  Eur. 

26.  LEPIDIUM,  R.  Br.     PEPPER  GRASS.     (Gr.  /.era?,  a  scale ;  from 
the  resemblance  of  the   silicic.)     Sepals  ovate ;  petals  ovate,  entire ; 
silicles  oval-orbicular,  emarginate ;  septum  very  narrow,  contrary  to  the 
greater  diameter;  valves  carinatc,  dehiscent;  cells  1-seeded.    Cotyledons 
0||  (in  No.  1,  0  =  ).     Fls.  white,  small,  often  incomplete. 

*  Stamens  2  only.     Petals  4,  or  wanting Nos.  1,  2 

*  Stamens  6.     Silicles  winged Nos.  3,  4 

1  L.  Virginicum  L.     WILD  PEPPERGRASS.    TONGUE-GRASS.    Los.  linear-lanceo- 
late, incisely  serrate,  or  the  upper  subentire  petals  4 ;  silicles  orbicular,  emarginate ; 
cotyledons  0|]. — CD  In  dry  fields  and  roadsides,  U.  S.    St.  rigid,  round,  smooth,  If 


ORDER  13.— CRUCIFER^E.  239 

high.  Lvs.  1—2'  by  1 — 3",  acute,  tapering  at  base  into  a  petiole,  upper  ones 
sessile,  lower  pinnatifldly  cut.  Fls.  and  silicles  very  numerous,  in  a  panicle  of 
racemes.  Fls.  very  small,  mostly  diandrous;  silicles  1J"  diam.,  with  a  notch  at 
the  end.  Taste  pungent,  like  that  of  the  garden  peppergrass.  Jn. — Oct. 

2  L.  niderale  L.     Cauline  Ivs.,  incised,  those  of  the  branches  linear,  entire ;  fls. 
apetolous,  and  with  but  two  stamens ;  silicles  broadly  oval,  emarginate,  wingless. —• 
Dry  fields,  Mich.,  Ind.,  Mo.     St.  10—15'  high,  diffusedly  branched.     Rac.  many. 
FJs.  remarkable  for  wanting  the  petals,  which  are  always  present  in  our  other 
species. 

3  L.  campestre  R.  Br.    YELLOW-SEED.    Cauline  Ivs.  sagittate,  denticulate  ;  siliclea 
ovate,  emarginate,  scaly,  punctate. — (3D  In  waste  places  and  dry  fields,  especially 
among  flax.     St.  strictly  erect,  round,  minutely  downy,  6 — 10'  high,  branching. 
Lvs.  1'  long,  ^  as  wide,  with  two  lobes  at  base,  upper  one  clasping  the  stem,  all 
minutely  velvety.     Fls.  small.     Silicles  It"  long,  numerous,  in  lon°-  racemes. 
Jn.,  Jl.    §Eur. 

4  L.  sativnm  L.   PEPPERGRASS.    Lvs.  variously  divided  and  cut ;  branches  without 
spines ;  silicles  broadly  oval,  winged. — CD  Native  of  the  East.     Sts.  1 — 3f  high, 
very  branching.     Silicles  2 — 3"  broad,  very  numerous.     A  well  known  garden 
salad.     Jl.  J  § 

27.  SENEBIERA,  Poir.     CARPET  CRESS.     SWINE  CRESS.     (In  honor 
of  Sencbier,  a  distinguished  vegetable  physiologist.)     Silicic  didymous, 
\vith   the   partition   very  narrow ;    valves   ventricous,   separating   but 
indehiscent,  and  each  1 -seeded,  cotyledons  incumbently  folded  on  them- 
selves.— (D  or  @  Prostrate  and  diffuse,  with  minute  white  fls. 

1  S.  didyma  Pers.   Lvs.  pinnate,  with  pinnatifid  segments;  silicles  rugously  reticu- 
lated, notched  at  the  apex. — Waste  places  and  waysides,  southern  States,  common. 
Sts.  spreading  circularly  like  the  carpet  weed  (Molugo),  flat  on  the  ground.     Lvs. 
1 — 3'  long,  oblong  in  outline,  its  lobes  obtuse,  and  cleft  mostly  on  the  upper 
margin.     Fls.  minute.     Silicles  very  small,  apparently  doubled,  rough-wrinkled. 
Feb. — Jn. 

2  S.  coronopus  DC.     Lvs.  pinnate,  with  the  segm.  entire,  toothed,  or  pinnatifid ; 
silicles  tuberckd,  not  notched  at  apex. — Waste  grounds,  Va.  and  Car.  (Pursh),  R.  Isl. 
(Robbins).     Not  common.     §  Eur. 

28.  ISATIS,  L.     WOAD.     (Gr.  ladfa,  to  make  equal ;  supposed  to 
remove  roughness  from  the  skin.)     Silicle  elliptical,  flat,  1-celled  (dis- 
sepiment obliterated),  1-seeded,  with  carinate,  boat  shaped  valves,  which 
are  scarcely  dehiscent  (0||).     None  of  the  species  are  N.  American. 

I.  tiiictoria  L.  Silicles  cuneate,  acuminate  at  base,  somewhat  spatulate  at  tho 
end,  very  obtuse,  3  times  as  long  as  broad.— <J)  The  Woad  is  native  d$ England. 
It  is  occasionally  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its  leaves,  which  yield  a  dye  that 
may  be  substituted  for  Indigo.  The  plant  grows  about  4f  high,  with  large 
leaves  clasping  the  stem  with  their  broad  bases.  Fls.  yellow,  large,  in  terminal 
racemes.  May — Jl.  \ 

29.  CAKlLE,  Tourn.     SEA   ROCKET.     (Named  from  the  Arabic.) 

Silicle  2-jointed,  the  upper  part  ovate  or  ensiform ;  seed  in  the  upper 
cell  erect,  in  the  lower  pendulous,  sometimes  abortive. — (p  Maritime 
herbs. 

C.  maritima  Scop.  Upper  joint  of  the  silicle  ensiform  or  ovate-ensiform. — Native 
of  the  seacoast  and  lake  shores,  N.  States.  A  smooth,  succulent  plant,  branching 
and  procumbent,  6 — 12'  long.  Lvs.  sinuate-dentate,  oblong-ensiform,  caducous. 
Fls.  on  short,  fleshy  peduncles,  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes,  corymbously 
arranged.  Petals  purple,  obtuse  at  end.  Silicle  smooth,  roundish,  lower  joint 
clavate-obovate,  upper  with  one  elevated  line  on  each  side.  Jl.,  Aug. 


240  ORDER  14.—  CAPPARIDACE^E. 

30.  RAPHANUS,  L.  RADISH.  (Gr.  pa,  quickly,  (fraivv,  to  appear; 
from  its  rapid  growth.)  Calyx  erect;  petals  obovate,  unguiculate  ; 
siliques  terete,  torulous,  not  opening  by  valves,  transversely  2-jointed, 
joints  with  one  or  several  cells,  seeds  large,  subglobous,  in  a  single 
series  (0»). 

1  R.  Raphaiiistrum  L.  WILD  RADISH.  Lvs.  lyrate  ;  silique  moniliform, 
3  —  S-seeded,  becoming  in  maturity  1-celled,  longer  than  the  style.  —  ©  Naturalized 
in  cultivated  fields  and  roadsides,  but  rare.  St.  glaucous,  branching-,  1  —  2f  high, 
bristly.  Lvs.  rough,  dentate,  petiolate  or  sessile.  Cal.  bristly.  Petals  yellow, 
veiny,  blanching  as  they  decay.  Jn.,  Jl.  §  Eur. 

2  R.  sativa  L.  GARDEN  RADISH.  Lower  Iva.  lyrate,  petiolate;  silique 
2  —  3-seeded,  acuminate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  style.  —  A  well  known  ealad  root 
from  China.  St.  2  —  4f  high,  very  branching.  Lower  Ivs.  6  —  10'  long.  Fls. 
white,  or  tinged  with  purple,  veiny.  Pods  1  —  2'  long,  thick  and  fleshy.  The 
principal  varieties  are  the  Turnip  Radish,  root  subglobous  ;  Common  Radish,  root 
oblong,  terete  ;  Black  Spanish  Radish,  root  black  outside.  Jn.  —  Aug.  $ 

ORDER  XIV.     CAPPARIDACE^E.     CAPPARIDS. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  even  trees,  destitute  of  truo  stipules.  Leaves  alternate,  petiolate, 
either  undivided  or  palmately  compound.  Fls.  solitary  or  racemous,  cruciform,  hy- 
pogynous.  Sep.  4,  Pet.  4,  unguiculate.  Sta.  G  —  12,  or  some  multiple  of  4,  never 
tetradynamous,  on  a  disk  or  separated  from  the  corolla  by  an  intemode  of  the  torus. 
Ova.  often  stipitate,  of  2  united  carpels.  Sty.  united  into  ons.  Stig.  discoid.  Fr. 
either  pod-shaped  and  dehiscent,  or  fleshy  and  indehiacent.  Placenta  usually  2. 
Seeds  many,  reniform.  Albumen  0.  Embryo  curved.  Cotyledon  foliaceous.  (Illust. 
in  Fig.  290.) 

Genera  2S,  species  340  —  chiefly  tropical  plants.  They  are  more  acrid  in  their  properties  than 
the  Crucifers,  but  otherwise  much  resemble  them.  One  species  of  Polanisia  is  used  as  a  ver- 
mifuge. 

Stamens  6,  separated  from  the  petals  by  an  internode  ................................  No.  1 

Stamens  6,  not  separated  from  the  petals  ............................................  No.  2 

Stamens  8—32.    Torus  not  developed  ...................................  ,  ...........  No.  3 


1.  GYNAWDROPSIS,  DC.     (Gynandria,  a  Linna3an  class,  6i/^  ap- 
pearance.)    Sepals  distinct,  spreading;  stamens  6,  separated  from  the 
4  petals  by  a  slender  internode  of  the  torus;  pod  linear-oblong,  raised 
on  a  long  stipe  which  rises  from  the  top  of  the  torus.  —  ®  Lvs.  digitate. 
Fls.  racejaicd. 

G.  pentaphylla  DC.  Middle  Irs.  petiolate,  5-foliate,  floral  and  lower  ones 
3-foliate,  Ifts.  obovate,  entire  or  denticulate.  —  In  cultivated  grounds,  Penn.  to  Ga. 
St.  simple,  2  —  3f  high.  Fls.  of  a  very  singular  structure.  Pedicels  about  1' 
long,  slender.  Calyx  small.  Petals  white,  £  as  long  as  their  filiform  claws. 
Sta.  1'  long,  spreading,  apparently  arising  from  the  midst  of  the  long  styloid 
torus.  Peds.  2'  long.  §  Africa.  (Cleome  L.) 

2.  CLEOME,  L.    SPIDER  FLOWER.    Sepals  sometimes  united  at  base  ; 
petals  4  ;  torus  not  developed  between  the  petals  and  the  stamens, 
which  are  6  —  4  ;  pod  stipitate  more  or  less.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs.     Lvs. 
simple  or  digitate.     Fls.  racemed  or  solitary. 

1  C.  pungens  L.  Fig.  290.  Glandular  pubescent;  st.  simple,  and  with  the 
petioles  aculeate  ;  Ivs.  5  —  9-foliate,  on  long  petioles,  Ifts.  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end,  obscurely  denticulate;  bracts  simple;  fls.  racemed;  sep.  distinct; 
pet.  on  filiform  claws;  sta.  6,  twice  longer  than  the  petals.—  (D  A  tall,  showy 


ORDER  16.—  VIOLACE^E.  241 

plant,  with  curious  purple  flowers,  common  in  gardens,  escaped  into  fields,  <fcc. 
South.     May—  Aug.f    §  W.  Ind. 

2  C.  speciocissima  Deppe.  Pilous;  st.  branching  below  ,  Ivs.  5  —  7  -foliate, 
on  long  petioles  ;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  upper  Ivs.  simple,  bract-like, 
ovate  ;  petals  as  long  as  the  pedicels  ;  fruit  shorter  than  its  stipe.  —  (D  Gardens. 
Plant  very  showy,  3  —  4f  high.  Fls.  rose-purple,  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the- 
rising  raceme  from  Jn.  to  Sept.  f  Mexico. 


3.  POL  AN  ISI  A,  Raf.  (Gr.  TroAv,  much,  dvtaog,  unequal.)  Sepals  dis- 
tinct, spreading  ;  petals  4,  unequal  ;  stamens  8  —  32,  filaments  filiform 
or  dilated  at  the  summit;  torus  cot  developed,  minute;  pods  linear.  — 
(I)  Strong-scented  herbs,  with  glandular,  viscid  hairs. 

P.  graveolens  Raf.  .Yiscid-pubescent  ;  Ivs.  ternate,  Ifts.  elliptic-oblong  ;  fls. 
axillary,  solitary;  sta.  8  —  12;  caps,  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base.  —  Grav- 
elly shores,  Vt.  to  Ark.  St.  If  high,  branching,  striate.  Lfts.  1  —  !£'  long,  £  as 
wide,  nearly  entire  and  sessile  ;  common  petiole  1'  long.  Fls.  in  terminal  racemes. 
Petals  yellowish-white,  narrowed  below  into  long  claws.  Fil.  slender,  exserted. 
Pods  2'  long,  glandular-pubescent,  siliquose,  viscid  like  every  other  part  of  the 
plant.  JL 

ORDER  XV.     RESEDACE^E.     MIGNONETTES. 

Herbs,  with  alternate,  entire,  or  pinnate  leaves.  Stipules  -minute,  gland-like.  Fls. 
in  racemes  or  spikes,  small  and  often  fragrant,  4  —  7-merous.  Sepals  somewhat 
united  at  base,  unequal,  green.  Petals  unequal,  entire  or  cleft.  Sta.  8  —  20,  in- 
serted on  the  disk.  Torus  hypogynous,  one-sided,  glandular.  Ova.  sessile,  3-lobed, 
1-celled,  many-seeded.  Placentce  2,  parietal.  Fr.  a  capsule,  1-celled,  opening  be- 
tween the  stigmas  before  maturit}r.  (Illustrated  in  Figs.  295,  422.) 

Genera  6,  species  41,  inhabiting  the  countries  around  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  having  no  very 
remarkable  properties.  EeseJa  luteola  contains  a  yellow  coloring  matter,  and  other  species  aro 
very  fragrant. 

RESEDA,  L.  (Lat.  rcsedo,  to  calm  ;  the  plants  are  said  to  relieve 
pain.)  Sepals  4  —  7;  petals  of  an  equal  number,  often  cleft;  torus 
large,  fleshy,  one-sided,  bearing  the  8  —  GO  stamens. 

1  R.  lutdola  L.  DYER'S  WEED.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  with  a  tooth  on  each  side  at  base; 
sepals  4,  united  below  ;  petals  (greenish-yellow)  3  —  5-cleft.  —  (J)  Nearly  natural- 
ized in  "West.  N.  Y.  St.  about  2f  high.  The  flowers  are  arranged  in  a  long 
spike,  which,  as  Linnaeus  observes,  follows  the  course  of  the  sun,  inclining  east, 
south  and  west,  by  day,  and  north  by  night.  —  It  affords  a  useful  yellow  dye,  also, 
the  paint  called  Dutch  pink.  §  Eur. 

2  R.  odorata  L.  MIGNONETTE.  Fig.  295,  422.  Lvs.  cuneiform,  entire  or 
3-lobed;  sep.  shorter'  than  the  7  —  13-cleft  petals.  —  A  well  known  and  universal 
favorite  of  the  garden,  native  of  Egypt.  The  flowers  are  highly  fragrant  and  no 
bouquet  should  be  considered  complete  without  them.  The  variety  FRUTESCENS  is 
by  a  peculiar  training  (£87)  made  perennial  and  raised  to  the  height  of  2f, 
with  the  form  of  a  tree.  The  species  pliyteuina,  native  of  Palestine,  has  a  calyx 
larger  than  the  petals. 

ORDER  XVI.     VIOLACEJ5.     VIOLETS. 

Herbs  with  simple  (often  cleft)  alternate  leaves  with  stipules.  K?.  irregular, 
spurred,  with  the  sepals,  petals  and  stamens  in  5s.  Sep.  persistent,  slightly  united, 
elongated  at  base,  the  2  lateral  interior.  Petals  commonly  unequal,  the  inferior 
usually  spurred  at  base.  Sta.  5,  usually  inserted  on  the  hypogynous  disk.  Fil 
dilated,  prolonged  beyond  the  anthers.  Ova.  of  3  united  carpels,  with  3  parietal 

16 


242  ORDER  16.— VIOLACE^E. 

placentae.  Style  1,  declinate.  Stig.  cucullate.  Fr.  a  3-valved  capsule.  Sds.  many, 
with  a  crustaceous  testa  and  distinct  chalaza.  (Illustrations  in  Figs.  101,  305,  348, 
402,  604.) 

Genera  15,  species  300,  mostly  inhabitants  of  the  Northern  temperate  zone.  Tho  roots  of 
nl most  all  the  Violacese  possess  emetic  properties,  and  some  are  valued  in  medicine.  The  I[>ecao 
of  the  shop  is  partly  the  product  of  certain  Brazilian  species  of  lonidium.  Several  species  of 
the  violet  are  cultivated  for  the  beauty  of  their  flowers. 

§  Sepals  unequal,  more  or  less  auricled  at  base VIOLA.    1. 

§  Sepals  nearly  equal,  not  auricled  at  base SOLEA.     2. 

1.  VIOLA,  L.  VIOLET.  PANSEY.  (From  the  Latin.)  Sepals  5,  unequal, 
auricular  at  base;  petals  5,  irregular,  the  broadest  spurred  at  base,  the 
2  lateral  equal,  opposite ;  stamens  approximate,  anthers  connate,  two  of 
them  with  appendages  at  the  back ;  capsule  1 -celled,  3-valved,  seeds 
attached  to  the  middle  of  the  valves. —  U  Low,  herbaceous  plants. 
Ped.  angular,  solitary,  1 -flowered,  recurved  at  the  summit  so  as  to  bear 
the  flowers  in  a  resupinate  position.  Joints  of  the  rhizome  often  bear- 
ing apetalous  flowers. 

*  Acaulescent. — Petals  yellow .,....,,,. No.  1. 

— Petals  white Nos.  2 — 1. 

— Petals  blue, — beardless Nos.  5 — 7. 

— bearded.— L  vs.  divided Nos.  8,  9,3,  9y. 

— Lvs.  undivided Nos.  9—11.    (Exotic  No.  21.) 

*  Caulescent. — Petals  yellow.     Sts.  leafy  at  the  top  only Nos.  12 — 14 

— Petals  not  quito  yellow. — Stipules  entire Nos.  15. 

—Stipules  fringe-toothed Nos.  16—18. 

— Stipules  lyrate-pinnatifid,  very  large... Nos.  19,  2W. 

1  V.  rottmdifolia  MX.     Fig.  305.     Lvs.  orbicular-ovate,  cordate,   slightly  ser- 
rate, nearly  smooth,  with  the  sinus  closed ;  petiole  pubescent ;  cal.  obtuse. — A 
small,  early  violet,  found  in  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Tenn.     Lvs.  varying  from  ovate  to 
reniform,  mostly  round,  with  a  narrow  sinus  at  base.     Veins  and  petioles  pubes- 
cent.    Ped.  as  long  as  the  leaves,  sub-4-sided,  bracted  in  the  middle.     Petals  yel- 
low, marked  at  base  with  brown  lines.     Fls.  small.     Mar.,  May. 

2  V.  lanceolata  L.     Lvs.  smooth,  lanceolate,  tapering  at  base  into  the  long  petiole 
obtusish,  subcrenate. — Found  in  wet  meadows,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Ehizome  creep- 
ing.    Lvs.  varying  from   lanceolate  to  linear,  and,  with  the  stalk  3 — 5'  long. 
Petioles  half-round.     Ped.  sub-4-sided.     Petals  white,  greenish  at  base,  upper  and 
lateral  ones  marked  with  blue  lines,  generally  beardless.     Fls.  small,  those  from, 
the  lower  nodes  of  the  rhizomo  apetalous.     Mar.  (S) — May. 

3  V.  prinrnlaefolia  L.     Lvs.  lance-ovate,  abruptly  contracted  at  base  and  decur- 
rent  on  the  petiole ;  petals  nearly  equal,  beardless. — Found  in  damp  soils,  Mass. 
to  Ga.  and  Tenn.     Rhizomo  creeping.     Lvs.  sometimes  subcordate,  rather  obtuse, 
crenate,  pubescent  or  nearly  smooth.     Petals  obovate,  flat,  marked  with  purplo 
lines  at  base,  generally  beardless  and  obtuse.     Fls.  small,  white,  on  sub-4-sided 
stalks.     May,  in  N.  Eng. 

/3.  ACUTA  Torr.  &  Gr. — Smooth ;  Ivs.   ovate ;  petals  acute,  lateral  ones  nearly 
beardless.     Mass.    (V.  acuta  Br.) 

4  V.  blanda  TVilld.     Lvs.  cordate,  roundish,  slightly  pubescent;  petiole  pubes- 
cent ;  petals  beardless. — Found  in  meadows,  Can.  to  Penn.     Rhizome  slender  and 
creeping.     Lvs.  close  to  the  earth  and  sometimes  with  a  rounded  sinus  so  as  to 
appear  reniform.     Petioles  half  round.     Peduncles  sub-4-sided,  longer  than  the 
leaves.     Petals  white,  greenish  at  base,  upper  and  lateral  ones  marked  with  a  few 
blue  lines.     Fls.  small,  fragrant.     May  (V.  clandestina  Ph.  V.  amceua  Le  Conte). 

5  V.  palustris   L.     Lvs.  reniform-cordate ;  stip.  broadly  ovate,  acuminate;  stig. 
margined;   sep.  ovate,  obtuse,  spur  very  short ;  caps,  oblong- triangular. — Summits 
of  the  White  Mts.     About  3'  high,  pubescent.     Lvs.  crenate,  1'  byf .     Fls.  smal^ 
pale  blue  on  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves  and  bibracteafee  near  the  middle. 
Rhizome  creeping,  scaly.     Jn. 

6  V.  Selkirk!!  Goldie.     SELKIRK'S  VIOLET.     Lvs.  orbicular-cordate,  crenately  ser- 
rate, the  sinus  deep  and  nearly  closed ;  spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals,  thick 


ORDER  16.— YIOLACE^E.  243 

very  obtuse. — Grows  on  woody  hills  and  mountains,  Mass.,  N".  Y.,  Can.,  rare.  A 
small,  stemless  violet  2'  high,  with  small,  pale  blue  fls.  conspicuously  spurred. 
Lvs.  rather  numerous  and  longer  than  the  peduncles.  Petals  beardless,  the  upper 
one  striate  with,  deep  blue.  May. 

7  V.  pedata  L.     Rt.  premorse;  Ivs.  pedately  5—9-parted,   segments  linear-lance- 
olate, entire;  stig.  large,  obtusely  truncate,  scarcely  beaked;  spur  short,  obtuse  — 
A  smooth,   beautiful,   large-flowered  violet,  in  hilly  woods,  Can.  to  111.  and  Fla. 
Khizomo  fleshy,  ending  abruptly  as  if  cut  or  bitten  off.     Lvs.  thick,  2-ternately 
divided  into  about  7  obtuse,  narrow  segments.     Petioles  with  long,  ciliate  stipules 
at  base.     Ped.  sub-4-angk-d,  much  longer  than  the  leaves.     Petals  pole  blue, 
white  at  base,  all  of  them  beardless  and  entire.     Apr.,  May. 

/?.  The  two  upper  petals  deep  violet  colored,  the  others  light-blue  with  much 
yellow  at  their  bases,  as  in  tho  garden  pansey.  Plants  smaller,  with  large 
flowers. — In  Mt.  Hope  Cemetery,  Macon,  Ga, 

8  V.  delpkinifolia  Nutt.     Lvs.  pedately  1— ^-parted,  with,  linear,  2 — deleft  seg- 
ments all  similar  ;  stig.  thick,  distinctly  beaked. — Prairies  and  bottoms,  111.,  Iowa-, 
Mo.     Lvs.  often  finely  divided  with  many  dissected  segments,   pubescent  along 
the  edge,  prominently  veined  beneath.     Stip.  acuminate,  subentire.     Ped.  a  little 
longer  than  the  leaves.    Fls.  rather  smaller  than  in  the  last,  of  a  rich  blue  ;  lateral 
petals  boarded.     Mar.,  Apr. 

9  V.  cucullata  Ait.     Lvs.  reniform-cordate,  cucullate  at  bass,  acute,  crenate ;  stip. 
linear;  inferior  and  lateral  petals  bearded. — This  is  one  of  tho  more  common 
kinds  of  violet,  found  in  low,  grassy  woods  from  Arctic  Am.  to  Fla.     Lvs.  on  long 
petioles,  usually  rolled  at  base  into  a  hooded  form.     Fls.  light  blue  or  purple,  with 
scapes  somewhat  4-sided,  longer  than  the  leaves.     Petals  twisted,  white  at  the 
base,  marked  with  lines  of  deeper  blue.     Apr.,  May.     This  species  varies  from 
pubescent  to  glabrous,  from  Ivs.  reniform  to  ovate,  deltoid,  or  hastate ;  from  fls. 
deep  blue  to  light-blue  or  even  white,  and  as  is  now  generally  conceded,  to  the 
following  remarkable  forms: — 

(3.  PALMATA.     Lvs.  (cordate)  all  or  some  of  them  very  irregularly  liastate-lobed, 

the  middle  lobe  largest,  the  earlier  Ivs.  commonly  undivided  and  broadly  cor* 

date.     Fls.  large.     Plant  4 — 12'  high.     (V.  palmata  L.) — Common  at  tho 

South. 
y.  SEPTEMLOBA.     Lvs.  (concave  at  base)  more  deeply  5 — T-lobed,  the  middle 

lobe  largest,  oblanceolate,  all  rather  succulent  and  strongly  veined  beneath ; 

fls.  very  large.     (Y.  septemloba  Le  Conte.) — Low,  pine  woods,  Ga.  (Pond). 

Plant  5 — 12'  high.     A  remarkable  form  truly,  but  evidently  varying  into  j3. 

Apr. 

10  V.  villosa  Walt.     Lvs.  roundish-ovate,  cordate,  obtuse,  flat,  pubescent,  obscurely 
crenate,  sinus  narrow  or  closed;  pet.  bearded;  stig.  beaked. — Sandy  woods,  mid- 
dle Ga.,  common  N.  to  Penn.     Plant  2 — 3'  high.     Lvs.  spreading,  scarcely  1'  long, 
the  petioles  longer  (1 — 2').     Fls.  small,  bluish  purple,  oil  stalks  shorter  than  the 
leaves.    Mar.,  Apr. 

11  V.  sagittata  Ait.     Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  sagittate-cordate,  subacute,  often  in- 
cisely  dentate  at  base,  serrate-crenate,   smooth  or  slightly  pubescent;    pedicel 
longer  than  the  leaves ;  lower  and  lateral  pet.  densely  bearded. — On  dry  hills, 
Can.  to  Fla.,  \Y.  to  Ark.     Lvs.  varying  from  oblong-sagittate  to  triangular-hastate, 
ou  margined  petioles.     Scapes  3  to  5'  long.     Sep.  lanceolate,  acute.     Pet.  entire, 
veiny,  purplish  blue,  white  at  base.     Stig.  rostrate,  margined.     Apr. — Jn. 

ft.  OVATA.  Lvs.  ovate,  abrupt  at  base  and  decurrent  on  tho  petiole?,  pubescent, 
the  upper  often  incisely  dentate  at  base.  (Y.  ovata  Nutt.) — N.  J-,  south- 
ward. 

12  V.  hastata  MX.     Smooth  ;  st.  simple,  erect,  leafy  above ;  Ivs.  deltoid-lanceolate 
or  hastate,  acute,  dentate  ;  stip.  ovate,  minute,  ciliate-dentato ;  lower  pet.  dilated, 
obscurely  3-lobed,  lateral  ones  slightly  bearded;    sep.   lanceolate,  with  a  very 
short  spur. — Pine  woods,  Tenn.  to  Fla.     St.  slender,  6 — 10'  high.     Fls.  yellow,  on 
stalks  shorter  than  the  leaves.     Apr.,  May. 

13  V.  tripartita  Ell.     Hairy.    St.  simple,  erect,  leafy  above ;  Ivs.  deeply  3-parted, 
lobes  lanceolate,  dentate ;  stip.  lanceolate.— Upper  Ga.     Plant  about  If  high,  vil- 


244  ORDER  16.— VIOL  ACE  JE. 

lous  when  young.     Lvs.  often  divided  to  the  base..     Fls.  yellow,  streaked  with 
purple,  the  stalks  longer  than  the  leaves.     Mar.,  Apr. 

14  V.  pubesceiis  Ait.     Vilbus-pubescent ;   st.  erect,  naked  below;   Ivs.  'broad- 
cordate,  toothed ;  stip.  ovate,  large,  subdentate. — A  large  yellow  violet,  found  in 
dry  stony  woods,   Can.   to  Ga.   and  Mo.     St.   simple,  somewhat  triangular  and 
fleshy,  bearing  a  few  leaves  at  the  top.     Lvs.  broad-ovate,  cordate  or  deltoid,  ob- 
scurely dentate,   obtuse,    on  short  stalks.     Fl.-stalks  rather  shorter  than  leaves, 
with  2  subulate  bracts.     Lateral  petals  bearded,  and  with  the  upper  one  marked 
with  a  few  brown  lines.     The  plant  varies  in  pubescence,  sometimes  even  glab- 
rous.    Height  very  variable,  5 — 20'.     May — Jn. 

/?.  EUIOCARPA  Nutt.     Capsule  densely  villous.     (Y.  eriocarpa  Schw.) 
y.  SCABRIUSCULA.  Ton*.  &  Gr.     St.  decumbent,   branching  from  tho  root,  and 
with  the  smaller  leaves  somewhat  scabrous.     (V.  scabriuscula  Schw.) 

15  V.  Canadensis  L.     Smooth;  Ivs.  cordate,  acuminate,  serrate;  ped.  shorter 
than  the  leaves  ;  stip.  short,  entire. — A  large  species,  found  in  the  woods,  British 
Am.  to  Car.,  often  a  foot  in  hight.      Stem  subsimple,  terete,   all  the  way  leafy, 
with  lance-ovate,  membranous  stipules.     Lvs.  acute  or  obtuse,  the  lower  on  very 
long  petioles.     Ped.  sub-4-sidecl,  with  minute  bracts.     Fls.  large,  nearly  regular. 
Pet.  white  or  light  blue,   yellowish  at  base,   the  upper  ones  purplish  outsido 
and  marked  with  blue  lines  inside,  lateral  ones  bearded.      Flowering  all  sum- 
mer. 

16  V.  striata  Ait.      Smooth;  st.   branching,   nearly  erect;  Ivs.  roundish-ovate, 
cordate,  the  upper  ones  somewhat  acuminate,  crenate-serrato ;  stip.  large,  ciliate- 
dentate,  oblong-lanceolate ;  spur  one  fourth  as  long  as  the  corolla. — Wet  grounds, 
U.  S.  and   Can.      St.  6 — 12'  high,  half  round.      Lvs.    1 — 1J'  wide,  on  petioles 
1 — 2'  long.     Stip.  conspicuous,  laciniate.     Ped.  axillary,  often  much  longer  than 
the  leaves.      Cor.  large,   yellowish-white  or  ochroleucous,  lateral  petals  densely 
bearded,  lower  one  striato  with  dark  purple.     Stig.  tubular.     Jn. 

17  V.  Muklenbergii  Torr.     St.  weak,  assurgent ;  Ivs.  reniform-cordate,  upper 
ones  rather  acuminate ;  stip.  lanceolate,  somewhat  fimbriate  ;  spur  half  as  long  as 
the  corolla,  obtuse. — A  spreading,   slender  species,  in  swamps,  &c.,  U.  S.,  N.  to 
Lab.     Sts.  branched  below,  6 — 8'  long,  with  stipules  usually  cut  into  fringe-liko 
sorratures.     Lvs.  6 — 10"  diam.,  younger  ones  involute  at  base.     Petioles  longer 
than  the  leaves,  and  shorter  than  the  axillary  peduncles.    Bracts  subulate,  mostly 
opposite,  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stalk.      Petals  entire,  pale  purple,  the  lateral 
ones  bearded.     Stig.  rostrate.     May. 

18  V.  rostrata  L.    Smooth ;   st.  terete,  diffuse,  erect ;  Ivs.  cordate,  roundish,  ser- 
rate, upper  ones  acute;  stip.  lanceolate,  deeply  fringed;    petals   bearded;  spur 
longer   than   the  corolla. — A  common  violet  in  moist  woods,  Can.  to  Ky.,  well 
characterized  by  its  long,  straight,  linear,  obtuse  nectary,  which  renders  the  largo 
flowers  similar  to   those  of  the  larkspur.      St.    6 — 8'  high,  branching  below. 
Petioles  much  longer  than  tho  leaves.      Stip.  almost  pinnatifid.      Ped.  slender, 
very  long,  axillary.     Fls.  pale  blue.     May. 

19  V.  tricolor  L.     PANSY,    HEARTSEASE.     St.  angular,  diffusely  branched;  Ivs. 
oblong-ovate,   lower  ones  ovate-cordate,  deeply  crenato ;  stip.    as  large  as  the 
leaves ;  spur  short,  thick. — Gardens,  where  its  pretty  flowers  are  earliest  in  spring 
and  latest  in  autumn.      Fls.  variable  in  size,  often  1'  broad,  tho  2  upper  (lower) 
petals  purple,  the  two  lateral  white  and  with  the  lower  striate,  all  yellow  at  base. 

(3.  ARVENSIS  DC.  Annual.  More  slender  and  less  branched ;  upper  Ivs.  ovate- 
spatulate;  petals  scarcely  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  yellowish  blue, 
spotted  with  purple.  (V.  arvensis  E1L) — This  is,  doubtless,  a  mere  variety 
escaped  from  gardens,  in  rocky  hills,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  Not  common.  Sts. 
3 — 6 — 10'  long.  May. 

20  V.  grandiflora  L.    St.  3-cornered,  simple,  procumbent;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong, 
crenate,  shorter  than  the  peduncles ;  stip.  much  smaller  than  the  leaves ;  fls.  large. — 
Native  of  Switzerland.  A  beautiful  species,  with  very  large  flowers  (1 — 2'  diam.) ; 
all  the  petals  alike  are  deep  purple.      "Whole  plant  smooth,  6 — 12'  long.      Stip. 
\ — 1'  long.     Flowering  all  seasons  but  winter,  f 

21  V.  odorata  L.     SWEET,  OR  ENGLISH  YIOLET.     Stolons  creeping ;  Ivs.  cor- 
date, crenate,  nearly  smooth;  sep.  obtuse;  lateral  petals  with  a  hairy  line. — Nativo 


ORDER   17.— CISTACE^E.  245 

of  England.  It  is  well  characterized  by  its  long,  trailing,  leafy  runners.  The  Ivs. 
are  truly  heart-shaped.  Stip.  lanceolate,  toothed.  Fed.  longer  than  the  leaves, 
bracted.  Fls.  small,  fragrant.  Several  garden  varieties  are  known,  and  distin- 
guished by  the  form  and  color  of  the  flowers;  viz:— the  purple,  white  and  blue- 
flowered,  the  double  white,  double  purple  and  double  blue-flowered,  and  the 
Neapolitan  with  palo  blue  flowers.  Apr.,  May.f 

2.  SOLEA,  Gingins.  GREEN  VIOLET.  (Dedicated  to  W.  Sole,  an 
English  writer  on  plants.)  Sepals  nearly  equal,  not  auriculate  ;  petals 
unequal,  the  lowest  2-lobed  and  gibbous  at  base,  the  rest  emarginate  ; 
stamens  cohering,  the  lowest  2  bearing  a  gland  above  the  middle  ; 

capsule  surrounded  at  base  by  the   concave  torus ;  seeds  G 8,  very 

large. —  ^  An  erect,  leafy  plant,  with  inconspicuous  axillary  flowers. 
S.  concolor  Gingins.    GREEN  VIOLET.    Woods,  "Western  1ST.  Y.  to  Mo.,  and  S.  to 

Car.      Stem   1 — 2f  high,  simple,  and,  with  the  leaves,   somewhat  hairy.      Lvs. 

4 — 6'  by  1J- — 2^',  lanceolate,   acuminate,   subentire,  tapering  to  short  petioles. 

Pod.  very  short,  1 — 5-flowered,  axillary.    Fls.  small,  greenish,  white.    Cal.  about 

as  long  as  the  corolla     Lower  petal  twice  larger  than  the  others.     Capsule  near 

1'  in  length.     Apr.,  May. 

ORDER  XVII.     CISTACEJE.     ROCK  ROSES. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs  with  simple,  entire,  opposite  (at  least  the  lower)  leaves,  with 
fls.  perfect,  regular,  hypogynous,  in  one-sided  racemes,  very  fugacious.  Sep.  5,  un- 
equal, persistent.  Petals  5  (sometimes  3  or  wanting)  convolute  in  aestivation.  Sta. 
mostly  OO.  Caps.  1-celled,  3 — 5-valved,  with  as  many  parietal  placcr.tco.  Seeds 
albuminous.  Embryo  curved  or  spiral.  (Illust.  in  Fig.  404.) 

Genera  7,  species  185,  most  abundant  in  S.  Europe  and  N.  Africa. 

GENERA. 

T  Petals  3,  linear-lanceolate,  small LECHEA.  1 

1  Petals  5,— largo  and  showy,  or  wanting HELIANTHEMUM.  2 

—minute.    Delicate  shrubs HUDSOXIA.  8 

1.  LECHEA,  L.     PIN  WEED.     (In  memory  of  John  Lcche,  a  Swedish 

botanist.)     Sepals,  5,  the  2  outer  minute ;  petals  3,  lanceolate,  small ; 

stamens  3  to  12  ;  stigmas  3,  scarcely  distinct ;  capsule  3-celled,  3-valved; 

placenta)  nearly  as  broad  as  the  valves,  roundish,  each  1 — 2-seeded. — 

H  Often  shrubby  at  base,  with  numerous  very  small  brownish  purple 

flowers. 

1  L.  major  MX.  Hairy;  Ivs.  elliptical,  mucronulate ;  fls.  minute,  about  as  long 
as  the  pedicels. — In  dry  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  1 — 2f  high,  rigid,  brittle 
hairy,  purple,  somewhat  corymbously  branched.  Lvs.  of  the  stem  about  4" 
long,  alternate,  opposite,  or  even  verticillate  on  the  prostrate  branches,  crowded. 
Pis.  brownish-purple,  inconspicuous  among  the  numerous  bracts.  Caps,  round- 
ish, about  the  size  of  a  small  pin-head.  Variable.  Jl.,  Aug. 

•2  L.  minor  Lam.  Smoothfeh;  Ivs.  linear,  very  acute;  fls.  small,  on  pedicel  which 
are  mostly  twice  longer. — Grows  in  dry,  sandy  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Sts. 
8 — 1G'  high,  slender,  red,  paniculately  branched,  often  decumbent  at  base.  Stem 
Ivs.  6 — 10''  by  1",  alternate,  revolute  at  the  margin,  those  of  the  divergent^  fili- 
form branches  gradually  minute.  Fls.  twice  as  largo  as  in  L.  major.  Petals 
brownish-purple,  cohering  at  apex.  Caps,  the  size  of  a  large  pin-head.  Jn. — Sept. 

3  L.  thymifolia  Ph.  Shrubby,  hoary  with  oppressed  hairs ;  Ivs.  linear  and  linear- 
oblanceolate,  rather  acute,  often  verticillate ;  fls.  small,  on  pedicels  still  shorter. — 
Seacoasts,  Mass  to  N.  J.  Sts.  about  If  high,  many  from  the  same  caudex,  rigid 
and  very  bushy.  Lvs.  6 — 10"  long,  erect,  crowded.  Fls.  in  terminal,  denso 
cymules,  on  very  short  pedicels.  Petals  brown.  Caps,  globons.  Jl. — Sept. 


246  ORDER  18.— IIYPERICACE^E. 

2.  HELIANTHEMUM,  L.     ROCK  ROSE.     (Gr.  ffiiog,  the  sun,  avBog, 
flower.)     Sepals  5,  the  2  outer,  smaller,  the  3  inner  convolute  ;  petals  5, 
or  rarely  3,  convolute  contrary  to  the  sepals,  sometimes  abortive  ;  stam- 
ens oo ;  stigmas  3,  scarcely  distinct ;  capsule  triangular,  3-valved,  open- 
ing at  top ;  seeds  angular. — Fls.  yellow  often  of  2  kinds,  the  later  being 
smaller  and  apetalous. 

1  H.  Canadense  MX.    FROST  PLAXT.    Hoary  pubescent ;  pstaliferous  fls.  solitary, 
pedicellate,  terminal,  apeialous  ones  axillary,  small,  clustered,  subsessik;  cal.  acute; 
Ivs.  revolute  on  the  margin,  lanceolate,  acute. — In  dry  fields  and  woods,  Can.  to 
Flor.     St.  8 — 12'  high,  at  length  shrubby  at  base.     Lvs.  8 — 12"  long,  J  as  wide, 
entire,  subsessile.     Primary  fls.  with  largo  bright  yellow  petals.     The  axillary  fls. 
later,  very  small,   with  very  small  petals,  or  apetalous.     Sta.  declinate.     Caps, 
smooth,  shining,  those  of  tho  apetalous  11s.  not  larger  than  a  pin's  head.     Sds.  few, 
brown.     May — Sept. 

/?.  OBTUSA.  Hoary  tomentous;  Ivs.  oblong,  obtuse;  fls.  (all  petaliferous ?) 
smaller  (7"  broad),  several,  terminal. — Middle  Flor.  St.  3 — 6'  high.  Lvs. 
about  9"  by  27.  Apr.  It  may  prove  distinct. 

2  H.  corymbosum  MX.     Canescently  tomentous;  fls.  in  crowded,  fastigiate  cymes, 
the  primary  ones  on  elongated,  filiform  pedicels,  and  with  petals  twice  longer  than 
the  calyx;  sep.  villous  canescent,  obtuse;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  margins  revolute. — 
Sterile  sands,  N.  J.,   to  Fla.      Plant  somewhat  shrubby,  very  tomentous  when 
young,  at  length  diffusely  branched,  about  If  high.     Primary  fls.  7  or  8"  diam. ; 
secondary  ones  apetalous,  subsessile.     Jn. — Aug.     (Heteromeris  cymosa  Spach. ) 

3  H.  Carolinianum  MX.      Villous,  simple,  erect;  fls.  all  large,  petaliferous  and 
suUerminal;  sepals  acuminate-,  Ivs.  oblong-oval,  edges  denticulate,   not   revolute. — 
Dry  woods,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La,,  common.     St.  rarely  branched  from  the  base, 
brownish,  8 — 12'  high.     Lvs.  distinctly  petioled,   1 — 2^'  long,  $  as  wide,  obtuso 
or  acute,   black-dotted  beneath.     Fls.  1  to  4,  more  tlfan  1'  broad,  the  pedicels 
supra-axillary.     Apr.,  May. 

3.  HUDSONIA,  L.     (In  honor  of  William  Hudson,  author  of  Flora 
Anglica.)     Sepals  3,  united  at  base,  subtended  by  2   minute   ones  out- 
side ;  petals  5  ;  stamens  9 — 30  ;  style  filiform,  straight ;  capsule,  1 -celled, 
3-valved,  many-seeded. — Low  shrubs  with  very  numerous  branches,  and 
minute,  cxstipulate  leaves. 

1  H.  tomentcsa  Nutt.     Hoary-f omen tous ;  Ivs.  ovate,  appressed-imbricate,  acute ; 
fls.  subsessile ;  sep.  obtuse. — Shores  of  the  ocean  and  lakes,  Me.  to  N.  J.  and  Wis. 
Plant  consisting  of  numerous  slender,  ascending  stems  from  the  same  root,  and  a 
multitude  of  tufted  branches,  all  covered  with  whitish  down.     Lvs.  less  than  1;/ 
in  length,  closely  appressed  to  the  stem.     Fls.  about  2''  broad,  yellow,  numerous. 
May. 

2  II.  ericoides  L.     Hoary-pubescent;  Ivs.  subulate,  a  little  spreading;  pedicels  ex- 
serted,  as  Img  as  the  calyx;  sep.  acutish. — A  very  delicate  shrub.     L.  C!\arnplain, 
Yt.,   Conway  Pond,   N.   II.   to  Va.,  along  the  coasts.     St.  -^f  high,  erect,  with 
numerous,  short,  compound,  procumbent  branches.     Lvs.  not  more  than  1'  long. 
Fls.  yellow,  about  3"  broad.     Caps,  oblong,  pubescent.     May. 

3  H.  montana  Nutt.     Minutely  pubescent ;  Ivs.  filiform-subulate ;  pedicels  longer 
than  the  flowers ;  sep.  acuminate,  the  outer  ones  longer,  subulate. — High  Mts.  of 
N.  Car.     Sts.   decumbent,   3—5'  high.     Lvs.   partly  imbricated,   2"  long.     Fls. 
about  5"  broad,  the  pedicels  when  in  fruit  1'  long.     Caps,  about  3-seeded. 

ORDER  XVIII.     IIYPERICACEJ2.     ST.  JOHN'S  WORTS. 

Herbs  cr  shruls  with  opposite,  entire,  dotted,  exstipulate  leaves,  with  flowers  per- 
fect, regular,  hypogynous,  4  or  5-merous,  cymous  and  mostly  yellow ;  sepals  unequal, 


ORDER  18.— HYPERICACEJE.  247 

persistent ;  petals  mostly  oblique  or  convolute  in  the  bud ;  stamens  few  or  many, 
polyadelphous ;  anthers  versatile  ;  ovary  compound,  with  styles  united  or  separate, 
becoming  in  fruit  a  1-celled  capsule  with  parietal  placentad,  or  3  to  5-celled  when 
the  dissepiments  reach  the  center.  Seeds  exalbuminous,  minute.  (Illustrations  in 
Pig.  69,  278,  389,  390.) 

Genera  15,  species  276, ,  very  generally  distributed,  presenting  a  great  variety  of  habit,  an<! 
flourishing  in  all  kinds  of  localities.  The  juice  of  many  species  is  considered  purgative  and 
febrifugal. 

GENERA. 

Sepals  4.     Petals  4,  oblique,  yellow ASCYRUM     1 

Sepals  5.    Petals  5,— oblique,  yellow ."  .'."  "HYPEHICUM  2 

—equilateral,  purplish. . ELODEA        3 

1.  ASCtRUM,  L.    ST.  PETER'S  WORT.    (Etymology  uncertain.)    Sep- 
als 4,  the  two  outer  usually  very  large  and  foliaceous ;  petals  4,  oblique, 
convolute  ;  filaments  slightly  united  at  base  into  several  parcels ;  styles 
2 — 4,   mostly  distinct ;  capsule    1 -celled. — Plants   suftruticous.      Lvs. 
punctate  with  black  dots.     Fls.  pale  yellow   1  or  3  terminating  each 
branch.     Pedicels  bibracteolate. 

The  outer  pair  of  sepals— very  large,  ovate.    Styles  1  or  2 Nos.  1,  2 

— still  larger,  orbicular.     Styles  3 Nos.  3,  4 

— small,  like  the  two  inner.     Styles  3 No!  5 

1  A.  Crux-Andreae  L.      ST.  ANDREW'S  CROSS.     Branches  many,  suberect,  an- 
cipital  above ;  Ivs.  linear-oblong,  obtuse ;  outer  sep.  twice  longer  than  the  pedicel ;  2 
bracteoles  a  little  below  the  flower. — Sandy  woods,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  and  La.     Sts.  1  to 
2f  high,  with  brown,   scaly  bark  below.     Lvs.  G  to  12"  long,  minutely  dotted, 
sessile,  smaller  ones  axillary.     Cymes  leafy.     The  persistent,  ovate  sepals  close 
after  flowering.     Jn.,  Jl. 

(3  ANGUSTIFOLIA  Nutt.  Lvs.  oblong-linear,  crowded;  outer  sepals  acute,  tho 
two  bracteoles  close  to  the  flower. — Car.  and  Ga.  (Feay.)  Looks  very  differ- 
ent from  a,  from  tho  smallness  of  its  numerous  Ivs.,  which  are  3  to  G"  long, 
1'  wide. 

2  A.  pumilum  MX.     Low,  trailing  at  "base ;  Ivs.  oval  and  obovate,  obtuse,  sessile ; 
outer  sepals  shorter  than  the  slender  pedicel,  inner  sepal  0  ;  bracteoles  0. — Ga.  and 
Fla.,  in  dry,  piny  barrens.     Much  branched,  branches  a  few  inches  long.     Lvs. 
about  3"  by  2,"  often  smaller.      Cymes  exserted,   the  pedicels  G  to  10"  long. 
Pet.  rather  larger  than  the  sepals. 

3  A.  stans  MX.     St.  erect,  ancipital ;  Ivs.  oblong,  sessile,  and  half-clasping,  obtuse; 
caps,  ovate,  acute. — Swamps  in  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Sts.  1  to  3f 
high,  straight,  winged  throughout,  branched  above,  usually  simple  at  base  and 
shaggy  with  loose  bark.    Lvs.  10  to  15"  long,  -J  as  wide.    Outer  sepals  orbicular, 
subcordate,  6"  diam.,    inner  lance-linear.     Petals  unequal,  ovate,  acute,  a  little 
longer  than  tho  sepals.     Sty.  3,  distinct,  short.     Jn. — Aug. 

4  A.  amplexicaule  MX.     St.  erect,  tereto  below;  Ivs.   Iroadly  ovate,  cordate, 
clasping;  caps,  oblong. — Ga.  and  Fla.     Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  dichotonously  branched 
above,  branches  somewhat  2-edged.     Lvs.   8  to  12"  long,  f  as  broad.     Outer 
sepals  nearly  round,  5r  broad,  the  petals  ^  longer. 

5  A.  microsepalum  Torr.  and  Gr.     Bushy;  st.  scarcely  edged;  Ivs.  oblong  and 
oblong-linear,   crowded ;  sep.  oblong-linear,  much  shorter  than  the  obovate,  un- 
equal petals;   sty.  3,  long,  distinct.— Ga.  and  Fla,     Very  different  in^ aspect  from 
the  others,  with  crooked,  straggling  stems.     Lvs.  2  to  4"  long,  1"  wide  (in  a 
variety  twice  as  large).     Pedicels  longer  than  tho  calyx.     Fls.  9"  broad.    Sty. 
filiform,  as  long  as  the  oblong  capsule.     May. 

2.  HYP^RICUM,  L.      ST.   JOHN'S-WORT.      (Derivation   unknown.) 
Sepals   5,   connected  at  base,  subequal,  leaf-like;   petals  5,   oblique; 
stamens  co  (sometimes  few),  mostly  united  at  base  into  3 — 5  parcels, 


248  ORDER  18.— HYPERICACEJE. 

with  no  glands  between  them  ;  styles  3 — 5,  distinct  or  united  at  base, 
persistent. — Herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants.  Lvs.  punctate  with  pel- 
lucid dots,  opposite,  entire.  Fls.  solitary,  or  in  cymous  panicles, 
yellow. 

§  Stamens  25—100,  more  or  less  united  into  sets  (a). 
§  Stamens  5—15,  not  at  all  united  (d). 

a  Carpels  (and  styles)  5  or  more.     Capsule  5-celled Nos.  1,  2 

a  Carpels  8.     Capsule  3-ce!lcd  (the  placentae  meeting  (b). 

a  Carpels  3.     Capsule  1-celled  (the  placentas  not  quite  meeting  (c). 

b  Shrubby.     Petals  not  dotted.     Leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate Nos.  8 — 5 

b  Shrubby.    Petals  not  dotted.    Leaves  linear Nos.  6,  T 

b  Herbaceous.     Petals  sprinkled  with  black  dots Nos.  8 10 

C  Shrubs.    Styles  united  into  one Nos.  11—14 

C  Half-shrubby.     Styles  united  into  one Nos.  15 — IS 

C  Herbaceous.     Styles  distinct,  at  least  at  the  top Nos.  19—22 

d  Flowers  in  corymbotis  cymes Nos.  23,  24 

d  Flowers  racemcd  on  the  slender  branches Nos.  25,  2G 

1  H.  pyramidatum  Ait.     Herbaceous;  Ivs.  sessile,  oblong-ovate,  acute;  sty.  5; 
placentae  retroflexed  in  the  cells  of  the  capsule. —  If  Hills  and  river  banks.     Ohio 
and  Peun.  to  Can.      St.  3 — 5f  high,  scarcely  angular,  smooth,  rigid.     Branches 
corymbous,  erect,   4-angled.     Lvs.  of  the  stem  2J — 5'  long,  ^  as  wide,  of  tho 
branches  about  half  these  dimensions.     Fls.  very  largo  (!£'  broad)     Petals  obo- 
vate.     Sta.  capillary,  100  or  more.     Caps.  1'  long,  ovoid-conical,  tipped  with  tho 
5  styles.     Sds.  GO.     JL,  Aug. 

2  H.  Kalmiantim  L.     Shrubby;   Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  very  numerous,  obtuse; 
caps.  5-celled,  tipped  with  the  5  styles. — Rocks  below  Niagara  Falls,  etc.     A 
handsome  species,  a  foot  or  more  in  hight.     Lvs.  an  inch  in  length,  slightly  revo- 
lute  on  the  margin,  1-veined,  minutely  and  thickly  punctate,  sessile.     Branches 
slender  and  delicate,  somewhat  4-angled.    Fls.  9"  diam.     Sta.  very  many.    Aug. 

3  H.  Buckley!  Curtis.     Low,  diffusely  branched  from  tho  shrubby  base,   Ivs. 
wedge-oblong  or  obovate,  subsessile,  smooth,  very  obtuse;  fls.  terminal,  solitary, 
peduncled;  sep.  unequal,  leafy,  obtuse,  and  with  the  GO  stam.  shorter  than  tho 
petals;  caps.  3-celled,  styles  united. — High.  Mts.  of  N.  Car.  to  Ga.    Stems  8 — 12' 
high.     Lvs.  6  or  7"  by  3  or  4".     Resembles  Ascyrum  Crux- Andrea;. 

4  H.  prolificum  L.     Branching ;   branches  ancipital,  smooth ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceo- 
Zafe,  obtuse,  narrowed  at  base,  crenulately  waved  at  edge;  cymes  compound, 
leafy;  sep.  unequal,   leafy,  ovate,   cuspidate;  petals  obovate,  a  little  larger  than 
sepals. — A  highly  ornamental  shrub,  2 — 4f  high,  prairies  and  creek  shores,  Mid. 
and  W.  States.     Lvs.  2 — 2V  long,  4 — 6"  wide.     Fls.  9"  diam.,  orange-yellow  in 
an  elongated  inflorescence.     Sta.  GO.     JL,  ^Aug.  \. 

(3.  DEXSIFLORUM  T.  and  G.  Branches  Very  numerous ;  Ivs.  crowded,  much 
smaller  (less  than  1'long);  fls.  very  numerous,  in  compound  cymes,  and 
much  smaller  (about  G"  diam.) — E.  Tenn.  to  Fla.  (H.  densiflorum  Ph.) 

5  H.  galioides  Lam.     Branches  few,  terete ;  Ivs.  fo'near-lanceolate,  rather  ebtuso ; 
cymules  numerous,  axillary  and  terminal,  paniculate  ;  sep.  subequal,  linear-lanceo- 
late. — S.  Car.  to  Fla.  in  damp  soil.     St.  2  to  3f  high,  with  straight,  erect  branches 
and  a  smooth  bark.     Lvs.  fascicled  in  the  axils  as  if  whorled,  10  to  15"  by  2  to 
3",  dotted  with  large,  pellucid  glands.     Fls.  about  7"  diam.     Jn.,  Aug. 

6  H.  rosmarinifolium  Lam.     St,  straight,  erect,  sparingly  branched;  Ivs.  lin- 
ear, shorter  than  the  internodes,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  petiole ;  cymules  dense,  few- 
flowered,  panicled. — Ky.  to  Fla.     Smooth  and  handsome,  18   to  30'  high,  half 
shrubby.     Lvs.  1'  to  !£'  long,  1 — 2"  wide,  revolute-cdged,  fascicled  in  the  axils 
as  if  whorled.     Fls.  G"  diam.    Sep.  subequal,  about  as  long  as  the  obovate  petals. 
Jn.,  Aug. 

7  H.  fasciculatum  Lam.     Shrub  much  branched,  bushy ;  Ivs.  linear,  very  nar- 
row, longer  than  the  internodes,  sessile;  cymules  leafy. — Wet  places  in  pine  bar- 
rens, Ga.,   Fla.  to  La.,  common.      Bush  1  to  2f  high,  very  leafy.     Lvs.  nearly 
1'  in  length,  recurved  or  straight,  with  smaller  ones  clustered  in  the  axils.     Fls. 
numerous,  G7  diam.     Petals  obovate,  1-toothed  (like  Nos.  4,  5)  about  tho  length 
of  the  linear  sepals.     JL,  Sept. 

p.  ABBREVIATDM.  Branches  irregular  and  crooked ;  Ivs.  very  short  (2  to  3"), 
tufted  in  tho  axils ;  petals  3  times  longer  than  tho  sepals. — Car.  to  Ga. 


ORDER  18.— HYPERICACE^E.  249 

8  H.  perforatum  L.     St.  2-edged,  branched;  Ivs.  with  pellucid  dots ;  sep.  lanceo- 
late, half  as  long  as  the  petals.— 1±  A  hardy  plant,  prevailing  in  dry  pastures, 
Can.  and  U.  S.,  much  to  the  annoyance  of  farmers.     St.  1  to  2f  high,  brachiate 
erect,  round,   with  2  opposite,  elevated  lines   extending  between   the   nodes! 
Lvs.  6 — 10"  long,  £as  wide,  ramial  ones  much  smaller,  all  obtuse,  the  dots  as 
well  as  veins  best  seen  by  transmitted  light.     Fls.  numerous,  deep  yellow,  in 
terminal  panicles.     Petals  and  sep.  bordered  with  fino  dark-colored  glands.     Jn 
JL     §  Eur. 

9  H.  corymbosum  MuhL     Sis.  terete,  corymbously  branched  ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate 
or  oval,  obtuse,  marked  with  black  (as  well  as  pellucid)  dots;  sep.  ovate,  acute  (very 
small)  £  as  long^  as  the  petals.— 1±  Woods  and  plains,  Can.  to  Penn.  and  Ark.    St. 
1  to  3f  high,  with  many  small  fls.  in  a  corymb  of  dense  cymes.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long, 
nearly  £  as  wide,  veiny,  either  clasping  or  sessile,  or  (in  a  variety,  E.  Tenn.j 
almost  petiolate.     Fls.  small,  petals  with  oblong  black  dots.     Stig.  orange-red  on 
distinct  styles.     Jn.,  JL 

10  H.  maculatum  "Walt.     St.  terete,  corymbously  branched  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  thickly 
sprinkled  with  black  dots;  sep.  lanceolate. — S.  Car.,   Ga.  (Feay)  Fla.     St.  'at  first 
simple,  often  becoming  diffusely  branched,   1  to  4f  high.     Lvs.  smaller  (about  1' 
by  3").     Fls.  rather  smaller.     This  species  (or  variety?)  scarcely  differs  from  No. 
8,  but  in  its  bluish  aspect  (from  the  numerous  dots)  and  smaller  Ivs.     Jl.,  Aug. 

11  H.  aftreum  Bartram.     Branches  spreading,  ancipital ;  Ivs.  thick,  lance-ovate, 
obtuse,  sessik ;  fls.  (large)  solitary,  sessile. — A  beautiful  shrub,  Ga.,  near  Macon. 
St.  2  to  4f  high.      Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  £  as  wide,  obtuse  or  mucronulate,  only  the 
strong  mid- vein  visible,    almost  petiolate,  edge  wavy-crisped.     Fls.    18"  broad. 
Petals  reflexed.     Sta,  excessively  numerous  (more  than  500),  shorter  than  the  3 
partly  united  styles.     Jn.,  Aug. 

12  H.  myrtifolium  L.     St.  terete ;  Ivs.  thick,  ovate  or  oblong,  cor  date- clasping ; 
fls.  in  a  leafy  compound  fastigiate  cyme,  the  dichotomal  sessile. — Ga.,  Fla.     Shrub 

1  to  2f  in  hight,  declined  and  often  divided  at  base,  corymbed  above.  Lvs.  about 
1'  long,  -?f  or  J  as  wide,  glaucous.  Sep.  lance-linear,  as  long  as  (3 — 4")  tho 
petals,  at  length  reflexcd.  Sta.  as  long  as  the  sty.,  which  separate  at  top. 
May,  Jn. 

13  H.  ambigimm  Ell.    Branches  ancipital ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  thin,  acute  ;  fls.  soli- 
tary and  in  3s  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. — Banks  of  the  Congaree  and  Chat- 
tahoochee,  Ga.     Shrub  with  scaly  bark,  2  to  4f  high,  with  numerous,  opposite 
branches.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  3 — 4"  wide,  sessile,  mucronate,  with  a  white,  cal- 
lous point.      Sep.  lance-linear,  as  long  as  the   1-toothed  petals.     Sty.  united. 
May ,  Jn. 

14  H.  cistifolium  Lam.      St.  2-winged,  subsimple;   Ivs.  linear-oblong,    obtuse 
sessile ;  fls.  in  a  leafless,  compound  cyme. — Ga.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Shrub  straight 
and  erect,  1^  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  1'  long,  2 — 3"  wide,  opaque,  with  smaller  ones 
clustered  in  the  axils.     Petals  twice  longer  than  the  oval  sepals.     Sty.  united 
except  at  the  top,  nearly  as  long  as  the  capsule.     May. 

15  H.  adpressum,  Bart.     St.  2-winged  above;  Ivs.  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate, 
half  erect ;  cymes  few-leaved  ;  sep.  lance-linear ;  caps,  almost  3-celled. — Swamps, 
R.  L,   Penn.  to  Ark.     Plant  about  2f  high.     Lvs.  1 — 2'  by  2 — 4",  pellucid- 
punctate,  sessile,  rather  acute.     Fls.  6"  diam.,  15 — 20  in  an  almost  leafless  cyme. 
Sep.  unequal,  half  as  long  as  the  oblong-obovate  petals.     Sty.  1.     Aug.,  Sept. 

16  H.  nudiflorum  MX.    St.  and  branches  4.-angled  and  winged;  Ivs.  crate-lanceolate 
or  oblong,   obtuse,  sessile;   cyme  leafless,  peduncled;    sep.  linear;   caps,  almost 
3-celled.— Wet  grounds,  Penn.  to  La.  and  Ga.     Plant  woody  at  base,  1— 2f  high, 
with  numerous  branches.     Lvs.  thin,  about  2'  long,  with  minute,  pellucid,  reddish 
dots.     Fls.  few,  small,  rather  loose  in  the  stalked  cyme.     Aug.,  Sept. 

17  H.  dolabriforme  Yent.     St.  decumbent  at  the  woody  base,  scarcely  2-edged 
above;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  spreading,  veinless;  fls.  in  a  kafy,  fastigiate  cyme; 
seps.  lance-ovate,  about  as  long  as  the  very  oblique  (dolabriform)  petals.— Ky.  and 
Tenn.     Sts.  G— 18'  long,  with  scaly  bark  at  base.     Lvs.  1'  or  more  in  length, 
sessile,  with  smaller  ones  in  the  axils  with  brownish  dots.     Jl.  Aug. 


250  ORDER  18.—  HYPERICACE^E. 

18  H.  sphaerocarpon  MX.     St.  obscurely  4-sided;   Ivs.  linear-oblong,  obtuso, 
with  a  minute  callous  tip,  almost  veinless  ;  cyme  compound,  nearly  leafless,  pedun- 
culate ;  sep.  ovate,  mucronate  ;  sty.  closely  united  ;  caps,  globular.  —  Rocky  banks 
of  the  Ohio  and  Ky.  rivers.     St.  somewhat  woody  at  base,  10  —  15'  high.     Lvs. 
1  —  %'  long,  \  as  wide,  closely  sessile,  with  large,  pellucid  dots.     Pis.  at  length 
numerous,  7"  diam.     Jl. 

19  H.  angulosum  MX.    Herb  smooth  ;  st.  acutely  ^-cornered;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute;  cymes  leafless;  sty.  distinct,  thrice  larger  than  the  ovary.  —  Swamps  in  pine 
barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  (Bainbridge,  Ga.,  Misses  Keen).     St.  nearly  2f  high.    Lvs. 
distinct,  opaque,  scarcely  punctate,   8*-—  12"  long,  1  —  3"  wide,  edges  revolute. 
Fls.  often  alternate  on  the  ultimate  branches.     Sepals  •  ovate,  striate,  acute,  5 
times  shorter  than  the  orange-colored  petals.     Jl. 

20  H.  ellip'ticum  Hook.     Herb  smooth;  st.  quadrangular,  simple;  Ivs.  elliptical, 
obtuse,  somewhat  clasping,  pellucid-punctate;   cyme  pedunculate;  sep.  unequal  ; 
sty.  united  to  near   the  summit,  as  long  as  the  ovary.  —  Q  Lo\v  grounds  Can.  to 
Penn.     St.  8  —  16'  hi^h,  slender,  colored  at  base.     Lvs.  8  —  13"  by  2  —  4",  some- 
what erect,  about  as  long  as  the  internodes.     Cymes  of  about  a  dozen  flowers, 
generally  1  or  2'  above  the  highest  pair  of  leaves.     Central  fls.  subse&sile.    Petals 
acutish,  orange-yellow,  2  —  3"  long;  sep.  shorter.     Stig.  minute.     Jl. 

21  H.  gravdolens  Buckley.     St.  terete,  smooth,  nearly  simple;  Ivs,  oblong-ovate, 
clasping,  punctate  beneath  ;  cymes  terminal  and  axillary  ;  sep.  and  pet.  narrow  ; 
fil.  00  ;   styles  3.  —  High   Mts.,  N.  Car.   (Buckley).     Plant  with  a  strong  odor. 
Stem   2  —  3f   high.     Lvs.    2'   long,    half    as  wide.     Fls.   largo   and  numerous. 
Jl.—  Aug. 

22  H.  pilosum  Walt.     Herb  rough-downy;  st.  simple,  terete,  virgate;  Ivs.  ovate- 
lanceolate^  appressed,  clasping,  acute  ;  cyme  few-flowered  ;  sty.  distinct,  as  long  as 
the  ovary.  —  CD  Wet  pine  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  arid  La.,  common.    Lvs.  4  —  8"  long, 
£  as  wide,  very  acut3.     St.  1  —  3f  high,  quite  simple  to  near  the  top,  clothed  with 
a  rough  coat  of  hairs.     Fls.  5  —  G"  diam.,  mostly  alternate  on  the  branches  of  the 
cyme.     Jn.  —  Sept. 

23  H.  mutihim  L.     DWARF  ST.  JOHN'S  WORT.     St.  quadrangular,  branched  ; 
Ivs.  obtuse,  ovate-ol>long,  clasping,  5-veined,  minutely  punctate;  cymes  leafy;  pet. 
shorter  than  the  sop.;  sta.  6  —  12.  —  ®  Damp  sandy  soils,  Can.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Ind. 
St.  3  —  6  —  9'  high.     Lvs.   closely  sessile,  apparently  connate,  4  —  8"  by  2  —  5", 
outer  veins  obscure.     Fls.  minute,  orange-colored.     JL,  Aug. 

24  H.  Canadense  L.     St.  quadrangular,  branched;  Ivs.  linear,  attenuated  to  the 
base,  with  pellucid  and  also  with  black  dots,  rather  obtuse  ;  pet.  shorter  than  the 
lanceolate,  acute  sep.  ;  sta.  5  —  10.  —  (T)  Wet  sandy  soils,  Can.  to  Ga.      St.  6  —  12' 
high,   slightly  4-winged.      Lower  branches   opposite,  upper  pair  forked.     Lvs. 
8  —  12"  by  \  —  1  or  2",  sometimes  linear-lanceolate,  radical  ones  obovate,  short. 
Fls.  small,  orange-colored.     Ova.  longer  than  the  styles.     Caps,  red,  very  acute, 
twice  as  long  as  the  sepals.     Jn.  —  Aug. 

25  H.  Sarothra  MX.     St.  and  branches  filiform,  quadrangular;  Ivs.  very  minute, 
subulate  ;  yfe.  sessile;  sta.  5  —  10.  —  CD  St.  4  —  8  —  12'  high,  branched  above  into 
numerous,  very  slender,  upright,  parallel  branches  apparently  leafless,  from  the 
minuteness  of  the  leaves.     Fls.  very  small,  yellow,  succeeded  by  a  conical  brown 
capsule  which  is  twice  the  length  of  the  sepals.     Jl.,  Aug. 

26  H.  Drummoiidii  Torn  &  Gr.     Branches  alternate,  square  above;  Ivs.  linear, 
very  narrow,   acute,  longer  than  the  internodes;  fls.  pedicellate;  sla.  10  —  20; 
sep.   lanceolate,    shorter  than  the  petals,  but  longer  than  the  ovoid  capsule.  — 
(D  Near  St.  Louis,  to  Ga.  and  La.    Plant  more  robust  than  the  last,  10  —  20'  high, 
very  branching.     Lvs.  £'  long.     Fls.  about  4"  diam. 


3.  ELODfeA,  Adams.  (Gr.  eAwcfryf  ,  marshy  ;  from  the  habitat  of  the 
plants.)  Sepals  5,  equal,  somewhat  united  at  base  ;  petals  5,  deciduous, 
equilateral  ;  stamens  9  (rarely  more),  tiiadelphous,  the  parcels  alter- 
nating with  3  hypogynous  glands;  styles  3,  distinct;  capsule  3  -celled.  — 
U  Herbs  with  pellucid-punctate  Ivs.,  the  axils  leafless.  Fls.  dull  orange- 
purple. 


ORDER  19.— DROSERACE^E.  251 

1  E.  Virginica  Nutt.     St.  erect,  somewhat  compressed,  branching;  Ivs.  oblong 
ampkxicaul;  sta.  united  below  the  middle,  with  3  in  each  set. — Swamps  and 
ditches.  U.  S.  and  Can.     Whole  plant  usually  of  a  purplish  hue,  9 — 20'  high 
Lvs.  Is — 2^'  tong,  %  as  wide,  upper  ones  lanceolate,  lower  oblong-ovate,  all  very 
obtuse,  glaucous  beneath.    Fls.  5"  diam.,  terminal  and  axillary.    Pet.  about  twico 
longer  than   the   calyx.     Glands  ovoid,   orange-colored.     Caps,   ovoid-oblong, 
acutish.     Jl. — Sept. 

2  B.  petiolata  Ph.     Lvs.  oblong,  narrowed  at  "base  into  a  petiole ;  fls.  mostly  in 
3s,  axillary,  nearly  sessile;  filaments  united  above  the  middle;  caps,  oblong,  muclx 
longer  than  the  sepals. — Swamps  S.  States,  N.  to  N.  J.     St.  about  2f  high.     Lvs. 
1 — 3'  long,  rounded-obtuse,  with  a  short  but  distinct  petiole.     Fls.  smaller  than 
in  the  last.     Aug.,  §ept. 

ORDER  XIX.     DROSERACE^E.     SUNDEWS. 

Herbs  growing  in  bogs,  often  covered  with  glandular  hairs,  with  Ivs.  alternate  or 
nil  radical,  mostly  circinato  (rolled  from  top  to  base)  in  vernation ;  fls.  regular, 
joypogyuous,  5-merous,  the  sepals,  petals  and  stamens  persistent  (withering) ;  ova. 
compound,  one-celled,  with  the  styles  and  stigmas  variously  parted,  cleft  or  united 
seeds  OQ  in  the  capsule,  albuminous ;  embryo  minute. 

Genera,  6,  species  90.  Curious  and  interesting  plants,  scattered  over  tho  •whole  globe 
wherever  marshes  are  found.  The  halved  stigmas  are  their  most  singular  characteristicT  In 
*he  sundew,  &c.,  each  half  stigma  is  distinct,  henco  apparently  doubling  their  number,  but  in 
the  suborder,  Parnassian,  the  adjacent  halves  of  different  stigmas  aro  united,  and  thus  stand  op- 
posite to  the  placentae. 

1.  DROSERA,  L.  SUNDEW.  (Gr.  dpooog,  dew ;  from  tlio  dew-like 
secretion.)  Sepals  5,  united  at  base,  persistent ;  petals  5 ;  stamens 
5  ;  styles  3 — 5  each  2-parted,  the  halves  entire  or  many-cleft ;  cap- 
sule 3 — 5-valvcd,  1-celled,  many-seeded. —  If.  Small  aquatic  herbs.  Lvs. 
covered  with  reddish,  glandular  hairs,  secreting  a  viscid  fluid.  Verna- 
tion circinate. 

Scapes  4 — 6  times  as  long  as  the  leaves Nos.  1 — 3 

Scapes  1 — 2  times  as  long  as  the  leaves Nos.  4 — 6 

1  D.  rotundifolia  L.      Lvs.  orbicular,  abruptly  contracted  into  the  hairy  petiole; 
fls.  white. — A  curious  little  plant,  not  uncommon  in  bogs  and  muddy  shores. 

Whole  plant  of  a  reddish  color,  like  the  other  Sundews,  and  beset  with  glandular 
hairs  which  are  usually  tipped  with  a  small  drop  of  a  clammy  fluid,  glistening 
like  dew  in  the  sun.  Lvs.  about  5"  broad  and  with  the  petioles  1 — 2'  long. 
Scape  slender,  5 — 8'  high,  tho  racemes  uncoiling  as  tho  small  whito  flowers 
open.  Caps,  oblong.  Jn. — Aug. 

2  D.  minor.     Los.  obovate,  cuneiform  at  lose,  the  petioles  naked;  fls.  purple;  scapo 
erect. — Aforo  delicate  than  the  preceding,  in  marshes,  Fla.  to  Texas.     Lvs.  form- 
ing a  rosulate  tuft,  8 — 12"  long,  the  smooth  petiole  three  times  longer  than  tho 
lamina,  which  is  2—3"  wide.     Scapes  filiform,   3—6'  high,  tho  raceme   simplo 
or  forked,   5  or  6-flowercd.     Petals  light  purple.     Caps,  globular.     Seeds  ob- 
long, tubercled.      May.     (D.  brevifolia  /3.  major  Torn  &  Gr.      D.  intermedia 
Chapman.) 

3  D.  brevifolia  Ph.      Las.  cuneiform-spatulate,  forming  a  small,  dense  tuft  (!' 
diam.) ;  petioles  very  short,  hairy ;  fls.  few,  rose  colored. — In  wet,  springy  places. 
Car.  to  Fla.  and  La,     Not  half  as  large  as  the  last.     Lvs.  5  or  G"  long,  1—2  ^ 
broad,  flat  on  the  ground,  forming  a  round,  compact  rosette.     Scape  2  or  3 
high,  bearing  one  to  three  conspicuous  flowers.     Capsule  roundish.     Apr. 

4  D.'  longifolia  L.     Lvs.  spatulate  oblong  or  obovate,  ascending,  alternate,  tapering  at 
lose  into  a,  long,  smooth  petiole;  scape  declined  at  base;  petals  white.— Slender  and 
delicate,  in  similar  situations  with  the  last.     Lvs.  slender,  ascending,  crenate, 
beset  with  numerous  hairs  tipped  with  dew-like  drops,— length,  including  tho 
petioles  2—3'.     Candex  lengthened,  declinate.     Scape  bearing  a  simple  racera 
of  small,  whito  flowers,  arising  4 — 7'..    Jn. — Aug. 


252  ORDER  19.— DROSERACE^E. 

6  D.  filiformis  Raf.  Lvs.  filiform,  very  long,  erect ;  scape  nearly  simple,  longer 
than  the  leaves,  many-flowered;  petals  obovate,  erosely  denticulate,  longer  than 
the  glandular  calyx;  sty.  2-parted  to  the  base. — Grows  in  wet,  sandy  places, 
along  the  coast  Mass,  to  Fla.,  much  larger  than  the  preceding  species.  The  Ivs. 
are  destitute  of  a  lamina,  nearly  as  long  as  the  scape,  beset  with  glandular  hairs, 
except  near  the  base.  Scape  about  a  foot  high,  with  large  purple  flowers.  Aug., 
Sept. 

5  D.  linearis  Goldie.  Lvs.  linear,  obtuse ;  petioles  elongated,  naked,  erect ;  scapes 
few-flowered,  about  the  length  of  the  leaves ;  cal.  glabrous,  much  shorter  than 
the  oval  capsule ;  seeds,  ova),  shining,  smooth. — Borders  of  lake?,  Can.,  Mich,  to 
the  Rocky  Mts.  (Hooker,  Torr.  &  Gr.)  Scapo  3—6'  high,  with  about  3  small 
flowers.  Lvs.  about  2"  wide,  clothed  with  glandular  hairs,  which  are  wanting  on 
the  petiole.  Jl.,  Aug. 

2.  DION^IA,  L.      VENUS'  FLY-TRAP.    (One  of  the  names  of  Venus.) 
Sepals  spreading;    petals    5,   obovate,  with    pellucid    veins;    stamens 
10 — 15;  styles  united  into  1,  the  stigmas  many-cleft;  capsule  break- 
ing irregularly  in  opening,  1-cclled ;  seeds  many  in  the  bottom  of  the 
cell. —  li  Glabrous  herbs.      Lvs.  all  radical,  sensitive,  closing  convul- 
sively when  touched.     Scape  umbelcd. 

D.  nrascipula  Ell.  A  very  curious  plant,  native  of  sandy  bogs  in  Car.,  along 
rivers  from  the  Neuse  to  the  Santee.  Sometimes  cultivated  in  a  pot  of  bog  earth 
placed  in  a  pan  of  water.  Lvs.  rosulate,  lamina  roundish,  spinulose  on  the  mar- 
gins and  upper  surface,  instantly  closing  upon  insects  and  other  objects  which 
light  upon  it.  Scapo  6 — 12'  high,  with  an  umbel  of  8 — 10  white  flowers.  Apr., 
May.  f 

SUBORDER,  PARNASSIE^E, 

Consists  of  the  single  genus  Parnassia,  which  differs  from  the  Sundews  in  having 
5  sets  of  abortive  stamens  and  the  4  stigmas  placed  over  the  parietal  placentae  (as 
if  each  stigma  were  compounded  of  the  two  adjacent  halves  of  two  divided 
stigmas. — More  recently  this  genus  is  stationed  among  the  Saxifrages. 

3.  PARNASSIA,  Tourn.      GRASS    OF  PARNASSUS.      (Named   from 
Mount  Parnassus,  the  abode   of  the  Muses,  Graces,  &c.)      Sepals  5, 
united  at  base,  persistent ;  petals  5,  persistent,  nearly  perigynous  ;   sta- 
mens in  two  series,  the  outer  indefinite  in  number,  united  in   5  groups, 
sterile,  the  inner  5  perfect;  capsule  1-celled,  4-valved;  seeds  very  nume- 
rous with  a  winged  testa. —  4  Glabrous  herbs,  with   radical  Ivs.  and  1- 
flowered  scapes. 

1  P.  Caroliniana  L.     Sterile  fit.,  3  in  each  group,  distinct  to  near  the  lose,  sur- 
mounted with  little  spherical  heads ;  pet.  much  exceeding  the  cal,  marked  with 
green  veins;  Ivs.  radical,  or  sessile  on  the  scape,  broad,  oval,  with  no  sinus  at 
the  base. — An  exceedingly  elegant  and  interesting  plant,  growing  in  wet  mea- 
dows and  borders  of  streams,  U.  S.  to  Can.     Rt.  fibrous.     Lvs.  7-veined,  broad- 
oval  or  ovate,  smooth,  leathery,  radical  ones  long-stalked,  the  cauline  only  one, 
sessile,  clasping,  a  few  inches  above  the  root.      Scapes  10—15'  high,  with  a 
handsome,  regular  flower  about  1'  diam.     Jn. — Aug. 

/3.  Filments  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals ;  cauline  leaf  small  or  none  ;  rhizome 
thick  and  large. — Fla.  (Chapman.) 

2  P.  palustris  L.     Sterile  fd.  pellucid,  setaceous,  9  to  15  in  each  set;  cauline  If!, 
if  any,  sessile;  radical  Ivs.  all  cordate. — Bogs  and  lake  shores,  Mich,  to  Lab.,  and 
W.  to  Rocky  Mts.     Scapes  about  6'  high,  naked  or  with  a  single  clasping  leaf 
near  the  base.     Fls.  white.     Sepals  oblong-lanceolate.     Petals  marked  with  3 — 5 
green  or  purple  veins. 

3  P.  asarifolia  Vent      Sterile  fil.,  3  in  each  set;  petals  abruptly  clawed ;  Ivs, 
reniform. — Mts.,  Va.  and  Car.      Lvs.  large  (1 — 2'  broad),  the  cauline  one  sessile, 
orbicular.     Fls.  1J'  diam. 


ORDER  21.— CARYOPHYLLACE^S.  253 

ORDER  XX.     ELATINACE^E.     WATER  PEPPERS. 

Herbs  small,  annual,  with  opposite  leaves  and  membranous  stipules.  Fls.  minuto 
axillary.  Sepals  2 — 5,  distinct  or  slightly  coherent  at  base,  persistent.  Petals  hy- 
pogynous,  as  many  as  the  sepals.  Sta.  equal  in  number  to,  or  twice  as  many  as 
the  petals.  Anth.  introrse.  Ova.  2 — G-celled.  Stigmas  2 — 5,  capitate ;  placenta  in 
the  axis.  Fr.  capsular.  Seeds  numerous,  exalbuminous. 

Genera  C,  species  22,  found  in  every  part  of  the  globe,  growing  in  marshes.  The  following  is 
our  only  northern  genus. 

ELATINE,  L.  (Gr.  e/Urr?/,  fir ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  slender 
leaves  of  some  species.)  Fls.  2 — 4-merous.  Stigmas  sessile,  minute. 

B.  Americana  Arn.  MUD  PURSLANE.  St.  diffuse,  procumbent,  striate,  rooting 
from  the  joints,  with  assurgcnt  branches ;  Ivs.  lance-oval  or  obovate,  obtuse, 
entire ;  sty.  0  ;  sep.,  pet,  sta.,  stig.  2 — 3,  as  well  as  the  cells  and  valves  of  tho 
capsule;  stip.  very  minute. — A  little  mud  plant,  on  the  borders  of  ponds  and 
rivers,  IT.  S.  Fls.  axillary,  sessile,  solitary.  Cor.  minute,  closed.  Jl.- — Sept. 
(Crypta  minima  Nutt.  Peplys  Americana  Ph.) 

ORDER  XXI.     CARYOPHYLLACE^E.     PINKWORTS. 

Herbs  with  swollen  joints,  opposite,  entire  leaves,  and  regular  flowers.  Sepals 
4  or  5,  persistent,  distinct,  or  cohering  into  a  tube.  Petals  4  or  5,  unguiculate  or 
not,  bifid  or  entire,  mostly  removed  from  the  calyx  by  a  short  internode  of  the  torus, 
sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  distinct,  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  rarely  an  equal 
number  or  fewer.  Ovary  often  stipitate ;  styles  2 — 5,  Btigmatous  the  whole  length 
of  the  inner  surface.  Fr.  a  1 -celled  capsule  (or  imperfectly  2 — 5  celled),  opening  at 
the  top,  or  loculicidal.  Sds.  numerous;  embryo  curved  around  the  albumen.  (Seo 
Figs.  70,  209,  258,  296,  299,  300,  313,  392.) 

The  Pinkworts  as  constituted  by  Emlleicherand  others,  and  above  characterized,  comprehends 
four  Suborders,  and  in  the  aggregate  SS  genera  and  1180  species.  They  are  in  general  destitute 
of  active  properties.  A  few  of  them  are  valued  as  highly  ornamental  in  cultivation,  but  tho 
greater  part  are  insignificant  weeds  abounding  in  waste  sandy  tracts  throughout  the  temperate 
zones. 

§  Leaves  furnished  with  dry,  membranous  stipules.    SUBORDER  II.  (^) 

§  Exstipulate.— Capsule  1-celled,  3— 00-seeded.    Petals  rarely  absent.    SUBORDER  !.(•) 
— Capsule  1-celled,  1-sceded.    Petals  none.    SUBORDER  III.  (h) 
— Capsule  completely  3-cclled.    Petals  none.    SUBORDER  IV.  (k) 

*  Sepals  united  into  a  tube.     Petals  long-clawed.    Ovary  6tiped.    TRIBE  1.  (a) 

*  Sepals  distinct  or  nearly  so.     Petals  subscssile.    Ovary  sessile.    TRIBE  2.  (b) 
T  Styles  or  stig.  3  to  5.   Capsule  1  -celled,  00-sceded.     TRIBE  8.  (e) 

^  Styles  2  or  united  into  1.     Utricle  1-seeded.     TRIBE  4.  (f ) 

SUBORDER  I.     CARYOPHYLLINEJE. 

al.  SILENEuE.— Calyx  with  scale-like  bractlets  at  base.    Styles  2 DiAKTnrs.  1 

—Calyx  bractless.— Styles  2.     Capsule  4-toothed  when  open. SAPON ARIA.  2 

—Styles  3.     Capsule  6-toothed  when  open .  SILENK.  3 

—Styles  5.    Caps.  10-toothed. . .  AGROSTEMMA,  4.  .I/rcuxis.  5 
b  2.  ALSINEjE.— -Petals  2-parted  (sometimes  wanting  in  No.  7.)  (c) 

c  Styles  5.    Capsule  opening  at  tho  top  by  10  teeth CERASTIUM.  <? 

c  Styles  3.    Capsule  opening  deeply  by  6  half- valves..  .STILLARIA.  T 
—Petals  undivided  (sometimes  wanting  in  No.  10.)  (d) 

d  Valves  of  the  capsule  3,  each  2-toothed.    Styles  3 ARENARIA.  8 

d  Valves,  &c.,  entire.— Styles  3,  always  fewer  than  sepals ALSIJTE.  9 

—Styles  4  or  5,  always  as  many  as  sepals.. SAGINA.  10 

—Styles  8  &  5.     Disk  large,  10-lobed.HoNKKNYA.  11 

SUBORDER  II.     ILLECEBRINE^E. 

e  8.  SPEEGULEJE.— Styles  5.    Petals  white.    Lvs.  linear,  whorled Si  ERCULA.         12 

—Styles  3  and  5.     Petals  red.     Lvs.  linear,  opposite SPEROULAP.IA.  13 

—Styles  3  in  all  the  flowers.— Stipules  ovate.     Lvs.  in  4's.PoLTCARPOX.    14 
— Slip,  inultifltl.    Lvs.  opp. . . STIPULICIDA.     15 


254  ORDER  21.— CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 

f  4.  PARONYCniEJS. — Sepals  herbaceous,  distinct  or  nearly  so PAROXTCIUA.     16 

— Sepals  white  above,  united  in  a  tube  below STPUONTCHIA.   IT 

SUBORDER  III.     SCLERANTHLNE^E. 
h  Styles  2.   Utricle  inclosed  in  the  hardened  calyx  tubo  . .  .SCIILKIIAXTIUJS.  38 

SUBORDER  IV.     MOLLUGINE^E. 
k  Styles  3.    Stamens  hypogynous,  3  or  5.    Ilerb  prostrate.  .MOLLUGO.          19 

1.  DIANTHUS,  L.      PINK.      (Gr.  A^,  dvOo^  the  flower  of  Jove, 
alluding  to  its  preeminent  beauty  and  fragrance.)      Calyx  cylindrical, 
tubular,  striate,  with  2  or  more  pairs  of  opposite,  imbricated  scales  or 
bractlets  at  base ;   petals  5,  with  long  claws,  limb  unequally  notched ; 
stamens   10 ;    styles  2,  tapering,  with  long,  recurved  stigmas ;    caps, 
cylindric,  1-celled. — Beautiful  Oriental  plants,  everywhere  cultivated. 

§  Flowers  in  dense  corymbs. — Scales  as  long  as  the  calyx Nos.  1,  2 

— Scales  ovate,  awned,  short No.  7 

§  Flowers  solitary  or  panicled. — Petals  toothed  or  crenatc Nos.  3.  4 

-Petals  fringed ...  Nos.  5,  6 

1  D.  Armeria.  WILD  PINK.  Lvs,  linear-subulate,  hairy ;  fls.  aggregate,  fascicled ; 
scales  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  subulate,  as  long  as  the  downy  tube. — (T)  Our  only 
wild  species  of  the  pink,  found  in  fields  and  pine  woods,  Mass,  to  N.  J.  St. 
erect,  1 — 2f  high,  branching.  Lvs.  erect,  1 — 2'  long,  1 — 3"  wide  at  the  clasping 
base,  tapering  to  a  subulate  point.  Fls.  inodorous,  in  dense  fascicles  of  3  or 
more.  Cal.  and  its  scales  f  long.  Petals  small,  pink-colored,  sprinkled  with 
white,  crenate.  Aug.  §  Eur. 

2  D.  barbatus  L.     SWEET  "WILLIAM  OR  BUNCH  PIXK.     Lvs.  lanceolate;  fls. 
aggregate,  fascicled;  scales  of  the  calyx  ovate-subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube. — 14 
An  ornamental  flower,  still  valued  as  in  the  times  of  old  Gerarde,  "  for  its  beauty 
to  deck  up  tho  bosoms  of  the  beautiful,  and  garlands  and  crowns  for  pleasure." 
Stems  l^f  high,  thick.      Lvs.  3  to  6'  by  ^  to  1',  narrowed  to  the  clasping  base. 
Pis.  in  fastigiate  cymes,  red  or  whitish,  often  greatly  variegated.     May — Jl.  f 

3  D.  Chinensis  L.     CHINA  PINK.     St.  branched;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate;  fls. 
solitary ;  scales,  linear,  leafy,  spreading,  as  lony  as  the  tube. — ®  Native  of  China. 
An  elegant  species,  well  characterized  by  its  leafy,  spreading  scales,  and  its  large, 
toothed  or  crenate,  red  petals.    The  foliage,  like  that  of  the  other  species,  is  ever- 
green, being  as  abundant  and  vivid  in  winter  as  in  summer. 

4  D.  caryoph^llus  L.    CARNATION",  BIZARRES,  PICOTEES,  FLAKES,  &c.   Lvs. 
linear-subulate,  channeled,  glaucous ;  fls.  solitary ;  scales  very  short,  ovate ;  petals 
very  broad,  beardless,  creaate. — Stem  2 — 3 f  high,  branched.    Fls.  white  and  crim- 
son; petals  crenate.    This  species  is  supposed  to  be  the  parent  of  all  the  splendid 
varieties  of  the  Carnation.    Over  400  sorts  are  now  enumerated  by  florists,  distin- 
guished mostly  by  some  peculiarity  in  color,  which  is  crimson,  white,  red,  purple, 
scarlet,  yellow,  and  arranged  in  every  possible  order  of  stripes,  dots,  flakes  and 
angles. 

5  D.  plumarius  L.     PHEASANT'S  EYE.    Glaucous ;   st.  2 — 3-flowered ;  fls. 
solitary;  calyx  teeth  obtuse;  scales  ovate,  very  acute;  Ivs.  linear,  rough  at  tho 
edge;  petals  many-cleft,  hairy  at  the  throat. —  If  Native  of  Europe.      From  this 
species  probably  originated  those  beautiful  pinks  called  Pheasaut's-eye,  of  which 
there  are  enumerated  in  Scotland  no  less  than  300  varieties.      Fls.  white  and 
purple.     Jn. — Aug.  f 

6  D.  superbua  L.     Lvs.  linear-subulate  ;  fls.  fastigiate;  scales  short,  ovate, 
mucronato ;  petals  pinnate. — If  A  singular,  beautiful  pink,  native  of  Europe. 
St.  2f  high,  branching,  with  many  flowers.      Petals  white,  gashed  in  a  pinnate 
manner  beyond  the  middle,  and  hairy  at  the  mouth.     Jl. — Sept 

7  D.  Carthusianomm  L.     The  MONTHLY  PINK,  common  in  house  cultiva- 
tion, with  bright  green,  channeled,  linear  leaves,  short,  caespitous  stems,  pink-red, 
double  flowers,  appears  to  be  H  variety  of  this  species. 

2.  SAPONARIA,  L.     SOAPWORT.      (Latin  sopo,  soap;  the  mucila- 


ORDEB  21.— CARYOPHYLLACE^E.  255 

ginons  juice  is  said  to  make  soap.)  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  without 
scales  ;  petals  5,  unguiculate  ;  stamens  10 ;  styles  2  ;  capsule  oblong, 
1-celled.  Petals  often  crowned. 

1  S.  officinalis  L.     BOUNCING  BET.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  inclining  to  elliptical ;  Ms. 
in  paniculate  fascicle-,;    cal  cylindrical;    crown  of  the  petals  linear. —  2{  By 
roadsides,  N.  E.  to  Ga.    A  shady,  smooth,  succulent  plant,  with  handsome,  pink- 
like  flowers.     St.  1 — 2f  high.     Lvs.  2 — 3'  long,  ^  or  more  as  wide,  very  acute. 
Fls.  many,  flesh-colored,  often  double.     The  plant  has  a  bitter  taste,  and  makes 
lather  with  water.     JL,  Aug.     §  Eur. 

2  S.  (Vaccaria)  vulgaris  Mdik.      Lvs.  ovate,  lanceolate,  sessile ;  fls.  in  pan- 
niculato  cymes;  cal.  pyramidal,  5-angled,  smooth;   bracts  membranous,  acute. — 
(D  Gardens  and  cultivated  grounds.      Whole  plant  smooth,  a  foot  or  more  high. 
Lvs.  broadest  at  base,  1 — 2'  Jong,  J  as  wide,  tapering  to  an  acute  apex.    Fls.  oil 
long  stalks,   pale-red.      Caps.   4-toothed.      Sds.   globous,   black.      July,  Aug. 
§f  Eur. 

3.  SILENE,  L.  CAMPION".  (Silenus  was  a  drunken  divinity  of  the 
Greeks,  covered  with  slaver,  as  these  plants  are  with  a  viscid  secretion.) 
Calyx  tubular,  swelling, .without  scales  at  the  base,  5-toothed;  petals  5, 
unguiculate,  often  crowned  with  scales  at  the  mouth,  2  or  many-cleft, 
or  entire;  stamens  10  ;  styles  3  ;  -capsule  3-celled,  opening  at  top  by  6 
teeth,  many-seeded. 

§  Acaalescent,  low,  tufted.    Perennial No.  1 

§  Caulescent. — Petals  fringe-cleft,  white  or  rose-color.     Perennial • Nos.  2 — 4 

—Petals  bifid  or  entire. — Calyx  inflated,  veiny.    Perennial Nos.  5,  0 

— Calyx  close  on  the  pod.  (*) 

*  Flowc-rs  spicate,  alternate.    Annual Nos.  7,  S 

*  Flowers  not  spicate. — Petals   pale,   closed  in  sunshine Nos.  9,  10 

—Petals  reel,  purple,  etc.,— bifid Nos.  11, 12 

— entire Nos.  13—15 

1  S.  acaulis  L.     Low  and  densely  caespitous ;  Ivs.  linear,  ciliate  at  base ;  ped. 
solitary,   short,    1 -flowered ;  cal.  campanulate,  slightly  inflated ;    pet.  obcordate, 
crowned.—  If.   A  little  turfy  plant,   1—3'  high,   on  the  White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  and 
throughout  Arctic  Am.     Sts.  scarcely  any.     Leaves  numerous,   £'  long.     Fls. 
purple. 

2  S.  stellata  Ait.     Erect,  pubescent;  Ivs.  in  whorls  of  4s,  oval-lanceolate,  acumin- 
ate ;  cal.  loose  and  inflated ;  petals  fi  mbriate. —  2£  An  elegant  plant,  woods  and 
prairies,  Can.  to  Car.,  W.  to  111.  and  Ark.     St.  2 — 3f  high,  paniculately  cymous. 
Lvs.  2 — 3'  long,  £  as  wide,  tapering  to  a  long  point,   sessile.     Cal.  pale  green, 
with  more  deeply  colored  veins.     Petals  white,  lacerately  fringed,  claws  webbed 
at  base.     Jl. 

3  S.  ovata  Ph.     Erect,  puberulent ;    Ivs.  opposite,  lance-ovate,  acuminate ;  cal. 
ovate,  not  inflated;   pet.  many-cleft,  crownless. — Yirg.  to  Ga.,  rare.    Sts.  stout, 
o — 4f  iiigi,f  branched  from  the  base.     Lvs.  4—5'  long,  broadest  at  base.     Claws 
of  the  white  petals  exserted  from  the  short  calyx,  the  limb  deeply  and  repeatedly 
forked,  with  linear  segments.     Fil.  long,  exserted. 

4  S.  Baldwin!!  Nutt.     Weak  hairy;  Ivs.  obnvate-spatulate ;  calyx  not  inflated; 
pet.  cuneiform,  divaricately  fimbriate. — River  banks  near  Qaincy,  Fla.      Sts.  de- 
cumbent at  base,  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  few,  much  shorter  than  the  internodes,  1  to 
2'  long,  tho  upper  elliptical,  acute.     Cyme  of  3  to  5  largo  (2'  broad),  pale  rose- 
colored  flowers.     Apr. 

5  S.  nivea  DC.     Minutely  puberulent,   erect,  subsimple;   Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate;  fls.  few,  solitary,  leafy;  cal.  inflated;  pet.  2-cleft,  with  a  small  bihd 
crown ;  caps,  shorter  than  its  stipe. — 1$.  In  moist  places,  Penn..  Ohio,  111.,  rare.    Bt 
slender,  leafy,  1J  to  3f  high,  generally  forked  near  the  top     Lvs.  2  to  3  by  6  to 
9",  tapering  to  a  very  slender  point,  floral  ones  lance-ovate.     . 

reticulated.     Petals  white. 

€  S.  inflata  Smith.     BLADDER  CAMPION.      Glabrous  and  glaucous;  Ivs.  ovate- 
lanceolato ;  fls.  in  cymous,  leafless  panicles,  drooping ;  caL  ovoid-globular,  muen 


256  ORDER  21.—  CARYOPHYLLACE^E. 

inflated  and  netted;  sty.  long-exserted  ;  nisi  "hort-stiped.  —  1[  In  pastures, 
about  fences,  Charlestown,  Mass.,  etc.  St.  erect,  about  2f  high.  Lvs.  1£  to  3' 
long,  %  as  wide,  rather  acuminate.  Petals  white,  cleft  half  way  down.  Cal.  with 
pale  purple  veins.  Jl.  —  The  young  shoots  and  leaves  may  be  used  as  a  substitute 
for  Asparagus.  §  Eur. 

7  S.  quinquevulnera  L.     Branched,  villous  ;  Ivs.  oblong-spatulate,  obtuse,  the 
highest  linear  ;   spike  somewhat  one  sided  ;  cal.  very  villous  ;  petals  roundish,  en- 
tire, crowned.  —  CD  About  Charleston,  S.  C.     A  foot  high.     Petals  pink  or  crim- 
son, with  the  border  pale-purple.     Jl.     §  Eur. 

8  S.  nocturna  L.     St.  branching,  hairy  below  ;  Ivs.  pubescent  with  long  cilise  at 
base,  lower  ones  spatulate,  upper  lance-linear;  fls.  appressed  to  the  stem  in  a 
dense  one  sided  spike  ;   cal.  cylindrical,  almost  glabrous,  reticulated  between  tho 
veins;  pet.  narrow,  2-parted.  —  (T)  Near  New  Haven,  Ct.  (Bobbins)  to  Penn.,  Va. 
Fls.  white,  greenish  beneath.     Jl.  f  §  Eur. 

9  S.  Antirrhina  L.     SNAP-DRAGON  CATCH-FLY.    Nearly  smooth,  erect,  branched 
above  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,   acute,  the  upper  linear  ;  fls.  few,  on  slender  pedicels  or 
branches;  cal.  ovoid;  pet.  emarginate.  —  CD  Road  sides  and  dry  soils,  Can.  and 
U.  S.     St.  slender,  branching,  with  opposite  leaves,  about  a  foot  in  height.     Lvs. 
about  2'  long,  the  upper  ones  very  narrow,  all  sessile,  and  scabrous  on  the  mar- 
gin.    A  few  of  the  upper  internodes  are  viscidly  pubescent  above  their  middle. 
Fls.  small,  rod,  in  loose,  erect  cymes.     Jl. 

ft  LitfARiA.     Very  slender;  Ivs.  all  linear  except  tho  lowest,  which  are  linear- 
spatulate  ;  cal.  globular.     Ga.  and  Fla. 

10  S.  noctiflora  L.      Viscid-pubescent  ;  st.  erect,  branching  ;  lower  Ivs.  spatu- 
late, upper  linear  ;  cal.  cylindrical,  ventricous,  the  alternate  veins  veinleted,  teeth 
subulate,  very  long  ;  petals  2-parted.  —  (T)  Cultivated  grounds.     Fls.  rather  large, 
white,  expanding  only  in  the  evening,  and  in  cloudy  weather.  \  §  Eur. 

11  S.  Virginica  L.     Viscid-pubescent;    st.  procumbent   or  erect,  branching; 
root-lvs.  spatulate,  caulino  oblong-lanceolate;  fls.  large,  cymous,cal.  large,  clavate  ; 
pet.  bifid,  broad,  crowned.  —  If  Gardens  and  fields,  Penn.  to  Ga.     St.  1  to  2f 
high,  often  procumbent  at  base.     Lvs.  a  little   rough  at  the  margin.     Cymes 
dichotomous.     Sta.  and  pistils  exserted.     Petals  large,  red.  Jn.  f 

12  S.  rotundifolia  Nutt.     Pubescent,  weak,  decumbent,  branching;  Ivs.  thin, 
roundish-oval  ;  fls.  soliiary,   very  large  ;  cal.  cylindric-campanulate  ;   pet.   bifid, 
crowned.  —  Rocks,  "Western  States,  rare.     Lvs.  1  to  3'  by  1  to  2',  the  upper  sub- 
orbicular.     Petals  deep  scarlet.     Jn.,  Aug. 

13  S.  Pennsylvanica  MX.    Viscid-pubescent;  sts.  numerous  ;  Ivs.  from  the  root 
spatulate  or   cuneate,  of  the  stem  lanceolate  ;  cyme  few-flowered  ;  pet.  slightly 
emarginate,  subcrcnato.  —  If  Dry,  sandy  soils,  N.  Eng.  to  Ky.  and  Ga.     St.  de- 
cumbent at  base,  nearly  If  high,  with  long,  lanceolate  leaves,  and  terminal,  up- 
right bunches  of  flowers.     Cal.   long,  tubular,  very  glutinous  and  hairy.     Pet. 
wedge-shaped,  red  or  purplish.     Jn. 

14  S.  regia  Sims.     SPLENDID  CATCH-FLY.     Scabrous,  somewhat  viscid  ;  st.  rigid, 
erect  ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate  ;  cyme  paniculate,  ;  pet.  oblanceolate,  entire,  erose  at 
the  end  ;  sta.  and  stig.  exserted.  —  1[  A  large  species,  beautiful  in  cultivation, 
native  Ohio  to  La.     Sts.  3  to  4f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  8  to  15".     Fls.  very  large, 
numerous.      Cal.  tubular,    10-striato,   1'  long.      Petals  bright-scarlet,  crowned. 
Jn.,  Jl.  f 

15  S.  Armeria  L.     GARDEN  CATCH-FLY.    Very  smooth,  glaucous  ;  st.  branching, 
glutinous  below  each  node  ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate  ;  fls.  in  corymbous  cymes  ;  pet. 
obcordate,  crowned;  cal.  clavate,  10-striate.  —  (D  A  popular  garden  flower,  spar- 
ingly naturalized.     St.  1  to  l|f  high,  many-flowered.    Lvs.  1%  to  2J'  long,  ^  as 
wide  ;  internodes  elongated.     Cal.  f  long,  a  little  enlarged  above.    Petals  purple, 
laminae  half  as  long  as  the  calyx.    Jl.,  Sept.  f  §  Eur. 


4.  AGROSTEMMA,  L.  CORN  COCKLE.  (Gr.  ayyovGrsmia,  crown 
of  the  field.)  Calyx  bractless,  tubular,  coriaceous,  the  limb  of  5  long, 
leafy,  deciduous  sepals,  exceeding  the  corolla  ;  petals  undivided,  crown- 


21.—  CARYOPHYLLACEJE.  257 

less  ;  stamens  10  ;  styles  5  ;  capsule   1  -celled,  opening  at  the  top  by  5 

teeth.  —  CD  and  ©.    Erect,  hairy,  dichotomous. 

A  Glthago.     A  well  known,  handsome  weed,  growing  in  fields  of  wheat  or 

other  grains,  and  of  a  pale  green  color.     St.  2  to  3f  high,  forked  above.     Lvs. 

linear,  long  (3  to  5T),  fringed  with  long  hairs.    Fls.  few,  large,  of  a  dull  purple,  on 

long,  naked  stalks.    Sds.  roundish,  angular,  purplish-black,  injurious  to  the  white- 

ness of  the  flour.     Jl.  §  Eur.     (Lychnis  Githago  Lam.) 


5.  LYCHNIS,  L.  (Gr.  Xvxvog,  a  lamp;  some  cottony  species  having 
been  used  as  lamp-wick.)  Calyx  bractless,  tubular,  oblong  or  ovoid, 
limb  of  5  short  lobes,  persistent  ;  petals  5,  entire  or  cleft,  mostly 
crowned;  stamens  10  ;  styles  5  ;  capsule  more  or  less  5-celled  at  base, 
opening  by  5  to  10  teeth.  —  Handsome  perennials,  cultivated. 

§  Fls.  perfect,  —  Petals  entire  or  2-partecl  ...........................................  Hoa.  1,  2 

—  Petals  laciniate,  or  4-  parted  ........................................  Nos.  8,4 

§  Flowers  dioecious.    Petals  2-lobed  ..............................................  Nos.  5,  6 

1  L.  coronaria  DC.     MULLEIN  PINK.      ROSE  CAMPION.     ViUous;  st.  di- 
chotomous ;  ped.  long,  I-flowered  ;   cal.  campanulate,  veined  ,-  pet.  broad,  entire.  — 
Native  of  Italy.     Whole   plant  covered  with  dense  wool.     St.  2f  high.     Fls. 
purple,  largo.     Varieties  are  white-flowered,  red  double-flowered,  etc.  f  . 

2  L.  Ciialcedonica  L.    SCARLET  LYCHNIS  or  SAVEET  WILLIAM.   Smoothish  ; 
fts.  fasciculate  ;  cal.  cylindric,  clavate,  ribbed  ;  pet.  Z-lobed.  —  A  fine  garden  flower, 
native  of  Rusyia.     St.  1  to  2f  high,  with  dark  green,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate 
Ivs.,  and  large,  terminal,  convex,  dense  fascicles  of  deep-scarlet  flowers.     It  has 
varieties  of  white  fls.  and  also  with  double.     Jn.,  Jl.  f  . 

3  L.  Floscticuli  L.    RAGGED  ROBIN.   Smoothish  ;  st.  ascending,  dichotomous 
at  summit;  fls.  fascicled;  cal.  campanulate,  10-ribbed;  pet.  in  4  deep,  linear  seg- 
ments. —  Native  of  Europe.     St.  1  to  2f  high,  rough  angled,  viscid  above.    Lva 
lanceolate,  smooth.     Fls.  pink,  very  beautiful,  with  a  brown,  angular,  smooth 
calyx.     Caps,  roundish,  1-celled.     Jl.,  Sept.  f 

4  L.  coronata  L.    CHINESE  LYCHNIS.    Smooth  ;  fls.  terminal  and  axillary,  1  to 
3  ;  cal.  rounded,  clavate,  ribbed  ;  pet.  laciniate.  —  Native  of  China.     St.  1  to  2f 
high.     Petals  of  lively  red,  remarkable  for  their  largo  size.     There  are  varieties 
with  double  red  and  double  white  flowers,  f. 

5  L.  diurna  L.     St.  dichotomous-paniculate  ;  fls.  $  ?  ;  petals  half-bifid,  lobes 
narrow,   diverging  ;    caps,  ovoid-globous.  —  Native  of  Britain,  almost  naturalized. 
Sts.  about  2f  high,  pubescent.     Lvs.  1  to  3'  long,  elliptic-ovate,  acute.     Fls.  light- 
purple,  middle  size. 

6  L.  dioica  L.     Dioecious;  st'  dichotomous-paniculate;  petals  half-bifid,  tho 
lobes  broad,   approximating  ;    caps,  conical.  —  Hardy  at  the  South.     St.  2f  high, 
hoary-pubescent.     Lvs.  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  1  to  2'  long.     Fls.  white,  middle- 
size.     Jn.  —  Aug.     •{•  Eur. 


6.  CERASTIUM,  L.  MOUSE-EAR  CHICK-WEED.  (Gr.  tfepae,  a  horn  ; 
from  the  resemblance  of  the  capsule  of  some  of  the  species.)  Calyx  of 
5,  ovate,  acute  sepals  ;  corolla  of  5,  bifid  petals  ;  stamens  10,  some- 
times 5  or  4,  the  alternate  ones  shorter  ;  styles  5  ;  capsules  cylindri- 
cal or  roundish,  elongated,  opening  at  the  apex  by  10  teeth  ;  seeds 
numerous.  —  FJs.  cymous,  white. 

§  Petals  about  ns  long  as  the  calyx  .................................................  Nos.  1,  2 

§  Petals  much  longer  than  the  calyx  ...............................................  N°s.  8  —  5 

1  C.  vulgatum  L.  Hairy,  pale  green,  csespitous  ;  Ivs.  attenuated  at  base,  ovate 
or  obovate,  obtuse  ;  fls.  in  subcapitate  clusters;  sep.  when  young,  longer  than  the 
pedicels.—®  Fields  and  waste  grounds,  Can.  and  IT.  S.,  flowering  all  summer. 
St.  6  to  12'  long,  ascending,  mostly  forked.  Lvs.  5  to  8"  by  3  to  5",  mostly  very 
obtuse,  lower  ones  tapering  to  the  base.  FJs.  in  dense,  terminal  clusters,  the 
terminal  (central)  one  solitary,  always  the  oldest.  Seps.  mostly  green,  a  littlo 
shorter  than  the  corolla.  Petals  white,  appearing  in  10  segments. 

17 


258  OKDER  21.— CARYOPHYLLACE^C. 

2  C.  viscosum  L.     Hairy,  viscid,  spreading:  Ivs.  obkng- lanceolate,  rather  acute; 
fa.  in  loose  cymes;  sep.  scarious  and  white  on  the  margin  and  apex,  shorter  than 
the  pedicels.— rl\-  Fields  and  waste  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Plant  greener  than 
the  last.     Sts.  many,  assurgent,  dichotomously  cymous.     Lvs.  5  to  9"  long,  £  to 
{r  as  wide,  radical  ones  subspatulate.     Fls.  white,  in  diffuse  cymes.     Pet.  hardly 
as  long  as  the  sep.,  obovate,  bifid.     Sta.  rarely  but  5.     Jn. — Aug. 

3  C.  arvense  L.     Pubescent,  somewhat  csspitous;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 
often  longer  than  the  internodes;  cyme  on  a  long,  terminal  peduncle,  four-flow- 
ered ;  petals  more  than  twice  longer  than  the  calyx ;  caps,  scarcely  exceeding  the 
sepals. — ^  Rocky  hills.     Sts.  4  to  10'  high,  decumbent  at  base.     Lvs.  9  to  15" 
long,  1  to  2"  wide.     Fls.  white,  rather  large.     Caps,  usually  a  little  longer  than 
the  calyx.     May — Aug. 

4  C.  oblongifolium  Torr.     Yillous,  viscid  above ;    st.  erect  or   declined ;  Ivs. 
oblong-lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse,  and  shorter  than  the  internodes ;  fls.  numerous, 
in  a  spreading  cyme ;  pet.  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  caps,  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx. — %  Rocky  places.     Sts.  6  to  10'  high,  thick.     Lvs.  9  to  12"  by  3  to  5", 
tapering  from  base  to  an  acute  or  obtuse  apex.     Fls.  larger  than  either  of  the 
foregoing,  white,  in  two  or  three-forked  cymes.     Apr. — Jn. 

5  C.  nutans  Raf.     Viscid  and  pubescent ;  st.  weak,  striate-sulcate,  erect ;  Ivs- 
lanceolate ;  fls.  many,  diffusely  cymous,  on  long,  filiform,  nodding  pedicels ;  pet. 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  cal. ;  caps,  a  little  curved,  nearly  thrice  as  long.-—(T) 
Low  grounds,  Yt.  to  111.  and  La.     Pale  green  and  clammy.     Sts.  8  to  15'  high, 
branched  from  the  base.     Lvs.   £  to  2'  long,  £  as  wide.     Fls.  white.     May. — 
Varies  greatly  at  different  dates ;  beginning  to  flower  when  small  in  all  its  parts. 

7.  STEILARIA,  L.  STAR  CHICKWEED.  (Latin,  stclla,  a  star — from 
the  stellate  or  star-like  flowers.)  Sepals  5,  connected  at  base  ;  petals  5, 
2-parted,  rarely  0 ;  stamens  10,  .rarely  fewer ;  styles  3,  sometimes  4; 
capsule  ovoid,  1 -celled,  valves  as  many  as  styles,  2-parted  at  top  ;  seeds 
many. — Small  herbs  in  moist,  shady  places.  Fls.  in  forked  cymes  or 
axillary,  white. 

§  Stems  leafy  to  the  top,  or  with  leafy  bracts,  (a) 

§  Steins  leafless  above,  bearing  scarions  bracts Nos.  6 — 8 

a  Leaves  ovate.  Stems  prostrate,  pubescent Nos.  1,  2 

a  Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate  or  linear Nos.  3 — 5 

1  S.  media  Smith.     CHICKWEED.     Lvs.  ovate ;  st.  procumbent,  with  an  alternate, 
lateral,  hairy  line ;  pet.  shorter  than  the  sep;  sta.  3  to  5  or  10. — A  common  weed 
ki  almost  every  situation  N.  of  Mexico,  flowering  from  the  beginning  of  Spring 
to  the  end  of  Autumn.     Sts.  branched,  becoming  cymous,  brittle,  round,  jointed, 
leafy,  and  remarkably  distinguished  by  the  hairy  ridge.     Fls.  small,  white.     The 
seeds  are  eaten  by  poultry  and  birds.     §  Eur. 

2  S.  prostrata  Baldw.     Lvs.  ovate,  the  lower  on  long  petioles,  sts.  procumbent, 
hollow,  pubescent;  fls.  on  long  pedicels;  pet.  longer  than  sepals ;  stam.  7. — CD  Ga. 
and  Fla.     Sts.  1  to  4f  long,   slightly  channelled  and  downy ;   lower  Ivs.  sub- 
cordate,  shorter  than  the  ciliate-petioles.     Fls.  small.     Mar.,  Apr. 

3  S.  pubera  Michx.     St.  ascending,  pubescent  in  one  lateral  or  two  opposite  lines; 
Ivs.  o'tlong  or  elliptical,  acute,  sessile,   somewhat   ciliate;    fls.  on  filiform,  finally 
recurved  pedicels;  petals  longer  than  the  sepals. —  2f  In  rocky  places,  Penn.  to 
Ind.  and  Ga.     St.  6  to  12'  high,  often  diffusely  spreading.     Lvs.  1  to  2^-'  by  4  to 
10",  with  minute,  seattered  hairs.      Fls.  £'  diam.,  axillary  and  terminal,  with  10 
stamens  and  3  styles.     Sep.  white-edged.     Apr. — Jn. 

4  B.  uniflora  "Walt.      St.  glabrous,  erect,   branched  from  the  base;  Its.  linear- 
subulate,  lanceolate,  acute ;    ped.  axillary,   solitary,    1-flowered ;  pet.  emarginate, 
twice  as  long  as  the  sep.— (T)  N.  Car.,  Ga.,  in  swamps.     Sts.  10 — 12'  high,  slen- 
der.    Lvs.  much  shorter  than  the  internodes.      Ped.  filiform,  as  long  (2  to  3')  as 
the  internodes.     May. 

5  S.  borealis  Bigelovv.      St.  weak,  smooth ;  Ivs.  veinless,  lanceolate,  acute;  ped. 
at  length  axillary,  elongated,  1-flowered;  petals  2-parted  (sometimes  wanting), 


ORDER   21.—  CARYOPHYLLACEJE.  259 

about  equal  to  the  veinless  sepals.  —  0  "Wet  places,  N.  IT.,  N.  Y.,  K.  to  Arctic 
Am.  A  spreading,  flaccid  plant.  St.  G  to  12  or  15'  long,  with  diffuse  cymes 
both  terminal  and  axillary.  Lvs.  8  to  15"  long,  1-veinod.  Petals,  when  present, 
white,  small,  at  length  about  as  long  as  the  lanceolate,  acute  sepals.  Caps,  longer 
than  the  calyx.  Jn.,  JL 

6  S.  aquatica  Pollich.      Nearly  glabrous;    st.  slender,   decumbent;    Ivs.  lance- 
oval  and  oblong,  acute,  with  manifest  veinlets;    cymes  lateral;   sep.   lanceolate, 
very  acute,  3-veined,  rather  longer  than  the  bifid  petals;    caps,    ovoid,    about 
equalling  the  calyx;    sty.  3.  —  '4-   Swampy   springs,  Penu.,  Md.  (Dr.  Bobbins); 
also,  Rocky  Mts.    A  very  slender  plant,  6  to  12'  long,  with  inconspicuous  flowers 
Lvs.  6"  by  2  to  3".     May.     (Labnua  uliginosa  Hook.) 

7  S.  longipes  Goldie.     Smooth  and  shining  ;  st.  more  or  less  decumbent,  with 
ascending  branches;  Ivs.  linear  -lanceolate,  broadest  at  base,  acute;  peduncles  and 
pedicels  erect,  filiform,  cymous,  with  ovate  membranous  bracts  at  base  ;  sep.  with 
membranous  margins,  obscurely  3-veined,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  petals.  —  TJ- 
Lake  shores,  K.  Y.  and  Mich.     Petals  white,  2-parted.     Fls.  in  loose  cymes,  the 
terminal  peduncle  or  the  middle  one  the  longest.     Jn.  —  Aug 

8  S.  longifolia  Muhl.    Lvs.  linear;  cyme  terminal,  spreading,  with  lanceolate, 
scarious  bracts  ;  pedicels  spreading  ;  cal.  3-veined  about  equal  to  the  petals.  —  U. 
S.  N.  to  Arc.  Circle.      The  stems  are  of  considerable  length,  very  slender  and 
brittle,  supported  on  other  plants  and  bushes.     Lvs.  alternate  at  base.     Fls.  in  a 
divaricate,  naked  cyme,  very  elegant,  white,  appearing  in  10  segments  like  the 
other  species.    Three  sharp,  green  veins  singularly  distinguish  the  sepals.   Jn..  Jl. 

8.  ARENARIA,  L.  SANDWORT.  (Lat.  arena,  sand  ;  in  which  most 
species  grow.)  Sepals  5,  spreading;  petals  5,  entire;  stamens  10, 
rarely  fewer  ;  styles  3  ;  ovary  1-celled  ;  capsule  3-valved,  valves  each 
2-parted  ;  seeds  oo.  —  Sty.  rarely  2  or  4. 

ARENARIA.    Leaves  and  sepals  acute.    Seeds  not  appendaged  .......................  Nos.  1,  2 

Leaves  and  sepals  obtuse.    Seeds  stropluolate  ...........................  No.  3 


1  A.  serpyllifolia  L.    THYME-LEAVED  SANDWORT.    St.  dichotomous,  spreading  ; 
Ivs.  ovate,  acute,  subciliate  ;  cal.  acute,  striate  ;  petals  shorter  than   the  calyx  ; 
caps,  ovate,   G-toothed.  —  Op  By  roadsides  and  in  sandy  fields,  Ms.  to  Ga.      Sts. 
numerous,  downy,  with  reflexed  hairs,  a  few  inches  in  length.     Lvs.  but  little 
longer  than    a    flaxseed,    beautifully   ciliate.       Fls.    on   axillary  and   terminal 
peduncles.     Pet.  white,  oval,  mostly  much  shorter  than  the  3  to  5  -veined,  accu- 
minate,  hairy  sepals.     Jn. 

2  A.  difftisa  Ell.      St.  long,  decumbent,  diffuse  ;  Ivs.  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute  at  both  ends  ;  ped.  1  -flowered  ;  sep.  acute  :  pet.  oval,  entire,  much  shorter 
than  the  calyx,  but  generally  wanting.  —  Moist  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Ga. 
Sts.  clambering,  2  to  5f  in  length,  pubescent.      Lvs.  minutely  dotted,  attenuate 
at  base  often  to  a  petiole,  G  to  12"  long.     Ped.  twice  as  long,  terminal,  but  soon 
axillary.     Cal.  as  long  (1")  as  in  No.  1.     Apr.  —  Jn.      (Stellaria  lanuginosa  Torr. 
&Gr.) 

3  A.  lateriflora  L.     Upright,  slightly  pubescent;  Ivs.  oval,  obtuse;  ped.  lateral, 
2  to  3  -flowered  ;  sds.  (strophiolate)  appendaged  at  the  hilum.  —  ^  Damp,  shady 
grounds,  N.  States  and  Brit.  Am.    St.  6  to  10'  high,  nearly  simple,  slender.    Lvs. 
elliptical,  rounded  at  each  end,  6  to  10"  long,  %  as  wide,  on  very  short  petioles. 
Ped.  terminal  and  lateral,  2  to  3'  long,  dividing  into  2  or  more  filiform  pedicels, 
one  of  them  with  2  bracteoles  in  the  middle.     Fls.  4"  diarn.;  white  petals  more 
than  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals.     Jn.     (Moaringia,  L.) 

9.  ALSINE,  Wahl.  GROVE  SANDWORT.  (Gr.  aAtro?,  a  grove  ;  the 
favorite  locality  of  these  little  plants.)  Sepals  5  ;  petals  5,  entire  or 
merely  notched  at  apex  ;  stamens  10  ;  styles  3  ;  ovary  1-celled  ;  cap- 
sule deeply  3-valvcd,  valves  entire;  seeds  GO.  —  Small,  slender  herbs, 


260  ORDER  21.— CARYOPHYLLACE.E. 

with  very  narrow,  minute  Ivs.  and  whito  fls.     (The  species  were  for- 
merly included  in  the  last  genus.) 

5  Sepals  3  to  5-vcined,  acute Nos.  1—3 

§  Sepals  veinless,  obtuse. — Leaves  densely  imbricated No.  4 

— Leaves  opposite,  distant Nos.  5— T 

1  A.  patula  Gray.      Diffusely  and  divaricately  branched,  glandular-pubescent; 
Ivs.  linear-filiform,  obtuse  ;  petals  emarginate. — (£)  Rocky  cliffs,  Va.  and  Ky.     Sts. 
exceedingly  slender,  6 — 10'  high,  many  from  one  root.     Lvs.  few  and  minute,  3 
to  5"  long,  obtuse  under  a  lens.     Cyme  at  length  diffuse  and  many-flowered. 
Petals  twice  as  long  (2'')  as  the  3  to  5-veined  sepals.     Jn.,  Jl.     (Arenaria  MX.) 

2  A.  Pitcheri.     Erect,  fastigiately  branched,  almost  glabrous ;  Ivs.  linear,  obtuse, 
flat ;  pet.  entire,  twice  as  long  as  the  5-veined  sepals. — (D  Davison  Co.,  Tenn. 
(Prof.  Calender),  and  westward.     Sts.  several  from  ono  root,  simple,  with  a  few- 
flowered  (3  to  7),  pedunculate  cyme  at  top,  3  to  6'  high.     Lvs.  rather  erect,  3  to 
G;/  by  A".     Pedicels   minutely   glandular.     Petals   about   3"    long.     (Arenaria, 
Nutt.)  " 

3  A.  stricta.     Glabrous,  diffuse ;  st.  branched  from  the  base ;  Ivs.  subulate-lin- 
ear, rigid,  so  fascicled  in  the  axils  as  to  appear  whorled;  cymes  few-flowered, 
with  spreading  branches. —  If.  Sterile  grounds,  Arc.  Am.  to  Car.     Sts.  8  to  Itf 
high.     Lvs.  5  to  8"  long,  very  narrow  and  acute,  rigid,  sessile,  1-veined,  much 
fascicled  in  the  axils.     Pet.  obovate-oblong,  twice  as  long  as  the  3-veined,  ovate- 
lanceolate  sepals.     May,  Jn.     (Arenaria,  MX.  Alsino  Michauxii  Fenzl.) 

4  A.  squarrosa  Fenzl.     Csespitous :  st.  few-flowered ;  lower  Ivs.  squarrous-im- 
bricate,  crowded,  upper  ones  few,  all  subulate,  channeled,  smooth ;  pet.  obovate, 
3  times  longer  than  the  obtuse,  veinless  sepals. — 7|.  In  sandy  barrens,  Long 
Island  to  Ga.     Sts.  6  to  10'  high,  pubescent,  much  divided  at  base  into  simple 
branches.     Lvs.  about  V  long,  obtuse,  sessile.     Fls.  white,  in  small,  terminal 
cymes.    Sep.  green.     Caps,  obtuse.     Apr., — Sept.     (Arenaria  MX). 

5  A.  Greenlaiidica  Fenzl.     Ccespitous ;  sts.  numerous,  filiform  ;  Ivs.  linear,  flat, 
spreading;  ped.  1-flowered,  elongated,  divaricate. — If   Summits  of  high  moun- 
tains, N.  II.,  N.  Y.  to  Greenland.    It  grows  in  tufted  masses  consisting  of  exceed- 
ingly numerous  stems  about  3'  high,  and  sprinkled  over  with  largo  (8"  diam.) 
white  fls.  with  yellow  stamens.     Lvs.  4  to  G"  by  £",  numerous.     Sepals  ovate, 
veinless.     Aug.     (Arenaria,  Spreng.) 

6  A.  brevifolia.     Erect  (not  tufted),  few-leaved;  sts.  many,  filiform,  simple,  cym- 
ous  above;  Ivs.  minute,  10  times  shorter  than  the  internodes,  ovate,  subulate ;  sep. 
oblong. — Rocks  (Stone  Mt.,   &c.),  Ga.     Sts.   almost  capillary,   2 — 3'  high,  with 
about  3  pairs  of  leaves  and  3  to  7  flowers  on  long  pedicels.    Fls.  not  half  as  largo 
as  in  the  preceding  (about  4''  diam.)     Lvs.   1"  long.     Apr.,  May.      (Arenaria 
Nutt.) 

7  A.  glabra.     Csespitous,  glabrous ;  sts.  decumbent,  filiform ;  Ivs.  linear-setaceous, 
spreading;  sep.  oval,  veinless,  half  as  long  as  the  petals. — 14  Mts.  Car.  toGa.  and 
Ala.     Sts.  very  numerous,  5  to  8"  high,  forming  grass-like  tufts,  tho  branches 
exceedingly  slender,  divaricate.     Lvs.  5  or  6"  long.     It  differs  from  No.  5,  in  its 
bristle-shaped  leaves  and  smaller  (5"  broad)  fls.,  and  from  No.   G,  in  its  tufted 
stems.     (Arenaria  MX.,  nee  Ell.) 

10.  SAGINA,  L.  PEARLWORT.  (Lat.  sagina,  food  or  nourishment ; 
badly  applied  to  these  minute  plants.)  Sepals,  styles  and  petals  4  or 
5,  the  latter  entire,  often  0  ;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the 
sepals;  capsule  4  or  5-valved,  many-seeded. — Diminutive,  spreading 
herbs,  with  narrow  leaves  and  small,  white  flowers. 

1  S.  procumbens  L.  Procumbent,  glabrous ;  pet.  about  half  as  long  as  the  roundish- 
obtuse  sepals ;  sta.  sep.  and  pet.  4  or  5. — 1(  A  small  weed,  with  slender,  creeping 
stems,  3  or  4'  long,  found  in  damp  places,  R.  Isl.,  N.  Y.  to  S.  Car.  Lvs.  very 
small,  linear,  mucronate-pointed,  connate  or  opposite.  Fls.  white  and  green, 
axillary,  on  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves.  Jn. 


OttDEa  21.— CARYOPHYLLACEJS.  261 

2  S.  erecta  L.     Ascending,  simple,  glabrous;  pet.  as  long  as  the  lanceolate,  acute 
sepals ;  sep.  pet.  and  sta.  4.— (I)  Dry  places,  Md.     Sts.  smooth  and  glaucous,  2  or 
3'  high,  with  only  one  or  two  fls.     Lvs.  linear,  acute,  4  to  5''  long.     Caps,  ovate, 
as  long  as  the  calyx.     Apr.,  May.  §  Eur.     (Mcenchia  quateraella  Fenzl.) 

3  S.  Elliottii  FenzL     Tufted,  decumbent,  glabrous;    Ivs.    linear-subulate,  very 
acute;  ped.  much  longer  than  the  leaves;  fls.  V?  pet.  hardly  as  long  as  the  «#.; 
sta.  10, — ®  Sandy  fields  and  woods  at  the  South,  common.     St.  2  to  3'  long. 
Lvs.  G  to  10"  long,  connected  at  baso  by  a  membrane.     Fls.  much  smaller  than 
in  No.  1.     Petals  white,  hardly  as  large  as  the  sepals.     Mar.,  Apr. 

4  S.  nodosa  Fenzl     Tufted,  ascending,  glabrous;  Ivs.  subulate,  the  upper  very 
short  and  fascicled;  fls.  \f-  pet.  much  longer  than  the  sep.;  sta.  10.—  £  Lake 
shores,  Can.,  Islo  of  Shoals,  N".  H.  (Robbins).     Sts.   many  from  one  root,  sub- 
simple,  appearing  knotted  by  the  short,  dense  fascicles  of  leaves. 

5  S,  fontinalis  Short.     Procumbent,  glabrous;    Ivs.  linear-spatulate ;   petals  0; 
sta.  4  to  G. — CD  Ky.   (Short  and  Peter.)    An  herb  of  larger  growth  than  the  other 
species,  on  limestone  rocks.    Sts.  a  foot  long.     Sep.  4  or  5,  obtuse,  longer  than 
the  depressed  capsule.     Apr.,  May. 

6  S.  apetala  L.    Erect  and  pubescent;  Ivs.  linear-subulate;  ped.  elongated  ascend- 
ing in  fruit;  sep.  and  sta.  4,;  pet.  very  minute  or  0. — (1) Sandy  fields,  N.  J.,  Penn. 
Sts.  numerous,  filiform,  2  to  4'  high.    Sop  acute,  shorter  than  the  caps.     May,  Jn. 

11.  HON KENYA,  Ehrh.     SEA  SANDWORT.     (Named  in  honor  of  J. 
G.  Honkenya,  a  German  botanist.)     Sepals  5,  united  at  base  ;  petals  5, 
with  short  claws,  entire;  stamens  10,  inserted  into  the  crenate  edge  of 
a  conspicuous  disk ;  styles  3  to  5 ;  capsule  3  to  5-valvcd,  many-seeded. — 
<T)  Herbs  of  the  sea  coast,  with  fleshy  Ivs. 

H.  peploides  DC.  Abundant  oa  the  Atlantic  coast,  N.  J.  to  Lab.  Sts.  creep- 
ing, with  upright  branches,  If  long,  forming  dense  tufts.  Lvs.  ovate,  half  clasp- 
ing, acute,  thick,  5  to  7  or  10"  long,  more  than  half  as  wide,  mostly  shorter  thaa 
the  internodes.  Fls.  small,  axillary,  on  short  peduncles.  Sep.  veinless,  exceeding 
the  white  petals.  May,  Jn.  (Adenarium,  Raf.) 

12.  SPERGULA,  L.    SPURRY.    (Lat.  spcrgo^  to  scatter ;  from  the  dis- 
persion of  the  seeds.)      Sepals  5,  nearly  distinct;    petals  5,  entire; 
stamens  5  or  10;  styles  5  ;  capsule  ovate,  5-valved,  the  valves  opposite 
the  sepals;  seeds  co  ;  embryo  coiled  into  a  ring. — (I)  Herbs  with  fls.  in 
loose  cymes.     Lvs.  verticil  late.     Stipules  scarious. 

S.  arvensis  L.  Lvs.  linear-subulate;  ped.  reflected  in  fruit;  sds.  reniform,  angu- 
lar, rough, — A  weed  in  cultivated  grounds,  Can.  to  Ga.  Rt,  small.  St.  round, 
branched,  with,  swelling  joints,  beset  with  copious  whorled  Ivs.,  somewhat  downy 
and  viscid.  Two  minute  stipules  under  each  whorl.  Cyme  forked,  the  terminal 
(central)  peduncles  bending  down  as  the  fruit  ripens.  Petals  white,  longer  than 
the  calyx,  capsule  twice  as  long.  Sds.  many,  with  a  membranous  margin. 
May — Aug.  §  Eur. 

13.  SPERGULARIA,  Pcrs.      RED  SANDWORT.     Sepals  5;    petals  5, 
entire;  stamen  2  to  10;  styles  and  valves  of  the  capsule  3   (rarely  5, 
and  then  alternate  with  the  sepal?) ;  seeds  oo  ;  embryo  curved. — <D  © 
Low,  spreading  and  slender-leaved,  with  red  or  rose-colored  fls.     Stip. 
scarious. 

S.  rulsra  Pers.  St.  decumbent,  mueli  branched ;  Ivs.  linear,  slightly  mucronate ; 
Stip.  ovate,  membraneous,  cleft ;  sep.  lanceolate,  with  scarious  margins  ;  sds.  com- 
pressed, angular,  roughish, — Sandy  fields.  Can.  to  Flor.,  near  the  sea  coast  Sts, 
a  few  inches  in  length,  slender,  smooth,  spreading  oa  the  ground,  with  small  nar- 
row Ivs.,  and  dry,  sheathing  stip.  Fls.  small,  on  hairy  stalks.  May— OcJ; 
(Arcnaria  rubra  L.) 

ft.  H  A  RIKA.  L.     Lvs.  fleshy,  usually  much  longer  than  the  internodea,  not  mu- 
croaate,  seeds  marginless. — In  salt  marshes. 


262  OEDEB  21.— CARYOPHYLLACE.E. 

14.  POLYCARPON,  L.     ALL-SEED.     (Gr.  TroA^r,  many,  Kaprr&s,  fruit. 
The  capsules  are  numerous.)     Sepals  5,  ovate,  carinate,  scarious-edged  ; 
capsule  3-valved,  many-seeded. — (J)  Lvs.  opposite  and  quaternate  on  the 
low  spreading  branches. 

P.  tetraphyllum  I.  Lvs.  spatulate  or  oval,  tapering  to  a  petiole,  some  of  ihem 
in  whorls  of  4 ;  stam.  3. — Around  Charleston,  S.  Car.  A  low,  much  branched 
plant,  sts.  3  to  6'  high.  Lvs.  2  to  5"  long.  Stip.  several  at  each  joint,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  membraneous.  Fls.  small,  in  dense  cymes.  Pet.  much  shorter  than 
Sep.,  notched,  white.  May,  Jn.  §  Eur. 

15.  STIPUL'ICIDA,  Michx.     (Lat.  stipula,  cccdo ;  the  stipules  being 
much  cleft.)     Sepals  oblong,  with  broad,  scarious  margins  ;  petals  5,  as 
long  as  the  sepals,  entire ;  stigmas  3,  subsessile ;  capsule  subglobous, 
3-valved,  few-seeded. — (D   A  slender,  tufted,  dichotomously  branched 
herb,  almost  leafless,  with  the  small  fls.  in  terminal  cymules. 

B.  setacea  MX.  In  dry,  sandy  soils,  Ga.  (Feay,  Mettauer)  and  Fla.  (Chapman). 
Sts.  many  from  one  root,  glabrous,  6  to  10'  high,  each  several  times  forked,  slen- 
der, the  branches  almost  setaceous.  Root  Ivs.  round ish-obovate,  narrowed  to  a 
petiole,  1"  diam.  Joints  distant,  each  marked  by  a  fringo  of  leaves  and  stipules 
ij"  long.  Fls.  sessile,  4  to  6  together,  green  and  white,  at  length  reddish.  May. 

16.  PARONf  CHIA,  Tourn.     NAILWORT.     (Gr.  Trapa,  with,  ovvlj,  the 
nail ;  i.  c.,  the  whitlow  ;  supposed  cure  for.)     Sepals  5,  linear-oblong, 
connivent,  slightly  hooded  and  mucronate  or  awned  near  the  apex; 
petals  or  sterile  filaments  very  narrow  and  scale-like  or  none ;  stam.  2, 
3,  or  5  ;  stigmas  2  ;  with  the  styles  more  or  less  united  into  1 ;  utricle 
1-seeded,  not  exceeding  the  calyx. — Low  herbs  dichotomously  branched, 
with  scarious,  silvery  stipules,  and  at  least  the  lower  Ivs.  opposite. 

§  PARONYCIIIA.    Sepals  evidently  awned  at  apex.    Lvs.  linear  and  subulate Nos.  1,  2 

§  ANYCIIIA  (Mx.  partly).    Sep.  merely  mucronato  at  apex.    Lvs.  lanceolate  to  oval.(*) 

*  Stems  procumbent,  diffuse  on  the  ground.    Stamens  5 Xos.  3,  4 

*  Stems  erect,  with  diffusely  ascending  branches.    Stamens  2  or  3. .  .Xos.  5,  6 

1  P.  dicliotoma  Nutt.      Glabrous,  densely  branched ;    Ivs.  acerose,  mucronate ; 
bracts  like  the  leaves;  cymes  fasiiyiate,  with  no  central  flower  ;  sep.  S-veinedt  cus- 
pidate.— 7J.  Rocks  (Harper's  Ferry),  Va.,  and  Car.  to  Ark.,  rare.     Densely  matted 
and  branched,  the  flowering  stems  6  to  12'  high.     Lvs.  crowded,  1'  by  £".     Sty. 
bifid  at  top.     Minute  setse  in  place  of  petals.     Jl. — Nov. 

2  P.  argyrocoma  Nutt.  Pubescent,  tufted,  decumbent;  Ivs.  linear,  acute;  cymes 
glomerate,  terminal ;  fls.  enveloped  in  dry,   silvery  bracts:   sep.  hairy,  1-veined, 
setaceously  cuspidate. — ri\-  White  Mts.,  N.  II.,  in  the  gorge  behind  the  Willey 
house  (Chapman)  and  in  the  Allegh.  and  Cumb.  Mts.     Flowering  stems  4  to  10' 
high.     Lvs.  crowded,   6  to    10"  long. — Fls.  concealed  in  tho  bracts;  the  cusp 
equaling  the  sepals.     Jl. 

3  P.  herniarioides  Nutt.     Scabrous,  diffusely  branched  ;   Ivs.  oval  or  oblong, 
mucronate;  the  raminal  alternate.     Fls.  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves;  sep. 
3- veined,  merely  mucronate. — %•  N.  Car.  (Miss  Carpenter)  to  Ga.,  in  sandy  soil. 
A  little   depressed    plant,   spreading  on  the   sand,  with  minute  Ivs.  and  fis* 
Branches  alternate  with   1-sided  branchlets.     Lvs.  3 — 2 — 1"  long,  \  as  wide, 
stip.  shorter.     Fis.  £'Mong.  . 

4  P.   Baldwin!!    Torr.  &   Gr.     Diffusely  branched,  procumbent;    Ivs.   linear- 
lanceolate,  very  acute,  all  opposite ;  fls.  longer  than  the  setaceous  stipules,  mostly 
terminal,    stalked  ;   stam.  6. — Fla  (Mettauer),  in  dry  fields.     Sta  more  openly 
branched,    many   from   the  same  root,  covering  a  circular  spot  12 — 20'  diam. 
Lvs.  few,  3—8"  long,  \ — 2"  wide,  sessile.     Fls.  a  \  larger  than  in  No.  3.     Oct. 

5  P.    Canadensis.     Stem   erect,  slender,  pubescent,  many  times  forked,  with 
slender  or  capillary  branches  ;    Ivs.    lanceolate,  varying  to  oblanceolate  ;    the 


ORDER  22.— PORTULACACE^E.  263 

canline  opposite,  tho  raminal  alternate ;  2  pairs  of  scarious,  subulate  stipules  at 
each  fork,  which  are  shorter  than  this  ilower ;  style  none ;  utricle  equaling  the 
greenish,  sepals.— Hilly  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Ark.  Hight  6—10  or  18', 
often  nearly  smooth.  Lvs.  4—10"  long,  somewhat  stalked.  Fls.  £"  long,  some- 
.  what  pedicellate.  Seed  globular,  rosin  colored.  Jn.— Aug.  (Queria,  L.  Anychia 
capillacea  Nutt.) 

/?.  PUMILA.  Dwarf,  a  few  inches  (2—4')  high,  the  Ivs.  reduced  in  proportion, 
very  pubescent;  stems  short-jointed,  tufted,  fi.3.  sessile,  glomerate;  style  a* 
long  as  the  ovary  (at  least  in  specimens  from  Md.  sent  by  Mr.  II.  Shriver) 
forked  at  apex.  (A.  dichotoma  DC.) 

17.  SIPHON YCHIA,  Torr.  and  Gr.    (Gr.  a^wv,  a  tube,  that  is,  Anychia 
with  a  tubular  calyx.)     .Sepals  linear,  petaloid  above,  coherent  into  a 
tube  below,  unarmed ;  petals  5  setoe  alternate  with  the  stamens ;  stylo 
filiform,  minutely  bifid ;  utricle  included  in  the  calyx. — ®  Procumbent, 
diffuse  and  widely  spreading.     Fls.  in  glomerate,  terminal  cymules. 

S.  Americana  Torr.  and  Gr.— S.  Car.  to  Fin,  Sts.  1— 2f  in  length.  Lvs. 
oblanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the  internodes,  12 — 9 — 6"  long,  obtuse.  Bracts, 
like  tho  Ivs.,  very  small.  Fls.  very  numerous,  1"  or  more  in  length,  with  hooked 
bristles  below.  Sep.  white  above.  (Herniaria  Nutt.) 

18.  SCLERANTHUS,  L.    KNAWEL.    (Gr.  a/c/U/poc,  hard,  avOog  ;  when 
in  fruit  the  floral  envelope  appears  hard  and  dry.)     Sepals  5,  united 
below  into  a  tube  contracted  at  the  orifice;  petals  0;  stamens  10, 
rarely  5  or  2 ;  styles  2,  distinct ;  utricle  very  smooth,  inclosed  in  the 
hardened,  calyx  tube. — (D  A  prostrate,  diffuse  little  weed,  exstipulate. 
S.  animus  L.    Dry  fields  and  roadsides,  K  Eng.  and  Mid.  States.    Sts.  numerous, 

branching,  decumbent,  short  (3 — G').    Lvs.  linear,  acute,  short,  opposite,  partially 
united  at  their  bases.    Fls.  very  small,  green,  in  axillary  fascicles.     Jl. 

19.  MOLLUGO,  L.    CARPET-WEED.    Calyx  of  5  sepals,  inferior,  united 
at  base,  colored  inside;  corolla  0;  stamens  5,  sometimes  3  or  10;  fila- 
ments setaceous,  shorter  than  and  opposite  to  the  sepals ;  anthers  simple  ; 
capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded ;  seeds  reniform. — Lvs.  at  length 
apparently  verticil  late,  being  clustered  in  the  axils. 

I&.  verticillata  L.  Lvs.  cuneiform,  acute ;  st.  depressed,  branched ;  pedicels 
1 -flowered,  subumbellate  ;  sta.  mostly  but  3. — (D  Dry  places  throughout  N. 
America.  Sts.  slender,  jointed,  branched,  lying  flat  upon  the  ground,  forming  a 
roundish  patch.  At  every  joint  is  a  cluster  of  wedge-shaped  or  spatulate  Ivs.  of 
unequal  size,  usually  5  in  number,  and  a  few  flowers,  each  on  a  solitary  Btalk, 
which  is  very  slender,  and  shorter  than  the  petioles.  Fls.  small,  white.  Jl. — Sept. 

ORDER  XXII.     PORTULACACEJE.     PURSLANES. 

Herbs  succulent  or  fleshy,  with  entire  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  regular  flowers. 
Sepals  2.  united  at  base,  rarely  3  or  5.  Petals  5,  rarely  0,  more  or  loss  imbricated 
in  aestivation.  Sta.  variable  in  number,  but  opposite  the  petals  when  as  many. 
Ova.  superior,  1-celled.  Sty,  several,  stigmatous  along  tho  inner  surface.  Fr.  a 
pyxis,  dehiscing  by  a  lid,  or  a  capsule,  loculicidal,  with  as  many  valves  as  stigmas. 
Seeds  few  or  many,  on  long  funiculi  from  the  base,  or  on  free  central  placenta?. 

Genera  27,  «pecU*  250,  inhabiting  dry  places  in  every  quarter  of  the  world.  They  possess  no 
remarkable  properties. 

GENERA. 

§Sepals5.    Petals  none.    Fruit  a  pyxis SF.SUYICM. 

§  Sepals  2.— Stamens  5,  opposite  the  5  petals CI.AYTONIA.  2 

—Stamens  7  to  30,— hypopynous,  capsule  3-valved TALINUM. 

— peri^ynous.    Pyxis  opening  by  a  lid TORTULACA.  4 


264  OIIDER  22.— PORTULACACE^l. 

1.  SESUVIUM,  L.    SEA  PURSLANE.      Sepals  5,  united  below,  colored 
inside;  petals  0;  stamens  few  or  many,  always  more  than  ^thc  sepals, 
and  inserted  on  them  ;  capsules  (pyxis)  few,  3-celled,  opening   trans- 
versely like  a  lid ;  seeds  oo  minute. — Succulent  sea-side  herbs,  with 
opposite  Ivs.  and  axillary,  solitary  fls. 

S  portulacastrum  Tourn.  Lvs.  linear-spatulat© ;  fls.  sessile  or  short-peduncled ; 
stam.  oo- — Sea-coast,  in  sand,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  St.  round,  "branching,  smooth,  thick, 
a  foot  or  more  in  length.  Lvs.  obtuse,  tapering  at  base  to  a  petiole,  very  thick 
and  smooth.  Fed.  much  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Sep.  rose-white  inside,  exceed- 
ing the  rose-colored  stamens.  Jl.,  Nov. 

2.  CLAYlbNIA,  L.    SPRING  BEAUTY.    Fig.  383,  384.    (In  memory 
of  John  Clayton,  one  of  the  earliest  botanists  of  Virginia.)     Sepals  2, 
ovate  or  roundish,  petals  5,  cmargined  or  obtuse,  stamens  5,  inserted 
on  the  claws  of  the  petals ;  stigmas  3-cleft ;  capsule  3-valved,  2  to 
5-seeded. — Small,  fleshy,  early  flowering  plants,  arising  from  a  small 
tuber.     Stem  with  1 — 4  leaves. 

1  C.  Caroliniana  MX.    Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate;  sep.  and  pet.  obtuse. — 11  A  delieato 
Httle  plant,  common  in  woods  and  rocky  hills,  Can.  to  N.  Car.  "W.  to  the  Miss. 
Rt.  a  compressed,  brown  tuber,  buried  at  a  depth  in  the  ground  equal  to  the 
hight  of  the  plant.     Root  Ivs.  very  few  if  any,  spatulate.     St.  weak,  2  to  3'  high, 
with  a  pair  of  opposite  leaves  halfway  up,  which  are  1  to  2'  by  4  to  8",  entire, 
tapering  at  base  into  the  petiole.     Fls.  in  a  terminal  cluster,  white  with  a  tingo 
of  red,  and  beautifully  penciled  with  purple  lines.     Apr.,  May. 

2  C.  Virginica  L.  Los.  linear  or  lance-linear;   sep.  rather  acute,  pet.  obovate, 
mostly  emarginate  or  retuse ;  ped.  slender,  nodding. — 1\.  In  low,  moist  grounds, 
Mid.  and  S.  States,  W.  to  Mo.,  rare  in  N.  Eng.     Tuber  as  large  as  a  hazel  nnt, 
deep  in  the  ground.     St.  6  to  10'  long,  weak,  with  a  pair  of  opposite,  very  narrow 
Ivs.  3  to  5'  long.     Fls.  5 — 10,  rose-colored,  with  deeper  colored  veins,  in  a  ter- 
minal, finally  elongated  raceme.     Apr.,  May. 

3.  TALINUM,  Adans.     Sepals  2,  ovate,  concave,  deciduous  ;   petals 
5,  sessile;   stamens  10  to  20,  inserted  with  the  petals  into  the  torus  ; 
style  trifid ;  capsule  subglobous,  3-valved,  many-seeded. 

T.  teretifdlium  L.  St.  simple  or  branched,  short  and  thick ;  Ivs.  linear, 
crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  stem,  on  short  branches;  ped.  elongated ;  fls.  in  a 
dichotomous  cyme. — ^  An  interesting  plant  on  rocks,  Penn.  to  Ga.  and  west- 
ward. Rhizome  or  perennial  stem  firm  and  fleshy,  with  fibrous  roots.  Branches 
1  \o  3'  long.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  incurved,  fleshy.  Bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  min- 
ute. Ped.  5  to  8'  high,  very  straight,  slender,  and  smooth.  Fls.  8"  broad, 
purple,  ephemeral  Stam.  about  20.  Caps,  globular,  with  35  seeds.  Jn., 
Aug. 

4.  PORTULACA,  Tourn.     PURSLANES.     Sepals  2,  the  upper  portion 
deciduous;  petals  5  (4  to  6),  equal ;  stamens  8  to  20 ;  styles  3  to  6- 
cleft  or  parted ;  pyxis  subglobous,  dehisciug  near  the  middle,  many- 
seeded. — Low,  herbaceous,  fleshy.     Fls.  expanding  only  in  sunshine. 

1  P.  oleracea  L.  Lvs.  cuneate ;  fls.  sessile. — CD  A  prostrate,  fleshy  weed,  more 
common  in  our  gardens  than  desirable.  St.  thick  and  succulent,  much  branched 
and  spreading,  smooth.  Lvs.  fleshy,  sessile,  rounded  at  the  end.  Fls.  yellow. 
The  herbage  of  the  plant  is  of  a  reddish-green  color.  Sometimes  used  as  a  pot- 
herb. Jn.,  Aug.  §. 

2  P.  grandiflora  Hook.  Sts.  ascending,  much  branched,  branches  suberect, 
enlarged  upwards ;  Ivs.  linear,  acute,  the  axils  villous,  with  long,  woolly  hairs ; 
fls.  terminal,  sessile,  1  or  few  together,  surrounded  by  an  irregular  circle  of  leaves 


ORDER  24,— MALVACEAE.  2G5 

and  dense  tufts  of  wool;  pot.  obovate;  stam.  about  15. — 1}.  A  very  delicate  plant, 
with  purple  stems  and  bright  purple  Us.  H'  diam. 

P.  Gilliesii  Hook,  with  short,  cylindrical,  blunt  Ivs.,  somewhat  flattened, 
ascending,  branched  stems,  and  large,  deep  purple  fls.,  is  also  popular  in  house 
cultivation.  These  species  are  natives  of  S.  America,  f 

ORDER  XXIIL     ME3EMBRYACEJS.     ICE-PLANTS. 

Plants  fleshy,  of  singular  and  various  form,  yet  beautiful,  with  opposite,  fleshy 
leaves.  Fls.  solitary,  axillary  and  terminal,  remarkable  for  their  profusion,  brilliant, 
and  of  long  duration.  Sepals  definite;  petals  numerous,  colored,  in  many  rows. 
Sta.  indefinite,  distinct,  arising  from  the  calyx  (perigynous).  Ova.  inferior  or  nearly 
superior,  many-celled.  Stigmas  numerous.  Caps,  many-celled,  opening  in  a  stel- 
late manner  at  the  apex,  or  one-celled.  Sds.  more  commonly  indefinite,  attached  to 
the  inner  angle  of  the  cells,  or  to  a  free  central  placentae. 

General,  specie*  S75,  chiefly  natives  of  the  arid,  sandy  plains  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
The  species  are  much  cultivated  for  ornament.  Lewisia  rediviva  of  Oregon,  called  Spaetluin,  is 
highly  valued  for  its  farinaceous,  nutritive  roots. 

MESEMBRYANTHEMUM,  L.  (Gr.  pemjpppia,  mid-day,  &vdos; 
flowers  expanding  at  mid-day.)  Calyx  5-cleft ;  petals  very  numerous, 
linear;  stamens  oo,  perigynous;  capsule  inferior,  fleshy,  turbinate  ; 
seeds  numerous,  either  axile  or  parietal. 

1  M.  crystallimim  L.    ICE-PLANT.    Biennial,  procumbent ;  Ivs.  large,  ovate, 
acute,  wavy,  frosted,  3-veined  beneath. — A  popular  house  plant,  from  Greece.     It 
has  a  creeping  stem,  If  or  more  in  length,  and  with  the  leaves  is  covered  over 
with  frost-like,  warty  protuberances,  giving  the  plant  a  very  singular  aspect 
Fls.  white,  appearing  all  summer,  f. 

2  M.  graiidiflonim  L.     Perennial,  procumbent,  spreading;    Ivs.  petiolate, 
opposite,  cordate-ovate;  cal.  4-cleft,  2-horned. — ^  An  interesting  plant  in  house 
cultivation,  from  Cape  Good  Hope.     The  whole  plant  fleshy  and  succulent,  liko 
others  of  its  kind.    Fls.  pink-colored.     Calyx  thick,  green,  tho  horns  opposite. 
Caps,  translucent,  marked  at  summit  with  cruciform  lines,  f. 

OEDER  XXIV.     MALVACEAE.     MALLOWS. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  stipulate  Ivs.  and  regular  flowers,  with  5  sepals 
united  at  base,  valvate  in  the  bud,  often  subtended  by  an  involucel ;  5  petals  hypo- 
gynous,  convolute  in  the  bud,  with  the  stamens  oo,  monadelphous,  hypogynous, 
and  1-celled,  reniform  anthers.  Pistils  several,  distinct  or  united,  and  stigmas  vari- 
ous. Fruit  a  several-celled  capsule,  or  a  collection  of  1 -seeded  indehiscent  carpels. 
Seeds  with  little  or  no  albumen,  and  a  curved  embryo.  (Fig.  252,  352.) 

Gtnerci  40.  enecies  106:0,  abundant,  in  the  tropics,  frequent  in  tho  temperate  zones,  entirely 
\\-;;ntiRg  in  the  frigid.  Cotton,  one  of  the  most  important  products  of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  is 
the  cwna  of  tho  seeds  (§  5S5)  of  Gowsypium.  Many  of  the  Malvaceae  are  handsome  flowering 
plants,  and  are  often  cultivated  as  such. 

Properties.— Generally  abounding  in  mucilage,  and  destitute  of  any  deleterious  qualities. 

GENERA. 

§  Calyx  naked,  i.  e«,  having  no  involucel.  (b) 
§  Calyx  involucelate. — Carpels  (and  styles)  more  tha"n  5.  (a) 
— Carpels  3  to  5  onlj', — one-seeded,  (c) 

—3—  GO-seeded.  (d) 

a  Involncel  of  6  to  9  bractlets.    Carpels  1-seeded ALTHJEA.        1 

a  Involucel  of  8  distinct  bractlets.     Carpels  1-seeded MALTA. 

a  Involucel  of  3  united  bractlets.     Carpels  1-seeded LAVATERA.     8 

A  Involucel  of  3  distinct  bractlets.     Carpels  2-seeded MODIOLA.        4 


ORDER  24.—  MALYACEJS. 

b  Flowers  dioecious.    Stigmas  10,  linear  ........................  NAP^SA.  5 

b  Flowers  perfect.    Carpels  5  or  more,  1-seeiled  .................  SIDA.  G 

b  Flowers  perfect.     Carpels  5  or  many,  3  to  9-seeded  ...........  ABUTILOW.  T 

C  Stigmas  10.    Carpels  5,  baccate,  united  ...................  MALVAVISCUS.  S 

C  Stigmas  10.     Carpels  5,  dry,  distinct  ......................  PA  VONIA.  9 

C  Stigmas  5.     Carpels  5,  dry,  united  into  a  pod  ........  ..  ____  KOSTELETZKTA.  10 

d  Involucre  of  many  bractlets.     Calyx  regular  .................  HIBISCUS.  11 

d  Involucre  of  many  bractlets.     Calyx  split  on  one  side  ........  AIIELMOSCIIUS.  12 

d  Involucre  of  3  incisely  toothed  bractlets  .....................  GOSSYPIUM.  13 


1.  ALTHEA,  L.    MARSH  MALLOW.    (Gr.  <U0a>,  to  cure  ;  the  mucil- 
aginous root  is  highly  esteemed  in  medicine).    Calyx  surrounded  at  baso 
by  a  6  to  9-cleft  involucel  ;  styles  oor  with  linear  stigmas  ;  carpels  GO, 
1-seeded,  indehiscent,  arranged  circularly,  and   at  maturity  separating 
from  the  axis. 

1  A.  ofHcinalis  L.  Lvs.  soft-downy  on  both  sides,  cordate-ovate,  deniaie,  some- 
what 3-lobed;  ped.  much  shorter  than  the  leaves,  axillary,  many-flowered.  —  1(  Me. 
to  N.  Y.r  borders  of  salt  marshes.  St.  3f  high,  erect,  firm,  covered  with  thick 
woolly  down,  with  alternate,  velvet-like  leaves.  Fls.  large,  axillary  and  terminal, 
pale  purple.  The  root  as  well  as  the  other  parts  of  the  plants,  abounds  in  muci- 
lage, and  in  medicine  is  often  used  as  an  emollient.  Sept.^  §  Eur. 

2  A.  rosea  Cav.     HOLLYHOCK.     St  erect,  hairy  ;  Ivs.  cordate,  5  to  1-angkdr 
rugous  ;  fls.  axillary,  sessile.  —  (§)   A  tall  plant,  very  commonly  cultivated  in  gar- 
dans.    Numerous  varieties  have  been  noticed,  with  single,  double,  and  semi-double- 
flowers,  of  various  shades  of  color,  as  white,  rose-colored,  flesh-colored,  dark  red, 
and  even  a  purplish  black,  purple,  yellow,  straw  -color,  etc.  f     China?     (Alee* 
rosea  L.) 

3  A.  ficifolia  Cav.     FIG-LEAVED  HOLLYHOCK.     St.  erect,  hairy  ;  Ivs.  palmate, 
7-lobed  beyond  the  middle,  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  angular-toothed.—  <D  St.  tall  as 
the  above.     Fls.  orange-colored,  f     Levant.     (Alcea  ficifolia  L.) 

2.  MALVA,  L.    MALLOW.    (Gr.  fia^a^rj,  soft;  on  account  of  the  soft 
mucilaginous  properties.)     Calyx  5-cleft,  the  involucel  3-leaved  ;  petals 
obcorclate  or  truncate  ;    styles    co,  with  linear  stigmas  ;    carpels    CD, 
1-celled,  1-seeded,  indehiscent,  arranged  circularly,  and  at  maturity  sep- 
arating from  the  axis. 

§  Loaves  orbicular,  with  5  to  7  angular  lobes.     Carpels  obtuse  ...................  Nos.  1  —  3 

§  Leaves  triangular-deltoid,  scabrous.     Carpels  acute  ........................  ........  No.  4 

§  Leaves  pslmately  5  to  7-parted  ................................................  Nos.  5,  6 

1  M.  rotundifolia  L.     Low  MALLOW.      St.  prostrate;  Ivs.  roundish,  cordate, 
obtusely  5-lobed  ;  ped.  in  fruit  reflexed  ;  cor.  (pals)  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  — 
1\-  Common  in  cultivated  grounds.     Sts.  numerous,  a  foot  or  more  long.     Lvs. 
somewhat  reniform,  crenate,  with  5  to  7  shallow  lobes,  and  on  long,  hairy  stalks,. 
Ped.  axillary,  aggregate.      Petals  pale  pink,  deeply  notched.     Fr.  depressed-glob- 
ous,  composed  of  the  numerous  carpels  arranged  circularly,  not  wrinkled.     The 
child  sportively  calls  them  cheeses.    Jn.  —  Oct.     §  Eur. 

2  M.  sylvestris  L.     HIGH  MALLOW.     St.  erect:  Ivs.  5  to  7-lobed,  lobes  of  the 
upper  Ivs.  rather  acute;  carp,  very  rugous  ;  pet.  (purple)  3  times  longer  than  sep.  — 
A  popular  garden  flower  of  the  easiest  culture,  often  springing  up  spontaneously 
in  fields  and  road-sides,  Mid.   and  "W.  States.     Height  3f.     Fls.  reddish-purple, 
with  veins  of  a  darker  hue.     The  whole  plant,  especially  the  root,  abounds  in 
mucilage.     Jn.  —  Oct.     §  Eur. 

3  M.    crisp  a    L.     St.  erect  ;    Ivs.  angular-lobed,   dentate,  crisped,  smooth  ;    fls. 
(white)  axillary,  sessile.  —  (E)  A  tall,  straight,  simple,  erect  plant  from  Syria.     Gar- 
dens, almost  naturalized.     St.  5  to  6f  high.     Lvs.  large,  roundish,  margins  abun- 
dantly crisped  and  curled.     Fls.  white,  not  conspicuous.     Jn.  —  Aug.  f     § 

4  M.    triangulata   Leav.     St.   erect,   hirsute;    Ivs.  strigous,  triangular-deltoid, 
lower  ones,   cordate,  all  undivided,   coarsely  crenate  ;  panicle  terminal,  diffuse, 
many-flowered  ;  petals  purple  ;  carp.  10  to  15,   slightly  beaked.  —  Prairias  and 


ORDEB  24— MALVACEAE.  267 

bottoms,  "Wis.,  111.  to  Ark.  A  handsome  but  rather  rough  species,  2  to  3f  high. 
Root  fusiform.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  1  to  2',  on  long,  hairy  petioles,  thick.  Fls.  nearly 
as  large  (!£'  diam.)  as  those  of  M.  sylvestris.  Beak  of  the  carpels  horizontal,  a 
mere  angle.  Jl.,  Aug.  (Callirrhoe  Gray.  M.  lloughtonii,  1st  ed.) 
5  M.  papaver  Cav.  POPPY  MALLOW.  Lvs.  palmately  3  to  5-parted,  on  long 
petioles,  segments  oblong  or  linear,  entire  or  toothed ;  fls.  on  very  long  peduncles.— 
1\.  Ga.,  Fla.  to  La.  A  curious  species,  strongly  reminding  one  of  the  poppy 
(Papaver  Rheas)  in  the  form  and  size  of  the  bright  red  or  purple  fls.,  and  the  very 
long  (5  to  8'),  upright  peduncles.  Sts.  branched  from  the  base,  scabrous,  ascend- 
ing 12  to  18'.  Lvs,  variable,  the  lobes  usually  quite  narrow  and  open,  2  to  3' 
long.  Petals  erose-crenulate.  Involucel  (rarely  wanting)  shorter  than  the  calyx 
May— Aug.  (Nuttallia,  Graham.) 

6  M.  moschata  L.  MUSK  MALLOW.  St.  erect;  radical  Ivs.  reniform,  incised, 
cauline  ones  5-parted;  the  segments  linear-cuneiform,  incisely  lobed  •  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  leaves.— Native  of  Britain.  St.  2f  high,  branched.  Fis.  largo 
and  handsome,  rose-colored.  The  whole  herb  gives  out  a  musk-like  odor  in 
favorable  weather.  Jl.  f 

3.  LAVATERA,  L.  (Named  in  honor  of  the  two  Lavaters,  physicians 
of  Zurich.)    Calyx  subtended  by  an  involucel  of  3  united  bracteoles  ; 
stigmas  oo, filiform;  carpels  co,  1-cclled,  1-seeded,  indehiscent,  arranged 
circularly  as  in  Malva. 

1  L.  arborea  L.    TREE   MALLOW.     Lvs.  7 -angled,  downy,   plicato ;    ped. 
1-flowered,  clustered  in   'he  axils,  much  shorter  than  the  petiole. — (3)  A  splendid 
plant  for  borders  or  shrubberies,  from  Europe.     Eight  about  6f.     Pis.  purple. 
Sept.,  Oct.  f 

2  L.  Thuringiaca  L.     Lvs.  somewhat  downy;  lower  ones  angular,  upper 
3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  largest ;  ped.  solitary  in  each  axil. — If  From  Germany. 
Eight  4£     Fls.  light-blue.     Sept. 

3  L.  triloba  Willd.  St.  and  Ivs  downy;  Ivs.  subcordate,  roundish,  obscurely 
3-lobed  above,  erenate;  ped.  solitary,  aggregated  at  top  of  stem;  seps.  acu- 
minate, slightly  larger  than  invol. — Gardens.  Eight  2 — 3C  Fls.  light  purple. 
Jn.,  JL  f  Spain. 

4.  MODIOLA,  Moench.    (Lat.  modiolus,  a  certain  measure  ;  from  the 
fancied  resemblance  of  the  fruit  to  a  basket.)     Calyx  5-cleft,  with  an 
involucel   of  3   bractlets  at  base;  stigmas  15 — 20,  capitate;    carpels 
same  number,  2-seeded,  transversely  2-cclled,  2-valved. — (D^)  Prostrate, 
with  cleft  Ivs.  and  small  flowers. 

M.  multifida  Moench.  St.  rooting  at  the  joints ;  Ivs.  roundish,  cordate, 
o — 5  cleft,  segm.  cut-toothed;  ped.  soon  longer  than  the  petioles. — Car.,  Ga.,  and 
Fla.  Diffusely  spreading  1 — 2f,  thinly  hirsute.  Lvs.  about  1'  broad,  on  petioles 
of  similar  length.  Fls.  5 — 6"  diam.,  purplish  red,  opening  only  in  sunshine  at 
midday.  Carp,  each  opening  by  2  valves,  the  valves  each  tipped  with  a  slender 
beak.  May— JL 

5.  RAP^A,  Clayt.     (Gr.  vany,  a  wooded  valley  between  mountains, 
where  Clayton  discovered  the  plant.)    Involucel  none  ;  calyx  5-toothed ; 
fls.  dio3cious;    styles  C — 8,  with   filiform  stigmas;    carpels   as  many, 
1 -seeded,   indehiscent,    bcakless,    circularly  arranged. —  U    Tall,  with 
large,  palmately  divided  Ivs.  and  small  white  fls.  in  leafy  panicles. 

N.  dioica  L.  A  rare  plant,  in  rocky  valleys  and  deep  shades,  Perm.,  Ya,,  to  111. 
Sts.  slender,  nearly  smooth,  4 — 6f  high,  supported  by  other  plants.  Lvs.  rather 
rough,  7— 11-parted.  the  segm.  linear-lanceolate,  coarsely  toothed,  3—6'  long, 
acuminate,  upper  Ivs.  5-parted,  much  smaller.  Fls.  4 — 5"  diam.  Petals  twice 
longer  than  the  calyx.  Aug.  (Sida  dioica  Cav.) 


268  ORDER  24.— MALYACKdS. 

6.  SlDA,  L.  Calyx  5-cleft,  without  an  involucel ;  fls,  perfect ;  styles 
5  or  more,  with  capitate  stigmas ;  ovary  5  to  many-celled ;  capsule  of 
5  or  more  1-seedcd  carpels ;  radicle  superior. 

Loaves  palmately  parted.    Fls.  rose-white.     Carpels,  beaked .Nos.  lr  2 

Leaves  undivided.    Fls.  yelli>\v. — Carpels  5. No  3 

— Carpels  S— 12 Nos.  4— 6 

1  S.  Napsea  Cav.      Nearly  glabrous;  Ivs.  palmately  5-lobed,  lobes  oblong,  acu- 
minate, coarsely-toothed;    ped.  many-flowered;   carpels   10,   acuminate-beaked. — 
2£  In  rocky  woods,  Penn.  and  Va.  (rare,  more  common  in  gardens).     Sts.  2 — 4f 
high.     Lobes  of  the  Ivs.  2 — 3'  long.     Fls.  white,  twice  larger  (7 — 9"  broad)  than 
in  Napsea  dioica.     Petals  obovate,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx.     Jl.  \     (Napasa 
laevis  and  hermaphrodita  L.) 

2  S.  alcasoides  MX.     Strigous-pubescent ;  Ivs.  palmately  5 — 1  -parted,  the  seg- 
ments laciniate ;  fls.  corymbed,  terminal;  carp.  10,  aewfe. — %  In  barren  oakland-s, 
Tenn.,  Ky.     Sts.  1 — 2f  high.     Corymbs  3 — 6-flowered.      Fls.  nearly  as  large  as 
those  of  the  musk  mallow,  to  which  plant  this  bears  a  general  resemblance. 
(Callirrhoe  alcaeoides  Gray.) 

3  S.  spinosa  L,     St.  rigid,  branched,  minutely  pubescent,  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate,  with  a  spinous  tubercle  at  the  base  of  the  petiole;  stip.  setaceous,  shorter 
than  the  petioles  or  axillary  peduncles ;  carp,  birostrate.— (|)  Sandy  fields  and 
roadsides,  Mid.,  S.  and  W.  States.     Plant  bushy,  8—16'  high.     Lvs.  9—15"  long, 
•|  as  wide,  mostly  obtuse  at  each  end.     Petals  yellow,  obovate,  of  short  duration. 
Carp.  5.    JL,  Aug. 

4  S.  hispida  Ph.      Hispid-pubescent;   Ivs*   lanceolate,   and  rhombic-lanceolate, 
dentate-serrate  ;    stip.   subulate,    hispid,   longer   than   the  •  petioles  or  axillary, 
solitary   or   clustered    peduncles  ;    carpels   2 -horned,   10 — 12. — 14  Sandy   soils, 
S.  Car.,  Ga.  (Feay).     Sts.  much  branched,  12—18'  high.     Petioles  2— 3,"  long, 
the  peduncles  rather  longer,  jointless.     Petals  yellow,  a  little  exceeding  tho 
calyx.     On  the  young  stems  the  Ivs.  are  rhomboidaL     JL  Aug. 

5  S.  Elliottii  Torr  &  Gr.     Lvs.  linear-oblong  and  linear,  denticulate,  obtuse  at 
base;  ped.  1-flowered,  a  little  longer  than  the  very  short  (2 — 5")  petioles, — 
%  Sandy  plains,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.     St.  slender  and  widely  branched,  2 — 5f  high. 
Lvs.  1 — 3'  long,  varying  from  narrowly  linear  to  oblong  (1 — 5"  wide).     Fls.  1' 
broad,  orange-yellow,  nearly  solitary  in  the  axils.    Petals  emarginate.     Carp. 
about  10.     May — Aug. 

6  S.  rhombifolia  L.     Lvs.  rhombic-oblong,  serrate,  cuneate  and  entire,  at  lose; 
ped.  much  longer  than  the  petioles,  jointed  just  below  the  flower ;  caps.  2-beaked. 
— Sandy  soil,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.      St.  1  to  2f  high,  minutely  downy.      LYS.  1  to  2' 
long,  rather  obtuse  at  apex.      Fls.  yellow,  7  to  9"  broad,  the  stalks  1  to  2'  long-. 
Cal.  angular,  with  broad,  cuspidate  sepals.    May — Jl. 

7.  ABUTILON,  Dill.     INDIAN  MALLOW.     Calyx  5-cleft,  without  an 
involucel,  often  angular;  styles  5  to  20,  with  capitate  stigmas;  carpels 
as  many,  arranged  circularly,  each  1-celled,  3  to  6-seeded,  and  opening 
by  2  valves. 

1  A.  Avicennae.  Lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  acuminate,  dentate,  velvety-tomentous; 
ped.  shorter  than  the  petiole,  solitary;  carp,  about  15,  3-seeded,  inflated,  truncate, 
2-beaked. — CD  Native  in  both  Indias  and  naturalized  in  most  of  the  States^  in- 
habiting waste  places,  &c.  St.  branched,  3  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  4  to  6'  diam., 
deeply  cordate  at  base,  abruptly  acuminate  at  apex,  very  soft  and  velvety  at  sur- 
face. Fls.  yellow,  near  I'  broad.  Jl.  § 

2  A.  striatum  Dick.  Shrub,  with  5-lobed,  long-stalked  Ivs.,  the  lobes  acuminate, 
dentate ;  peduncles  long,  nodding,  with  a  handsome  bell-shaped  flower,  the  column 
exserted. — An  elegant  green-house  shrub,  flowering  at  all  seasons.  Petals 
orange-color,  with  conspicuous  purple  striae,  f  Brazil. 

8.  MALVAVISCUS,  Dill.    GLUE  MALLOW.    (Lat  malva,  mallows,  vis- 
cus,  giue.)    Calyx  5-cleft,  subtended  by  an  involucre  of  many  bractlets  ; 


ORDER  24.—  MALVACE^l.  269 

petals  erect,  convolute;  styles  10,  with  capitate  stigmas,  the  inner 
longer;  carpels  5,  baccate,  1-secded,  forming  a  fleshy  fruit. — Half 
shrubby  plants,  with  showy,  red  flowers. 

1  M.  Drummondii  Torr.  &  Gr.      Tall,  minutely  tomcntous ;  Ivs.  roundish,  cor- 
date,  angularly-3-lobed,  creaate;  ped.  axillary,  solitary,  shorter  than  the  petioles; 
Us.  erect ;  bracteoles  8,  linear-spatulate. — Texas.     Naturalized  about  N.  Orleaug 
(Halo).      St.  round,  branched,  3  to  4f  high.      Lvs.  3  to  4'  diam.,  the  petioles 
half  as  long.      Pis.  bell-shaped,  scarlet.      Column  slender,  twice  longer  than  the 
corolla,  f 

2  M.  Floridana,  with  leaves  ovate-cordate,  and  fls.  pendulous,  scarlet,  grows 
in  S.  Fla.  and  sometimes  in  the  green-housa. 

3  M.  arborea,  with  Ivs.  3  to  5-lobed,  acuminate,  serrate,  and  scarlet  fls., 
from  Jamaica,  is  cultivated  often  in  the  green-house ;  and  also,  M.  mollis, 
velvety,  3-lobed,  sub-entire  Ivs. 

9.  PAVONIA,  Cav.     (The  Latin  name  of  the  peacock,  suggested  by 
the  colors.)      Calyx  5-sepalcd,  surrounded  at  the  base  with  an  involucel 
of  5 — 15  bractlets;  petals  roundish,  obtuse;  stigmas  10,  linear;  car- 
pels 5,  capsular,  2-valved,  1-seeded. 

'P.  Lecontii  T.  &  G.  Stem  shrubby,  much  branched ;  Ivs.  many,  small,  sagittate- 
oblong,  obtuse,  with  coarse,  obtuse  teeth,  the  lower  surface  hoary-tome  ntous, 
veins  prominent ;  upper  surface  scabrous ;  sepals  ovate,  3-veined,  downy,  acnm-i- 
minate,  as  long  as  the  5  oval,  acute  bractlets;  carpels  blunt,  rugous,  scarcely 
dehiscent. — Liberty  Co.,  Ga.  (Mr.  W.  Jones).  Stem  4 — 5f  high.  Lvs.  1^ — 2' 
long,  the  floral  much  smaller.  Fls.  1^'  diam.,  rose- white,  with  a  deep  purple 
center.  (Malva  Lecontii  Buckley?) 

10.  KOSTELETZKYA,  Presl.     (In  honor  of  KosteletzJcy,  a  German 
botanist.)    Calyx,  involucel,  styles,  etc.,  as  in  Hibiscus.    Fruit  a  5-celled, 
depressed  capsule,  with  a  single  seed  in  each  cell. 

K.  Virginica  Presl.  Lvs.  acuminate,  cordate,  ovate,  serrate,  dentate,  upper  and 
lower  ones  undivided,  middle  ones  3-lobed;  ped.  axillary,  and  in  terminal  racemes  ; 
fls.  nodding,  pistils  declinate. — ^  Marshes  near  the  sea,  L.  Isl.  to  Ga.  and  La. 
(Hale).  The  whole  plant  scabrous,  tomentous,  about  3f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  2^'  by 
!£',  long-pointed,  some  of  them  somewhat  3-lobed.  Fls  2J'  diam.,  red  or  rose- 
color.  Column  slender,  as  long  as  tho  petals.  Caps,  hispid,  acute-angled.  Aug. 
(Hibiscus  Virg,  L.  and  Ed.  2d.) 

11.  HIBISCUS,  L.    Calyx  5-cleft,  subtended  by  an  involucel  of  many 
bractlets,  column  long  with  the  stamens  lateral  and  the  5  stigmas  capi- 
tate ;  fr,  a  5-celled  capsule,  loculicidal,  the  valves  bearing  the  partitions 
in  the  middle  ;  seeds-  3  or  many  in  each  cell. — Herbs  or  shrubs.    FJs. 
large  and  showy. 

*  Calyx,  &c.,  hispid.    Leaves  palm.itelr  divided Nos.  1,  2 

*  Calyx,  &c.,  tomentous.    Lvs.  undivided,  angularly  lobed Nos.  3,  4 

*  Calyx,  &c.,  glabrous. — Leaves  deeply  lobed  or  parted Nos.  5,  C 

—Leaves  undivided,  slightly  lobed Nos.  7,  8 

1  H.  aculeatus  Walt.    Retrorsely  scabrous ;  Ivs.  palmately  3  to  5-lobed,  repand- 
toothed,  Iractlets  of  the  involucel  linear,  forked  at  the  end ;  sep.  red- veined,  acumi- 
nate, very  hispid. — Damp  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Tall  (3 — 5f)  and  very 
rough.    Lvs.  2  to  3'  broad,  as  long  as  their  stalks.     Ped.  very  short  (3  to  4"), 
jointed  at  base.      Cor.  4£'  broad,   pale  sulphur-yellow,  purple  in  the  center. 
Styles  £  longer  than  the  stamens.     Jn.— Sept.     (H.  scabra  MX.) 

2  H.  Triomim  L.      FLOWER  OP  AN  HOUR.  BLADDER  KETMIA.     Hispid,  with 
scattered  hairs;  Ivs.  deeply  3-parted,  segm.  lanceolate,  middle  one  very  long,  all 
sinuate-lobed,  lower  Ivs.  angular-lobed ;  cal.  inflated,  membranous,  veined ;  Iract- 
lets subulate,   entire.—®  A  beautiful  flower,  escaped  from  gardens  and  barely 
naturalized,  branching,  1  to  2f  high.      Fls.  large,  numerous,  but  soon  withering. 
Petals  of  a  rich,  chlorine  yellow,  tho  base  of  a  deep  brown,  f     §  Italy. 


270  ORDER  24.— MALVACEAE. 

3  H.  Moschefttos  L.     MARSH  HIBISCUS.    Simple,  erect",  hoary-tomentous ;  fea 
ovate,  obtusely  dentate,  some  of  them  3-lobed,  nearly  smooth  above ;  ped.  long( 
axillary,  or  confluent  with  the  petiole;  caps,  smooth;  sep.  abruptly  pointed. — % 
A  tall,  showy  plant,  in  brackish  marshes  by  the  sea,  or  near  salt  springs,  and  on 
wet  prairies,  U".  S.  and  Can.     St.  round,  downy,  4  to  6f  high.     Lvs.  4  to  6'  by  3 
to  4',  often  with  2  lateral  lobes.     Fls.  larger  than  those  of  the  hollyhock,  rose- 
colored,  purple  in  the  center.     Ped.  usually  distinct  from  the  petiole,  often  some 
of  them  united  with  it,  and  jointed  above  the  middle.     Sty.  1'  longer  than  the 
stamens.     Aug. 

p.  FLAYESCEXS.     Fls.  larger;  pet.  (4'  long)  of  a  light  sulphur  yellow,  with  a 
purple  base.     Marshes,  Ind.     (II.  incanus  Wendl.) 

4  H.  graiidifloms  MX.     Hoary- tomentous ;  Ivs.  cordate,  acuminate,  repand-den- 
tats,  the  lower  often  3-lobed,  hoary  beneath,  coriaceous ;  cor.  half-expanding ; 
sep,  gradually  pointed;  caps,  densely  clothed  with  woolly  hairs — "Lake  shores, 
N.  Orleans"  (Hale),  to  Ga.     Stems  branched  above,  5  to  7 f  high.     Fls.  corymbed, 
terminal;  petals  4£'  long,  flesh-colored,  red  at  base,   column  declined,  rather 
shorter  than  the  petals.     Jl. — Oct. 

5  H.  militaris  Car.     Glabrous ;  Ivs.  hastately  3-lobed,  lobes  acuminate,  serrate ; 
cor.  tubular-campanulate ;  caps,  smooth,  ovoid-acuminate. — Mid.  and  W.  States. 
St.  3  to  4f  high.     Lvs.  cordate  at  base,  4  to  5'  long,  rendered  somewhat  hastate 
by  a  divaricate  lobe  each  side  at  base.     Petals  flesh-color,  with  a  purplish  base, 
2  to  3'  long.     Ped.  with  the  joint  above  the  middle.     Jl.,  Aug. 

6  H.  co.ccineus  Walt.     Very  smooth ;  Ivs.  palmate,  5-parted,  lobes  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  remotely  serrate  above ;  cor.  expanding ;  caps,  smooth,  ovoid. — rl\.  A 
splendid  flower,  native  of  damp  soils,  in  Ga.,  etc.,  and  is  raised  from  seeds  in  gar- 
dens, northward.     lit.  perennial.     St.  herbaceous,  5  to  Of  high.     Segm.  of  Ivs.  6' 
long,  very  acuminate.     Fls.  of  a  bright  carmine  red.     Petals  slender  at  the  base, 
4  to  5'  long.     Column  still  longer,  slender  and  terete.     Jl. — Oct.  f .     (II.  specie- 
sus  Ait.) 

7  H.  Caroliniamis  Muhl.      Herbaceous,  glabrous ;    Ivs.  cordate,  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, some  of  them  obscurely  3-lobed;  ped.  distinct  from  the  petiole  ;  petals  pubes- 
cent inside ;  caps,  hairy  inside ;  sds.  hispid. — Wilmington  Isl.  Ga.  (Elliott.)     A 
rare  species,  apparently  lost  to  modern  botanists.     Petals  purple,  4'  long.     Caps, 
globular. 

8  H.  Syriacus  L.  TREE  HIBISCUS.  Arboreous;  Ivs.  ovate,  cuneiform  at 
base,  3-lobed,  dentate;  peduncle  scarcely  longer  than  the  petiole;  involucel 
about  8-leaved. — A  beautiful,  hardy,  free-flowering  shrub  or  small  tree,  8  to  15f 
high.  Fls.  purple,  large.  There  are  varieties  with  white,  red,  and  striped  fls., 
both  single  and  double,  f  Syria. 

12.  ABELMOSCHUS,  Medik.  Okra.  (Arabic  Ab-el-mosch,  grain  or 
seed  of  musk ;  tho  seeds  smell  of  musk.)  Calyx  large,  spathaceous, 
?'.  <?.,  splitting  to  the  base  on  one  side ;  involucel,  column  and  fruit  as  in 
Hibiscus. 

1  A.  Manihot  Medik.  Not  prickly ;  Ivs.  palmately  divided  into  5  to  7  linear, 
acuminate,  coarsely  dentate  lobes ;  ped.  and  involucel  hispid ;  bracts  of  the  involu- 
cel 5  to  7,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acutish,  persistent,  entire ;  cal.  split  on  one  side ; 
caps,  densely  hirsute,  acuminate. — 1\-  Western  States.  A  beautiful  herb,  4  to  5f 
high.  Lvs.  cordate,  lobes  6  to  10'  long,  J  to  !£'  wide,  separated  to  near  the  base, 
about  as  long  as  the  petioles.  Teeth  largest  near  the  summit.  The  fls.  are  of  an 
exceedingly  rich  sulphur  yellow,  purple  in  the  center.  Petals  3  to  4'  long.  JL, 
Aug.  (Hibiscus,  L.) 

2  A.  esculentus  Medik.  OKRA.  Lvs.  cordate,  5-lobed,  obtuse,  dentate  ;  petiole 
longer  than  the  flower ;  involucel  about  5-kaved,  caducous. — Native  of  W.  Indies. 
Plant  herbaceous,  2  to  3f  high,  nearly  glabrous.  Petiole  with  a  hairy  line  on  tho 
upper  side,  nearly  If  in  length.  Lamina  8  to  10'  broad.  Fls.  1  to  2'  long,  on  a 
short  peduncle.  Petals  greenish  yellow.  The  large,  mucilaginous  pods  are  used 
for  pickfes,  or  served  up  with  butter.  (Hibiscus,  L.) 


ORDER  26.— TILIACE^E.  27 1 

3  A.  Collinsiana.  Lvs.  pedately  5-parted,  segm.  Lnear-ollanceolate,  coarsely 
toothed,  acuminate,  the  lowest  obtusely  5-lobed;  pod.  short,  involucd  10  to  12- 
leaved. — Ma.,  rare.  Plant  thinly  hirsute  or  hispid.  Lvs.  6  to  8'  broad.  Fls. 
much  as  in  No.  2.  (Hibiscus,  Nutt.) 

13.  GOSSYPIUW,  L.  COTTON  PLANT.  Fig.  252.  (Name  said  to 
bo  from  the  Arabic,  goz,  a  silky  substance.)  Calyx  obtusely  5-toothed, 
surrounded  by  an  involuccl  of  3  cordate  leaves,  deeply  and  inciscly 
toothed  ;  stamens  very  numerous,  lateral ;  stigmas  3,  rarely  5,  clavate  ; 
seeds  oo,  involved  in  cotton. — Fls.  yellow. 

G.  herbaceum  L.  COTTON  PLANT.  Lvs.  3  to  5-lobed,  with  a  single  gland 
below,  lobes  mueronate ;  seeds  brownish,  cotton  white. — (D  The  species  com- 
monly cultivated  in  the  Southern  States,  and  often  growing  spontaneously.  It  ia 
an  herbaceous  plant,  about  5f  high,  sown  in  early  spring  and  harvested  in 
autumn.  Sts.  hirsute  above.  Upper  Ivs.  often  but  2  or  B-lobed,  lobes  commonly 
acuminate,  tipped  with  a  mucro.  Petioles  about  as  long  as  the  Ivs.,  peduncles 
shorter.  Fls.  handsome,  3'  broad,  light  yellow,  with  a  purple  eye,  changing  to 
reddish  brown.  §  E.  India. 

/3  ?  BARBABENSE.  Sea  Island  Cotton.  Glands  on  the  back  of  the  leaf  (mid- 
vein)  3  ;  sds.  black,  cotton  white.— -®  Sown  in  Sept.  and  Oct.  Cotton  long, 
•with  a  silk-like  texture,  f  "W.  India.  Chiefly  cultivated  near  the  southern 
coasts.  (G.  Barbadense  L.) 

G.  arboreura  is  the  Tree  Cotton  of  E.  India,  with  red  flowers,  and  G.  Peru- 
vianum,  the  Brazil  Cotton.     The  Nankin  Cotton  is  another  variety  of  G.  herba- 
ceum.     Plants  so  extensively  cultivated  as  the  cotton  are  liable  to  much  varia- 
tion.    Of  the  thirteen  species  described  by  Do  Ca*ndolle,  only  tho  threo  abovo 
named  are  now  regarded  as  genuine — the  others  considered  as  varieties. 
The  microscope  shows  the  fiber  of  cotton  to  consist  of  a  lengthened  and  generally 
flattened  cell,  thus  readily  distinguished  from  tlio  fiber  of  silk,  which  is  terete  and 
solid,  or  wool,  which  is  imbricate-scaly. 


ORDER  XXV.     STERCULIACE^E.     SILK  COTTONS. 

Largo  trees  or  shrubs  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  with  flowers  similar  to 
those  of  the  Mallow,  except  that  the  anthers  are  2-celied  and  turned  outwards. 
Fruit  capsular,  of  3,  rarely  5  carpels. 

Genera  24,  specie-s  130,  all  native  of  tropical  regions.  Here  belong  the  huge  Adansonia  (Bao- 
bab) of  Africa,  and  the  Bombax  (silk-cotton  trees)  of  IS.  America,  etc. 

STERCULIA,  L.  (Stcrculius  was  the  name  of  a  detestable  Roman 
god  ;  alluding  to  the  bad  odor  of  some  species.)  Calyx  5-lobed,  sub- 
coriaceous  ;  stamens  monadelphous,  united  into  a  short,  sessile  cup ; 
anth.  adnate,  10,  15,  or  20  ;  carpels  5,  distinct,  follicular,  1-celled, 
1 —  co  -seeded. — Trees  with  axillary  panicles  or  racemes. 

S.  platanifolia  L.  Lvs.  cordate  at  base,  palmately  3 — 5-lobed,  smooth ;  calyx 
rotate,  reflexed. — Tree  from  China  and  Japan,  cultivated  at  Savannah  (Feay).  A 
beautiful  tree,  with  branching,  axillary  clusters  of  green  fls.  and  leaves  resembling 
those  of  the  Sycamore.  Jl.  (Firmiana,  Mars.) 


ORDER  XXVI.     TILIACE^E.     LINDENBLOOMS. 

Trees  or  shrubs  (rarely  herbs)  with  simple,  stipulate,  alternate,  dentate  Ivs.,  with, 
fls.  axillary,  liy pogynous,  usually  perfect  and  polyadelphous ;  with  the  sepals  4  or  5, 
deciduous,  valvate  in  aestivation,  the  petals  4  or  5,  imbricated;  stamens  GO,  with  2- 
celkd,  versatile  anthers.  Ovary  cf  2  to  10  united  carpels,  a  compound  style,  and 


272  ORDER  26. — TILLAGES. 

stigmas  as  many  as  carpels.  Fr.  dry  or  succulent,  many-celled,  or  1 -celled  by  abor- 
tion. Embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen.  (Fig.  185.) 

Genera  88,  specie*  350,  native  in  all  regions,  but  especially  within  the  tropics.  Like  the  Mal- 
lows, the  Lindenblooms  abound  in  a  wholesome  mucilaginous  juice,  and  a  tough,  stringy  bark. 
Of  the  liber  of  the  European  Lindens  the  celebrated  Russia  matting  is  manufactured,  and  iti 
India  various  species  of  Corchorus  yield  a  good  substitute  for  hemp,  used  for  fishing-lines,  nets, 
rice-bags,  etc. 

1.  CORCHORUS,  L.     Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5  ;  stamens  oo,  rarely 
as  few  as  the  petals;  style  very  short,  deciduous,  stigmas  2  to  5  ;  cap- 
sule roundish  orsiliquosc,  2  to  5-celled,  many-seeded. — Herbs  or  shrubs 
with  yellow  flowers. 

C.  siliquosus  L.  Branching,  minutely  hispid ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
equally  serrate,  4  times  longer  than  the  petioles ;  caps,  siliquose,  linear,  2-valved. 
— About  N.  Orleans  (Hale).  St.  slender.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  £  as  wide,  the  vein- 
lets  running  to  the  points  of  the  serratures.  Fls.  4-merous,  with  12  or  16  sta- 
mens. Pod  nearly  2'  long,  the  numerous  seeds  in  2  rows. 

2.  TILIA,  L.     LINDEN  OR  LIME  TREE.     Calyx  of  5,   united  sepals, 
colored  ;  corolla  of  5,  oblong,  obtuse  petals,  crenatc  at  apex  ;  stamens 

oo,  somewhat  polyadelphous,  each  set  (in  the  N.  American  species) 
with  a  petaloid  scale  (staminodium)  attached  at  base ;  ovary  superior, 
5-celled,  2-ovuled;  capsules  globous,  by  abortion  1-celled,  1  to  2-scedcd. 
— Trees.  Lvs.  cordate.  Fls.  cymous.  with  the  peduncle  adnate  to  the 
vein  of  a  large  leaf-like  bract. 

§  Staminodia  5,  petaloid,  opposite  the  petals Nos.  1,  2 

§  Staminodia  none.     Stamens  scarcely  cohering No.  8 

1  T.  Americana  L.     BASS-WOOD.     Lvs.  broad  cordate,  unequal  at  base,  mucro- 
nate-serrate,  acuminate,  coriaceous,  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides  •  petals  trun- 
cate or  obtuse  at  apex ;  sty.  as  long  as  the  petals. — A  common  forest  tree  in  the 
Northern  and  Mid.  States.    It  often  grows  to  the  height  of  SOf,  the  trunk  straight, 
and  naked  more  than  half  this  hight,  and  3  to  4f  diam.     Lvs.  4  to  5'  by  3  to  4', 
those  of  the  young  shoots  often  twice  these  dimensions.    Bracts  yellowish,  linear- 
oblong.     Petals  yellowish   white,    larger   than   the   Staminodia  opposite   them. 
Fruit  woody,  greenish,  of  the  size  of  peas.     Jn. — The  inner  bark  is  very  strong, 
and  is  manufactured  into  ropes.     Tho  wood  is  white,  soft,  and  clear,  much  used 
in  cabinet  work  and  in  the  paneling  of  carriages. 

/3  WALTERI.  Lvs.  pubescent  (but  green)  beneath. — A  largo  tree,  Ya.  to  Fla., 
low  countrv,  in  woods  and  along  rivers.  It  takes  the  place  of  the  smooth  var- 
iety (a),  which  is  common  northward  and  along  the  Mts.  to  Ga.  (T.  pubes- 
cens  Ait.  T.  laxiflora  MX.  T.  Americana  Walt). 

2  T.    heteroph^lla   Vent.     WHITE    BASS-WOOD.     Lvs.   obliquely    sulcordate, 
scarcely  acuminate,  white  and  velvety  beneath,  with  darker  veins,  glabrous,  shin- 
ing, and  dark  green  above,  mucronately  serrate ;  petals  obtuse,  creiiulate ;  stam- 
inodia  spatulate ;  sty.  hairy  at  base,  longer  than  the  petals. — Banks  of  the  Ohio 
and  Miss.     (Pursh.)    Not  common.     Trees  20  to  50f  high.     Lvs.  very  oblique  at 
base,  3  to  5'  diam.,  well  distinguished  by  the  white  surface  beneath,  contrasted 
with  the  purple  veins.     Bract  linear-oblong.     Cal.  hoary,  gradually  pointed.    Fr. 
globular. 

ft  ALBA.  Lvs.  whitish  and  minutely  tomentous  beneath,  serratures  fine  and 
lorig-mucronate. — Ky.  and  southward  along  the  mts.  Tree  of  great  size. 
One  specimen  (Rock  Castle  Co.)  I  judged  to  be  90f  in  hight,  with  wide-spread 
branches,  in  open  space.  Reddish  hairs  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath. 

3  T.  Europsea  L.  LIME  TREE.  Lvs.  suborbicular,  obliquely  cordate, 
abruptly  acuminate,  serrulate,  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles,  glabrous  except  a 
woolly-tuft  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath. — A  highly  ornamental  tree  with 
very  dense  foliage,  cultivated  in  parks.  Bracts  rhombic-oblong,  -j- Eur.  (T.  mi- 
crophylla,  etc.) 


OEDER  27.— CAMELUACEJE.  273 

ORDER  XXVII.     CAMELLIACE^E.     CAMELLIAS  OR  TEAWORTS. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  simple,  feather- veined,  exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers 
regular,  polyandrous,  hypogynous,  cyanic,  with  stpals  and  petals  imbricated,  the 
former  often  unequal  in  size.  Stamens  moro  or  less  coherent  at  base  into  one,  three 
or  five  sets.  Anthers  2-celled.  Seeds  few,  with  little  or  no  albumen,  cotyledons 

large. 

Genera  33,  species  180.  Beautiful  flowering  plants,  GO  or  70  of  them  natives  of  S  America,  4 
<.f  N.  America,  tlie  remainder  of  China  and  E.  Indies.  Their  properties  arc  stimulating  ami 
slightry  narcotic.  The  tea,  so  extensively  used  as  a  beverage  in  the  civilized  world  is  the  leaf  of 
2  or  3  species  of  Thea.  In  contains  a  peculiar  extractive  matter  called  theine,  and  a  stimulating, 
essential  oil,  which  becomes  narcotic  in  some  hot  climates.  Thea  Bohea  ami  T.  viiidis  are  the 
two  species  which  yield  all  the  varieties  of  Chinese  teas,  according  to  tho  \arious  methods  of 
preparing  the  leaves. 

GFNERA. 

§  Calyx  of  many  imbricated  sepals.    Stamens  nionadelphous CAMELLIA.  1 

§  Calyx  simple. — Stamens  united  at  base  into  one  se't STUAIITIA.  2 

— Stamens  in  5  sets,  adhering  to  the  base  of  the  petals GOKDONIA.  3 

1.  CAMELLIA,  L.     TEA  ROSE.     (In  honor  of  G.  J.  Kamel,  a  Jesuit, 
author  of  some  botanical  works.)     Sepals  many,  imbricated,  the  inner 
ones  larger;  petals  sometimes  adhering  at  base;  filaments  oo,  shorter 
than  the  corolla,  united  at  base  ;  styles  united  ;  stigmas  3  to  5,  acute. — 
Ornamental  shrubs,  native  of  China  and  Japan. 

C.  Japonica  L.  JAPAN  ROSE.  Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  glabrous 
and  shining  on  both  sides,  coriaceous  and  firm,  on  short  petioles ;  fls.  terminal  and 
mostly  solitary ;  petals  obovate,  of  a  firm  texture ;  sta.  about  50,  mostly  changed 
to  petals  in  cultivation  ;  stig.  unequally  5-cleft. — A.  lofty  tree  in  Japan,  its  native 
country,  a  splendid  flowering  shrub  with  us,  hardy  at  the  South,  but  requiring 
protection  at  the  North.  Fls.  varying  from  white  to  red,  resembling  tho  rose,  Lufc 
wanting  its  fragrance.  Over  300  varieties  are  enumerated. 

2.  STUARTIA,  Catcsby.     (In  'honor  of  John  Stuart,  the  Marquis 
of  Bute.)     Sepals  5  (or  "6),  ovate  or  lanceolate ;  petals  5   (or  6),  ch- 
ovate,  crenulate  ;  stamens  monadelphous  at  base  ;  capsule  5-celled,  5  (r 
10-seeded,  seeds  ascending. — Shrubs  with  deciduous  leaves  and  huge, 
showy,  fragrant,  axillary,  nearly  sessile  flowers. 

1  S.  Virgfnica  Cav.     Sep.  ovate;  sta.  dark  purple;   sty.  united  into  one  with  a 
5-lobed  stigma.— Woods,  middle  country,  Fla.  to  Va.     A  beautilul  shrub,  8  to  1 2f 
high.     Lvs.  elliptic-ovate,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  silky -pubescent  beneath,  slightly 
inucronate-serrulate,  2'  long,  -J  as  wide.     Petals  white,  nearly  2'  in  length,  slightly 
pubescent  beneath,  strongly  contrasted  with  tho  short,  dark  stamens.     May.     (S. 
Malachodendron  L.) 

2  S.  pentagyiia    L'Her.      Sep.  lanceolate;  stam.  colored  like  the  petals,  very 
numerous;  sty.  5,  distinct,  as  long  as  the  stamens. — Woods  along  streams  in  high- 
lands, Ky.  (Rock  Castle  and  Madison  counties)  to  Ga.     A  handsome  shrub,  10  to 
15f  high.     Lvs.  thick,  glabrous,  ovate,  acuminate,  acute  at  base,  obscurely  mucro- 
nate-serrate,  3  to  4'  long,  %  as  wide.     Petals  as  large  as  in  Xo.  1,  quite  silky  pu- 
bescent beneath,  one  of  them  always  much  the  smallest,  white  (scarcely  cream- 
colored).     Caps.  5 -angled. 

3.  GORDONI  A,  Ellis.     LOBLOLLY  BAY.     (In  honor  of  James  Gordon, 
a  distinguished  nurseryman  of  London.)     Sepals  5,  roundish,  strongly 
imbricated  ;  petals,  5  ;  stamens  5-adelphous,  one  set  adhering  to  each 
petal  at  base;  styles  united  into  one;  capsule  woody,  5-cel led  ;  seeds 
2  or  more  in  each  cell,  pendulous.     Trees  with  large,  White,  axillary, 
pedunculate  flowers. 


274  ORDER  28.— AURANTIACE^E. 

1  G.  Lasiantlms  L.     Lvs.  coriaceous,  perennial,  glabrous,  shining  on  both  sides, 
lance-oblong;  peduncles  half  as  long  as  the  Ivs.;  sty.  as  long  as  the  stamens. — 
Swamps  near  the  coast,  Va.  to  Fla.     The  Loblolly  Bay  is  a  large  tree  50  to  SOf  in 
height,  with  a  rough  bark  when  old,  and  light,  coarse-grained,  mahogany-colored 
Vfjoi.     Lvs.  3  to  4'  long,  1  to  2'  wide,  acute  at  each  end,  fascicled  at  the  ends  of 
tho  branches.     Sep.  very  silky  outside,  small.     Petals  white,  U'  long,  silky  with- 
out at  base.     May — Aug. 

2  G.  pubescens  L'Her.     Lvs.  thin,  serrate,  deciduous,  oblong-cuneiform,  shining 
above,  canescmt  beneath  ;  fls.  on  short  peduncles ;  sep.  and  pet.  silky  outside. — A 
tree  30  to  SOf  high  in  Ga.  and  Fla.,  or  an  ornamental  shrub  in  cultivation  at  tho 
North,  admired  for  its  large  white  flowers,  with  yellow  stamens  and  rich  fragrance. 
Lvs.  membranous,  subscssile,  with  fine,  sharp  serratures.     May — Aug.     (Frank- 
linia      Americana  Marsh.) 

ORDER  XXVIII.     AURANTIACE^.     ORANGEWORTS. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  glabrous,  abounding  in  little  transparent  receptacles  of  volatilo 
oil,  with  Ivs.  alternate,  articulated  with  tho  petiole  which  is  frequently  winged. 
Fis.  regular,  3 — 5-merous,  petals  and  stamens  inserted  on  a  hypogynous  disk. 
Stamens  with  flat  filaments,  distinct  or  cohering  in  one  or  several  sets.  Ova.  com- 
pounded of  several  united  carpels.  Sty.  1.  Fr.  a  berry  (orange)  many-celled, 
pulpy,  covered  with  a  thick  rind.  Sds.  attached  to  tho  inner  angle  of  each  carpel. 
Albumen,  0.  Cotyledon  thick.  (Figs.  276,  277.) 

Genera  20,  specie*  95,  nearly  all  natives  of  tropical  Asia,  naturalized  throughout  all  tropical 
regions,  and  cultivated  in  all  civilized  countries  for  their  beauty  and  fragrance,  both  of  flowers 
and  fruit. 

Pr»pe,rtlen.     These  fruits  contain   free  citric  and  malic  acid,  and  their  pulp  is  grateful  to  tho 
taste.     The  rind  contains  an  aromatic,  volatile  oil,  which  is  tonic  and  stomachic.    Tho  rind  of 
the  lime  yields  the  oil  of  Uergamot,  and  the  flower  of  the  orange  the  oil  of  Neroli. 
l 

CITRUS,  L.  (Gr.  Ktrpiov,  tho  citron  ;  the  fruit  of  one  of  the  species.) 
Sepals  and  petals  in  5s  ;  anthers  20,  or  some  other  and  higher  multiple 
of  5,  versatile,  the  connectile  articulated  to  the  filament  5  filaments 
dilated  at  base,  polyadelphous;  berry  9 — 18-cellcd. — A  noble  genus 
of  trees  and  shrubs,  all  tropical,  combining  in  its  species  beauty  of  form, 
with  shining,  evergreen  foliage,  odoriferous  fls.,  fragrant  and  delicious 
fruit.  The  articulation  of  the  petiole  with  the  lamina  is  regarded  by 
some  botanists  as  indicating  a  reduced  compound  leaf. 

1  C.  Limdmim  L.     LEMON  TREE.     Petioles  somewhat  winged;  sta.  35;  fr. 
oblong-spheroid,  with  a  thin  rind  and  very  acid  pulp. — A  tree  about  15f  in  hight, 
which,  when  laden  with  its  golden  fruit  suspended  among  its  dark  green  leaves, 
makes  a  most  beautiful  appearance.     It  is  a  native  of  tropical  regions,  and  is 
easily  cultivated  in  the  temperate  climates  if  protected  during  winter,  f 

2  C.  Aurantium  L.     SWEET  ORANGE  TREE.     Petiole  winged ;  leaf  slightly 
oblong,  acute,  crenulate ;  sta.  20;  fr.  globous,  with  a  thin  rind  and  sweet  pulp. — 
A  middle-sized  evergreen  tree,  with  a  greenish  brown  bark.     When  filled  with 
its  large,  round,  golden  fruit  (sometimes  to  the  number  of  20,000,  Lindley),  it  is 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  objects  in  nature.     The  cultivation  of  the  orange  in. 
Fla.  and  S.  Ga.  has  been  recently  checked  by  severe  frosts.     It  is  easily  raised  in 
the  green  house  at  the  North,     f  §  W.  Indies. 

3  C.  decumana   L.     SHADDOCK  TREE.    Petioles  broadly  winged;  obtuse, 
emarginate;  fr.  very  large,  with  a  thick  rind. — A  tree  15f  in  hight.     Wings  of 
the  petioles  as  broad  as  the  leaves.     Fr.  grows  to  the  diam.'of  7 — 8',  weighs  14 
pounds,  and  is  of  a  yellowish -green  color,  f 

4  C.  Limeta  L.     LIME  TREE.     Petioles  not  at  all  winged ;  If.  ovate-orbicular, 
serrate ;   stam.  30 ;  fr.  globous,  with  a  sweet  pulp,  and  a  protuberance  at  top. 
This,  like  mojjt  other  species,  is  native  of  Asia.     Hight  above  8f,  with  a  crooked 
trunk,    diffuse  branches  with  prickles.     Berry  1  \'  diam.,  of  a  greenish-yellow, 
shining  surface,  f 


ORDER  30. — LIXACE^E.  275 

5  C.  Medica  L.  CITRON  TREE.  Petioles  not  at  all  winged;  If.  oblong,  acuto; 
stam.  40 ;  fr.  oblong-spheroid,  rugous,  with  an  acid  pulp. — Commonly  about  8f 
high.  Fr.  6'  in  length,  fragrant,  f 

Ob«.  In  n  splendid  work  entitled  "The  Natural  History  of  Oranges,"  written  in  French  by 
llisso,  of  Nice,  in  1818,  there  are  described  109  varieties,  and  105  of  them  figured.  They  are 
arranged  as  sweet  oranges,  of  which  there  are  described  42  varieties  ;  bitter  and  sour  oranges, 
33  ;  Benramots,  5  ;  Limes,  8  ;  Shaddocks,  C  ;  Lames,  12  ;  Lemons,  40  •  Citrons,  17.  The  inost 
successful  methods  of  cultivation  arc  by  cuttings. 

ORDER  XXIX.     MELIACE^E. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  cxstipulate,  often  pinnate  leaves.    Fls.  3 — 5-merous,  stamens 
G — 10,  coherent  into  a  long  tube  with  sessile  anthers.    Disk  hypogynous,  sometimes 
cup-like  ;    style  1.      Ovary  compound,  several-celled,  cells   1 — 2,  4-ovuled.     Fruit 
fleshy  or  dry,  often  1-celled  by  abortion.     Seeds  neither  winged  nor  axillate. 
Genera  83,  species  150,  natives  of  the  hotter  parts  of  tho  globe. 

MELIA,  L.  PRIDE  OF  INDIA.  (Gr.  fitvU,  honey;  the  name  was 
first  applied  to  the  Manna  Ash.)  Sepals  small,  5,  united  ;  petals 
spreading;  stamen  tube  10-clcft  at  summit  with  10  anthers  in  the 
throat;  ovary  5-cellcd,  10-ovuled  ;  style  deciduous;  drupe  with  a 
5-celled,  bony  nut,  cells  1 -seeded. — Trees  with  bipinnate  Ivs.  and 
panicles  of  delicate  flowers. 

M.  Azedarach  L.  Lvs.  deciduous,  glabrous,  lits.  obliquely  lance-ovate,  acuminate, 
serrate. — Southern  States,  common.  A  large  tree  30 — 40f  high,  with  light 
foliage  and  a  profusion  of  lilac-colored  fls.  Drupes  as  large  as  cherries,  with  a 
poisonous  pulp,  hanging  in  clusters  through  the  winter.  The  bark  is  esteemed  as 
a  vermifuge,  but  narcotic.  Dwarfed  specimens  are  frequent  in  green,  houses  at  tho 
North. 

ORDER  XXX.     LINAGES.     FLAXWORTS. 

Herbs  with  entire,  simple  leaves  and  no  stipules ;  with  flowers  regular,  symme- 
trical, and  perfect,  5-(rarely  3  or  4-)merous.  Calyx  strongly  imbricated  in  tho  bud, 
corolla  convolute,  hypogynoug ;  stamens  definite,  hypogynous,  alternate  with  tho 
petals ;  styles  distinct  with  capitate  stigmas,  and  each  cell  of  the  capsule  more  or 
less  divided  by  a  false  dissepiment  into  two  1-seeded  compartments.  Seeds  with 
little  or  no  albumen,  attached  to  axile  placenta?. 

Genera  8,  specie*  90.  A  very  important  order  in  tho  arts.  The  Linum  l.-as  a  very  tenacious 
fiber  in  its  bark,  which  is  wrought  into  thread  and  cloth,  forming  the  linen  of  commerce.  Some 
species  are  cathartic,  and  yield  from  their  seeds  a  fine  mucilage.  Only  one  genus  need  be  men- 
tioned here,  viz: — 

LINUM,  L.  FLAX.  (Celtic  llin,  a  thread  ;  hence  Gr.  A/Vov,  Eng.  linen, 
flax.)  Sepals,  petals,  stamens  and  styles  5,  the  latter  rarely  3  ;  cap- 
sules 5-cclled  ;  cells  nearly  divided  by  a  false  dissepiment;  seeds  10, 
suspended,  mucilaginous. — Herbs  with  a  bark  of  strong  fibers,  and  sim- 
ple, sessile  Ivs. 

*  Flowers  bine (—red,  NO.  7.) Xos.  1,  2 

*  Flowers  yellow. — Sepals  ciliate.     Lvs.  linear ^»«s-  <%4 

—Sepals  entire.    Lvs.  lanceolate Nos.  5,  6,  8 

1  L.  usitatissimum  L.  COMMON  FLAX.  St.  branching  above  ;  Ivs.  alternate, 
linear-lanceolate,  acute ;  panicle  corymbous ;  sep.  ovate,  acute,  3-veined  at  tho 
base,  membranous  on  the  margin ;  petals  crenate. — ®  Introduced  and  some- 
what naturalized  in  fields.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  with  3-veined  leaves,  and  many 
large,  handsome,  blue  flowers.  Jn.,  Jl.— This  important  plant  has  been  cultivated 
from  remote  antiquity  (see  Gen.  xli.  42),  for  the  strong  fibers  of  the  bark,  which 
are  manufactured  into  linen.  The  seeds  yield  linseed  oil,  so  extensively  used  in 
mixing  paint,  printers'  ink,  etc.  They  are  also  medicinal.  §  f 


276 x  OBDEB  31.— GEEANIACE^E. 

2  L.  perenne  L.   PERENNIAL  FLAX.    Glabrous,  with  virgate  branches ;  Ivs.  linear, 
acute,  scattered ;  fls.  supra-axillary  and  terminal;  sep.  oval,  margins  membran- 
ous, shorter  than  the  globous  capsule ;  petals  retuse,  blue,  3  or  4  times  the  length 
of  the  sepals. —  2£  Native  "West  of  the  Miss,  (perhaps  not  within  the  limits  of 
this  Flora).     Not  uncommon  in  gardens.     Also  native  of  Europe  and  Asia. 

3  L.  rigidum  Ph.     St.  angular ;  Ivs.  erect,  rigid,  linear,   acute ;  fls.  racemed  on 
the  corymbous  branches ;  sep.  3-veincd,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  and,  with  the 
bracts  glandularly  fringe-serrate,  longer  than  the  globous  capsule ;  styles  more  or 
less  united  at  base. — Conn.  (Bobbins)  to  Iowa  (Cousens),  southward  and  northward  ; 
not  common.     Sts.  10  to  16'  high,  erect  as  well  as  the  branches.     Lvs.  4  to  8" 
long,  scabrous  on  the  margins.     Fls.   sulphur  yellow,   8"  diam.     Jn.,  Jl.     (L. 
Bootii  Planch.) — The  union  of  the  styles  appears  variable  in  degree,  in  specimens 
which  coincide  in  all  other  respects. 

4  L.  simples.     St.  simple,  with  a  small  corymb  with  spreading  branches  at  top ; 
Ivs.  rigid,  erect,  linear-subulate,  alternate ;  fls.  few;  sep.  lanceolate,  acute,  scabrous 
on  the  margins,  3-veined,  shorter  than  the  globous-ovate  capsules ;  styles  distinct. — 
La.  (Hale).     St.  slender,  12  to  18'  high.     Lvs.  4  to  5"  long.     Capsules  as  largo 
as  Coriander. 

5  L.  Virgin! aimm  L.     St.  strict,  with  rather  erect,  corymbous  branches  above  ; 
leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  acute;  fls.  showy  (5"  diam.),  all  turned  to  the  upper 
side  of  the  branches;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate,  mucronate,  about  as  long  as  the  de- 
pressed capsule;  sty.  distinct. — Woods  and  hills,  U.  S.  and  Can.     St.  near  2f  high, 
terete,   glabrous.      Lvs.  6  to  8"  by  1  to  2",  with  one  distinct  vein  only.     Sep. 
1-veined.     JL 

6  L.  diffusum.     St.  angular,  diffusely  paniculate;  branches  and  veiny,  lanceolate 
Ivs.,  spreading;  fls.  alternate,  very  small  (scarcely  2"  broad);  sep.  ovate,  abruptly 
mucronaie,  as  long  as  the  depressed  capsule ;  sty.  distinct. — \Yet  prairies,  Ind.,  0. 
Very  different  in  aspect  from  No.  5,  having  the  stem  leaves  twice  larger  (!'  by 
4"),  the  branch  leaves  minute,  and  the  flowers  3  times  smaller.     Jl. 

7  L.  grandiflorum  Desf.  Fig.  262.   CRIMSON-COLORED  FLAX.    Erect,  smooth, 
branched  above ;  -leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  sessile,  the  lower 
and  radical  lanco-obovate,  crowded,  petals  broadly  obovate,  bright  crimson. — 

•(D  Gardens  (from  seeds  lately  distributed  by  the  Government).     Stem  8 — 10' 
bigh.     Flowers  1'  diam.     f  N.  Africa. 

8  L.  trigymim  Sm.     Lvs.  elliptical,  acute,  mucronate,  entire ;  styles  3  ;  caps. 
3-celled.     Green-houso  plant  with  largo  (!'  diam.)  yellow  flowers,     f  E.  Indies. 

ORDER  XXXI.     GERANIACEJE.     GERANIA. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  swollen  and  separable  at  the  joints,  with  stipulate,  palmate- 
veined  leaves  and  symmetrical,  hypogynous,  5-merous  flowers.  Sepals  imbricated 
and  petals  convolute  in  aestivation ;  stamens  mostly  10,  and  monadelphous,  the  alter- 
nate ones  often  abortive ;  ovary  of  5  sepals,  each  2-ovuled,  in  fruit  1-seeded,  coher- 
ing to  an  elongated  torus  (carpophore)  from  which  they  separate,  curving  upwards 
on  the  persistent  style. 

Genera  4,  specie* 500.  Geranium  and  Erodium  inhabit  chiefly  the  Northern  temperate  zones. 
Pelargonium  abounds  nt  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  occurs  in  Australia  ;  and  in  cultivation  is 
found  everywhere. 

GENEBA. 

Stamens  10,— all  perfect.    Corolla  regular GERANIUM.        1 

— 5  perfect,  5  alternate  imperfect.     Cor.  reg EKODIU.M.  2 

—7  perfect.    Corolla  irregular. PELARGONIUM.  3 

1.  GERANIUM,  L.  CRANE'S  BILL.  (Gr.  yepavof,  a  crane;  the 
beaked  fruit  resembles  a  crane's  bill.)  Sepals  and  petals  5,  regular, 
stamens  10,  all  perfect,  the  5  alternate  ones  longer,  and  each  with  a 
nectariferous  gland  at  its  base ;  fruit  rostrate,  at  length  separating  into 
5  long-styled,  1-seeded  carpels;  styles  smooth  inside,  at  length  recurved 


ORDER  31.—  aERANIACE^E.  277 

from  tlio  base  upwards  and  adhering  by  the  point  to  the  summit  of  the 
axis.—  Herbaceous,  rarely  shrubby  at  the  base.  Peduncles  1,  2  or 
3-flowered. 

Petals  'entire,  twice  as  Ion?  as  the-  awned  sepals  .................  ^og  j  3 

Petals  notched  or  2-lobed,  not  longer  than  sepals  ...........  ......'..  ......I.'!!...  '.".Nos.  8,4 

1  G.  maculatum  L.     SPOTTED  GERANIUM.     St.  erect,  angular,  dichotomous,  ro- 
trorsely  pubescent  ;  Ivs.  palmately  3  —  5-lobed,  lobes  cuneiform  and  entire  at  base, 
incisely  serrate  above,  radical  ones  on  long  petioles,  upper  ones  opposite,  on  short 
petioles;  petals  entire;  sep.  mucronate-awned.  —  If  "Woods,  etc.,  U.  S.  and  Can., 
but  rare  in  N.  Eng.     A  fino  spectes  worthy  a  place  among  the  parlor  "  gerani- 
ums."    St.  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.    2  to  3'  diam.,  cleft  £  way  down,  2  at  each  fork. 
Fls.  mostly  in  pairs,  on  unequal  pedicels,  often  somewhat  umbeled  on  tho  ends 
of  the  long  peduncles.     Eoot  powerfully  astringent.     Apr.  —  Jn. 

2  G.  Robertianum  L.    HERB  ROBERT.    St.  diffuse,  hairy  ;  Ivs.  pinnately  ^-parted 
to  the  base,  the  segm.  pinnatifid,  and  tho  pinuee  incisely  toothed  ;  sep.  mucronato- 
awned,  half  the  length  of  the  entire  petals.  —  (D  Smaller  than  the  preceding,  in 
dry,  rocky  places.     Can  to  Ya.  and  Ky.     It  has  a  reddish  stem,  with  long,  diffuse, 
weak  branches.     Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  somewhat  hairy,  outline  H  to  3'  diam., 
with  pinnatifid  segments.    Fls.  small,  pale-purple.    Capsules  small,  rugous,  keeled. 
Sds.  smooth.     The  plant  has  a  strong  disagreeable  smell.     May  —  Sept. 

3  G.  pusillum  L.    St.  procumbent  ;  Ivs.  reniform  or  roundish,  deeply  5  to  f  -parted, 
lobes  3-cleft,  linear  ;  sep.  hairy,  awnless,  about  as  long  as  the  emarginato  petals.  — 
(D  A  delicate,  spreading  species,  growing  ia  waste  grounds,  pastures,  etc.,  L.  I  si. 
and  "Western  N.Y.  (Torr).     St.  weak,  If  long,  branching,  covered  with  short,  de- 
flected hairs.     Lvs.  opposite,  divided  almost  to  the  base  into  5  or  7  lobes,  theso 
again  variously  cut     Fed.  axillary,  forked,  bearing  2  purplish-red  flowers  in  Jn. 
and  Jl.     §  Eur. 

4  G.  Carolinianum  L.     St.  diffusely  branched  ;  Ivs.  deeply  5-parted,  lobes  in- 
cisely toothed  ;  ped.  rather  short  and  clustered  on  the  ends  of  tho  branches  ;  sep. 
mucronate-awned,  as  long  as  the  emarginato  petals.  —  (T)  Fields  and  hills,  through- 
out Can.  and  U.  S.     Sts.  pubescent,  diffuse,  8  to  15'  long,  swelling  at  tho  joints. 
Lvs.  9  to  18"  diam.,  hairy.     Fls.  small,  rose-colored,  in  pairs,  and  somewhat  fas- 
ciculate.    Sds.  minutely  reticulated,  reddish-brown,  1  in  each  hairy,  beaked  car- 
pel.    Jl.     (G-.  dissectum  L  ?). 


2.  ERODIUM,  LMIer.  HERON'S-BILL.  (Gr.  epw&o^,  a  heron  ;  from 
the  resemblance  of  the  beaked  fruit  to  the  heron's  bill.)  Calyx  5-leaved  ; 
petals  5  ;  filaments  10,  the  5  alternate  ones  abortive;  fruit  rostrate,  of 
5,  aggregated  capsules,  tipped  with  the  long,  spiral  style,  bearded  in- 
side. —  Fls.  umbellate. 

E.  cicutaritim  Sm.  Diffuse,  hairy  ;  Ivs.  pinnately  divided,  segm.  sessile,  pinnatifid. 
incised,  acute  ;  ped.  several-flowered  ;  petals  unequal.  —  Shores  of  Oneida  Lake, 
N.  Y.  Sts.  mostly  prostrate.  Lvs.  oblong  in  outline,  with  many  segments.  Fls. 
2  to  3"  diam.  May  —  Jn.  §  Eur.  "Widely  diffused  in  California. 


3.  PELARGONIUM,  L'llcr.  (Gr.  mOapya?,  a  stork;  from  the  re- 
semblance of  the  beaked  fruit  to  a  stork's  bill.)  Sepals  5,  the  upper 
one  ending  in  a  nectariferous  tube  extending  down  the  peduncle  with 
which  it  is  connected  ;  petals  5,  irregular,  longer  than  the  sepals  ;  fila- 
ments 10,  3  of  them  sterile.  —  A  large  genus  of  shrubby  or  herbaceous 
plants,  embracing  more  than  300  species,  and  innumerable  varieties, 
nearly  all  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Lower  Ivs.  (in  plants 
raised  from  the  seed)  opposite,  upper  ones  alternate. 

*  Acaulesccnt  (nearly).     IU.  tuberous.     Lvs.  decompound.    Pet.  yellowish  brown.  .  .Nos.  1,  2 

*  Caulescent.  —  Stems  herbaceous,  or  somewhat  shrubby  at  base  ....................  Ho*  3  —  G 

—Stems  shrubby.—  Lvs.  neither  divided  nor  angular  ................  ^No*'  7~? 

—Lvs.  angular  or  with  shallow  lobes  ..............  Nos.  30—14 

—Lvs  divided  beyond  tho  middle  .........  *  .......  Nos.  15—18 


278  ORDER  31.— GERANIACiLE. 

1  P.  flavtim  Ait.    CARROT-LEAVED  GERANIUM.    St.  rery  simple ;  Ivs.  decom-* 
pound,  laciniate,  hairy,  segm.  linear ;  umbel  many-flowered,  fls.  brownish-yellow. 

2  P.  triste  A.    MOURNING  GERANIUM.     Lvs.  hairy,  pinnate;  Ifts.  bipinnatifid, 
divisions  linear,  acute ;  fls.  dark-green,  in  simple  umbels. 

3  P.  odoratissimtmi  A.     NUTMEG-SCENTED  GERANIUM.     St.  velvety,  short, 
Jleshy ;  Ivs.  roundish,  cordate,  very  soft ;  branches  herbaceous,  long,   diffuse. — • 
Valued  chiefly  for  the  powerful,  aromatic  smell  of  the  leaves,  the  liowcrs  being 
small  whitish. 

4  P.  alchemilloides  A.     LADIES'  MANTLE  GERANIUM.     St.   viUous ;    Ivs. 
cordate,  villous,  5-lobed,   palmate ;  ped.  few-flowered ;  stig.  sessile. — St.  6'  high, 
diffuse,  very  hairy,  with  deflexed  bristles.     Ms.  pink-colored. 

5  P.  tricolor  B.    St.  tuffruticous,  erect;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  villous,  cut-dentate,  trifid ; 
upper  pet.  glandular  at  base. — St.  l£f  high.     This  species  is  distinguished  for  it3 
beautifully  variegated  fls.     Petals  roundish  and  nearly  uniform  in  shape,  but  very 
different  in  color;  the  three  lower  ones  are  white,  slightly  veined,  the  2  upper 
of  a  rich  purple,  almost  black  at  base. 

6  P.  coriandrifdlium  Jac.     St.  herbaceous,  biennial,  somewhat  downy ;  Ivs. 
bipinnate,  smooth,  lobes  linear,  subpinnatilid. — St.  diffuse,  If  high.     Distinguished 
by  the  finely  divided  leaves  and  largo  fls.     The  2  upper  petals  much  the  largest, 
obovate,  veined  with  purple,  the  3   lower,  of  which  the  middle  one  is  often 
•wanting,  are  narrow  and  of  pure  white. 

7  P.  glafrcum  L'Hcr.      Very  smooth  and  glaucous;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire,  acu- 
minate; ped.  1 — 1-fiowered. — Sts.  3f  high,  shrubby  and  branched.     The  plant  ia 
remarkably  distinguished  by  its  leaves.     Ped.  axillary,  with  1  or  2  elegant  flowers. 
Petals  obovate,  of  a  delicate  blush  color  with  red  veins. 

8  P.  betulimim  A.     Lvs.  ovate,  unequally  serrate,  smoothish  ;   stip.  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  ped.  2 — ^-flowered. — St.  shrubby,  3f  high.     The  plant  is  well  named 
for  its  leaves.     Fls.  pale-pink,  with  deep  red  veins. 

9  P.  acetosum  A.     Lvs.  very  smooth,  obovate,  crenate,  somewhat  fleshy ;  ped. 
few-flowered ;  petals  linear. — St.  shrubby,  3f  high.     Named  for  the  acid  flavor 
of  the  leaves.     Fls.  pink. 

10  P.  zonale  L.    HORSE-SHOE  GERANIUM.    Lvs.  cordate-orbicular,  obsoletely 
lobed,  toothed,  marked  with  a  concentric  zone. — St.  thick,  shrubby,  2 — 3f  high. 
One  of  the  most  popular  of  all  the  species.     The  zone  upon  the  leaf  is  of  various 
shades.    The  fls.  are  of  a  bright  scarlet,  umbeled,  on  long  peduncles.    It  has  many 
varieties,  of  which  the  most  remarkable  is 

(3.  MARGIN  ALE  ;  silver-edged ;  the  leaves  of  which  are  bordered  with  white. 

11  P.  inquinans  A.     Lvs.  round,  reniform,  scarcely  divided,  crenate,  viscid ; 
umbels  many-flowed ;    petals  obovate,   crenate. — Justly  admired  •  for  the  vivid 
scarlet  of  its   numerous  flowers.     The   name   alludes  to  the   reddish,   clammy 
moisture  which  stains  tho  fingers  in  handling  the  soft,  downy  branches. 

12  P.  peltatum  A.     IVY-LEAVED  GERANIUM.     Lvs.  5-lobed,  entire,  fleshy, 
smooth,  more  or  less  peltate ;  umbels  few-flowered. — St.  climbing,  several  feet  in 
length.     Whole  plant  very  smooth.     A  beautiful  species,  with  umbels  of  very 
handsome  purplish  flowers. 

13  P.  tetragonum  L'Her.    Branches  4-cornered,  fleshy;  Ivs.  cordate,  bluntly 
lobed,  somewhat  toothed ;  pet.  4,  the  upper  ones  pale-pink,  with  crimson  veins, 
the  2  lower  small,  white. — Lvs.  small,  rounded,  notched,  with  scattered  hairs. 

14  P.  Watsonii  Link.     Lvs.  orbicular,  cordate,  somewhat  lobed,  creriate- 
dentate,  undulate  at  the  margin ;  stip.  acute,  cordate,  and  somewhat  toothed. — 
Fls.  large,  purple,  variegated,  several  together. 

15  P.  grandiflorum  \V.    Smooth,  glaucous;  Ivs.  5-lobed,  palmated,  cordate  at 
base,  the  lobes  dentate  toward  the  end ;  petals  3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. — • 
Distinguished  for  the  size  and  beauty  of  the  flowers,  which  are  white,  the  2  upper 
ones  elegantly  veined,  and  tinged  with  red,  larger  than  the  rest. 

16  P.  graveolens  A.     ROSE-SCENTED  GERANIUM.     Lvs.  palmately  1-lobed, 
lobes  oblong,   bluntly  toothed,   revolute,   and  very   rough  at  the  edge;    umbels 
many-flowered,  capitate. — Nectary  about  half  as  long  as  calyx.     Lvs.  very  fra- 
grant.    Fls.  purple. 


ORDER  33.— ZYGOPHYLLACE^E.  279 

17  P.  radula  A.    Lvs.  palmate,  rough,  lobes  narrow,  pinnatifid,  revolute  at  edge, 
with  linear  segments;  umbels  few-flowered ;  nectary  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx. — 
Distinguished  for  its  large  rough  leaves  deeply  divided  into  linear  segments,  and 
and  with  a  mint-like  fragrance.     Els.  purple. 

18  P.  quercifolium  A.     OAK-LEAVED  GERANIUM.      Lvs.  cordate,  pinnatifid 
with  rounded  recesses,  lobes  obtusely  crenate;   branches  and  petioles  hispid. — 
Lvs.  rough,  often  spotted.     Fls.  purplish. 

Obs.  The  above  are  among  the  more  distinguished  and  popular  species  of  this  vnst  nml 
favorite  genus.  Innumerable  varieties  produced  from  seeds  and  propagated  bv  cuttings  nro 
equally  common  and  often  of  superior  beauty.  No  genus  seems  to  be  regarded  with  so  univer.-al 
favor  for  greenhouse  plants  as  this.  The  species  and  their  multitudes  of  hybrid  creations,  pro- 
duced by  modern  ingenuity,  are  cultivated  with  assiduous  attention  by  'nearly  every  family 


ORDER  XXXII.     OXALIDACK&.     WOOD  SORRELS. 

Stems  low,  herbaceous,  with  an  acid  juice  and  alternate  compound  leaves.  Flow- 
ers regular,  symmetrical,  hypogynous,  5-merou3.  Sepals  persistent,  imbricated; 
petals  convolute  in  cestivation.  Stamens  10,  somewhat  monadelphous,  those  oppo- 
site the  petals  longest.  Styles  5,  separate ;  capsule  5-celled,  several-seeded ;  seeds 
albuminous.  (Illust.  in  Figs.  59.  64,  585.) 

Genera  7,  species  328,  inhabiting  fhe  hot  and  the  temperate  regions.  The  most  noticeable 
property  of  the  Order  is  the  sour  juice,  containing  oxalic  acid.  Several  species  are  cultivated 
for  the  beauty  of  their  flowers. 


OXALIS,  L.  WOOD  SORREL.  (Gr.  <5£vf,  sour.)  Sepals  5,  distinct 
or  united  at  base ;  petals  much  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  styles  5,  capi- 
tate ;  capsule  oblong  or  sub-globou.s :  carpels  5,  1  to  several-seeded. — 
Mostly  5,  with  trifoliate  Ivs.  and  inversely  heart-shaped  leaflets. 

1  O.  Acetosella  L.     Acaukscent ;  scope  longer  than  the  leaves,  l-flowered;  Ifts. 
broad-obcordate  with  rounded  lobes ;  sty.  as  long  as  the  inner  stamens ;  rt.  den- 
tate, scaly. — Woods  and  shady  places,  Can.  and  Northern  States.     Lvs.  pslmately 
3-foliate,  on  long,  weak  stalks,  purplish  beneath.     Fed.  longer  than  the  leave?, 
each  with  a  nodding,  scentless  flower  whose  petals  are  white,  yellowish  at  the  br.se, 
delicately  veined  with. purple.     The  whole  plant  has  an  agreeable  acid  taste.    Jn. 

2  O.  violacea  L.     Acaukscent,  smooth ;  scape  umbeliferous  ;  pedicels,  subpubes- 
cent ;  fls.  nodding ;  tips  of  tho  calyx  fleshy ;    sty.  shorter  than  the  outer  sta- 
mens.— An  elegant  species  in  rocky  woods,  etc.,  throughout  the  U.  S.     Bulb 
scaly.     Scape  nearly  twice  longer  than  tho  leaves,  5  to  8'  high.     Lvs.  palmately 
3-foliate,  sometimes  none ;  Ifts.  nearly  twico  as  wide  as  long,  with  a  very  shallow 
sinus  at  the  very  broad  apex.     Umbels  of  3  to  9  drooping  flowers.     Petals  large, 
violet-colored,  striate.     May. 

3  O.  strfcta  L.     Caulescent;  st.  branching;  pod.  umbeliferous,  longer  than  tho 
petioles ;  sty.  as  long  as  tho  inner  stamens. — -(1)  Fields,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  comcon. 
It  varies  in  size  from  3  to  12',  according  to  tho  soil.     St.  leafy,  round,  smooth, 
succulent.     Lvs.  palmately  3-foliate,  numerous,  scattered,  on  long  stalks.     Um- 
bels on  long,  axillary  stalks,  mostly  much  longer  than  the  petioles.     Flp.  small, 
yellow,  appearing  all  summer.     Capsules  sparingly  hirsute,  with  spreading  hairs. — 
"When  the  plant  is  unsupported,  it  is  more  or  less  decumbent,  and  is  the  variety 

8.  CORNICULATA  (0.  corniculata  L). —  Obs.  Tho  species  (nearly  300  in  number) 
are  all  pretty,  and  many  from  Europe  and  Africa  aro  becoming  rather  common 
in  cultivation. 

ORDER  XXXIII.     ZYGOPIIYLLACEJ3.     BEAN  CAPERS. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  leaves  opposite,  mostly  pinnate  (not  dotted)  and 
stipulate ;  flowers  4  or  5-merous,  calyx  imbricated  and  corolla  convolute  in  sestiva- 
tion. Stamens  twice  as  many  as  petals,  hypogynous,  distinct,  each  often  with  a 
scale.  Ovary  compound ;  fruit  and  seeds  as  in  Linaceae. 


280  OUTER  35.— TROF^EOLACE^E. 

Genera  9,  species  100,  generally  diffused.  The  gum  resin  guiacvm  is  derived  from  the  genus 
Guiacuin,  also  that  extremely  luird  and  heavy  wood,  lignum-vitce. 

KALLSTROEMIA,  Scop.  Sepals  5,  persistent ;  petals  5  ;  stamens 
10,  with  no  scale,  the  5  opposite  the  sepals  defective,  placed  inside  5 
hypogynous  glands;  styles  united,  stigmas  10-lobed;  fruit  at  length 
separating  into  10  1 -seeded  cocci. — (T)  Prostrate  and  diffuse,  with 
interpetiolar  stipules  and  abruptly  pinnate  leaves. 

K.  maxima  Torr  &  Gr.  Lfts.  3  or  4  pairs,  oblong  or  oval,  slightly  falcate,  mucro- 
nate,  the  terminal  pair  largest ;  cocci  gibbous  at  base,  tubercled.  Waste  places, 
Savannah.  Sts.  pubescent,  1  to  2f  long.  Fls.  yellow,  axillary,  solitary,  pedun- 
culate. Jn. — Sept.  §  AY.  Indies.  (Tribulus  maxirnus  L.) 

ORDER  XXXIV.     BALSAMINACEJ3.     JEWEL  WEEDS. 

Herbs  annual,  with  a  succulent  stem  and  watery  juice.  Los.  simple,  without 
stipules.  Fis.  very  irregular  and  unsymmetrical.  Sepals  5,  deciduous,  the  2  upper 
connate,  the  lowofit  spurred  or  gibbous.  Petals  4,  hypogynous,  united  by  pairs,  or 
rarely  5,  distinct.  Stamens  5,  hypogynous.  Filaments  subulate.  Anih.  2-celled. 
Stig.  5-lobed,  sessile.  Fr.  capsular,  5-celled,  bursting  elastically  by  5  valves.  Sds. 
several  in  each  cell.  Embryo  straight.  (Figures  114,  281,  282.) 

Genera  2,  species  110.  "With  regard  to  its  properties  and  uses,  this  order  is  of  no  importance, 
but  some  of  its  species  aro  highly  ornamental. 

IMPATIENS,  L.  TOUCH-ME-NOT.  (Impatient  with  respect  to  the 
irritable  capsules.)  Sepals  colored,  apparently  but  4  (the  2  upper  be- 
ing united),  the  lowest  gibbous  and  spurred ;  petals  apparently  2,  each 
of  the  lower  being  united  to  the  2  lateral  ones ;  stamens  5,  short,  an- 
thers cohering  at  apex ;  capsule  often  1-celled  by  the  obliteration  of 
the  dissepiments,  5-valved  bursting  elastically. — Sts.  smooth,  succulent, 
tender,  subpellucid,  with  tumid  joints. 

1  I.  pallida  Nutt.     Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  and  obtusely  serrate,  teeth  mucro- 
nate;  ped.  2  to  4-flowered,  dongated ;  lower  gibbous  sepals  dilated-conical,  broader 
than  long,  with  a,  very  short,   recurved  spur  ',  fis.  pale  yellow,  sparingly  dotted. — 
(D  "Wet  shady  places,  U.  S.  and  Can.     St.  2  to  4f  high,  branched.     Lvs.  2  to  5' 
long,  J-  as  wide,  with  large,  obtuse  teeth,  each  tipped  with  a  very  short  mucro. 
Fls.  large,  mostly  in  pairs.     Two  outer  sepals  pale  green,  callous  pointed,  the- 
rest  pale  yellow,  the  lower  produced  into  a  conic  nectary,  ending  in  a  spur  %  long. 
Caps,  oblong-cylindric  1'  long,  bursting  at  the  slightest  touch  when  mature,  and 
scattering  the  seed.     Aug. 

2  I.  fulva  Nutt.     Lvs.  rhomJric-ovate,  obtusish,  coarsely  and  obtusely  serrate,  teeth 
mucronate ;  ped.   2  to  4-flowered,   short ;    loiver  gibbous  sepal,  acutely  conical, 
longer  than  broad,  with  an  elongated,  closely  reflexed  spur ;  fls.  deep  orange,  macu- 
late with  many  brown  spots. — (T)  In  wet,  shady  grounds,  Can.  to  Ga.,  more  com- 
mon than  the  last,  somewhat  glaucous.     St.  \\ — 3f  high.     Lvs.  1  to  3'  long,  £  as 
wide,  having  like  the  last  a  few  filiform  teeth  at  the  base,     Fls.  about  1'  in  length, 
the  recurved  spur  of  the  lower  sepals  £'  long.     Caps,  as  in  the  last.     Aug. 

3  I.  Balsamina  L.  BALSAMINE.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  upper  ones  alternate ; 
ped.  clustered;  spur  shorter  than  the  flower. — ®  From  the  E.  Indies.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  of  garden  annuals,  forming  a  showy  pyramid  of  finely  varie- 
gated, carnation-like  flowers.  The  prevailing  colors  of  the  petals  are  red  and 
white,  but  the  former  varies  in  every  possible  shade  of  crimson,  scarlet,  purple, 
pink  and  flesh  color.  Fls.  often  double. 

ORDER  XXXV.     TROPJEOLACE^.     TPOPIIYWOKTS. 
Plants  herbaceous,   smooth,   climbing  or  twining,  with  a  pungent,  watery  juice. 
Lvs.  peltate  cr  palmate.     Fls.  irregular,  axillary,  perfect.     Sepals  3  to  5,  colored. 


ORDER  37.— RUTACE^E. 


281 


united,  the  upper  one  spurred.  Petals  1—5,  the  three  lower  ones  stalked,  the  2 
upper  inserted  on  tho  calyx.  Stamens  6  to  10,  distinct,  unequal,  perigynous. 
Ovary  3-carpeled ;  style  1 ;  stigmas  3.  Fruit  separating  into  3  indehiscent,  1-seeded 
nuts.  Sds.  large.  Albumen  0. 


Gene 
as  tho 
capers. 


ra  4,  spades  40,  natives  of  S.  America.    They  possess  tho  same  antiscorbutic  properties 
Crucinum     Tho  fruit  of  the  following  species  is  pickled  and  used  as  a  substitute  for 


TROP^OLUM,  L.  INDIAN  CRESS.  (Lat.  tropceum,  a  trophy ;  the 
leaf  resembles  a  shield,  the  flower  an  empty  helmet.)  Character  essen- 
tially the  same  as  of  the  order. 

1  T.  ma  jus  L.   NASTURTION.  Lvs.  peltate,  roundish,,  repand  on  the  margin,  with 
the  long  petiole  inserted  a  little  one  side  of  the  center ;  pet.  obtuse,  the  2  upper 
distant  from  the  3  lower,  which  are  fimbriate  at  base,  and  contracted  into  long 
claws. — OD  Native  of  Peru.     St.  at  length  climbing  by  means  of  its  long  petioles 
several  feet.     Lvs.  a  fine  example  of  the  peltate  form,  about  2'  diam.     Fls.  largo 
and  showy,  orange-colored,  with  blotches  of  deeper  shade.     They  are  eaten  for 
salad.     Jn. — Oct. 

2  T.  aduncum  Smith.    CANARY  CREEPER.    CAPUCIHNT;.    St.  trailing  or  climb- 
ing ;  Ivs.  peltate,  palmately  5-lobed,  lobes  dentate ;  petals  laciniate,  the  two  upper 
much  larger;  sep.  entire,  acute. — Admired  for  its  grotesque,  orange-colored  flow- 
ers.    Climbing  by  its  prehensive  petioles  like  T.  majus.     When  fall  grown  it  will 
thrive  upon  air  alone,  f     From  Peru. 


ORDER  XXXVI.     LIMN ANTII ACE M.     LIMNANTHS. 

Herbs  annual,  with  an  acrid,  watery  juice,  alternate,  pinnatifid,  exstipulate  leaves. 
Flowers  regular,  3  to  5-merous,  perfect.  Sepals  united  at  base,  persistent,  valvato 
in  aestivation.  Petals  marescent,  hypogynous.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  petals 
and  inserted  with  them.  Fil.  opposite  to  tho  sep.  with  a  small  process  outside  tho 
base.  Ova.  of  2  to  5  carpels.  Sly.  united.  Stig.  simple.  Fr.  2  to  5  achenia, 
rather  fleshy.  Sds.  solitary. 

Genera  2,  species  3,  mostly  natives  of  the  temperate  parts  of  N.  America. 

FLOERKEA,  Willd.  FALSE  MERMAID.  (Named  in  honor  of  Floerfo, 
a  German  botanist.)  Sepals  3,  longer  than  the  3  petals ;  stamens  6 ; 
ovaries  3,  tuberculate,  style  2-cleft. — (T)  Small  aquatics,  "with  pinnately 
divided  leaves. 

P.  proserpinacoides  Lindl.  Grows  in  marshes 
on  rivers  and  lake  shores,  Yt.  to  Penn.,  W.  to 
Mo.  Sts.  decumbent,  less  than  a  foot  in  length, 
weak,  slender.  Lvs.  alternate,  upper  ones  or 
those  above  the  water,  pinnately  5-parted,  lower 
or  submersed  ones  mostly  3-parted,  all  on  slen- 
der petioles  1  to  3'  in  length.  Fls.  axillary, 
pedunculate ;  petals,  white,  small,  about  half  as 
long  as  the  sepals.  Achenia  large,  2  or  1, 
rorfndish. 

ORD.  XXXVII.  RUTACE^.   RUEWORTS. 

Herbs  or  generally  shrubs  or  trees,  with  the  ex- 
stipulate  leaves  dotted  with  transparent  glands 
containing  aromatic  or  acrid  oil.  Flowers  regular, 
3  to  5-merous,  hypogynous,  perfect  or  polygamous. 
Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals. 


flower;  630,  pistillate  flower. 


282  ORDER  37.— RUTACE^E. 

Pistils  2  to  5,  separate  or  combined  into  a  compound  ovary,  with  as  many  cells,  sessile 
or  raised  on  a  stipe  (gynophore) ;  styles  mostly  cohering.  Fruit  capsular,  or  separat- 
ing into  its  component  1  or  2-seeded  carpels. 

Genera  70,  specie*  500  or  more,  generally  natives  of  S.  America  and  the  temperate  climes 
of  other  lands,  low  in  N.  America.  They  are  generally  possessed  of  a  strongly  aromatic,  pun' 
gent  taste  or  fetid  odor,  antispasmodic  and  tonic  properties. 

SUBORDERS  AND   GENERA. 
KUTE^E.    Flowers  perfect.    (Herbs.    Stamens  10). 

Petals  equal,  concave.    Capsule  5-lobed RCTA  1 

Petals  unequal,  clawed.    Capsules  separable ....  DICTAMNCS         2 
XANTHOXYLE  JE.    Flowers  ?  5  $, .    (Trees,  shrubs.) 

Pistils  3—5,  separate  below.     Stamens  3—3. .  XANTIIOXYLUM  3 

Pistils  2,  united.    Samara  2-seeded PTELEA  4 

Pistils  3  to  5,  separate.    Samara  1  -socded AILANTIIUS         5 

1.  RUTA,  L.     RUE.     Calyx  of  4  to  5  sepals,  united  at  base ;  petals 
4 — 5,  concave,  obovate,  distinct,  torus  surrounded  by  10  nectariferous 
pores;  stamens  10  ;  capsule  lobed. —  H  Herbaceous  or  shrubby,  mostly 
European. 

R.  gravdolens  L.  COMMON  RUE.  Suffruticous,  nearly  glabrous ;  Ivs.  2  to 
3-pinnately  divided,  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  terminal  ones  obovate-cuneate,  all 
entire  or  irregularly  cleft;  fls.  terminal,  corymbous;  pet.  entire. — Native  of  S. 
Europe.  St.  branched,  3  to  4f  high.  Lfis.  6  to  10"  by  2  to  4",  conspicuously 
dotted.  Corolla  yellow,  6"  diam.  Jn. — Sept.  \. 

2.  DICTAMNUS,  L.     FRAXINELLA.     Calyx  of  5,  deciduous  sepals ; 
petals  5,  unguiculate,  unequal ;  filaments  10,  declinate,  with  glandular 
dots  ;  capsules  5,  slightly  united. —  U  Herbs  native  of  Germany. 

D.  dlbus  Willd.  St.  simple ;  Ivs.  pinnate,  the  rachis  more  or  less  winged ;  fls. 
in  a  large,  terminal,  erect  panicle. — In  gardens.  Sts.  1  to  2f  high.  Fls.  showy, 
white,  varying  to  rose-color  and  purple.  The  whole  plant  emits  a  lemon-scented, 
aromatic,  volatile  oil,  which  is,  of  course,  inflammable,  but  probably  does  not,  as 
once  affirmed,  render  the  air  (about  it)  inflammable.  (D.  Fraxinella  Link.) 

ft  RUBRA.     Fls.  purple ;  rachis  of  the  leaves  winged. 

3.  XANTHOXYLUM,  L.    PRICKLY  ASH.    (Gr.  favObg,  yellow,  #3Aov, 
wood.)     Sepals  4  or  5 ;  petals  4  or  5,  or  wanting ;  stamens  as  many  as 
the  petals  in  £,  rudimentary  in    ?  ;  pistils  3  to  5,  distinct  below,  with 
coherent  styles,  in  fruit  crustaceous ;   2-valved,  1  or  2-seeded. — Shrubs 
or   trees   with   sharp   prickles,    pinnate    leaves,    and   small,    greenish 
flowers. 

1  X.  Americanum  Miller.     Prickly;  Ifls.  ovate,  subentire,  sessik,  equal  at  base ; 
umbels  axillary ;  sepals  5,  petaloid,  petals  wanting  (more  properly  petals  5,  calyx 
wanting). — A  shrub  10  or  12f  high,  found  in  woods  in  most  parts  of  the  U.  S. 
The  branches  are  armed  with  strong,  conical,  brown  prickles,  with  a  broad  base. 
Lfts.  about  5  pairs,  with  an  odd  one,  smooth  above,  downy  beneath ;  common 
petioles,  with  or  without  prickles.     Fls.  im  small,  dense  umbels,  axillary,  greenish, 
appearing  before  the  leaves ;  seeds  large,  black.    The  bark  is  bitter,  aromatic,  and 
stimulant,  used  for  rheumatism  and  to  alleviate  the  toothache.     Apr.,  May. 

2  X.  Carolinianum  Lam.     Prickly ;    Ifts.  falcate-lanceolate,    very  inequilateral, 
petiolulate;  fls.  in  terminal,  umbel-like  panicles;  sep.  minute. — Southern  States. 
Tree  attaining  considerable  size.     Some  in  woods  N.  of  Montgomery,  Ala.,  aro 
nearly  40f  high,  with  trunk  10  or  12'  diam.     Bark  light  gray,  with  the  prickles 
protruding  through  large,  corky  cones.     Lvs.  6  to  15'  long,  smooth   and   shining 
both  sides.     Lfts.  7  to  13,  obscurely  crenate-serrate,  only  the  odd  ona  equilateral. 
Fls.  numerous,  globular,  finally  expanded,  and  the  5  stamens  exserted.     Bark 


ORDER  38.— ANACARDIACEJ3. 


283 


excessively  pungent  in  taste.     May. — Tho  cone-like  warts  on  the  bark  of  tho 
larger  trees  are  very  curious. 

4.  PTELEA,  L.     SHRUB  TREFOIL.     (Gr.  nreMa,  the  elm  tree  ;  from 
the  resemblance  of  the  fruits.)      ?  $  $.  Sepals  3  to  G,  mostly  4,  much 
shorter  than  the  spreading  petals  ;    $  stamens  longer  than  the  petals 
and  alternate  with  them,  very  short  and  imperfect  in   ?  ;  ovary  of  2 
united  carpels ;  styles  united,  short  or  0 ;  stigmas  2  ;  fruit  2-celled,  2- 
seeded  samara),  with  a  broad,  orbicular  margin. — Shrubs  with  3  to  C- 
foliate  Ivs.     Fls.  cymous. 

P.  trifoliata  L.  Lvs.  3-foliate,  Ifts.  sessile,  ovate,  short-acuminate,  lateral  ones 
inequilateral,  terminal  ones  cuneate  at  base  ;  cymes  corymbous ;  stain,  mostly  4 ; 
sty.  short. — An  ornamental  shrub,  6  to  8f  high,  West.  States,  rare  in  W.  N.  York. 
Lfts.  3  to  4J'  by  1J  to  If,  the  ped.  rather  longer.  Fls.  white,  odorous,  nearly  £' 
diam.  Samara  nearly  1'  diam. 

5.  AILANTHUS,Desf.     CHINESE    "  TREE-OF-HEAVEN."     (From  the 
Chinese  name,  Ailanto.}      ?  £  $  Sepals  5,  more  or  less  united  at  base; 
petals  5  ;    £  stamens  2  to  3  ;  ovaries  3   to  5  ;  styles  lateral ;  fruit  1- 
celled,  l-s3cded  samara?,  with  oblong  margins  ;    $  stamens  10  ;   $  ova- 
ries, styles  and  samarae  as  in   £  . — Oriental  trees  and  shrubs  with  pin- 
nate Ivs.     Fls.  in  panicles.     Recently  stationed  in  Order  Simarubaeua;. 

A.  glandulosa  Desf.  Lvs.  glabrous,  unequally  pinnate,  Ifts.  ovate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  shortly  petiolate,  with  one  or  two  obtuse,  glandular  teeth 
each  side  at  base,  terminal  one  long-petiolate. — A  tree  of  large  dimensions,  and 
with  luxuriant  foliage.  Trunk  straight,  with  a  smooth,  brown  bark.  Lvs.  3  to 
5f  in  length,  with  10  to  20  pairs  of  leaflets,  and  an  odd  one.  Fls.  in  terminal 
panicles,  green,  very  ill-scented,  rendering  the  tree  a  nuisance  when  in  bloom 
(May  and  June).  The  rapid  growth  of  this  tree  is  its  only  recommendation  as  a 
tenant  of  our  parks. 


ORDER  XXXVIII. 


ANACARDIACEJE.     SUMACHS. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  a  resinous,  gummy,  caustic, 
or  even  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  simple  or 
ternate,  or  unequally  pinnate,  without  pellucid 
dots.  Fls.  terminal  or.  axillary,  with  bracts,  com- 
monly dioecious,  small.  Sepal?  3  to  5,  united  at 
base,  persistent.  Petals  of  tho  samo  number, 
(sometimes  0),  imbricated.  Stamens  as  many  as 
petals,  alternate  with  them,  distinct  or  coherent, 
and  perigynous.  Ovary  1-celled,  free.  Ovule  one. 
Styles  3  or  0.  Stigmas  3.  Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe, 
usually  the  latter,  and  1-seeded.  Albumen  0. 

Genera  4S,  species  100,  chiefly  natives  of  tropical 
regions,  represented  in  tho  U.  16.  by  the  genus  Ithus 
only. 

Properties.— Those  plants  abound  in  a  resinous  juico, 
•which  is  poisonous,  but  is  used  as  an  indelibly  ink  in 
marking  linen,  and  as  an  ingredient  in  varnish.  Even 
the  exhalations  from  some  of  the  species  are  deemed 

poisonous.  The  Cashew  nut  is  the.product  of  a  small  tree  of  both  Indies.  When  fresh  the  ker- 
nel is  full  of  a  milky  juice,  and  has  a  most  delicious  taste,  but  the  coats  aro  filled  with  a  caus- 
tic oil  which  blisters  the  skin  and  kills  warts. 

RHUS,  L.  SUMAC.  (The  ancient  name,"from  Celtic,  rhudd,  red  ?) 
Calyx  of  5  sepals  united  at.  base  ;  petals  and  stamens  5  ;  styles  3,  stig- 
mas capitate  ;  fruit  a  small,  1-seedcd,  subglobous,  dry  drupe. — Small 


C31 


V 


631,  Rhus,  leaf  and  panicle.  '2.  A  ?tnm- 
inate  flower.  3.  Section  of  a  fertile  flower. 


284  ORDER  38. — ANACARDIACE^E. 

trees  or  shrubs.     Lvs.   alternate,  mostly  compound.      Fls.   often,  by 
abortion,  imperfect. 

§  Leaves  simple.     Flowers  perfect  (or  all  abortive  in  cultivation) Xos.  9, 10 

§  Leaves  compound.     Flower  polygamous,  (a) 

a  Fls.  in  clustered  spikes  preceding;  the  trifoliate  leaves No.  8 

a  Fls.  in  axillary  panicles,  with  the  3 — 13-foliate  leaves.      Poisonous Nos.  5 — 7 

a  Fls.  in  terminal  thyrses,  with  the  9— 31-foliate  loaves,  (b) 

b  Common  petiole  winged  between  the  leaflets No.  -1 

b  Common  petiole,  not  winged JSos.  1—3 

1  R.  glabraL.     Lvs.  and  Iranches  glabrous ;  Ifts.  11  to  31,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
acutely  serrate,  whitish  beneath;  fr.  red  with  crimson  hairs. — Thickets  and  waste 
ground,  U.  S.   and  Can.     Shrub,  6  to  15f  high,  consisting  of  many  straggling 
branches,  smooth,  except  its  fruit.     Lfts.  sessile,  except  sometimes  the  terminal 
odd  one.     Fls.  in  terminal,  thyrsoid,  dense  panicles,  greenish-red,  5  $ .     Fertile 
ovaries,  clothed  with  grayish  down,  which  in  fruit  becomes  crimson,  and  con- 
tains malic    acid  (bi-malate  of  lime,  Prof.  Rogers),  extemely  sour  to  the  taste, 
Jn.,  Jl.     The  bark  of  this  and  other  species  may  be  used  in  tanning.    The  drupes 
dyo  red. 

2  R.  typhina  L.      Branches  and  petioles  densely  mUous ;   Ifts.  11  to  31,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  pubescent  beneath ;  fr.  red,  with  crimson 
hairs. — A  larger  shrub  than  the  former,  attaining  the  height  of  20fj  in  rocky  or 
low  barren  places,  Can.  and  U.  S.     St.  with  straggling,  thick  branches.     Lvs. 
at  length  2  to  3f  long ;  Ifts.  sessile,  except  the  terminal,  odd  one.     Fls.  in  ter- 
minal, thyrsoid,  denso  panicles,  yellowish-green,  often  ?  $  or  5  $  $ .     Drupes 
compressed,  compact,  the  crimson  down  very  acid.     Jn.     The  wood  is  aromatic, 
of  a  sulphur-yellow,  and  used  in  dyeing. 

(3.  LACINIATA.      Lfts.  very  irregularly  coherent  and  incised;  panicles  partly 
transformed  iuto  gashed  leaves.     Hanover,  N.  II.  (Rickard). 

3  R.  prnnila  MX.      Procumbent,  villous-pubescent ;   Ifts.   9  to   13,  oval  or  oblong, 
coarsely  toothed;    drupes  red,   silky-pubescent. — In    upper  Carolina.      Shrub, 
creeping  extensively,  with  branches  1  to  2f  high,  bearing  a  subsessile,  terminal, 
thyrsoid  panicle.     Lfts.  all  sessile,  clothed  with  a  velvety  pubescence  beneath, 
the  three  upper  often  confluent.     This  species  is  very  poisonous. 

4  R.  copallina  L.     MOUNTAIN  SUMAC.     Branches  and  petioles  pubescent;  Ifts  {?. 
to  21,  oval-lanceolate,  mostly  entire,  unequal  at  base,  common  petiole  ivinged; 
fls.  in  dense  panicles ;  drupes  red,  hairy.     A  smaller  shrub,  not  half  the  hight  of 
Numb.  2,  in  dry,  rocky  places,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Compound  petiole  about  6'  long, 
expanding  into  a  leafy  margin,  between  each  pair  of  leaflets.     Lfts.  1  to  3'  long, 
near  £  as  wide,  dark-green,  and  shining  on  the  upper  surface.     Panicles  of  fla. 
terminal,  sessile,  thyrsoid,    $  $ ,  greenish.     Drupes  acid.     Jl. 

ft.  Lfts.  coarsely  and  unequally  serrate.     N.  Y.  (Barratt.) 

5  R.  venenata  DC.    POISON  SUMAC.     DOG  WOOD.     Very  glabrous;  Ifts.  7  to  13, 
'    oval,   abruptly  acuminate,   very  entire ;    panicles  loose,  axiliary,   pedunculate ; 

drupes  greenish-3rellow,  smooth.  A  shrub  or  small  tree  of  fine  appearance,  10  to 
15f  high,  in  swamps,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Trunk  several  inches  diam.,  with  spread- 
ing branches  above.  Petioles  wingless,  red,  G  to  10'  long.  Lfts.  about  3'  long, 
£  as  wide,  sessile,  except  the  odd  one.  Panicles  axillary,  $  $ ,  those  of  the 
barren  ones  more  diffuse.  Fls.  very  small,  green.  Drupes  as  large  as  peas.  Jn. 
The  whole  plant  is  very  poisonous  to  the  taste  or  touch,  and  even  taints  the  air 
to  some  distance  around  with  its  pernicious  effluvium. 

6  R.  toxicodendron  L.    POISON  OAK.    POISON  IVY.    Erect,  or  decumbent ;  Ivs. 
pubescent;  Ifts.  3,  broadly  oval,  acuminate,  angular  or  sinuate-dentate;  fls.  in 
racemous,  axillary,  subsessile  panicles;  drupes  smooth,  roundish. — Can.   to  the 
uplands  of  Ga.     A  small,  weak  shrub,  1  to  3f  high,  young  branches,  and  Ivs. 
beneath  down}-.     Lfts.  2  to  6'  long,  f  as  wide,  petiolate,  the  common  petiole  4  to 
6'  long.     Fls.  small,   $  $ .     Drupes  pale-brown.  "  Poisonous,   but  less  so  than 
the  last. 

7  R.  radicans  L.     CLIMBING  IVY.     Stems  climbing  by  means  of  innumerable 
radicating  tendrils;    leaflets  ovate,    smooth,   entire;    fls.    racemed   in   axillary 
panicles.     A  vigorous,  woody  climber,  ascending  trees  and  other  objects  10  to  40 
or  50f,  common  in  damp  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Tho  stem  becomes  1'  to  2'  in 


OBDER  40.— ACERACELE. 


285 


thickness,  covered  with  a  grayish,  scaly  bark,  and  throws  out  all  along-  its  length 
myriads  of  thread-like  rootlets,  which  bind  it  firmly  to  its  support.  Leaflets  X 
of  a  dark  and  shining  green,  the  lowest  rarely  angular.  Berries  dull  white  Fls! 
greenish.  May,  Jn.— The  juice,  like  that  of  the  last,  is  poisonous,  and  forme  an 
indelible  ink.  (R.  tox.  /?.  MX.  and  Ed.  2d.) 

8  R.  aromatica  Ait.     SWEET  SUMAC.    Lfls.  sessile,  incisdy  crenate,  pubescent 
beneath,  lateral  ones  ovate,  terminal  one  rhomboid ;  fls.  in  close  aments  preced- 
ing the  leaves ;  drupe  globous,  villous.— A  small,  aromatic  shrub  2  to  W  high 
in  hedges  and  thickets,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Lfts.  1  to  2'  long.  1  as  wide,  sessile  the 
common  petiole  an  inch  or  two  in  length.     Fls.  yellowish  with  a  5-lobed  glandu- 
lar disk.     Drupes  red,  acid.     May.     Not  poisonous. 

9  R.  Cotinus  L.     VENETIAN  SUMAC.     Lvs.  obovate,  entire;  fls.  mostly  abortive 
pedicels  finally  elongated  and  clothed  with  hairs.— A  small  shrub  8f  high,  native 
iu  Ark.  according  to  Nuttall  (?),  remarkable  chiefly  for  the  very  singular  and  orna- 
mental appearance  of  its  long,  diffuse,  feathery  fruit-stalks,  showing  in  the  dis- 
tance as  it  the  plant  were  enveloped  in  a  cloud  of  smoke.     Fls.  small,  in  terminal, 
compound  panicles.     Lvs.  smooth,  entire,  much  rounded  at  the  end.     In  Italy 
the  plant  is  used  for  tanning. 

10  R.  cotinoides  Buckley.     A  large  tree,  40  to  50f  in  height,  in  woods  on  the 
high  mts.  of  K  Car.  (Buckley).     Also  in  Ark.  (Nuttall?).     .We  have  seen  no 
specimens,  and  are  unable  to  give  the  specific  differences  between  this  new 
species  and  R.  Cotinus,  if,  indeed,  it  be  distinct,  as  is  probable. 

ORDER  XXXIX.     PITTOSPORACE^E. 

Trees  or  Slirubs,  with  alternate,  exstipulate  leaves  and  regular  flowers.     Calyx 
and  corolla  4  or  5-merous,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  deciduous ;  stamens  5,  hypogynou?, 
alternate  with  the  petals.     Ovary  free,  style  single,  stigmas  2  or  more,  cells  or  pla- 
centa as  many.     Seeds  numerous ;   embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 
Genera  12,  species  78,  chiefly  from  Australia. 

PITTOSPORUM,  Solancler.  (Gr  Trrrra,  pitch,  ffiropog,  seed  ;  the  cap- 
sule is  resinous.)  Sepals  5,  deciduous;  petals  5,  conniving  in  a  tube  ; 
capsule  2  to  5-celled,  2  to  5-valved ;  seeds  pulpy. — Handsome  ever- 
green shrubs. 

P.  tobira  Leland.  Lvs.  coriaceous,  smooth  and  polished,  obovate,  obtuse  •  caps. 
3-valved. — This  plant  is  hardy  in  the  gardens,  south,  and  common  in  the  green- 
house, north.  Lvs.  entire,  beautifully  dark -green  and  shining.  Fls.  in  terminal 
clusters,  white,  very  fragrant. 

ORDER  XL.     ACERACE^E.     MAPLES. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite,  usually  simple  and 
palmate-veined  leaves.  Stipules  0.  Flowers  often 
polygamous,  in  axillary  corymbs  or  racemes,  hypo- 
gynous.  Sepals  5,  rarely  4  to  9,  more  or  less  united, 
colored,  imbricate  in  aestivation.  Petals  5,  rarely 
4  to  9,  hypogynous ;  sometimes  0.  Sta.  usually  8, 
on  a  fleshy  disk.  Ovary  2-lobed,  compounded  of  2 
united  carpels.  Fr.  a  double  samara  with  opposite 
wings,  thickened  at  the  lower  edges.  Albumen  0. 
(Illust.  in  Figs.  22,  26,  107,  475,  480.) 

Genera  3,  species  60.    The  sap  of  several  specie*  of  th» 

maple  yields  sugar  by  evaporation. 

1.  ACER,  Moench.   MAPLE.    (The  ancient 
name,  meaning  sharp,  vigorous.)     Flowers 
$  £  ?;    calyx  5   (4— 9)-cleft;    corolla    5 


G34 


63-1,  Samara  of  Maplo. 


286  ORDER  40.— ACERACEJ3. 

(4 — 9)-petaled  or  0  ;  stamens  8   (4 — 12);  styles  2  ;  samaras  2-winged, 
united  at  base,  by  abortion  1-seeded. — Lvs.  simple,  palmately  5-lobed. 

Flowers  in  fascicles,  preceding  the  leaves Nos.  1,  2 

Flowers  in  pendulous  corymbs  appearing  with  the  leaves Nos.  8,  4 

Flowers  in  racemes,  appearing  with  the  leaves .;.. . .  Nos.  5,  6 

1  A.  rdbnim  L.     RED  MAPLE.     SWAMP  MAPLE.     Lvs.  cordate  at  base,  acutely 
and  incisely  toothed,  tho  sinuses  acute,  glaucous  beneath ;  pedicels  elongated  in 
fruit;  petals-linear  oblong ;  ovaries  and  fruit  smooth. — Common  in  low  woods  and 
swamps  throughout  the  country.     It  is  commonly  of  smaller  dimensions  than  tho 
sugar  maple,  but  sometimes  far  exceeds  it.     Specimens  at  Montezuma.  Ind.,  on 
the  Wabash  river,  measure  about  80f  in  height  with  a  trunk  17f  in  circumference. 
Bark  rather  smooth,  becoming  dark  gray  and  broken  with  age.     Tn  early  spring 
it  puts  forth  its  deep  crimson  flowers  in  dense  fascicles  (about  5  from  each  bud). 
Stamens  4  times  as  long  as  tho  petals.     The  fruit  has  its  wings  1'  long,  at  first 
incurved,  finally  divergent,  mostly  red.     The  leaves  vary  greatly  in  form  and 
pubescence,  sometimes  quite  woolly  beneath.     Curled  maple  is  a  variety  of  the 
wood  of  this  species,  much  prized  in  cabinet-work. 

/3.  TRIDEXS.  Lvs.  smaller,  3-lobed,  rounded  at  the  base,  rather  obscurely 
toothed;  fis.  .and  fr.  greenish  yellow. — N".  J.  to  La.  Probably  a  distinct 
species.  Lvs.  whitish  and  rather  smooth  beneath,  2  to  3'  broad.  Fr.  with 
wings  nearly  straight,  diverging  at  90°.  (A.  rubrum  (3?  T.  &  Gr.) 

2  A.  dasycarpum.  Ehrh.     WHITE  MAPLE.     Lvs.  truncated  at  lose,  unequally 
and  incisely  toothed,  with  rather  obtuse  sinuses,  lohite  and  smooth  beneath ;  fls.  in 
crowded,  simple  umbels,  with  short  pedicels  and  downy  ovaries ;  petals  0. — This 
species  much  resembles  the  last,  but  its  leaves  are  larger,  more  pointed,  and 
whiter  beneath,  and  the  winged  fruit  is  also  larger  than  that  of  the  red  maple  or 
of  any  of  the  following  species.     It  is  a  tall  tree,  50f  in  height,  not  uncommon  in 
the  N.  Eng.  forests.     The  flowers  are  of  a  yellowish-green  color,  as  also  the  fruit. 
The  wood  is  white,  softer  and  less  esteemed  than  that  of  other  species.     Tho  sap 
yields  sugar  in  smaller  proportions  than  the  sugar  maple. 

3  A.  saccharinum  L.     SUGAR  MAPLE.    ROCK  MAPLE.    Lvs.  subcordale  at  base; 
acuminate,  remotely  toothed,  with  rounded  and  shallow  sinuses,  glaucous  beneath ; 
fls.  pedunculate,  pendulous. — This  fine  tree  is  found  throughout  U.  S.,  but  most 
abundant  in  the  primitive  soils  of  N.  Eng.,  constituting  the  greater  part  of  some 
of  its  forests.    It  is  a  tree  of  lofty  proportions,  7 Of  in  height,  with  a  trunk  3f  diam. 
The  bark  is  of  a  light-gray  color,  rough  and  scaly.     The  branches  become  numer- 
rous  and  finely  ramified  in  open  situations,  and  in  summer  are  clothed  with  a  foli- 
age of  uncommon  luxuriance  and  beauty,  on  which  account  it  is  more  extensively 
cultivated  as  a  shade  tree  than  any  other,  not  even  excepting  the  majestic  and 
favorite  Elm.    Maple  sugar,  perhaps  the  most  delicious  of  all  sweets,  is  mostly  the 
product  of  this  species.     An  ordinary  tree  will  yield  5  to  10  pounds  in  a  season. 
The  wood  is  very  strong  and  compact,  and  makes  the  best  of  fuel.     It  is  some- 
times curled  like  the  red  maple,  but  oftencr  presents  that  beautiful  arrangement 
of  fibre,  called  bird's-eye  maple,  which  is  highly  esteemed  in  cabinet-work.     Tho 
flowers  are  exceedingly  abundant  and  suspended  on  long,  thread-like  pedicels, 
and  delicately  beautiful.     Apr. 

4  A.  iiigrum.  MX.     BLACK  MAPLE.    SUGAR  TREE.    Lvs.  cordate,  with  the  sinus 
dosed,  lobes  divaricate,  sinuate-dentate,  paler  beneath,  with  the  veins  beneath,  and 
the  petioles  pubescent ;  fls.  on  long,  slender  pedicels;  fr.  glabrous,  turgid  at  base, 
the  wings  diverging. — A  large  tree,  in  mountainous  situations,  Yt.  to  Ind.     Re- 
sembles the  last,  but  is  probably  distinct.     Trunk  30  to  7 Of  high,  with  a  shaggy 
bark.     Lvs.  3  to  5'  diam.,  dark  green  above,  the  two  interior  lobes  much  smaller. 
Fls.  pendulous,  on  long  peduncles,  yellowish.     Fr.  with  wings  1'  in  length,  pale- 
yellow,  and  more  diverging  than  A.  saccharinum.     The  sap,  like  the  last  men- 
tioned tree,  yields  sugar  abundantly.     Apr. 

5  A.  Pennsylvanicum,  L.     STRIPED  MAPLE.     "WHISTLE-WOOD.    Lvs.  with  3 
acuminate  lobes,  rounded  at  base,  sharply  denticulate,  smooth ;  roc.  simple,  pendu- 
lous.— A  small  tree  or  shrub  10  to  15f  high.     Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.,  but  most  abun- 
dant in  our  northern  woods.     The  bark  is  smooth  and  beautifully  striped  length- 
wise with  green  and  black.     Fls.  large,  yellowish -green,  succeeded  by  long  clua- 


ORDER  41.— SAPINDACE.E.  28Y 

ters  of  fruit,  with  pale-green  wings.  The  smaller  branches  are  straight  and 
smooth,  easily  separated  from  the  bark  in  spring,  and  are  often  manufactured  by 
the  boys  into  certain  wind  instruments.  Hence  it  is  called  whistle-wood.  In  Eu- 
rope it  is  prized  in  ornamental  gardening.  May.  (A.  striatum  Lam.) 
6  A.  spvicatum  Lam.  MOUNTAIN  MAPLE  Busn.  Los.  acute,  dentate,  pubescent 
beneath;  rac.  erect,  compound. — A  shrub  of  smaller  stature  than  the  last,  found  in 
mountain  or  hilly  woods  throughout  the  country.  The  bark  is  a  light  gray.  Lvs. 
small,  rough,  divided  into  3  or  5  lobe?,  which  are  somewhat  pointed,  with  large, 
sharp  teeth,  and  more  or  less  cordate  at  base.  Fls.  greenish,  numerous  and  min- 
ute, in  cylindric,  oblong,  close  clusters,  becoming  pendulous  with  the  winged 
fruit  Jn. 

7  A.  Pseudo-Platanus  L.    SYCAMORE.    Lvs.  cordate,  glabrous  and  glaucous 
beneath,  segm.  or  lobes  acute,  unequally  dentate ;  fls.  in  long,  pendulous  racemes ; 
samara  glabrous. — Native  of  northern  Europe.     An  ornamental  tree,  40  to  50f 
high,  with  very  large,  dark  green  leaves.    A  beautiful  variety  with  striped  leaves 
is  also  cultivated.     Apr.,  May.  f 

8  A.  macrophyllum  Ph.,  with  large,  very  deeply  5-lobed  Ivs.,  nodding  ra- 
cemes, and  hispid  fruit,  from  Oregon,  is  occasionally  seen  in  shubberies  and  parks. 
It  becomes  a  large  tree,  also 

9  A.  circinatum  Ph.,  with  cordate,  7  to  9-lobed  Ivs.,  and  pedunculate  co- 
rymbs of  flowers,  from  Oregoa.     A  beautiful  tree. 

2.  NEGUNDO,  Moench.     Box  ELDER.     ASH  MAPLE.    Flowers  ?  $  • 
corolla  0  ;   ?  flowers  racemcd,   $>  fascicled  ;  calyx,  stamens  and  fruit  as 
in  the  last  genus. —  Lvs.  compound,  pinnatcly  3  to  5-foliate. 
N.  aceroides  Moench.     Lvs.  ternate  and  5-pinnate ;  Ifts.  ovate,  acuminate,  re- 
motely and  unequally  dentate ;    $   racemes  long  and  pendulous ;   barren  fls. 
corymbous;  fr.  oblong,  with  large  wings  dilated  upwards. — A  handsome  tree,  20 
to  30f  high,  with  irregular,  spreading  branches,  in  low  grounds,  Can.  to  N.  Car. 
and  Tenn.     The  trunk  is  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter,  and  when  young  covered 
with  a  smooth,  yellowish  green  bark.     Lfts.  serrated  above  the  middle,  petiolate, 
the  terminal  one  largest,  all  slightly  pubescent.     Wings  of  the  samara  approxi- 
mate, broadest  towards  the  end.     Apr.     (Acer  Negundo  L.) 

ORDER  XLI.     SAPINDACEJ5.     INDIAN  SOAPWORTS. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  simple  or  compound,  alternate  or  opposite 
leaves.  Flowers  mostly  unsymmetrical  and  irregular,  4  or  5-merous,  with  the  sepals 
and  petals  both  imbricated  in  the  bud,  with  the  stamens  5  to  10,  inserted  on  a  hy- 
pogynous  or  perigynous  disk;  Ovary  2  or  3-celled  and  lobed  with  2  (rarely  more) 
ovules  in  each  cell.  Embryo  mostly  curved  or  convoluted,  with  little  or  no  albu- 
men. (Figures  209,  358.) 

Genera  73,  species  415,  scattered  over  all  countries,  and  of  various  qualities  and  uses.  The 
Order  is  named  from  the  saponaceous  principle  contained  in  the  seed  of  Sapinda  Saponaria  and 
other  species,  which  makes  a  lather  with  water  useful  in  washing.  Tho  fruits  of  the  Paullinia 
arc  poisonous,  those  of  Nepheliura  delicious  and  wholesome. 

TRIBES   AND   GENERA. 
HIPPOCASTANE.iE.    Lvs.  opposite.    Carpels  2-ovuled.    Embryo  curved. 

Petals  unequal.    Stamens  7.    Leaves  digitate JEscuLua.    1 

SAPIXDE2E.     Leaves  alternate.    Carpels  1-ovuled.    Embryo  curved. 

Trees.  Fruit  1  to  3  fleshy,  connate,  globular  carpels SAPINDTTS.    2 

Herbs,  climbing.    Fruit  an  inflated"  membranous  capsule CAKDIOSPERMUM.    3 

STAPHYLEJ2.    Lvs.  opposite,  pinnate.    Fruit  an  inflated  capsule STAPUYLEA.    4 

1.  jESCULUS,  L.  HORSE  CHESTNUT.  BUCKEYE.  Calyx  5-toothed ; 
corolla  irregular,  4  or  5-petaled  ;  stamens  7  (6  to  8),  distinct,  unequal, 
inserted  on  a  hypogynous  disk ;  style  filiform,  ovary  3-celled,  with  2 
ovules  in  each  cell ;  fruit  coriaceous,'  2  to  3-valved,  containing  but  one 


288  OBDEB  41.— SAPINDACE^l. 

or  very  few  large,  smooth  seeds ;  cotyledons  thick,  bulky,  inseparable. — 
Trees  or  shrubs  with  opposite,  digitate,  5  to  7-foliate  Ivs.  Fls.  pani- 
culate, terminal. 

§  ^ESCPLCS  DC.    Fruit  covered  with  prickles.    Petals  4  or  5,  spreading Nos.  1,  2 

§  PA  VIA  DC.    Fruit  smooth.    Petals  4,  erect,  the  2  upper  clawed Nos.  3 — 5 

1  2B.  Hippocastamim  L.  HORSE  CHESTNUT.  Los.  of  7  obovate  Ifts. ; 
pet.  5,  spreading;  fr.  prickly.— A  noble  tree,  justly  admired  for  its  majestic  pro- 
portions, and  for  the  beauty  of  its  foliage  and  flowers.  It  is  a  native  of  the  north 
of  Asia,  but  is  now  known  throughout  Europe  and  in  this  country,  and  is  a  fre- 
quent ornament  of  courts  and  avenues.  It  is  of  rapid  growth,  and  attains  the 
height  of  40  or  50f.  In  June  it  puts  forth  numerous  pyramidal  racemes  or 
thyrses  of  flowers  of  pink  and  white,  finely  contrasting  with  the  dark  green  of 
its  foliage.  The  seed  is  large,  mahogany-colored,  and  eaten  only  by  deer,  f 

2  23.  glabra  Willd.     OHIO  BUCKEYE.     Lfts.  5,  oval  or  ollong,  acuminate,  serrate 
or  serrulate ;  fls.  in  lax  thyrsoid  panicles ;    cor.  4-petaled,  spreading,  with  the 
claws  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  stam.  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  corolla  ;  fr.  echi- 
nate. — A  small,  ill-scented  tree,  along  the  banks  of  the  Ohio  and  its  tributaries. 
Lfts.  3  to  6'  long,  *  as  wide,  subsessile,  or  often  contracted  at  base  to  short  stalks. 
Fls.  yellowish-white,  small,  slightly  irregular.     Fr.  hardly  1'  diam.     May,  Jn. 
(Pavia  Ohioensis  MX.) 

3  JfB.  flava  Ait.    Bio  BUCKEYE.     SWEET  BUCKEYE.     Lfts.  5  to  7,  oblong-ovate 
or  elliptic-ovate,  acuminate,  serrulate,  pubescent  beneath ;  fls.  in  thyrsoid,  pubes- 
cent panicles,  about  6  on  each  division  of  the  peduncle ;   cal.  campanulate,  not 
half  the  length  of  the  corolla ;  petals  very  unequal,  connivent,  longer  than  the  stam- 
ens; fr.  unarmed. — A  large  tree,  30  to  70f  high,  common  in  the  Southern  and 
Western  States.     (In  Columbia  co.,  Ga.,  only  4  to  6f  high,  Elliott.)     Lfts.  4  to  1' 
by  1  to  3'.     Fls.  pale  yellow.      Fr.  globous,  uneven  on  the  surface,  but  not 
prickly,  2'  diam.,  with  1  or  2  largo  (!'  diam.),  mahogany-colored  seeds.     Apr., 
May. 

4  -ffi.  Pavia  L.    BUCKEYE.    Lfts.  5  to  7,  oblong-lanceolate,  cuneate  at  base,  shortly 
acuminate,  finely  serrate ;  fls.  red,  very  irregular  in  a  lax,  thyrsoid  raceme ;  pat. 
4,  erect,  as  long  as  stamens]  cal.  tubular,  half  as  long  as  the  2  shorter  petals. — 
A  beautiful  shrub,  3  to  1  Of  high,  common  in  the  Southern  States.     Lvs.  of  a  rich 
shining  green,  the  veins,  petioles  and  twigs  purple.     Fls.  largo  (!'  long),  red, 
glabrous.     Mar. — May.  f 

5  Z3.  parviflora  Walt.     Lfts.  5  to  7,  obovato  acuminate,  serrate,  velvety  canes- 
cent  beneath;  petals  4  (white),  somewhat  similar  and  spreading,  thrice  shorter  than 
the  capillary  stamens. — A  beautiful  shrub,  2  to  5f  high,  in  upper  Ga.  and  S.  Car. 
Fls.  very  numerous,  in  a  long,  slender,  racemous  thyrse.     The  upper  petals  are 
rather  longer,  all  on  slender,  exserted  claws.    Apr.,  May.    (M.  macrostachya  MX.) 

2.  SAPINDUS,  L.    SOAP-BERRY.    (That  is,  by  syncope,  Sapo  Indicus, 
Indian  soap.)     Sepals  4  or  5 ;  petals  as  many,  or  one  less  by  abortion, 
appendagcd  inside  with  a  gland,  scale  or  beard  ;  stamens  8  to  10;  in- 
serted on  the  upper  surface  of  the  fleshy  disk ;  stigmas  3  ;  fruit  3, 
connate,  globular,  fleshy  carpels,  often  by  abortion  2  or  1  ;  seed  large, 
solitary. — Trees  with  alternate,  pinnate,  exstipulate  leaves. 

S.  marginatus  Willd.  Common  petioles  wingless ;  Ifts.  9  to  18,  ovate-lance- 
olate, long-pointed,  very  inequilateral,  short-stalked,  entire,  glabrous,  shining 
above ;  fls.  in  dense  compound  panicles,  $  $  or  $  $  ?  . — Ga.  to  Ark.  Tree  20 
to  40f  high,  with  bright-green  foliage  and  small  fls.  in  large  terminal  panicles. 
The  barren  panicles  much  mose  dense  and  compound  than  the  fertile.  Filaments 
hairy.  Berry  usually  single,  rarely  triple,  reddish-brown,  as  large  as  an  ounce 
bullet,  its  pulp  soapy.  Seeds  loose,  rattling. 

3.  CARDIOSPERMUM,  L.  HEART-SEED.  BALLOON-VINE.   (Gr.  napdia, 
heart,  crrrt'p^a,  seeds ;  the  globous  seeds  marked  with  a  large  cordate 
hilum.)     Sepals  4,  the  2  outer  smallest ;  petals  4,  each  with  an  emar- 


ORDER  42.— CELASTRACE^E.  289 

ginate  scale  above  the  base ;  the  2  lower  remote  from  the  stamens, 
their  scales  crested ;  stamens  8,  unequal ;  style  trifid ;  capsule  mem- 
branous, inflated. — Climbing  herbs  with  biternate  Ivs.  Lower  pair  of 
pedicels  changed  to  tendrils. 

C.  Haliacabum  L.  Plant  nearly  glabrous ;  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  inciscly  lobed  and 
dentate;  fr.  pyriform-globous,  large,  bladder-like. — Native  on  the  Missouri  and 
its  branches,  Torr.  &  Gr.  Naturalized  in  the  Western  States,  Mead.  A  curious 
vine,  4  to  Gf  in  length,  with  remarkably,  large,  inflated,  membranous  cap- 
sules. Jl.  § 

4.  STAPHYLEA,  L.  BLADDER-NUT.  (A  Greek  word,  meaning  a 
cluster  of  grapes ;  from  the  form  of  the  fructification.)  Fls.  £  ;  calyx 
of  5,  colored,  persistent  sepals ;  petals  and  stamens  5  ;  styles  3  ;  cap- 
sules 2  to  3-celled,  thin,  and  inflated  ;  seeds  not  ariled.  Shrubs  with 
opposite,  3  to  7-foliatc  Ivs.  and  caducous  stipules. 

S.  trifolia  L.  Lvs,  ternate ;  rac.  pendulous  ;  pet.  ciliate  below ;  fr.  ovate. — A  hand- 
some shrub,  6  to  8f  high,  in  moist  woods  and  thickets,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Tenn. 
Lfts.  oval-acuminate,  serrate,  pale  beneath,  with  scattered  hairs.  Fls.  white,  very 
elegant,  in  a  short,  drooping  raceme.  The  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  plant 
is  its  large,  inflated  capsules,  which  are  3-sided,  3-parted  at  top,  3-celled,  contain- 
ing several  hard,  small  nuts  or  seeds,  with  a  bony,  smooth  and  polished  testa. 
May. 

ORDER  XLII.     CELASTRACE^E.     STAFF  TREES. 

Shrubs  with  simple  leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  with  flowers  small,  regular,  4  or 
5-merous,  perigynous,  sepals  and  petals  both  imbricated  in  aestivation,  star$,ens  alter- 
nate with  the  petals  and  inserted  on  a  disk  which  fills  up  the  bottom  of  the  calyx; 
carpels  2  to  5,  styles  united.  (Fig.  460.)  Fruit  free  from  the  calyx  with  2  to  5  cells. 
Seeds  ariled,  few,  albuminous. 

An  order  closely  related  to  the  last,  embracing  about  80  genera  and  200  species,  chiefly  inhab- 
iting the  temperate  zone  of  each  hemisphere.  They  possess  acrid  and  bitter  properties,  some- 
times emetic  and  stimulant. 

i.  CELASTRUS,  L.  STAFF-TREE.  Flowers  often  imperfect;  calyx 
flat,  of  5  united  sepals ;  corolla  spreading,  of  5  sessile  petals  ;  capsule 
subglobous,  or  3-angled,  3-celled ;  seeds  with  an  arillus,  1  to  2  in  each 
cell. — Climbing  shrubs,  with  alternate,  deciduous  Ivs.  and  minute,  de- 
ciduous stipules. 

C.  scandens  L.  Unarmed;  st.  woody,  twining;  Ivs.  oblong,  acuminate,  serrato; 
rac.  terminal;  fls.  dioecious. — A  climbing  shrub  in  woods  and  thickets,  the  stems 
twining  about  other  trees  or  each  other,  ascending  to  a  great  height.  Lvs.  alter- 
nate, stipulate,  petiolate,  smooth.  Fls.  in  small  racemes,  greenish  white.  Sds. 
covered  with  a  scarlet  aril,  and  contained  in  a  3-valved  capsule,  continuing  upon 
the  stem  through  the  winter.  Jn. 

3.  EUONYMUS,  Tourn.  SPINDLE  TREE.  (Gr.  ev,  good,  ovo^d, 
name.)  Flowers  perfect;  calyx  flat,  of  5  (sometimes  4  or  6)  united 
sepals;  corolla  flat,  inserted  on  the  outer  margin  of  a  glandular  disk; 
stamens  5,  with  short  filaments ;  capsule  colored,  5-angled,  5-celled, 
5-valvcd;  seeds  ariled. — Shrubs  erect  or  trailing,  with  opposite,  ser- 
rate Ivs. 
1  B.  atropurpfcreus  Jacq.  SPINDLE  TREE.  BURNING  BUSH.  Branches  smooth ; 

Ivs.  elliptic-ovate,  petiolate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  puberulent   beneath;  ped. 

compressed,  many-flowered;    fls.  usually  4-merous;    capsule   smooth,  lobed.— A 

smooth  shrub,  4  to  1  Of  high,  in  shady  woods,  U.  S.,  E.  of  the  Miss.     Lvs.  2  to  5' 

19 


290  ORDER  43.— RHAMNACEJS. 

long,  J  as  wide,  acute  or  often  rounded  at  base,  on  petioles  £  to  1'  long.  PecL 
opposite,  slender,  1  to  2V  long,  each  with  a  cyme  of  3  to  6  flowers.  Cor.  dark 
purple,  4  to  5"  diam.  "Caps,  crimson,  smooth.  Sds.  covered  in  a  bright  red 
aril.  Jn. 

2  E.  Americanus  L.     BURNING  BUSH.     Branches  smooth,  4-angled;    Ivs.  oval 
and  elliptic-lanceolate,  subentire  below,  acuminate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  apex,  smooth, 
sessile  or  nearly  so;  ped.  round,  about  3-flowered;  fls.  mostly  pentamerous;  caps, 
verrucous. — Shrub  of  smaller  size  than  the  preceding,  with  small  Ivs.  in  moist 
woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  £  as  wide,  coriaceous.     Ped.  slender, 

1,  2  or  4-flowered.     Fls.  a  little  larger  than  in  No.  1,  yellow  and  pink,  the  parts 
rarely  in  3s.     Capsule  dark  red,  warty.     Sds.  with  a  bright-red  aril.     Jn. 

p.  OBOVATUS  T.  &  G.      Trailing  and  rooting;  Ivs.  obovate-oval,  rather  pointed 
or  obtuse,  acute  and  short-petiolate  at  base.     Ohio,  <tc.     (E.  obovatus  Nutt.) 

3  E.  augustifolius  Ph.      Branches   4-sided;    Ivs.   linear-lanceolate,  inequilateral 
and  subfalcate,  acute  at  each  end,  obscurely  serrate,  almost  sessile ;  pedicels  1  to 
3-flowered;  fls.  5-merous,  pet.  distinctly  clawed. — Woods  near  Savannah,  Ga.    St. 
decumbent.     Branches  regularly  opposite,  so  that  the  plant  appears  like  a  bipin- 
nate  leaf.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  3  to  5"  wide,  sharply  acute;  fls.  as  large  as  in  No. 

2.  Apr.,  May. 

4  E.  Europaeus  L.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate,  glabrous;  ped.  compressed, 
3-flowered;  fls.  usually  tetrandrous. — Native  of  Europe.  A  handsome  shrub,  4  to 
12f  high,  sometimes  found  in  shrubberies,  although  certainly  not  superior  in  ele- 
gance to  No.  1.  May — Jl.  f 

ORDER  XLIII.     RHAMNACE^E.     BUCKTHORNS. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  often  spiny,  with  simple,  alternate  Ivs.  with  flowers  regular, 
sometimes  apetalous  or  otherwise  imperfect ;  with  the  stamens  perigynous,  as  many 
(4  or  5)  as  the  valvate  sepals,  alternate  with  them,  and  opposite  to  the  petals  when 
they  are  present.  Disk  fleshy ;  capsule  or  berry  with  one  albuminous  seed  in  each 
cell. 

Genera  42,  species  250,  distributed  throughout  all  countries  except  those  in  the  frigid  zones. 
Many  aro  natives  of  U.  S.  Ceanothus  is  peculiar  to  N.  America. 

Properties.  The  berries  of  many  species  of  llhamnus  are  violent  purgatives.  The  Zizyphus 
Jujuba  yields  the  well-known  jujube  paste  of  the  shops.  The  leaves  of  Ceanothus  have  becu 
used  as  a  substitute  for  tea. 

GENERA. 

Flowers  clustered,  axillary.     Petals  as  long  as  sepals  or  none HIIAMNTTS  1 

Flowers  clustered,  terminal.     Petals  on  long  cxserted  claws CEANOTHUS  2 

Flowers  panicled,  terminal.     Petals  as  long  as  the  sepals BKKOIIKMIA  8 

Flowers  spicate,  terminal.    Petals  very  minute .SAGEUKTIA  4 

i.  RHAMNUS,  L.  BUCKTHORN.  (The  Greek  name.)  Calyx  urcco- 
latc,  4  or  5-cleft ;  petals  4  or  5,  notched,  lobed  or  entire,  or  sometimes 
wanting ;  ovary  free,  not  immersed  in  the  thin  torus,  2  to  4-celled  ; 
styles  2  to  4,  more  or  less  united ;  drupe  containing  2  to  4  cartilaginous 
nuts. — Lvs.  alternate,  rarely  opposite.  Fls.  in  axillary  clusters. 

§  Flowers  tqtramerous.    Leaves  with  arcuate  veins Nos.  1,  2 

§  Flowers  pentamerous.    Leaves  with  straightish  veinlets Nos.  3,  4 

1  R.  cathcirticus  L.  TJiorny;  Ivs.  ovate,  denticulate-serrate;  fls.  fascicled; 
polygamo-dicecious,  mostly  tetrandrous;  sty.  4,  at  apex  distinct  and  recurved;  fr. 
globular,  4-seeded. — Cultivated  in  hedges,  and  occasionally  found  wild  in  N.  Eng. 
and  N.  Y.  It  is  a  shrub  or  tree  10  to  ]5f  high,  spreading,  with  thorns  termin- 
nating  the  short  branches.  Lvs.  somewhat  opposite.  1  to  2'  long,  §  as  wide,  usu- 
ally with  an  abrupt  acumination,  and  with  5  to  7  arcuate  veins.  Pedicels  3  to  4" 
long.  Fls.  greenish.  Petals  inconspicuous,  entire  (sometimes  0  ?),  narrower  thaa 
•the  lanceolate  sepals.  Berries  black,  with  a  green  juice,  cathartic,  and  forming 
with  alum  the  pigment  called  gap  green. 


ORDER  43.— RHAMNACE^G.  291 

2  R.  lanceolatus   Ph.      Thornless;    Ivs.   lanceolate  or  lance-oblong,   acute   at 
each  end,  serrulate,  the  younger  leaves  obtuse ;  fls.  1  to  3  together ;  petals  2-lobed ; 
styles  2,  at  apex  distinct  and  diverging;  drupes  2-seeded. — Shrub  4  to  8f  high,  011 
the  rocky  banks  of  rivers,  Ind.  to  Tenn.  and  Penn.  rare.     Lvs.  about  2'  long,  ou 
ehort,  but  distinct  petioles,  often  nearly  glabrous  when  old.     Fls.  yellowish-green, 
perfect  but  often  fruitless.     Berries  small,  dark  red. 

3  R.  alnifolius  L'Her.     Shrub  erect,  with  unarmed  branches;  Ivs.  oval,  acute, 
serrate,  pubescent  on  tho  veins  beneath;  ped.  aggregate,  \-flowered;  fls.  mostly 
pentandrous  and  apetalous ;  cal.  acute;  sty.  3,  united,  very  short;   fr.  turbinate, 
black. — A  shrub  2  to  4f  high,  in  sphagnous  swamps,  Penn.  to  Can.     Lvs.  1  to  3' 
Ion;*,  ^  as  wide,  acute  at  base.    Berries  about  as  large  as  currants,  black,  3-seeded. 
May,  Jn.     (R.  franguloides  MX.) 

4  R.  Caroliniamis  Walt.     Shrub  erect,  unarmed;  Ivs.  oblong-oval,   obscurely 
serrulate,  acute,  paler  beneath;  fls.  perfect,  in  short,  axillary  umbels,  petals  minute; 
styles  united,  stigmas  3 ;  fr.  globular,  3-seeded. — A  handsome  shrub  or  small  tree 
on  river  banks,   Southern  States   (Feay).      Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  £  as  wide,  dark 
green  and  shining  above,  the  petioles  4  to  5''  long,  veins  prominent.     Fls.  small, 
whitish,  3  to  9  in  each  umbel  which  is  not  longer  than  the  petioles.     Berries  pur- 
ple.    May,  Jn. 

2.  CEANOTHUS,  L.  JERSEY  TEA.  BED-ROOT.  Calyx  tubular-cam- 
pannlate,  5-cleft,  separating  transversely  after  flowering ;  petals  5,  sac- 
cate-arched, with  long  claws ;  stamens  mostly  exsertcd ;  style  mostly 
3-cleft;  capsule  obtusely  triangular,  3-celled,  3-seedccl,  surrounded  at 
base  by  the  persistent  tube  of  the  calyx. — Shrubby  and  thornlcss.  Fls. 
small,  aggregated  at  the  end  of  the  branches. 

1  C.  AmericaiTUS  L.     Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  or  ovate,  serrate,   3-veined;  floivering 
branches  leafy  or  leafless,  elongated. — A  small  shrub  with  a  profusion  of  white 
blossoms,  found  in  woods  and  groves  U.  S.  and  Can.     Very  abundant  on  the  bar- 
rens at  tho  West.     St.  2  to  4f  high,  slender,  with  reddish,  round,  smooth  branches. 
Lvs.  nearly  twice  as  long  as  broad,  very  downy,  with  soft  hairs  beneath.     Fls. 
minute,  white,  in  crowded  panicles  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.     Stamens 
enclosed  in  the  curiously  vaulted  corolla.     The  root,  which  is  large  and  red,  is 
sometimes  used  for  coloring.     The  leaves  have  been  used  as  a  substitute  for 
tea.     Jn. 

/?.  GLABRA.  "Whole  plant  very  nearly  glabrous ;  panicles  leafless.  Wcburn, 
Mass.  (Dr.  Rickard.) 

2  C.  ovalis  Bw.     Lvs.  oval-lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong,  with  glandular  serra- 
tures,  3-veined,  veins  pubescent  beneath ;  thyrse  corymbous,  abbreviated. — Bur- 
lington, Yt.  (Robbins),  W.  to  Mich.     Shrub  2  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  smooth  and  shin- 
ing, 1  to  3'  long,  ^  as  wide,  mostly  acute  at  each  end,  crenately  serrate,  the  ser- 
ratures  tipped  with  black,  glandular  points.     Thyrse  short,  almost  hemispherical, 
IV  diam.,  the  peduncle  1  to  2'  long.     Fls.  white,  larger  than  those  of  the  last. 
May 

3  C.  microplrylhis  MX:     Diffusely  branched,  branches  very  slender;  Ivs.  minute, 
obovate,  rigid,  glabrous,  strigous  beneath,  clustered;  fls.  in  a  simple,  umbellate 
cluster  at  the  end  of  each  branchlet. — Ga.  and  Fla.  in  the  pine  barrens.  _   Small 
shrubs  with  yellowish,   striated  bark;  sts.  If  or  more  in  length,  branching  pin- 
nately.     Lvs.  1  to  2"  in  length,  entire  or  with  few  teeth.     Fls.  white  in  all  their 
parts,  3  to  12  in  a  cluster. 

/3.  SERPYLLIFOLIUS.  Sts.  more  slender,  decumbent,  branch  lets  (peduncles, 
Nutt)  ascending,  few-leaved,  few-flowered ;  Ivs.  rather  larger  (2  to  3")  oval 
or  obovate,  somewhat  serrulate.— Savannah  (Prof.  Pond.).  (C.  serpyllifolius 
Nutt.) 

3.  BERCHEMIA,  ISTecker.  SUPPLE  JACK.  Calyx  5-parted  ;  petals  5, 
convolute,  enclosing  the  5  stamens;  ovary  half  immersed  in  the  disk 
but  free  from  it,  2-celled  ;  style  bifid  ;  drupe  oblong,  with  a  bony,  2 -celled 


292  ORDER  44. — VITACEJE. 

nut. — Unarmed  shrubs,  erect  or  climbing.     Lvs.  pinnate-veined,  with 

many  veinlets.     Panicles  terminal. 

33.  volubilis  DC.  Climbing,  glabrous;  Ivs.  ovate,  straight-veined,  repandly  ser- 
ratj;  fls.  2  $. — Southern  States,  common  in  damp,  rich  soils.  St.  very  supple 
mid  tough,  climbing  10  to  20f,  with  smooth,  reddish  bark  and  pendant  branches. 
Lvs.  about  2'  long,  with  10  to  13  pairs  of  veinlets,  smooth  and  shining.  Pani- 
cles small,  terminating  the  branchlets.  Drupe  dark  purple,  3"  long,  the  nut  hard 
avid  woody.  May,  Jn. 

4.  SAGERETIA,  Brongn.  (Named  for  M.  Sageret,  a  French  florist 
and  veg.  physiologist.)  Calyx  5-cleft ;  petals  5,  convolute ;  sta- 
mens o  ;  ovary  partly  immersed  in  the  entire  disk ;  style  short  and 
thick,  with  a  3-lobed  stigma ;  berry  3-celled. — Shrubs  with  the  slender 
branches  often  spiny,  and  the  Ivs.  opposite.  Fls.  in  rigid,  interrupted 
spikes. 

S.  Michauxii  Brongn.  Branches  at  length  spiny ;  Ivs.  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  sub- 
sessile,  shining  and  subentire ;  fls.  very  small,  in  panicled  spikes ;  petals  minute, 
entire;  berry  3-seeded. — Car.  to  Fla.  along  the  coast.  Shrub  much  branched. 
Lvs.  1'  or  more  long,  the  veinlets  few  and  obscure,  shining  above.  Oct.,  Nov. 

ORDER  XLIV.     VITACE^E.     VINES. 

Shrubs  with  a  watery  juice,  tumid  nodes,  and  usually  climbing  by  tendrils; 
flowers  small,  regular,  racemous,  often  polygamous  or  dioecious ;  calyx  minute, 
truncated,  the  limb  obsolete  or  5-toothed ;  petals  hypogynous,  valvate  in  aestivation, 
as  many  as  and  opposito  to  the  stamens ;  stamens 
inserted  on  the  disk  which  surrounds  the  2-cclled, 
1-styled  ovary.  Fruit  a  berry,  usually  4-seeded; 
seeds,  bony,  albumen  hard.  (Fig.  449.) 

637   \i«^  /"fri^"^-^  Genera  7,  species  260,  natives  of  the  warmer  parts  of 

both  hemisphere's.     Tne  grape  fruit  is  the  only  important 
production  of  this  order.     The  acid  of  the  grape  is  tartnric. 
It  contains  a  sugar  which  differs  from  the  common  sugar 
in  containing  a  smaller  quantity  of  carbon. 
C37    Flower  of  V.  Labrusca. 


1.  YITIS,  L.  GRAPEVINES.  (Celtic  ywyd, 
a  tree  or  shrub.)  Petals  deciduous,  coher- 
ing at  the  top,  or  distinct  and  spreading ; 
ovary  partly  enclosed  within  the  torus,  2- 
celled,  cells  2-ovulecl ;  stigma  sessile,  capi- 
tate ;  berry  1 -celled,  1  to  4-sceded.  Ped. 
often  changed  into  tendrils. 

§  Petals  cobering  at  top  and  falling  without  expanding. 

Leaves  hoary  or  rusty  arachnoid-tomcntous  beneath Nos.  1,  2 

Leaves  glabrous  except  the  veins  and  green  both  sides ISod.  S,  4,  7 

§  Petals  free  at  top,  finally  expanding  and  falling. 

Leaves  simple,  angular  or  not No.  5 

Leaves  bipinnate  or  ternute No.  (5 

Exotic  species No.  7 

1  V.    labriisca    L.       Lvs.    broad-cordate,    angular-lobed,  hoary-tomentous    be- 
neath; berries  large. — This  vine  is  native  through  the  U.  S.,  growing  in  woods 
and  groves.      Like  most  of  the  N.  Am.  species,  the  flowers  are  polygamous. 
St  woody,  rough-barked,  ascending  trees  often  to  a  great  height,   and   hang- 
ing like  cables  suspended  from  the  branches.     Lvs.  very  large,  somewhat  3- 
lobed,  at  first  white-downy  beneath.     Fls.  small,  green,  in  panicles  with  a  leaf 
opposite.     Fr.  large,  purple,  often  green  or  red.     It  is  valued  in  cultivation  for 
its  deep  shade  in  summer  arbors,  and  for  its  fruit,  which  is  pleasant  in  taste. 
The  Isabella  and  Catawba,  and  other  sorts  known  in  gardens  and  vineyards  aro 
varieties  of  this  speciea  \ 

2  V.  aestivalis  L.    Lva.  broadly  cordate,  3  to  5-lobed  or  palmate-sinuate,  coarsel/ 


ORDEU  45.—  POLYGALACE^E.  2Q."i 

dentate,  with,  scattered  ferruginous  hairs  beneath;  fertile  rac.  long,  pauicled, 
berries  small.  —  Grows  in  -syoods,  by  rivers,  &c.  St.  very  long,  slender,  climbing, 
with  very  large  leaves,  which  are  sometimes  with  deep,  rounded  sinuses,  clothed 
beneath,  when  young,  with  arachnoid,  rust-colored  pubescence.  Tendrils  from  tho 
peduncles  which  are  dense  flowered,  and  with  a  leaf  opposite.  Petals  cohering 
at  summit  Berries  deep-blue,  well  flavored,  but  small,  ripe  in  Sept.  Flowers 
in  Jun. 

3  V.  cordifolia  MX.   FROST  GRAPE.     Lvs.  cordate,  acuminate,  somewhat  equally 
toothed,  smooth,  or  pubescent  beneath  the  veins  and  petioles  ;  rac.  loose,  many- 
flowered  ;  berries  small  —  Grows  in  thickets,  by  rivers,  &c.,  ascending  shrubs  and 
trees  to  tho  height  of  10  to  20£     Lvs.  large,  membranous,  often  3-lobed,  with 
pubescent  veins   when  young,  and  with  a  few  acuminate-mucronate   teeth.  . 
Berries  nearly  black,  rather  small,  late,  acid  but  well  flavored  after  tho  frosts  of 
November.     Jn.  (V.  riparia  MX.) 

4  V.  vnlpina  L.      Fox  GRAPE.     SCUPPERNONG-.      Lvs.  (small)  cordate,  slightly 
3-angled  or  lobed,  shining  on  both  sides,  coarsely  toothed,  the  teeth  not  acuminate  ; 
rac.  composed  of  many  capitate  umbels.  —  River  banks  Va.  to  Fla.     Sts.  many 
feet  in  length,  straggling  or  climbing.     Lvs.  2  or  3'  diam.,  shining  most  on  lower 
surface,  having  the  sinus  at  baso  acute,  and  tho  terminal  tooth  rather  pointed. 
Fr,  large,  pleasant,  few  in  a  cluster.     The  variety  called  "  Scuppernong"  is  quito 
common  in  southern  gardens. 

5  V.  indivisa  Willd.     Lvs,  simple,  cordate  or  truncate  at  tho  base,  often  angu- 
br-lobed;  panicles  dichotomous  j    fls.  5-merous;  berry  1-celled,  1  or  2-seeded,  — 
Swamps,  S.  States  to  St.  Louis.   St.  ascending  trees  many  feet   Lvs.  3  to  5'  broad, 
uaequally  toothed,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath-     Panicles  with  spreading 
branches,  none  of  them  changed  to  tendrils.     Berry  small  (hardly  2"  diam.), 
pale-red,  mostly  1-seeded.     (Cissus  Ampelopsis  Pers.) 

6  V.  bipinnata  Torr.  &  Gr.     Lvs.  bipinnate,  Ifts.  incisely  serrate,  glabrous;  fls. 
5-merous.     Southern  States  along  rivers.    A  species  remarkably  distinguished  by 
its  upright,  scarcely  twining  stem,  and    its  compound  leaves.     The  Ifts.  aro 
rhombic-ovate,  about  1'  in  length  or  less,  petioiulate  mucronate.     Tendrils  none. 
Panicles  few-flowered.      Berry  depressed-globous,  the  size  of  a  pea,  purplish- 
black.     Jn.,  Jl.     (Cissus  bipinnata,  Ell.) 

7  V.  viuifera  L.  EUROPEAN  WINE  GRAPE.  Lvs.  cordate,  sinuately  5-lobed, 
glabrous;  fls.  all  $  .  —  No  plant  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  possesses  more  interest- 
ing attributes,  is  cultivated  with  greater  care,  or  has  been  worse  perverted  and 
abused,  than  the  common  vine.  By  cultivation  it  sports  into  endless  varieties, 
differing  in  tho  form,  color,  size  and  flavor  of  the  fruit,  and  in  respect  to  the 
hardiness  of  its  constitution. 


2.  AMPELOPSIS,  MX.     VIRCZN-IA  CREEPER.     (Gr.  d^e^og,  a  vino, 
,  appearance.)     Calyx  entire  ;  petals  5,  distinct,  spreading;  ovary 

2-ccllcd,  cells  2-ovuled;  style  very  short;  berry  2-celled,  cells   1   to 

2-seeded.  —  A  shrubby  vine.      The  tendrils  attach  themselves  by  an 

adhesive  foot-like  expansion  at  the  end. 

A.  qiiinquefolia  MX.  Lvs,  quinate,  digitate;  Ifts.  oblong,  acuminate,  petiolate, 
dentate.  A  vigorous  climber,  found  wild  in  woods  and  thickets.  It  has  long 
been  cultivated  as  a  covering  for  walls,  and  is  best  known  by  the  name  of  wood- 
bine. By  means  of  its  foot-like,  adhesive  tendrils,  it  supports  itself  firmly  upon 
trees  or  walls,  ascending  to  the  height  of  fifty  feet.  The  large  quinate  leaves 
constitute  a  luxuriant  foliage  of  dark,  glossy  green,  changing  to  crimson  in 
autumn.  Fls.  inconspicuous,  greenish,  in  dichotomous  clusters.  . 
blue,  smaller  than  peas,  acid.  JL 

ORDER  XLV.     POLYGALACEJi     MILKWORTS. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  the  leaves  mostly  simple  and  without  stipules.  Ftowerf 
irregular,  unsymmetrical,  hypogynous,  perfect  Sepals  5,  very  unequal,  distinct,  3 
exterior,  2  (wings)  interior  larger,  petaloid.  Petals  3,  the  anterior  (keel)  larger 
than  the  2  posterior.  Stamens  4  to  8,  distinct,  or  cohering  ia  a  tube  which 


294 


ORDER    45.—  POLYGALACEJE. 


ou  tho  upper  side.     Ovary  superior,  compound,  with  suspended  ovules,  united  styles 
and  stigmas.     Fruit  a  2-celled,  2-seeded  pod.     Seeds  pendulous,  furnished  with  a 

caruncle 

Genera  20,  species  .500.  The  germs  Polygala 
is  very  generally  distributed.  The  other  genera 
are  mostly  limited  each  to  a  particular  quarter 
of  the  globe.  Properties  generally  bitter,  acrid 
and  astringent,  with  a  milky  juice  in  the  root. 
Khatany-root,  the  root  of  Krameria,  used  in 
medicine,  yields  a  deep  red  color  and  is  used 
to  adulterate  port  wine.  The  more  active 
species  of  Polygala,  as  P.  Senega,  sanguinea, 
purpurea,  «tc.,  are  emetic,  purgative  and  diu- 
retic. 

POLYGALA,  Tourn.  MILKWORT. 
(Gr.  TTO/IT;^,  much,  yaAa,  milk  ;  said 
to  favor  the  lacteal  secretions  of 
animals.)  Flowers  very  irregular. 
Sepals  5,  2  of  them  wing-shaped 
and  petaloid ;  petals  3,  cohering 
by  their  claws  to  the  filaments, 
lower  one  carinate  and  often  crested 
on  the  back ;  stamens  6  or  8,  fila- 
ments united  into  a  split  tube ;  an- 
thers 1-celled ;  capsule  obcordate, 
2-cclled,  2-seeded,  loculicidal ;  seed 
appendaged  with  a  various  caruncle 
at  the  hilum. — Bitter  herbs  in  the 
TJ.  S.  and  Can.  (elsewhere  often 
shrubby),  with  simple  Ivs.  Fls. 

nicn.s  in  2  sets  and  the  style  seen  beneath  the  hooded         /»,  c     .  /•  *ili  i_  i. 

lower  petal.    6-10,  The  ovary  and  the  style.    1.  Seed      Oltcn    OI     tWO    lOrmS,     tuQ    SUDterra- 
of  P.  sanguinea  with  i'.s  2-lobed  caruncle.    2.  Seed  4.    i 

of  P.  Nuttaiiii.  nean  apetalous. 

Leaves  alternate. — Fls.. purple,  solitary,  2  to  4.    Perennial 'No.  1 

— Fls.  purple,  raccmed.  many.     Biennial Nos.  2,  3 

— Fls.  white.     Spike  slender.     Perennial : No.  4 

— Fls.  purple.     Spike  capitate. — Caruncle  double Nos.  5,  7 

— Caruncle  appears  simple.  Annual.Nos.  8—10 

— Fls.  xanthic.— Spikes  solitary,  large.   Biennial Nos.  11, 12 

—Spikes  numerous,  corymbed,  small.     Biennial Nos.  J3, 14 

Leaves  vcrticillato  on  the  stein. — Spikes  acute,  slender Nos.  15,  16 

—Spikes  obtuse,  thick Nos.  17,  18 

1  P.  paucifolia  L.     St.  simple,  erect,,  naked  below ;  Ivs.  ovate,   acute,  smooth ; 
terminal  fls.  large,   crested,  radical  ones  apetalous. — A  email,  handsome  plant, 
with  a  few  large  (10"  long)  purple  flowers.     "Woods  and   swamps,  Brit.  Am.  to 
Ga.     St.  3  to  4'  high,  with  its  acuto  Ivs.  mostly  near  the  top,  2  to  4  flowers  above 
them.     Cal.  of  5  leaves,  the  upper  one  gibbous  at  base.     Corolla  mostly  purple, 
with  a  purple  crest  on  its  middle  lobo.     Tho  radical  fis.  are  either  close  to  tho 
ground  or  subterraneous,  smaller,   greenish,  wanting  the  wings  of  the  calyx. 
May. 

2  P.  grandiflora  "Walt.     Ascending,  pubescent^    Ivs.   ovate-lanceolate  to  lance- 
linear,  acute ;  fls.  distant,  pendulous  after  blooming,  wings  large,  roundish,  cover- 
ing the  corolla  and  fruit,  keel  as  long  as  the  wings  (3"),  crestless. — (&?  Common  in 
dry  soils,  S.  Car.,  Ga.,  Fla.  to  La.     A  pretty  plant,  9  to  12'  high,  remarkable  for 
its  changeable  flowers,  rose-colored  at  first,  soon  becoming  green  and  drooping, 
and  alone  destitute  of  a  crest,  having  a  yellow  callosity  instead.     Lvs.  9  to  15" 
long,  2  to  4"  wide,  often  nearly  glabrous.     May — Aug. 

*3  P.  polygama  Walt  Sis.  simple,  numerous,  glabrous;  Ivs.  linear  oblong,  mu- 
cronate,  obtuse ;  fls.  racemed,  short-pediceled,  those  of  the  stem  winged,  those 
of  the  root  wingless ;  keel  cristate. — Fields  and  pastures,  Can.  to  Fla.  and  La. 
Sts.  crowded,  many  from  the  same  root,  angular,  smooth.  Lvs.  smooth,  lower 


ORDER  45.— POLYGALACE^E.  295 

obovate,  upper  sessile.     Fls.  purple,  2"  long,  finally  drooping.     Wings  obtuse. 
Anth.  8.     Bracts  small,  subulate,  caducous.     Terminal  racemes  with  perfect  fls., 
radical  racemes  prostrate  or  subterraneous,  wingless  and  nearly  apetalou.s     Jn 
JL  •  Bitter  and  tonic.     (P.  rubella  Willd.) 

4.  P.  Senega  L.  SENECA  SNAKE-ROOT.  St.  erect,  smooth,  simple,  leafy;  Ivs.  alter- 
nate, lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end ;  fis.  slightly  crested,  in  a  terminal  spike-form, 
slender  raceme. — Woods,  Western  States,  rare  in  Eastern.  Root  ligneous,  branched, 
contorted,  about  V  thick,  ash-colored.  Sts.  8  to  14'  high,  several  from  the  same 
root.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  £  as  wide,  numerous,  scattered.  Fls.  white,  in  a  fili- 
form spike,  1  to  2'  long.  Sep.  obtuse,  larger  than  the  petals.  The  root  has  a 
sweetish,  nauseous  taste,  soon  becoming  pungent  and  hot.  Jl.  A  valuable 
stimulating  expectorant 

ft.  LATIFOLIA  T.  &  G.     Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate  at  each  end. — St.  leafy,  more 
than  If  high.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  1'  or  more  broad.    Ind.  (Dr.  Plummer.) 

5  P.  setacea  MX.     Sts.  filiform,  simple,  apparently  kafless  (Ivs.  minute,  deltoid- 
acuminate);    spike  (small)  oblong,  acute;    wings  short-pointed,  shorter  than  the 
petals;  caruncle  enclosing  the  short  stipe  of  the  hairy  seed. — If  N.  Car.  to  Ga. 
and  Fla.     Sts.  about  If  high.    Lvs.  1"  or  less  long.     Fls.  pale  roseate,  in  a  spike 
about  half  an  inch  long.     Jn.,  Jl. — Each  stem  produces  several  heads  during  the 
season,  the  next  in  succession  arising  from  an  inferior  node  after  the  former  has 
shed  its  fruit.     Hence  the  naked  footstalk  often  accompanying  the  single  head 
(Mettauer). 

6  P.  incarnata  L.     Glaucous;  st.  erect,   slender,  mostly  simple;  Ivs.  few,  scat- 
tered, linear-subulate ;    spike  oblong ;    wings  lanceolate,  cuspidate ,  claws  of  the 
petals  united  into  a  long,  cleft  tube ;  caruncle  double,  covering  the  short  stipe  of 
the  very  hairy  seed.—(f)  Dry  soils,  N.  J.,  to  Fla,,  W.  to  Ark.     St  1  to  2f  high. 
Lvs.  4  to  6"  long,  remote.    Spikes  1  to  1^'  long.     Fls.  pale  rose-color  or  flesh- 
color.     The  slender  corolla  tube  erect,  nearly  twice  as  long  (4' )  as  the  wings,  the 
keel  with  a  conspicuous  crest     Jn.,  Jl. 

7  P.  Cbapmanii  Torr.  &  Gr.     Very  slender,  simple,  or  nearly  so ;  Ivs.  linear- 
subulate  ;    spike   loose ;  roundish  oblong,   rather  acute ;  wings  obovate,  slightly 
clawed ;  caruncle  2-lobed,  covering  one  side  of  the  thick  stipe  of  the  thin-haired 
seed.—®  W.  Fla.  to  La.  (Hale).    Sts.  12  to  18'  high.     Lvs.  acute,  6  to  8"  long, 
not  2"  wide.     Fls.  bright  rose-color.     Heads  5"  thick. 

8  P.  Nuttallii  Torr.  &  Gr.     St  erect,  somewhat  fastigiate;  Ivs.  linear;  spikes 
acute,  roundish-oblong,  dense-,   wings  elliptical,  attenuate  at  base;  crest  minute; 
caruncle  notched,  lateral  on  the  thick  seed  stipe. — Mass.,  R.  L,  to  La,     St  6  to  10' 
high,  the  branches  overtopping  the  stem.     Lvs.  6  to  8"  by  1",  acute.     Spikes  5 
to  7"  long,  3  to  4"  diam.     Wings  of  the  calyx  rose-red.     Seeds  black,  pear-shaped. 
Aug.     (P.  sanguinea  Nutt) 

9  P.  fastigiata  Nutt     Slender  and  much  branched  above;  Ivs.  linear;  spikes 
roundish,  loose-flowered;  wings  ovate-oblong,  distinctly  clawed ;  caruncle  broad, 
nearly  embracing  the  small  ssed-slt'p&  (immature). — N.  J.  to  Fla  in  dry  soils.     St 
8  to  *12'  high.     Lvs.  8  to  12"  long,  1"  wide,  acute.    Spikes  about  5"  diam.,  tho 
fls.  distinctly  pediceled,   and  of  a  brighter  rose-color  than  tlie  foregoing.     (P. 
sanguinea  T.  &  G.) 

10  P.  sanguinea  L.     St  branching  at  top ;  Ivs.  linear  and  lance-linear,  spikes 
oblong,  obtuse,  dense;  wings  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse,  subsessile;  caruncle  mostly 
simple,  nearly  as  long  as  the  hairy  seed.— An  erect  plant,  6  to  12'  high,  found  in 
meadows  and  wet  grounds,  Mass,  to  La.     St  angular,  with  fastigiate  branches, 
each  ending  in  a  smaller  spike  than  that  of  the  main  stem,  but  often  overtopping 
it     Lvs  1'  long,  1  to  2"  wide.     Heads  about  6"  thick.     The  caruncle  is  double 
in  a  few  of  the  seeds,  with  divergent  segments.     Fls.  purple,  caducous.     JL— 
Oct     (P.  purpurea  Nutt) 

11  P.  lutea  L     St.  mostly  simple;  root  Ivs.  spatulate,  obtuse,  attenuate  at  base ; 
caulina  ones  lanceolate,  acute;  rac.  ovaie-gkbcus,  obtuse,  dense;  fls.  pedicillite; 
wiugs  ovate,  mucronate,  keel  with  a  minute  crest.— Sandy  plains,  N.  J.  to  i  la. 
St.  8  to  13'  high,  generally  many  from  the  same  root,  seldom  with  a  few  spread- 
ing  branches.     Fls.  orange-yellow,  longer  than  the  bracts,  aggregated  m  one  ter- 
minal roundish  head  which  is  8  or  9"  thick.     A  showy  plant 


296  ORDER  46.— LEGUMLNOS^I. 

12  P.  nana  DC.     Low,  ascending;  Ivs.  obovate  and  spatulate,  mostly  radical-, 
heads  ovate,    becoming   oblong,   dense;    wings  lance-ovate,  cuspidate-acuminate 
twice  longer  than  tbe  slightly  crested  keel. — S.  States,  in  pine  woods,  common. 
Sts.  3  to  5'  high.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  rosulate.     Head  often  near  1'  thick,  dispro- 
portionately large,  the  fls.  citron-yellow,  changing  to  green.     Apr.,  May. 

13  P.  ram  6s  a  Ell.     Erect,  corymbously  branched  above ;  spikes  loose,  oblong, 
numerous,  forming  one  or  more   dense,  level-topped  cymes;    radical  Ivs.  few 
(small),  spatulate,  caulinc  oblong-linear;  seed  oval,   caruncled. — Swamps,  Del.  to 
Fla.  and  La.     This  and  the  next  are  species  of  singular  aspect.     St.  1  f  high.     Lvs. 
about  6''  long,  few  at  the  root.     Spikes  about  4"  diam.,  the  fls.  greenish  yellow, 
becoming  finally  dark  green.     Fls.  podicelled.    Jn. — Aug.     (P.  corymbosa  Nutt.) 

14  P.  cymosa  Walt.     Sts.  tall,  simple,  corymbously  branched  at' top;  Ivs.  mostly 
radical,  linear,  pointed,  crowded;  stem  Ivs.  very  few,   linear-subulate ;   racemes 
spike-like,  numerous,  forming  a  dense,  fastigiate  cyme ;  seed  globular,  naked. — 
Swamps,  in  the  pine  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.     Sts.  often  many  from-the  same  root, 
2  to  4  or  5f  high.     Lvs.  grass-like,  2  to  3'  long,  forming  a  dense  tuft  at  base. 
Fls.  pedicelled,   greenish  yellow,  becoming  finally  greenish-brown.    Jn. — Aug. 
(P.  attenuata  Ell.  graminifolia  Poir.  acutifolia  T.  &  G.) 

15  P.  verticillata  L.     St.  branched  above,  erect ;  Ivs.  linear,  verticillate  both 
on  the  stem  and  opposite  branches ;  spikes  slender,  stalked ;  fls.  alternate,  crested ; 
Calycine  wings  roundish ;    seed  oblong,   smooth,  caruncle  hardly  half  as  long. — 
Found  on  dry  hills,  U.  S.  and  Can.     St.  very  slender,  square,  6  to  8'  high.     Lvs. 
in  whorls  of  5  or  6,  4  to  10"  long,   1"  wide.     Fls.  small,  greenish -white,  in 
racemes  3  to  1 0''  long,  which  are  higher  upon  the  branches  than  upon  the  main 
stem.     JL— Oct. 

/?.  AMBIGUA.  Branches  filiform,  alternate ;  lower  Ivs.  verticillate,  tipper  alter- 
nate ;  spikes  elongated,  with  the  fls.  scattered ;  seed  exactly  as  in  a. — Dry- 
fields  and  woods,  Mass,  to  Tenn. 

16  P.  Boykinii  Torr.  &  Gr.     Sts.  erect  from  an  ascending  base,  simple;  Iva 
obovate  and  lanceolate  ;  whorled,  a  few  of  the  upper  linear  and  alternate ;  spike 
slender,  pointed,  dense ;  wings,  roundish,  concave ;  caruncle  §  the  length  of  the  very 
hairy  seed. — Ga.  and  Fla.     Sts.  slender,  several  from  the  same  root,  12  to  18' 
high.     Lvs.  6  to  12"  long,  in  3s,  4s,  and  5s.     Fls.  whitish,  the  wings  green,  with 
white  borders.     Jn.,  Aug. 

17  P.  cruciata  L.      St.  erect,  somewhat  fastigiate,  winged  at  tho  angles ;  Ivs. 
verticillate  in  4s,  linear-oblong,  punctate,  spikes  ovate,  dense,  obtuse,  sessile  or 
nearly  so ;  seed  ovate,  smooth,  caruncle  fully  as  long  ;  wings  deltoid-ovate,  cuspidate. 
— In  sphagnous  swamps  and  other  low  grounds,  Mass,  to  Fla.  and  La.    St.  3  to  12' 
high,  very  slender,  smooth,  slightly  winged  at  the  4  angles.     Lvs.  2  to  10''  or 
more  long,  1  to  2"  wide  (upper  ones  largest),  obtuse,  tapering  to  the  base,  with 
small,  resinous  dots.     Spikes  capitate,  5"  thick.     Wings  greenish-purple,  much 
dilated  at  base.     Jl.,  Aug. 

ft.  CUSPIDATA.  Lvs.  linear;  heads  larger,  oblong,  squarrous  with  tho  elongated 
cusps  of  the  wings.  This  is  the  more  common  southern  form.  (P.  cuspidata 
Hook.) 

18  P.  brevifolia  Nutt.     Slender,  branched  above ;  Ivs.  linear,  short,  remote,  in 
4s,  or  on  the  branches  scattered ;  spike  oblong,  dense,  obtuse,  on  long  peduncles ; 
wings  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  seed  just  as  in  No.  17. — N.  Y.  to  Fla.     About  If 
high.     Heads  4"  thick,  1  to  2'  long  (as  appears  from  the  squarrous  rachis).     Lvs. 
6  to  9"  long.     Fls.  roseate.     Aug.,  Sept. 

P.  BALDWINII  Nutt.  of  S.  E.  Georgia  is  unknown  to  the  author,  unless  it  be  a 
variety  of  P.  ramosa,  differing  in  its  more  dense  heads  of  greenish-white  flowers. 

• 

ORDER  XLVI.     LEGUMINOSJE.     LEGUMINOUS  PLANTS. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  usually  compound,  margins  entire. 
Stipules  2,  at  the  tumid  base  of  the  petiole.  Stipels  commonly  2,  Sepate  5,  more 
or  less  united,  often  unequal,  the  odd  one  always  anterior.  Petals  5,  either  papilio- 
naceous or  regular,  perigynous,  the  odd  ono  (when  present)  posterior.  Stamens 


. 

erties.—  No  family  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  possesses  a  higher  claim  to  the  attention  of 
uralist  than  the  Leguminosae,  whether  we  regard  them  as  objects  of  ornament  or  utility 
former,  \ve  might  mention  the  splendid  varieties  of  Cereis,  with  their  purple  flowers  the 


OEDER  46.—  LEGUMINOSJJ:.  297 

diadelphous,  monadelphous  or  distinct.    Anthers  versatile.     Ova  superior,  single  and 
temple.     Style  and  stigma  simple.     Fr.  a  legume,  either  continuous  (1-celled),  or 
(i  loment),  joined  into  1-sseded  cells.     Sds.  solitary  or  several,  destitute  of  albumen. 
Illust  in  figs.  00,  15$,  163,  101,  104,  1G3,  177,  ISO,  181,  134,  3'JG,  31G,  817,  803,  445,  446,  4CG. 
The  'genera  and  species  of  this  vast  order  were  estimated  by  Mr.   Benthatn  in  1845   as 
folio  u's: 

Suborder  1.  Papilionacere,  350  genera,  4800  species 
2.  Csesalpineae,      83        "         700        " 
4.  Mimoseae,          29        "       1000        " 

Total,       467       "       6500 

Geography.—  The  Leguminosae  are  distributed  throughout  all  lands,  with  the  exception  of  a 
few  unimportant  islands,  from  the  equator  to  the  frigid  zones.     Of  its  6500  snecies  nmv 
about  350  are  natives  of  the  United  States  and  Territories. 

Properties.— 
the  naturalis 

Of  the  former,  \ve  might  mention  the  splendid  varieties  of  Cereis,  with  their  purple  flowers  t 
Acacias,  with  their  airy  foliage  and  silken  stamens,  the  Pride  of  India.  Colutea  and  Ca?salpina, 
with  a  host  of  others,  which,  like  the  Sweet  Pea,  are  redolent  with  perfume.  Of  the  latter  the 
beans,  peas,  lentils,  clover  and  lucerne,  are  too  well  known  to  require  recommendation.  Among 
timber  trees,  the  Eoscwood  (a  Brazilian  species  of  Mimosa),  the  Laburnum,  whose  wood  is 
durable  and  of  an  olive-green  color,  and  the  Locust,  of  our  own  country  are  preeminent. 

The  following  are  a  few  of  the  important  officinal  products  of  this  order.  In  medicine; 
liquorice  is  the  product  of  the  root  of  Glycyrrhiza  glabra  of  S.  Europe.  The  purgative  senn.-l 
consists  of  leaves  of  Cassia  Senna,  C.  acutilblia,  C.  ^Ethiopica,  and  other  species  of  Egypt  and 
Arabia.  C.  MarUandica  is  also  a  cathartic,  but  more  mild  than  the  former.  The  sweet  pulp 
tamarind-,  is  the  product  of  a  large  and  beautiful  tree  (Tamariiulus  Indica)  of  the  E.  and  W. 
Indies.  Resins  and  Balsams:  Gum  Senegal  is  yielded  by  Acacia  Verek  of  the  River  Senegal  ; 
Gum  Arabia,  by  several  species  of  Acacia  of  Central  Africa;  Gum  Tragacanth,  by  Astragalus 
verus,  &c.,  Persia.  Balsam  Copaiva  is  the  product  of  several  species  of  Copaifera,  natives  of 
Brazil  and  W.  Indies;  Balaam  Tolu  of  Myospermum  toluifernum  of  Pern,  and  Balsam  Peru 
«»f  M.  perutferum  of  the  same  country.  Dyes,  <fec.  :  Indigo,  the  most  valuable  of  all  (but  a  violent 
poison),  is  the  product  of  several  southern  species  of  Indigofera,  as  I.  anil  of  the  W.  Indies,  and 
I.  argentea  of  Egypt.  Brazil-wood  from  Caesalpina  Braziliensis.  Log-wood  from  Hocinatoxylon 
Campeachianuni,  of  Campeachy,  and  Bed  Sandal-wood  from  Pterocarpus  santalinus  of  Egypt, 
<fcc^  &e. 

SUBORDERS,    TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 
§  Corolla  valvate  in  aestivation,  regular.     Flowers  in  dense  heads  or  spikes. 

Leaves  twice  pinnate  ......................................................  SUBORDER  I.  (a) 

§  Corolla  imbricate  in  aestivation,  the  upper  or  odd  petal  interior  or  the 

flower  subregular  ........................................................  SUBORDER  II.  (b) 

§  Corolla  imbricate  in  estivation,  the  upper  petal  (vexillum)   exterior 

Flowers  papilionaceous  ..................................................  SUBORDEE  III.  (*) 

*  Stamens  10,  all  distinct    TKIBB  1.  (c) 

*  Stamens  10,  all  or  9  united    (2) 

2  Leaves  cirrhous,  the  raehis  ending  with  a  tendril.    TEIBE  2.  (d) 
2  Leaves  not  cirrhous.  (3) 

3  Pod  a  loment  (§573),  of  transverse,  1  -seeded  joints.    TKIUE  3.  (e) 
3  Pod  a  legume  1  —  2  —  00-secded,  not  in  joints.  (4) 
4  Erect  (or,  if  prostrate,  with  palmately  3-foliate  leaves).     Cotyledons  thin, 

becoming  leafy  in  germination.    TIUBE  4.  (f) 
4  Trailing  or  twining  vines  with   pinnately  compound    loaves. 
Cotyledons  thick,  not  becoming  leaves  in  germination.    TKIUE  5.  (g) 

SUBORDER  I.    MIMOSEAE. 

a  Pods  flat,  composed  of  one  or  more  1-seeded  joints  .............................  MIMOSA.  1 

a  Pods  continuous.—  prickly,  4-sided  and  4-valved  ............................  SCIIRANKIA.  2 

—smooth,—  turgid,  filled  with  pulp  .........................  VACHELLIA.  3 

—compressed,  dry,—  Fls.  all  perfect  .............  DESM  ANTHU?.  4 

—  ris.  polygamous  .................  ACAOIA,  5 

SUBORDER  II.     C^ESALPINE^E. 
b  Tls.  diceceous,  greenish,  stamens  10.      A  tree  unarmed  ................  GYMSOCLADCS.  0 

b  Fls.  polygamous,  green,  stamens  5.     Trees  thorny  ......................  GLEDITSCHIA.  7 

b  Fls.  perfect,—  yellow.—  Leaves  equally  pinnate  ................................  CASSIA.  8 

—purple,  papilionaceous.    Leaves  simple  ..........................  CEECIS.  J 

SUBORDER  III.    PAPILIONACE.E. 

O  1    PODALYBIE*:.—  Leenme  flat  and  thin,  short-stiped.    Lvs.  piminto  ..........  Ci  AT.ASTRIS.  1(1 

-Legume  inflated,  stipitate.      Lvs.  pslmately  1—  S-foli:ito  ......  L'AV  M&IA.  II 


298  ORDER  46.—  LEGUMINOS^. 

d  2.  ViciE.fi.—  Erect.    Tendrils  obsolete.    Seeds  with  the  linear  hilura  at  end  ........  FAB  A.  13 

—  Climbing.—  Leaflets  serrate.     Pods  2-seeded  ____    ....................  CICKB.  13 

—Leaflets  entire.—  Style  grooved  outside,  hairy  inside  ......  PISUM.  14 

—  Style  flattened,  hairy  most  inside..  ..LATIIYRUS.  15 

—  Style  filiform,  hairy  most  outside  .........  VICIA.  lt> 

e  3.  HEDYSARZ2E. 

—  Fls.  yellow.—  Leaves  palmately  4-foliate.  Stain,  monadelph  .................  ZORNIA.  IT 

—  Leaves  pinnate,  7  to  49-foliate.     Stam.  diadelphous..  .^ESCHYNOMKNB.  1$ 
—Leaves  pinnately  3-foliate.  Pod  slender  at  base  ........  STYLOSANTHES.  19 

—Leaves  pinnately  4-foliate.     Pod  gibbous  at  base  .............  AKACHIS.  2i> 

—  Fls.  cyanic.  —  Lvs.  pinnate,  5  to21-foliate.  —  Umbels  pedunculate  ..........  COKONILLA.  21 

—  Racemes  pedunculate  ........  HEDYSAKUH.  22 

—Lvs.  pinnately  3-foliate,—  stipellate.    Pod  S  to  7  -jointed.  .  ..DESMODITTM.  23 

—  cxstipellate.  Pod  1  -jointed  ......  LESPEDBZA.  24 

f  4.  LOTKJS. 

—Leaves  simple,  with  yellow  flowers.—  Keel  oblong,  straight  ................  GENISTA.  25 

—Keel  falcate,  acuminate  ..........  CKOTALARIA.  26 

—Leaves  palmately  5  to  15-foliate  (rarely  simple).    (Genus  32,  or)  ...........  LUPINITS.  2T 

—Leaves  palmately  S-foliate.—  Tree  with  yellow  flowers  ..................  LABURNUM.  25 

—  Herbs  with  straight,  small  pods  ............  TRIFOLTUM.  23 

—  Herbs  with  carved  or  spiral  pods  ...........  MEDICAGO.  83 

—Lvs.  pinnately  3-fol.—  Pod  few-seeded.    Fls.  (scarlet,  Gen.  49)  wh.  or  yel  .MELILOTUS.  81 

—  Pod  1-seeded.  —  Fls.  yellow.  —  Lvs.  resinous-dotted  ......  (Gen.  47) 

—  Fls.  cyanic.  —  Lvs.  dark  -dotted  .....  PSORALEA.  32 

—Lvs.  not  dotted  ........  (in  Gen.  24) 

—Lvs.  pinnate,  with  no  odd  leaflet,  15  to  25  pairs.  —  Pod  1—  2-seeded  ......  GLOTIIHU.M.  3:5 

—Pod  GO-seeded  .........  SESUAXIA.  84 

—Lvs.  odd-pinnate,—  dotted  with,  dark  glands.—  Shrub.    Fls.  spicate  ........  AMORPUA.  35 

—Herb  10-androns  ..............  DAIEA.  38 

—  Herb  5-androus  .......  PETAL.OSTEMON.  3T 

—  dotless.  —  Legume  2-celled  lengthwise,  turgid  .......  ASTRAGALUS.  3* 

—  Legume  half  2-celled  lengthwise  ...............  PIIACA.  31) 

—  Leg.  1-celled.  —  Herbs.    Style  hairy  outside.  TEPUROSIA.  40 

—  Herbs.   Style  glabrous  -----  INBIGOFE.RA.  41 

—  Shrubs  or  trees.     Cyanic  .....  ROBJNIA.  42 

—  Trees  with  fls.  yellow  ........  COL.UTEA.  4S 

g.  5,  PHASEOLE^E. 

—Lvs.  pinnate,  5  to  15-foliate.—  Vine  shrubby.  Keel  falcate  ................  WISTARIA.  44 

—  Herbs.    Keel  (straight,  Gen.  49)  spiral  .........  APIOS.  45 

—Lvs.  pinnately  3  (rarely  l)-foliate.—  Fls.  yellow.    Legumes  5-seeded  .........  VIGNA.  46 

—  Fls.  yellow.    Legumes  1  to  2-seeded.lluYNCosiA.  41 

—  Fls.  cyanic.  (*) 

*  Keel  with  stamens  and  style  spirally  twisted  .......................  PHASEOL.TTS.  43 

*  Keel  straightish.—  Fls.  scarlet.   Erect  herbs  or  trees  .................  EEYTHRINA.  49 

—  Fls.  purplish.  —  Calyx  ebracteolate  ............  AMPIIICARP^EA.  50 

—  Calyx  bibracteolate,  —  4-cleft  ........  GALACTIA.  51 

—  4-toothed.  .....  DOLICIIOS.  52 

—  5-cleft,  long  ____  CLITORIA.  53 

—  5-cleft,  short.CENTROSEMA.  54 


i.  MIMO'SA,    L.      SENSITIVE  PLANT.      (Gr.  fw^o^,  a  buffoon  ;   the 

leaves  seem  sporting  with  the  hand  that  touches  them.)    Flowers  ?  £  $  . 

£  Calyx  valvate,  5-toothed  ;  corolla  0,  or  5-toothed,  stamens  4  to  15  ; 

legume  separated  into  1-seeded  joints  ;  $  like  the  perfect,  "but  without 

ovaries  or  fruit.  —  H  Herbs  and  shrubs,  natives  of  tropical  America,  &c. 

1  M.  strigillosa  Torr  &  Gr.     Nearly  unarmed,  prostrate,  diffuse,  strigous;  slip. 

ovate;  petioles  and  peduncles  very  long;  Ivs.  bipirmate,  pinnae  4  to  6  pairs;  Ifts. 

10  to  ISjpairs,  oblong-linear;  heads  oblong;  leg.  broad,  1  to  3-jointed.-r-Banks  oi 

the  Miss.  (Hale)  to  E.  Fla.     Sts.  several  feet  in  length,  reddish  and  in  appearance 

smooth.     Lfts.  3  to  4"  by  1",  crowded.     Fed.  and  Ivs.  6  to  8r  long.     Hds.  rose- 

color,  with  innumerable  spreading  stamens.    Pods  crowded,  very  hispid.  Jl.,  Aug. 

2  M.  pudica  L.     St.  prickly,  more  or  less  hispid  ;  Ivs.  digitate-pinnate,  pinnaa 

4.  of  many  (20  or  more)  pairs  of  linear  Ifts.  —  Native  of  Brazil.     St.  shrubby,  about 


ORDER  46.— LEGUMLNOS^E.  299 

a  foot  high.  Lfts.  about  3"  long,  very  numerous.  Fig.  small,  capitate.  It  is  oc- 
casionally cultivated  for  the  curiosity  of  its  spontaneous  motions ; — the  leaves  bend- 
ing, folding,  and  apparently  shrinking  away  from  the  touch  of  the  hand. 

2.  SCHRAN'KIA,  Willd.     SENSITIVE  BRIER.     (In  honor  of  Francis 
de  Paula  Schrank,  a  German  botanist.)     Flowers  £  $  ;  calyx  minute, 
5-toothed  ;  petals  united  into  a  funnel-shaped,  5-cleft  corolla  ;  stamens 
8  to  10,  distinct  or  rnonadelphous ;  legume  long  and  narrow,  echinate, 
dry,  1-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded.— ^Prickly  herbs.     St.  procum- 
bent.    Lvs.  sensitive,  bipinnate.     Fls.  in  spherical  heads,  purplish. 

S.  uncinata  Willd.  St.  angled,  grooved;  pinnaj  G  to  8  pairs;  Ifts.  numerous, 
minute,  elliptic-oblong  or  linear;  hds.  axillary,  1  to  2  together,  on  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  Ivs. ;  leg.  long  and  slender,  very  prickly. — Dry  soils,  Clark  Co., 
Mo.  (Mead),  and  Southern  States.  St.  2  to  4f  long,  and  with  the  petioles  and  pe- 
duncles armed  with  short,  sharp  prickles  turned  downwards.  Lfts.  about  2"  by 
i".  Fed.  2  to  3'  long,  hds.  1  to  V  diam.  Pods  2  to  4'  long.  May— Jl.  (S  an- 
gustata  T.  &  G.) 

3.  VACHEL'LIA,  W.  and  Atn.     SPONGE  TREE.     Stamens  very  nu- 
merous, distinct;  legume  cylindrical,  turgid,  scarcely  dehiscent;  seeds 
in  a  double  row,  imbedded  in  pulp.     Otherwise  as  in  Acacia. — Tree 
armed  with  straight,  stipular  spines.    Lvs.  bipinnate,  with  a  gland.    Fls. 
in  globular  heads,  yellow. 

V.  Farnesiana  W.  &  Arn.  Pinnae  4  to  8  pairs ;  Ifts.  15  to  20  pairs,  veiny,  ob- 
long, crowded ;  ped.  2  or  3  together. — Grows  about  N".  Orleans  (Hale)  and  along 
the  Gulf  to  St.  Marks,  Fla.  Lfts.  about  2"  long.  Pods  2  to  3"  long,  blackish 
when  ripe.  Said  to  yield  gum. 

4.  DESMAN  THUS,   Willd.      (Gr.  <Je<7p),  a  bundle,  dvOos,  flower.) 
Flowers  £  or  £  $  ;  calyx  valvate,  campanulate,  5-toothed ;    petals  5, 
distinct;  stamens  5   or  10,  distinct;  legume  dry,  flat,  2-valved,  4  to 
6-seeded,  smooth. — Herbs  with  bipinnate  Ivs.  and  white  fls.  in  axillary, 
pedunculate  heads.    Stip.  setaceous.    Petioles  with  one  or  more  glands. 
D.  brachy-lobus  Benth.     Erect,  smoothish;  pinnse  6  to  13  pairs,  Ids.  minute,  20 

to  30  pairs;  fls.  all  perfect,  pentandrous;  pods  short  (!'  long),  oblong,  somewhat 
curved,  2  to  4-seeded,  and  crowded. — T\- Along  the  Miss,  from  111.  to  La.  Sts. 
striate,  1  to  3f  high.  Jn. — Aug.  (Darlingtonia  brachyloba  and  glandulosa  DC.) 

5.  AC  ATI  A,  Necker.   (Gr.  a/ca^cj,  to  sharpen  ;  alluding  to  the  spines.) 
Flowers  polygamous  ;  calyx  valvate,  4  to  5-toothed  ;  petals  4  or  5,  united 
below,  rarely  distinct ;    stamens   8   to   200 ;    legume  continuous,  not 
jointed,  dry,  2-valvcd,  many-seeded. — Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  spineless, 
or  with  stipular  spines.     Lvs.  (in  the  1ST.  Am.  species)  bipinnate.     Fls. 
in  heads  or  spiked.     (This  is  a  large  and  ornamental  genus  of  chiefly 
tropical  plants,  much  cultivated  in  the -greenhouse.     In  many  of  them 
the  leaflets  disappear  and  phyllodia  (§  307)  take  their  places.) 

1  A.  lutea  Leav.     Prostrate,  herbaceous,  minutely  strigous;  stip.  lance-subulate; 
pinnoB  3  to  5  pairs,  Ifts.  12  to  20  pairs,  very  small  (2"  long);  hds.  oblong-cylindric, 
the  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves ;  fls.  yellow,  decandrous ;  pods  broad  and 
flat,  obtuse,  about  6-seeded,  and  raised  on  a  slender  stipe. — Prairies  Fla.,  La.  and 
Ala.     Its  herbage  much  resembles  Mimosa  strigillosa,  except  the  stipules.     Pods 
1  to  2'  long,  8"  wide,  the  stipe  about  6''.     Lvs.  ciliate,  sensitive,  with  no  glands. 

2  A.  Julibrassin  Willd.      Tree  glabrous,  unarmed ;  pinna  8  to  1 2  pairs,  Ifts.  20 
to  30,  halved,  acute,  inequilateral:  gland  depressed  at  the  base  of  the  petiole;  hds. 
pedunculate,  forming  a  terminal  panicle  ;  stam.  numerous/ long,  exserted. — A  very 
ornamental  tree  cultivated  and  sparingly  naturalized  in  the  Gulf  States.    Corollas 
white,  with  purplish  stamens.     Pods  large,  pointed  at  both  ends,  contracted  be- 
tween the  seeds. 


390  ORDER  46.— LEGUMINOS^E. 

6.  GtfflNOC'LADUS,  Lam.     COFFEE   TREE.      (Gr.  yvfivb$t  naked, 
ichddo$,  a  bhoot ;  for  its  coarse,  naked  shoots  in  winter.)    Flowers   ?  <? . 
$  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft,  equal ;  petals  5,  inserted  into  the  summit  of 
the  tube ;  stamens  10,  distinct.      ?  Calyx  and  corolla  as  above;  style 
1  ;  legumes  1-celled,  oblong,  very  large,  pulpy  within. — A  slender,  un- 
armed tree,  with  unequally  bipinnate  Ivs.     Lfts.  ovate,  acuminate. 

G.  Canadensis  Lara.  Grows  in  Western  1ST.  Y.,  Ohio,  Ind.  S.  to  Tenn.,  on  the 
borders  of  lakes  and  rivers.  Height  50fJ  with  a  trunk  15'  diarn.,  straight  and  sim- 
ple to  the  height  of  25fJ  covered  with  a  rough,  scaly  bark,  and  supporting  a  rather 
small  but  regular  head.  The  compound  Ivs.  aro  2  to  3f  long,  and  15  to  20'  wide, 
being  doubly  compounded  of  a  great  number  of  dull  green  leaflets.  Single  leaf- 
lets often  occupy  the  place  of  some  of  the  pinnae.  Fls.  greenish- white,  in  long 
racemes,  succeeded  by  very  large  curved  pods  containing  each  several  round, 
depressed,  brown,  polished,  and  very  hard  »ee Js.  May — Jl. 

7.  GLEDITS'CHIA,  L.    HONEY  LOCUST.     (For  John  G.  Gleditsch,  a 
botanical  writer,  Leipzig.)      Flowers  ?  £   £.      Sepals  equal,  3  to  5, 
united  at  base ;  petals  3  to  5 ;  stamens  5  to  5,  distinct,  opposite  the 
sepals,  sometimes  by  abortion  fewer  or  0;  style  short,  often  abortive; 
legume  continuous,  compressed,  often  intercepted  between  the  seeds  by 
a  quantity  of  sweet  pulp. — Trees,  with  supra-axillary,  branched  spines. 
Lvs.  abruptly  pinnate  and  bipinnate,  often  in  the  same  specimen.     Fls. 
small,  green,  racemous. 

1  G.  triacanthus  L.    Branches  armed  with  stout,  triple  spines;  Ifts.  alternate,  ob- 
long-lanceolate,  obtuse;    leg.  linear-oblong,  compressed,   many-seeded,   intervals 
filled  with  sweet  pulp. — Penn.  to  Mo.  and  La.     In  favorable  circumstances  it  attains 
the  height  of  7 Of,  undivided  half  its  length,  with  a  diameter  of  3  to  4f.    The 
thorns  are  2  to  12'  long,  ligneous,  numerously  branched,  forming  horrid  masses 
along  the  trunk.     Foliage  light  and  elegant.     Lfts.  about  18,  1  to  H'  long,  £as 
wide,  1,  2  or  3  of  them  frequently  transformed,  either  partly  or  wholly,  into  smaller 
leaflets  (§  290).     Ms.  succeeded  by  flat,  twisted,  hanging  pods  12  to  18'  long,  of 
a  dull  red.    Sds.  flat,  hard,  brown,  imbedded  in  a  fleshy  substance,  at  first  sweet, 
but  becoming  sour.     Jn. — The  wood  is  very  heavy. 

2  G.  monospenna  "Walt.     WATER  LOCUST.      Armed  with  few,  slender,  mostly 
simple  spines;    Ifts.  ovate-oblong;  leg.  broadly  oval,  without  pulp,  one-seeded. — 
Swamps,  S.  Car.  to  Fla,  and  La.,  not  common.     A  tree  of  smaller  dimensions  than 
the  former,  with  a  smoother  bark.     Pods  about  2'  long  with  the  stipe,  1'  wide. 
Fls.  greenish,  in  ament-like  racemes  like  the  other.     Jn. 

8.  CAS'SIA,  L.     SENNA.     (Hebrew,  Katzioth.)     Sepals  5,  scarcely 
united  at  base,  nearly  equal ;  petals  5,  unequal,  but  not  papilionaceous ; 
stamens  distinct,  10,  or  by  abortion  fewer,  anthers  opening  by  terminal 
pores,  the  three  upper  often  sterile ;  legume  many-seeded,  1-celled  or 
many-celled  transversely. — Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs.  Lvs.  simply,  abruptly 
pinnate. 

§  Stam.  5  or  10,  all  perfect.    Sepals  acute.    Lfts.  small Nos.  1,  2 

*j  Stain.  10,  the  3  upper  abortive.     Sep.  obtuse.     Lfts.  large,  (a) 

a  Gland  on  the  petiole  at  or  near  the  base Nos.  3,  4 

a  Gland  on  the  rachis  between  the  two  lowest  leaflets Nos.  5,  6 

1  C.     Chamaecrista  L.     SENSITIVE  PEA.     Lfts.  8  to   12  pairs,    oblong-linear, 
obtuse,  mucronate ;  fls.  large,  pedicillate,  2   or  4  in  each  fascicle;  anth.  10,  un- 
equal, all  fertile. — (1)  An  elegant  plant  in  dry  soils,  Mass.,  Mid.,  W.  and  S.  States. 
St.  £  to  2f  high,  round,  pubescent.     Lfts.  crowded,  4  to  8"  by  1  to  2|",  smooth, 
subsessile.     Fls.  15  to  18"  broad.     Bracts  lance-subulate,  as  are  also  the  sti- 
pules, persistent.     Petals  bright  yellow,  the  2   upper  ones  with  a  purple  spot. 
Aug. — The  leaves  possess  considerable  irritability. 

2  C.  nictitans  L.     WILD  SENSITIVE  PLANT.     Lfts.  6  to  15  pairs,  oblong-linear, 
obtuse,  mucronate,  sessile;  fls.  small,  2  or  3  in  each  subsessile  fascicle ;  sia.  5,  &ub- 


ORDER  4G.—  LEGUMLNOS^E.  301 

equal.  —  In  dry,  sandy  soils,  Mass,  lo  La.  St.  about  If  long,  slender,  branching. 
Lfts.  crowded,  4  to  6"  by  1  to  2''.  The  petiolar  gland,  as  in  No.  1,  placed  2  or  3" 
below  the  lowest  pair  of  leaflets.  Fls.  very  small  (5''  broad),  pale  yellow,  on 
short  pedicels.  Jl.  —  The  leaves  are  quito  sensitive,  closing  by  night  and  when 
touched. 

3  C.  Marildndica  L.     AMERICAN  SENNA.    Perennial,  smooth  ;  Ifts.  G  to  9  pairs, 
oblong-lanceolate,  mucronate,  an  obovoid  gland  near  the  base  of  the  common  petiole  ; 
fls.  in  axillary  racemes  and  terminal  panicles  ;  leg.  curved,  12  to  20-seeded.  —  This 
handsome  plant  is  frequently  met  with  in  alluvial  soils  (U.  S.)  growing  in  close 
masses,   3   to  5f  high.     St.  round,   striate,  often  with  scattered  hairs.     Petioles 
channeled  above,  and  distinguished  by  the  pedicelled  gland  near  the  base.    £,fts. 
1  to  2'  by  4  to  9".     Racemes  in  the  upper  axils,  forming  a  leafy  panicle.     Petals 
bright  yellow,  3  erect  and  2  declined.     In  medicine  it  is  a  mild  cathartic.     Aug. 

4  C.  occidentalis  L.     Annual,   smooth  ;  Ifts.  3  to  6  pairs,  ovate  or  lance-ovate. 
sharply  acuminate  ;  an  obtuse,  sessile  gland  at  the  base  of  the  petiole  ;  fls.  in  axil- 
lary,  short  racemes,    and  panicled  above;  leg.  nearly  straight,  25  to  ^-seeded.  — 
Waste  grounds,  Va.   to  Ga.  (Feay),  and  La.     Stem  stout,  sulcate,  4  to  Gf  high. 
Lvs.  7  to  8'  long,  Ifts.  2  to  3'.    Stip.  deciduous.    Fls.  large,  yellow.    Pods  strongly 
margined,  rigid,  torulous.     July.     §  Cuba. 

5  C.  obtusifolia  L.    Annual,  smoothish;   Ifts.  about  6,  obovate,  obtuse;  stip. 
linear-  subulate  ;  leg.  very  long  and  narrow,  recurved,   20  to  40-seeded;    seeds 
longitudinal.  —  Dry  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La,     Plant  1  to  3   to  4f  high.     St. 
round,  striate.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  half  as  wide.     Pods  about  G'  long,  hardly  2" 
wide,  the  seeds  longest,  the  same  way  with  the  pod,  not  transversely  as  in  No.  4. 
Fls.  large,  on  slender  pedicels.     Jl.  —  Oct. 

6  C.  melaiiocarpa   Vegel.     Shrubby;   Ifts.  2  or  3  pairs,   narrowly  lanceolais, 
rather  acute  at  each  end,  coriaceous  ;  gland  pedicellate  ;  rac.  pedunculate,  in  tho 
upper  axils,  as  long  as  the  leaves.  —  Ga.     Escaped  from  gardens  (Feay).     lots. 
12  to  18"  by  4  to  5".     Fls.  as  large  as  in  C  Marilandica.    § 


9.  CER'CIS,  L.     JUDAS  TREE.     RED-BUD.     (Gr.  /:ep«:^,  a  weaver's 
shuttle  ;    sc.  the  legumes.)      Calyx   broadly  campanulate,   5-toothed  ; 
petals  scarcely  papilionaceous,   all  distinct  ;  wings  longer  than  the  vex- 
illum  and  smaller  than  the  keel  petals;  stamens  10,  distinct;  legume 
compressed,    with  the  seed-bearing  suture  winged  ;   seeds  obovate.  — 
Trees  with  simple,  cordate  Ivs.  and  rose-colored  Us. 

C.  Canadensis  L.  Lvs.  broadly  ovate-cordate,  acuminate,  villous  on  tho  veins 
beneath.  —  A  handsome  tree,  20  to  30f  high,  Mid.  and  "W.  States.  The  wood  is 
finely  veined  with  black  and  green,  and  receives  a  fine  polish.  Lvs.  3  to  4'  by  4 
to  5',  entire,  smooth,  7  -veined,  on  petioles  1  to  2'  long.  The  flowers  appear  in 
advance  of  the  leaves,  in  small,  lateral  clusters,  clothing  the  whole  tree  in  pur- 
ple, in  early  Spring.  The  young  twigs  will  dye  wool  a  nankeen  color.  The  old 
author  Gerarde  in  compliance  with  the  popular  notion  of  his  time,  says  "  This  is 
the  tree  whereon  Judas  did  hang  himself,  and  not  on  the  elder  tree,  as  it  is  said.'' 

10.  CLADASTRIS,    Eaf.     YELLOW-WOOD.      Calyx  5-toothcd,  ^  teeth 
short,  obtuse  ;  petals  of  nearly  equal  length,  those  of  the  keel  distinct 
and  straight  like  the  wings;  vex.  large,  roundish,  reflexed  ;  stam.  10, 
distinct  ;  filaments  glabrous,  incurved,  legume  flat  and  thin,  short-stiped, 
5  or  6-seeded.  —  A  tree  with  yellow  wood,  pinnate  Ivs.,  and  pendulous 
clusters  of  white  fls. 

C.  tinctoria  Raf.  *  Hills,  in  rich  'soils.  TV.  Ky.  and  "W.  Tenn.  Tree  20  to  40f 
high,  with  a  smooth  greenish  bark.  Lfts.  7  to  11,  stalked,  oval,  acuminate,  3  t> 
4'  long.  Rac.  6  to  10'  long,  compound,  thyrse-like,  showy,  resembling  those  of 
the  common  locust.  Leg.  as  long  as  the  leaflets,  very  narrow.  Apr.,  ^lay. 

11.  BAPTIS'IA,  Vent.     WILD  INDIGO.     (Gr.  jSaTrrw,  to  dye  ;  a  use 
to  which  some  species  are  applied.)     Calyx  4  to  5-cleft  half  way,  per- 


302  0RDEB  46.— 

sistcnt ;  petals  of  about  equal  length,  those  of  the  keel  nearly  distinct 
and  straight;  vcxillum  orbicular,  emarginate ;  stamens  10,  distinct, 
deciduous ;  legume  inflated,  stipitate,  many  (or  by  abortion  fcw)- 
seeded. —  4  Lvs.  palmately  3-foliate,  or  simple. 

§  Leaves  simple.     Flowers  yellow Nos.  1—3 

§  Leaves  3-foliate. — FIs.  blue,  in  few  elongated  racemes No.  4 

— FIs.  white  in  few  elongated  racemes,  (a) 
— FIs.  yellow,  solitary  or  in  short  racemes,  (b) 

a  Stipules  leaf-like,  longer  than  the  petioles Nos.  5,  6 

a  Stipules  much  shorter,  or  not  longer  than  the  petioles Nos.  7,  8 

b  Pedicels  not  longer  than  the  calyx.    Drying  dark Nos.  9,  10 

b  Pedicels  much  longer  than  the  calyx.     Drying  bright. Nos.  11 — 13 

1  B.  perfoliata  R.  Br.     Glabrous  and  glaucous,  Ivs.  oval,  orbicular,  perfoliale; 
fls.  solitary,  axillary. — S.  Car.  and  Ga.  (Savannah,  Fcay)  in  the  pine  woods.     St. 
branching,  1   to  2f  high.     Lvs.  large  (2,}  by  2'),  all  turned  one  way,  and  com- 
pletely closed  at  base  around  the  stem  or  branch.     Corolla  6"  long,  on  a  pedicel 
half  as  long.     Pod  large,  inflated.     A  remarkable  species.     May — Jl. 

2  B.  micropliylla   Nutt.     "Lvs.  simple,  sessile,  roundish,  cuneiform;  the  upper 
somewhat  clasping,  stipules  roundish ;  fls.  axillary;  legumes  short,  subglobous." — 
TV.  Fla.  to  Ala.     St.  much  branched.     Lvs.  small  (7  to  10"  in  length),  the  upper 
partially  coalescing  with  the  stipules.     Described  by  Mr.  Nuttall  from  late  fruit- 
ing specimens.     Not  since  found  ? 

3  B.  simplicifolia  Groom.     Glabrous ;  Ivs.  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  sessile ;  stip. 
none;  racemes  terminal,  elongated,  many -flowered;  bracts  ovate,  as  long  as  tho 
pedicels. — Quincy.  Fla.     St.  furrowed,  branching,  2  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  large  (2  to 
4'  by  1}  to  3'),  rather  firm,   shining  above.     Els.   8"  long,  the  pedicels  shorter. 
Leg.  ovate,  about  6''  long.     Jn. — Sept. 

4  B.  australis  R.  Br.     Glabrous ;  petioles  short ;  Ifts.  obovato  or  somewhat  ob- 
long, obtuse ;  stip.  lanceolate,  rather  longer  than  the  petioles,  distinct  at  base ; 
rac.  long,  erect ;  leg.  oblong-oval,  stipe  long  as  the  calyx. — Alluvial  soils,  Ohio 
River  to  Ga.  and  La.     St.  2  to  3f  high,  branched.     Petioles  1  to  G"  long.     Lfls. 
If  to  3'  by  £•  to  1',  sometimes  acute.    Stip.  £  to  1'  long.    Fls.  indigo  blue,  large, 
very  showy.     Pod  about  2'  long.     Jn. — Aug. 

5  B.  leticophcea  Nutt.     Villous;  petioles  almost  0;    Ifts.  oblanceolate,  varying 
to  obovate ;  stip.  and  bracts  large,  triangular-ovate,  persistent ;  rac.  nodding,  the 
many  flowers  turned  to  the  upper  side  on  their  long  pedicels ;  leg.  ovoid  or  roundish, 
inflated. — Common  in  wild  prairies,  "W.  States  and  southward.     St.  2  to  3f  high, 
smoothish  when  old.     Lfts.  2  to  3'  by  £  to  1',  stipules  more  than  half  as  large. 
Rac.  20  to  50-flowered,  inclined  horizontally.     Pedicels  1  to  2'  long.     Corollas 
very  large,  ochroleucous.     Apr. 

6  B.  villosa  Ell.     Villous-pubescent ;    petioles  almost  0;    Iffcs.  lance-oblong,  cr 
oblanceolato ;  stip.  lance-linear,  persistent ;  rac.  long  (erect  ?) ;  bracts  minute,  de- 
ciduous;  ped.  notsecund;  leg.  oblong. — N.  Car.  to  Ga.,  rare.     Plant  of  coarse  as- 
pect, as  well  as  No.  5,  2  to  3f  high.     Lfts.  2  to  3'  long,  obtuse,  tapering  at  base, 
becoming  smocthish  when  old.     Fls.  dirty  white,  nearly  1'  long.     Jn.,  Jl. 

7  B.  leucantha  Torr  &  Gr.     Glabrous  and  glaucous ;  Ivs.  petiolate ;  Ifts.  cunei- 
form-obovate,  obtuse;  stip.  lance-linear  about  as  long  as  petioles,  often  caducous; 
rac.  elongated,  erect ;  bracts  caducous ;  leg.  inflated,   stipitate. — Conspicuous  in 
rich  soils,  prairies,  etc.,  "W.  States  to  Ga.  and  Fla.     St.  thick,   2  to  4f  high, 
branched  above.     Rac.   G  to  24'  long,  with  large  white  fls.     Lfts.  1  to  2'  long. 
The  whole  plant  turns  bluish-black  in  drying.     May — Jl. 

8  B.  alba  R.  Br.     Glabrous,   fastigiate-branched  above ;    petioles  slender ;   Ifts. 
elliptic-oblanceolate,  acute  at  base;  stip.  and  bracts  minute,  caducous;  rac.  erect 
or  nodding,  on  a  long  peduncle ;  pedicels  rather  longer  than  calyx.     In  rich  soils, 
Va.  to  Fla.     Plant  2  to  3f  high.     Lfts.  about  1'  long,  a  third  as  wide,  the  petiolo 
about  half  as  long.    Fls.  pure  white.    Plant  does  not  blacken  in  drying.    Mar.  Apr. 

9  B.  lanfceolata  Eh1.     Much  branched,  bushy ;    Ivs.    subsessile ;    Ifts.  narrowhj 
elliptic,   varying  to  oblanceolate,    tapering  to  a  petiolule,  obtuse;    stip.  almost 
none ;  fls.  axillary,  subsolitary,  short-pedicelled ;  leg.  ovate-globous.     Pine  woods, 
S.  Car,  to  Fla.  and  La.     About  2f  high.     Foliage  yellowish-grcon ;  Ivs.  2  to  3" 


ORDER  46.— LEGUMINOS^E.  303 

long,  coriaceous.  Ms.  large,  dull  yellow.  Apr.,  JH.— Each  plant  forms  a  globu- 
lar mass  which  when  dry,  breaks  away  and  rolls  about  with  the  wind  frightening 
horses ;  hence  called  horse-devils. 

ft.  Taller,  branches  less  flexuous;  Ifts.  obovate,  very  obtuse ;  fls.  solitary  and 
somewhat  racemed  at  tho  ends  of  the  branches. — Fla.,  La. 

10  B.  tinctoriaK.  Br.   Glabrous,  branching;  Ivs.  subsessile;  Ifts.  small,  roundish- 
obovate,  acute  at  base,  very  obtuse  at  apex ;  stip.  setaceous,  caducous ;  rac.  loose, 
terminal;   leg.  subglobous. — A  plant  with  bluish-green  foliage,   frequent   in  dry 
soils,  Can.  and  U.  S.     St.  very  bushy,  about  2f  high.     Lfts.  about  7"  by  4  to  6", 
cmarginate;  petiole  1  to  2"  long.     Fls.  6  to  12  or  more  in  each  raceme.     Petals 
C"  long,  yellow.     Leg.  about  as  large  as  a  pea,  on  a  long  stipe,  mostly  1 -seeded 
Jl.— Sept. 

11  B.  Lecontii  Torr.  &  Gr.      Somewhat  pubescent;   Ivs.    short- petioled ;    Ifts. 
obovate-oblong ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  fls.,  with  two  bractlets ;  bracts  per- 
sistent •  kg.  short-stiped ;  branches,  stipules  and  racemes  as  in  No.  10. Fla.  and 

S.  Ga.     Does  not  turn  black  in  drying.     May. 

12  B.  megacarpa  Chapman.     Glabrous,  slender;  Ivs.  petioled;  Ifls.  oval;  rac. 
short  and  short-stalked ;  stip.  and  bracts  minute,  caducous ;  fls.  nodding,  on  pedicels 
shorter  than  the  corolla;  leg.  large,  globular,  and  much  inflated. — Near  Quincy, 
Fla.     Fls.  and  Ivs.  nearly  as  large  as  in  No.  9.    Mature  pods  1^'  diam.    Does  not 
blacken  in  drying.     May. 

13  B.  mollis  MX.     Minntely-hoary-pubescent,  sparingly  branched ;  petioles  half 
as  long  as  the  cuneiform-oblanceolate  Ifts. ;  stip.  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  petioles ; 
pedicels  as  long  as  the  fls.,  in  terminal  racemes. — In  mountain  woods,  N.  Car. 
and  Tenn.     (Lookout  MtM  Chattanooga.)      A  fine,  bright-flowered  species,  l$f 
high.     Dries  bright     May.    (Thermopsis  mollis  Curt.) 

12.  FAVBA,  Moench.  HORSE  BEAN.     COFFEE  BEAN.     Flowers  as  in 
Vicia,  but  the  seeds  oblong,  with  a  long  scar  (hilum)  on  the  narrower  end, 
and  leathery,  tumid  legumes. — Lvs.  equally  pinnate,  with  the  tendril 
obsolete  (in  the  following  species).     Peduncle  shorter  than  the  flowers. 

F.  vnlgciris  Mcench.  St.  rigidly  erect,  with  very  short  axillary  racemes;  Ifls. 
2  to  4,  oval,  entire,  mucronate  or  acute;  (tendrils  obsolete  by  cultivation;)  stip. 
semisagittate,  dentate  at  base. — Native  of  Egypt.  Frequently  found  in  gardens, 
but  not  so  much  admired  for  the  table  as  formerly.  Fls.  white,  with  a  large  black 
spot  on  each  of  the  ala3.  Leg.  torulous.  Sds.  very  large,  with  a  large  hilum  at 
one  end.  (Vicia  Faba  L.) 

13.  CI'CER  arieti  num,  the  CHICK  PEA,  rarely  cultivated  may  be 
readily  known  by  its  serrated  leaflets,  a  character  quite  strange  in  this 
Order. 

14.  PI 'SUM,  L.  PEA.     (Celtic  pis,  Lat.  pisum,  Eng.  pea,  Fr.  pois.) 
Calyx  segments  leafy,  the  upper  two  shortest ;  vexillum  large,  reflexed  ; 
stamens  10,  diadelphous  (9  and  1) ;  style  grooved  on  the  back,  villous 
and  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side  ;  legume  oblong,  tumid,  many-seeded  ; 
seeds  globous,  with  an  orbicular  hilum. — Herbaceous,  climbing.     Lvs. 
abruptly  pinnate,  ending  with  branching  tendrils. 

P.  sativum  L.  Lfts.  ovate,  entire,  usually  4;  stip.  ovate,  semi-cordate  at  base, 
crenate;  ped.  several-flowered. — ©One  of  the  most  valuable  ofleguminous  plants, 
smooth  and  glaucous.  St.  2  to  5f  long,  nearly  simple,  climbing  by  tendrils.  Lfts. 
2  to  3'  long,  §  as  wide,  obtuse,  mucronate,  stip.  rather  larger  than  the  leaflets. 
Fls.  two  or  more,  on  axillary  peduncles,  large,  white.  This  plant  has  been  cul- 
tivated from  tirhe  immemorial,  so  that  its  native  country  is  unknown.  There 
are  many  varieties. 

15.  LATH'YRUS,  L.  Calyx  campanulate, the  two  upper  sepals  shortest; 
stamens  10,  diadelphous  (9  and  1) ;  style  flat,  dilated  above,  ascending, 


304  ORDER  46.— LEGUMINOUS. 

bent  at  a  right  angle  with  the  ovary,  pubescent  or  villous  along  the  in- 
side next  the  free  stamen  ;  legume  oblong,  several-seeded. — Herbaceous, 
mostly  climbing.  Lvs.  abruptly  pinnate,  of  1  to  several  pairs  of  leaflets. 
Petioles  produced  into  tendrils.  Pods  axillary. 

*  Leaflets  a  single  pair Southern,  No.  1 Exotic,  Nos.  6 — 3 

*  Leaflets  commonly  three  pairs.     Perennial Nos.  2,  3 

*  Leaflets  commonly  5  pairs.     Perennial Nos.  4,  5 

1  L.  pusillua  Ell.     St.  winged ;  Ifts.  2,  linear-lanceolate,  acuto  at  each  end ;  stip. 
conspicuous,  lance-falcate,  half-sagittate ;  ped.  long,  1  to  3-flo\vered. — S.  Car.  to 
La.     A  weak,  scrambling  vine.     Lfts.  H  to  2'  long,  4  to  G"  wide;  stip.  about  a 
third  as  long.     Tendrils  branching.     Fls.  purple.     Leg.  linear-oblong,  15  to  20- 
seeded.     Apr.,  May. 

2  L.  ochroleucus  Hook.     St.  slender ;  Ifts.  about  3  pairs,  broadly  ovate ;  stip. 
semi-cordate,  large;  ped.  7  to  IQ-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves. — A  small,  delicato 
species,  rare,  in  shady  places  and  on  river  banks,  N.   J.  to  "Wise.,  N.  to  Arc. 
circle.     St.  2  to  3f  long,  leaning  or  climbing  on  other  plants.     Lfts.  1  to  l£'  long, 
f  as  wide,  twice  larger  than  the  stipules.    Corolla  yellowish-white  (ochroleucous). 
Jn.,  Jl.     (L.  glaucifolius.  Beck.) 

3  L.  paluatris  L.     St.  winged ;  stip.  semi-sagittate,  ovate,  mucronate ;  Ifts.  2  or 
3  pairs,  oblong-ovate,  mucronate ;  ped.  3  to  5-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves. — 
A  slender  climber,  found  in  wet  meadows  and  thickets,  N.  Eng.  to  Or.     Si. 
slender,  square,  broadly  winged  at  the  angles,  supported  by  the  tendrils.     Lvs. 
pinnate-cirrhous ;  Ifts.  broad,  or  narrow-ovate.    Fls.  drooping,  rather  large,  varie- 
gated with  blue  and  purple.     Jn.,  Jl. 

ft.  MYRTIFOLIUS  Gray.  St.  square,  often  slightly  winged,  weak ;  Ifts.  oblong- 
lanceolate,  rather  obtuse. — Can.  to  Md.  and  Ind.  Ms.  pale  purple.  (L. 
myrtifolius  Muhl.) 

4  L.  venostis  Muhl.     St.  4-angled;    stip.  semi-sagittate,  lanceolate.,  very  small; 
ped.  8  to  16-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves;  Ifts.  4  to  7  pairs,  somewhat  alter- 
nate, obtusish,  mucronate. — In  shady  grounds,  Can.  and  U.  S.     St.  erect,  2  to  3f 
high,  mostly  smooth.     Ped.   axillary,  3  to  5'  long.     Lfts.  ovate,  1£  to  2'  by  1', 
the  veins  conspicuous.     Fls.  rather  largo  and  showy,  purple.     Leg.  Hat   and 
narrow.     Jn.,  Jl. 

5  L.  maritinms  Bw.      BEACH  PEA.     St.  4-angled,  compressed;    petioles  flat 
above;  stip.  cordate- hastate,  nearly  as  large  as  the  8  to  12  ovate  leaflets;  ped.  many- 
flowered. — A  pale  green  creeping  plant,  resembling  the  common  pea,  found  on 
sandy  shores,  N.  Y.  to  Lab.,  W.  to  Oreg.     St.  rigid,  1  to  2f  in  length.     Stip.  con- 
nate.    Lvs.  ending  in  a  branching  tendril,  the  lower  pairs  of  leaflets  largest. 
Fls.  large,  blue.     May — Jl.     (Pisum  maritimum  Ph.) 

6  L.  latifolitts  L.     EVEULASTIXG  PEA.     Ped.  many-flowered;  If  is.  2,  lanceo- 
late; joints    membranous,   winged. — 1£   A  very  showy  plant   for   gardens   and 
arbors,  native  of  England.     St.   Gf  long,  climbing,  winged  between  the  joints. 
Fls.  large,  pink,  clustered  on  a  peduncle  G  to  10'  in  length.     Jl.,  Aug. 

7  L.  odorattis  L.      SAVEET  PEA.     Ped.  1-flowered;  Ifts.  2,  ovate-oblong]  leg. 
hirsute. — (I)  A  well  known  garden  flower,  native  of  Sicily.     The  flowers  appear 
in  June,  are  large,  variegated  with 'red  and  white.     Very  fragrant. 

8  L.  sativus  L.     CHICK  PEA.    Ped.  I -flowered;  Ifts.  2  to  4;  leg.  ovate;  com- 
pressed, with  two  winged  margins  at  the  back. — CD  Native  of  S.  Europe,  where  it 
Las  been  sometimes  cultivated  for  food ;  but  it  proves  to  be  a  slow  poison,  both 
to  man  and  beast,  producing  ultimately  entiro  helplessness,  by  rendering  tho 
limbs  rigid,  but  without  pain. 

16.  VIC'IA,  L.  VETCH.  (Celtic  ywig,  whence,  Gr.  fiuuov,  Lat.  vicia, 
Fr.  vesce,  and  Eng.  vetch.)  Calyx  tubular,  with  the  3  inferior  segments 
straight,  and  longer  than  the  2  above  ;  vcxillum  emarginate ;  stamens 
10,  diadelphous  (9  and  1)  ;  style  filiform,  bent  at  right  angles  with  the 
ovary,  villous  beneath  the  stigma  on  the  outside  (next  the  keel)  ;  legume 
oblong,  several-seeded. — Herbaceous,  mostly  climbing.  Lvs.  abruptly 


ORDER  4G.— LEGUMINOS^E.  305 

pinnate,  with  several  pairs  of  leaflets,  and  a  branching  tendril.  Peduncles 
axillary. 

*  Leaflets  about  4  (3  to  7).     Annual ...  Nos  1    2 

*  Leaflets  about  10  (8  to  24).— Peduncle  many  (5— 20)-floweVeii  Perennial  '.'.'.. '. '. '.'.V.'.Nos.'s— 5 

—Peduncle  few  (l— 5j-llo\vcrc<l Nos.  6,  T 

1  V.  tetrasperma  LoiseT.     Fed.  1  to  2-fawered,  in  Jl.  shorter  (infr.  longer}  than 
the  Ivs. ;  leg.  smooth,  4-seeded ;  Ifts.  4  to  G,  small,  linear,  obtuso  ;  stip.  lanceolate-, 
semi-sagittate. — Slender   and   delicate   plants,    banks   of  streams,  &C.,  Can.  to 
Penn.     Sts.  almost  filiform,  1  to  2f  long.     Lfts.  6  to  10"  by  1",  acute  or  obtuso. 
Fls.  very  small,  bluish- white,  on  filiform  peduncles.     Leg.  4  to  G"  long,  4-  some- 
times 5-seeded.     Jl.     (V.  pusilla  Muhl.     Ervum,  L.) 

2  V.  acutifolia  Eil.     Lfts.  3  to  G,  linear,  acute;  stip.  lance-linear ;  tendrils  mostly 
simple ;  roc.  3  to  S-flowered,  lo.iger  than  the  leaves. — Qa.  and  Fla.     Very  slender, 
glabrous.     St.  3  to  61'  long,  climbing.     Lfts.  G  to  12"  long,  1"  wide.     Fls.  small 
(3"  long),  bluish  white.     Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  tube.     Pods  1'  lono-  about 
8-seeded  (4  to  10). 

3  V.  Americana  Muhl.     Ped.  4  to  8-flowered,  shorter  than  the  Ivs. ;  stip.  semi- 
sagittate,  deeply  dentate;  Ifts.  10  to  14,  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  veined, 
somewhat  alternate ;  leg.  oblong-linear,  compressed,  reticulated. — N.  Y.  "W.  to  tho 
E.  Mts.     Sts.  slender,  1  to  3f  long.     Lfts.  1'  by  5",  subsessile.     Fls.  blue  or  pur- 
ple.    Lower  calyx  teeth  broad-lanceolate,  much  longer  than  the  2  upper.     Style 
very  hairy  at  tho  summit.     May. 

4  V.  Caroliniaiia  Walt.     Ped.  G  to  10  or  12-flowered,  rather  shorter  than  tho 
leaves ;  fls.  loose ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  shorter  than  the  tube,  the  two  upper  very 
short;  sty.  hairy  at  the  summit;  stip.  lance-linear,  entire;  Ifts.  8  to  12,  linear-ob- 
long or  linear,  smoothish ;  leg.  not  reticulated,  oblong. — "Woods  and  river  banks. 
A  slender  climber,  4  to  Gf  long.    Lfts.  G  to  12"  by  1  to  3",  mostly  alternate.    Fls. 
3"  long,  pale  blue,  tho  banner  tipped  with  deep  purple.     May. 

5  V.  Cracca  L.     TUFTED  VETCH.     Fls.  imbricated,  12  to  20  or  more  in  the  ra- 
ceme; Ifts.  12  to  24,  oblong,  puberulent;  stip.  semi-sagittate,  linear-subulate,  entire. — 
A  slender  climber,  2  to  3f  long,  about  fences,  hedges,  thickets,  &c.,  lat.  39°  to 
Can.     St.  square,  downy.     Lvs.  of  many  pairs  of  downy,  mucronate  Ifts.,  with  a 
branched  tendril  at  tho  end  of  tho  principal  stalk.     Lfts.  G  to  8"  by  2  to  3",  peti- 
olulate.     Fls.  blue  and  purple,  in  a  long,  dense,  one-sided  raceme.     Jl. 

6  V.  sativa  L.     VETCH.     TARES.      Fls.  solitary,  or  in  pairs,  subsessile;  Ifts.  10 
to  12,  oblong-obovate,  often  linear,  retuse,  mucronate;  stip.  semisagittate,  subden- 
tate,  dotted ;  leg.  erect,  roundish,  reticulated,  smooth. — (1)A  slender  climbing  plant, 
found  in  cultivated  fields,  introduced  from  Europe.     St.  decumbent  or  climbing, 
2  to  3f  long.     Lfts.  8  to  12"  by  1  to  4'',  lower  ones  near  the  base  of  the  petiole. 
Fls.  pale  purple,  half  as  long  as  tho  leaves.     Leg.  1  to  2'  long.     Jn.  § 

7  V.  hirsuta  Koch.     Lfts.  linear,  truncate,  mucronate;  stip.  semisagittate,  nar- 
row ;  ped.  3  to  6-flowered,  shorter  than  leaves ;  kg.  hirsute,  '2-seeded. — A  creeping 
weed  in  cultivated  fields,  1ST.  Y.  to  S.  Car.     St.  very  slender,  1  to  3f  long.    Lfts. 
8  to  20,  4  to  8"  long,  hardly  1"  wide,  broadest  above.     Ped.  axillary,  3  to  6  flow- 
ered.    Cal.  segm.,  rather  shorter  than  the  bluish  white  corolla.     Leg.  short,  with 
roundish,  compressed  brown  seeds.     Jn.     §  f     (Ervum,  L.) 

V.  micraiitha  Nutt ,  with  the  fls.  minute  and  solitary  on  tho  peduncle,  and 
V.  Ludoviciana  Nutt.  (V.  Leavenworthii  T.  &  G.,  is  the  same  plant  with  a 
more  slender  habit)  sent  from  W.  -La.  (Hale)  have  not  yet,  to  my  knowledge,  been 
found  East  of  the  Miss.  River. 

17.  ZOR'NIA,  Gmel.     (For  John  Zornc,  M.D.,  of  Bavaria.)     Calyx 

bslabiate,  upper  lip  obtuse,  emarginate,  lower  3-cleft ;  corolla  perigy- 
nous,  vexillum  orbicular,  with  the  sides  revolute;  stamens  monadel- 
phous,  the  alternate  anthers  different ;  legume  compressed,  of  2  to  5 
roundish  joints. — Herbs  with  palmately  2  to  4-foliate  Ivs.  and  sagittate 
stip.,  which  are  enlarged  above  and  supply  the  place  of  bracts.  (Fig.  184.) 
Z.  tetraph^lla  MX.  Lfts.  4 ;  stip.  or  bracts  oval,  acute ;  leg.  aculeate,  about 
3-jointed. — A  plant  of  many  singular  marks,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Sts.  pros. 

20 


306  ORDER  46.— LEGUMLNOS^E. 

tratc,  slender,  1  to  2f  long.  Lvs.  oa  long  petioles;  Ids.  elliptic-oblong,  acute  at 
each  end,  the  lower  often  obovate.  Stip.  as  such  very  small  (1"  long)  but  as 
bracts  they  are  as  broad  as  the  leaflets  but  much  shorter.  Fls.  deep  yelknv.  Leg. 
small,  adhesive  by  their  retrorsely  rough  spines.  Jn. — Aug. 

18.  ^ESCHYNOM'ENE,  L.  (Gr.  aiaxvvofiai,  to  be  modest;    alluding 
to  its  sensitive  property.)     Calyx  bilabiate,  bibracteolatc ;  upper  lip 
bifid,  lower  trifid ;  vexillum  roundish ;  keel  petals  boat-shaped,  distinct 
at  base ;  stamens  diadelphous,  5  in  each  set ;  legume  exserted,  com- 
posed of  several  truncated,  separable,  1 -seeded  joints. — Lvs.  odd-pinnate. 
Stip.  semi-sagittate.     Rac.  axillary. 

1  JE.  hispida  Willd.     St.  erect,  somewhat  scabrous,  as  well  as  the  petioles,  pe- 
duncles and  legumes;  If  is.  very  smooth,  27  to  37  (49,  Nutt.),  oblong-linear,  ob- 
tuse; slip,  ovate,  acuminate;  rac.  3  to  5-flowered;  lament  compressed,  6  to  9-joint' 
ed.— 3)  Marshes,  Penn.  to  Fla.  and  La.  (Hale).     St.  2  to  3f  high.     Lfts.  about  |' 
long.     Rac.  usually  bearing  a  leaf.     Fls.  yellow,  reddish  outside.     Leg.  2'  long, 
sinuate  on  one  side,  some  of  them  deeply  parted.     Aug. 

2  2B.  viscidula  MX.     Slender,  procumbent,   viscidly  pubescent;    Ifts.  7  to  Hi 
obovate;  stip.  and  bracts  veiny;  ped.  filiform,  1  to  2- -flowered;  cal.  slightly  bila- 
biate, 3  lower  teeth  nearly  equal;  pod.  2  or  3 -jointed,  deeply  lobed.— <D  Sandy 
fields,  S.  Car.  (Ell.)  to  E.  Fla.     Sfc  diffuse,  1  to  2f  long.     Lfts.  6"  long.     Fls.  small, 
yellow. 

19.  STYLOSAN'THES,  Swartz.    (Gr.  orvXoq,  a  style,  dvBog.)     Flow- 
ers of  two  kinds.     $  Calyx  somewhat  bilabiate,  bibracteolate  at  base, 
the  tube  very  long  and  slender,  with  the  corolla  inserted  on  its  throat ; 
vexillum  very  broad;  stamens  10,  monadelphous ;  ovary  always  sterile, 
with   a  very  long  style.     ?  Calyx  and   corolla  0  ;    ovary  between  2 
bracteoles ;  legume  1  to  2-jointed,  uncinate  with  the  short,  persistent 
style. — Lvs.  pinnately  trifoliate. 

S.  elatior  Swartz.  PENCIL  FLOWER.  St.  pubescent  on  one  side ;  Ifts.  lanceolate, 
smooth,  acute  at  each  end ;  bracts  lanceolate,  ciliate  ;  spikes  3  to  4-flowered ;  lo- 
in ent  1 -seeded  (lower  joint  abortive). — 14  Dry,  gravelly  woods,  Long  Isl.  to  Fla. 
and  Ark.  St.  mostly  erect,  branched,  If  in  bight,  remarkable  for  being  densely 
pubescent  on  that  side  only  which  is  opposite  the  insertion  of  each  leaf,  while  the 
other  side  is  smooth.  Lvs.  on  short  stalks ;  Ifts.  L'  or  more  in  length.  Bracts 
fringed  with  yellow  bristles.  Fls.  yellow.  Jl.,  Aug. 

20  AR'ACHIS,  Willd.  PEA  NUT.  (Lat.  aracos,  used  by  Pliny  to 
designate  some  subterranean  plant.)  Calyx  bilabiate  ;  corolla  resupin- 
ate,  stamens  monadelphous,  legume  gibbous  at  base,  coriaceous,  veiny, 
turgid,  and  indehiscent,  the  joints  not  separating. — A  S.  American 
genus  with  equally  pinnate  Ivs.  and  yellow  fis. 

A.  hypog&a  Willd.  Nearly  glabrous ;  Ifts.  2  pairs,  oval  or  roundish,  cune- 
ate  at  base  ;  stip.  entire,  lance-subulate,  as  long  as  the  Ifts ;  fruit  subterranean. — 
Cultivated  in  N.  Car.  and  S.  and  W.  as  easily  as  tho  sweet  potato,  and  is  very 
prolific.  Tho  specific  name  (OTTO,  -yr),  under  ground)  alludes  to  the  curious  habit 
of  forcing  its  ovaries,  after  flowering,  into  the  soil  and  there  ripening  them. 

21.  CORONIL'LA,  L.  (Lat.  corona,  a  crown ;  from  the  inflores- 
cence.) Calyx  bilabiate,  petals  unguiculate ;  loment  somewhat  terete, 
jointed  ;  seeds  mostly  cylindrical. — Mostly  shrubs.  Lvs.  unequally  pin- 
nate. Fls.  in  simple,  pedunculate  umbels. 

1  C.  Emerus  L.  SCORPION  SENNA.  St.  woody,  angular;  ped.  about  ^-flowered; 
claws  of  the  petals  about  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx. — A  beautiful,  free  flower- 
ing shrub  from  France.  St.  about  3f  high,  square,  with  opposite  branches.  Lfts. 
about  7,  broadly  obcordate.  Fls.  rose-colored,  collected  in  little  tufts  on  the  ends 
of  the  subaxillary  peduncles.  Apr.,  Ja.  f 


ORDER  46.— LEGUMINOS^E.  30 Y 

2  C.  varia  L.  St.  herbaceous,  erect,  smooth,  branching;  Ivs.  sessile,  smooth; 
Ifts.  11  to  19,  all  subsessilc,  oblong,  obtuse;  umbels  long-pedunculate,  10  to  15- 
fiowered;  fls.  pale  purple. — An  elegant  European  species,  2  to  41'  high,  crowned 
with  many  hemispherical  umbels  V  diam.  Jl. — Sept.  f 

22.  HEDYS'ARUM,  L.      (Gr.  r/c%,   sweet,   fyupa,   smell.)      Calyx 
cleft  into  5  linear-subulate,  subequal  segments ;  keel  obliquely  truncate, 
longer  than  the-  wings;  stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1),  and  with  tho 
style  abruptly  bent  near  the  summit;    legume    (loment)    of  several 
1 -seeded   joints  connected  by  their  middle. — 14    Mostly  herbaceous. 
Lvs.  unequally  pinnate. 

H.  bore  ale  Nutt.  Sts.  erect;  Ivs.  subsessile,  of  6  to  10  pairs  of  oblong,  smooth- 
ish  Ifts. ;  stip.  united,  sheathing,  with  subulate  points ;  rac.  spicate,  on  long  ped- 
uncles ;  fls.  numerous,  deflexed ;  cal.  teeth  short,  tho  lower  longest ;  keel  longer 
than  the  banner  or  wings ;  joints  of  the  legume  1  to  4,  flat,  suborbicular,  rugose- 
reticulate. — On  the  precipitous  sides  of  "VVilloughby  Mt,  Westmoro,  Vt.  500f 
above  the  lake  balow,  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  St.  rigid,  1  to  2f  high,  very  leafy. 
Lfts.  5  to  8"  by  2  to  4",  obtuse-mucronulata.  Rac.  2  to  4'  long,  ou  rigid  pedun- 
cles 3  to  5'.  Fls.  large  and  handsome,  violet-purple.  Jn. — Jl. 

23.  DESMCTDIUM,  DC.      (Hedysarum  L.)     BUSH  TREFOIL.     (Gr. 
6eojj,6(;,  a  bond ;    in  reference  to  the  slightly  connected  joints  of  the 
loment.)      Calyx  5 -cleft,   bilabiate,   sometimes  bibracteolate  at  base ; 
vcxillum  roundish ;  keel  obtuse  ;  stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1),  some- 
times monadclphous  ;  legume  (loment)  compressed,  jointed,  constricted 
most  on    the  lower    (dorsal)    suture,  the    joints    1-seeded,   separable, 
mostly  aculeate  and   adhesive. —  ^   Herbaceous  or  suffruticous.     Lvs. 
pinnately  trifoliate.     Fls.  in  racemes  or  panicles,  purplish. 

§  Legumes  distinctly  stiped,  the  stipes  about  as  long  as  the  joints  (a). 

a  Stems  prostrate,  creeping.    Lfts.  round  or  oval Nos.  1,  2 

a  Stems  erect.    Lfts.  ovate,  broadly  or  (in  No.  C)  narrowly,  (b). 

b  Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube Nos.  8—5 

b  Calyx  teeth  longer  than  the  tube, — upper  one  notched Nos.  6 — 8 

— upper  one  entire No.  9 

§  Legumes  subsessile,  tha  stipes,  if  any,  not  exceeding  the  calyx  (c). 
C  Bracts  large,  covering  the  flower  buds,  caducous  (d). 
C  Bracts  inconspicuous,  smaller  than  the  flower  buds  (e). 

d  Stipules  large  (6  to  9"  long),  ovate-lanceolate Nos.  10,  11 

d  Stipules  quite  small,  subufate Nos.  12,  13 

e  Leaflets  large  (2  to  3'  by  1  to  2'),  oblong-ovate.  .Nos.  14,  15 

e  Leaflets  small,  orbicular  or  oval Nos.  16—13 

e  Leaflets  long,  linear No.  19 

1  D.  rottmdifolium  DC.     St.  prostrate,  hairy  ;  Ifts.  suborbicular,  hairy  on  both 
sides ;  bracts  and  stipules  broadly  ovate,  acuminate ;  rac.  few-flowered ;  loment 
constricted  on  both  margins  nearly  alike. — A  hairy,  prostrate  plant,  2  to  3f  in 
length,  found  in  rocky  woods  throughout  the  U.  S.     Lvs.  of  3  roundish  Ifts.,  pale 
beneath,  1  to  2'  diam.,   on  hairy  stalks.     Stip.  cordate,  reflexed,  hairy.    Pis. 
purple,  in  axillary  and  terminal  racemes.     Pods  about  6-jointed.     Aug. 

2  D.  humifusum  Beck.     St.  procumbent,  striate,  nearly  smooth ;  Ifts.  oval,  sub- 
pubescent  ;  stip.   lance-ovate ;  rac.   axillary  and  terminal ;    loment  slightly  con- 
stricted on  the  upper  margin,  of  2  to  4,  obtusely  4-angled  joints. — "Woods,  "Waltham, 
Mass.  (Bigelow),  Penn.  (Muhl).     A  species  much  resembling  the  last,  but  tho 
whole  plant  is  much  smoother,  with  smaller  and  narrower  bracts.     St.  2  to  3f 
long.     Lfts.  oval  or  ovate,  subacute.     Aug. 

3  D.  midiflorum  DC.     Lfts.  roundish  ovate,  lluntly  acuminate,  slightly  glaucous 
beneath  ;  scape  radical,  panicled,  smooth ;  joints  of  the  lomcnt  obtusely  triangu- 
lar.— Common  in  woods,  TJ.  S.  and  Can.     It  is  remarkably  distinguished  by  hav- 
ing its  leaves  and  fls.  on  separate  stalks  often  distant  from  each  other.     St.  8  to 
10'  high,  with  several  ternate,  long-stalked,  smoothish,  terminal  Ivs.     Scape  2 
to  3f  long,  slender,  smooth,  leafless,  panicled,  with  many  small,  purple  flowers. 
Aug. 


308  ORDER  46.— LEGUMINOS^E. 

4  D.  actimmatuxn  DC.     Plant  erect,  simple,  pubescent,  leafy  only  at  top ;  Ifts. 
ovate,  long-acuminate,  tho  odd  one-  round-rhomboidal ;  pan.  terminal,  on  a  very 
long  peduncle. — Common  in  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.     St.  8  to  12'  high,  ending  in 
a  slender  panicle  1  or  2f  long.     Lvs.  at  the  top  of  the  stem  and  below  the  panicle ; 
terminal  1ft.  roundish,  3'  diam. ;  lateral  Itts.  smaller,  all  of  them  covered  with 
scattered,  appressed  hairs,  and  conspicuously  pointed.     Fls.  small,  flesh-colored. 
Pods  of  about  3  triangular  joints.     Jl.,  Aug. 

G  D.  pauciflomm  DC.  St.  assurgent,  leafy  all  the  way,  retrorsely  hairy ;  Ifts. 
membranous,  pale  beneath,  scabrous-pubescent  above,  terminal  one  rhomboidal, 
lateral  ones  inequilateral-ovate,  all  rather  acute  or  subacuminate ;  rac.  terminal, 
few-flowered ;  fls.  in.  pairs ;  petals  a\l  distinct,  spreading. — Woods,  Penn.  to  111. 
and  La.  Rt.  creeping,  tubercular.  Sts.  often  clustered,  If  high.  Petioles  2  to 
3'  long.  Lfts.  1  to  3'  long,  •§•  to  f  as  wide.  Fls.  2  to  G,  white  or  purplish.  Leg. 
of  2  to  3  obtusely  triangular  joints.  Jl.,  Aug. 

5  D.  paniculatum  DC.     Erect,   slender,  nearly  glabrous;  Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate, 
obtuse ;  slip,  subulate,  deciduous ;  fls.  on  long  (4  to  5")  and  slender  pedicels  in 
panicled  racemes;  loment  of  about  3  triangular  joints. — A  handsome  species, 
near  3f  in  hight,  found  in  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.     St.  striate,  2  to  3f  high.     Lvs. 
of  3  smooth,  narrow-ovate  Ifts.,  broadest  at  tho   base,  ending  with  an  obtuso 
point,  1  to  3'  in  length.     Pods  about  3  to  5-joiuted,  large.     Fls.  purple,  numerous. 
JL,  Aug. 

7  D.  viridiflorum  Beck.     St.  erect,  densely  pubescent  and  scabrous  above ;  Ifts. 
ovate,  mostly  obtuse,  scabrous  above,  softly  villous  beneath ;  slip,  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  caducous ;  panicles  very  long,  leafless ;  lower  tooth  of  the  hairy  calyx 
thrice  longer  than  the  upper;  leg.  of  3  to  4  triangular  joints. — Alluvial  soils,  N. 
Y.  to  Fla.  and  La,     St.  3  to  4f  high,  rigid,  branched.     Lfts.  2  to  3'  long.     Corolla 
violet,  turning  green  in  withering.     Leg.  1  to  2'  long. 

8  D.  lasvigatum  DC.     Glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  st.  simple,  erect;  Ivs.  on  long  pe- 
tioles, Itts.  ovate,  rather  obtuse;  pan.  terminal,  nearly  simple;  fls.  in  pairs,  on 
elongated  pedicels;  bracts  ovate,  very  small ;  lower  calyx  tooth  twice  longer  than 
the  upper. — Woods,  N.  J.,  Harper's  Ferry,  and  southward.    The  smoothest  of  our 
Desmodia,  2  to  3f  high.     Lfts.  rather  coriaceous,  1  to  3'  long,  f  as  wide.     Pedi- 
cels 5  to  8"  long.     Fla.  purple.     Joints  of  the  loment  2  to  4,  half  rhombic.     Sept. 

p.  MONOPIITLLUM.     Dwarf;  smaller  in  all  its  parts;  very  smooth;  lower  Ivs. 
unifoliate ;  rac.  simple. — Uxbridge,  Mass.     (Ricard.) 

9  D.  glab£lltim  DC.     St.  erect,  smoothish ;  Ifts.  ovate,  small,  scabrous-pubescent 
both  sides;  slip,  subulate;  lower  tooth  of  the  calyx  twice  longer  than  the  upper 
entire  one;  loment  nearly  straight  on  the  back,  with  about  4  hah0 rhombic  joints. 
— In  shades,  Car.  (Ell.  Curtis).     Aug.,  Sept. 

10  D.  cuspidatum  Torr.  &  Gr.    Erect,  smooth;  Ifts.  oblong-oval,  or  ovate,  sharply 
acuminate ;  stip.  lanceolate-subulate ;  rac.  paniculate,  terminal,  large,  with  scat- 
tered fls. ;  bracts  deciduous,  ovate,  acuminate,  striate,  smooth ;  joints  of  the  loment 
suboval. — A  larger  species  than  either  of  the  preceding,  found  in  woods,  U.  S.  and 
Can.     St.  branching,  erect,  4  to  5f  high.     Lfts.  3'  long,  widest  at  base,  smooth, 
entire.     Stip.  and  bracts  8  or  9"  long.     Stipels  subulate.     Fls.  large  (S"  long), 
purple.     Pods  in  about  6  joints,  long,  pendulous,  rough.     Aug.     (D.  bracteo- 
sum  DC.) 

11  D.  canescens  DC.     St.  striate,  scabrous ;  If  is.  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  scabrous  on 
the  upper  surface,  soft-vittous  beneath ;  stip.  large,  oblique,  acuminate ;  pan.  ter- 
minal, very  long,  densely  canescent,  naked ;  joints  of  the  loment  obliquely  oval ; 
upper  lip  of  the  calyx  nearly  entire. — Woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.  and  La.     An  up- 
right, branching  plant,  with  very  long  panicles  of  flowers,  greenish  externally, 
purple  within.     St.  3f  high,  pubescent.     Pods  about  4-joiuted,  most  constricted 
on  the  lower  side.     Jl.,  Aug.     (D.  Aikinianum  Beck.) 

12  D.  Canadense  DC.     St.   pubescent;    Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate;   obtuse,  nearly 
smooth;  stip.  filiform ;  bracts  ovate,  long-acuminate;  fls.  racemed;  joints  of  tho 
loment  obtusely  triangular,  hispid. — Rather  common  in  woods,  Can.,  Penn.  and 
Ind.     A  handsome  plant  3f  in  height.     St.  upright  striate.     Lfts.  2  to  3'  long,  1' 
wide,  with  G  pairs  of  straightish  veins.     Fls.  purple,  about  as  large  as  in  No.  10, 


ORDER  46.— LEGUMINOS^E.  309 

in  axillary  and  terminal  racemes.     Bracts  conspicuous  before  flowering.     Pods 
about  5-jointed. 

13  D.  sessilifolinm  Torr.  &  Gr.     St.  erect,  tomentous-pubescent ;  Ivs.  sessile, 
Ifts.  linear  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end,  scabrous  above,  softly  tomentous  be- 
neath ;  slip,  subulate ;  pan.  of  spicate  racemes,  very  long ;  bracts,   minute ;  leg. 
small,  hispid,  of  2  to  3  semi-orbicular  joints. — Woods,  the  W.  States  and  Tex.    St. 
2  to  3f  high.     Lfts.  about  2'  by  £'.     Fls.  small,  numerous  and  crowded.     Aug. 

14  D.  Dillenii  Darl.    Plant  erect,  branching,  hairy ;  Ifts.  oblong,  villous  beneath  ; 
stip.  subulate;  rac.  panicled;  joints  of  the  loment  3,  rhomboidal,  reticulate,  a  little 
hairy,  connected  by  a  narrow  neck. — Moist  soils,  N.  and  "W.  States.     St.  sulcate, 
scabrous,  2  to  3f  high.     Lfts.  2  to  3'  by  1  to  2',  smooth  above.     Panicle  large, 
terminal,  naked.     Fls.  purple.     Jl.     (D.  Marilandicum  DC.) 

15  D.  rfgidum  DC.     Erect,  branching,  scabrous,  pubescent;  Ifts.  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  terminal  one  the  longest;  petioles  short,  hairy;  stip.  ovate-acuminate,  cili- 
ate,  caducous,  rac.  paniculate,  very  long ;  leg.  with  2  to  3  obliquely  oval  or  semi- 
obovate  joints. — Hills  and  woods,  Mass,  to  La.    St.  2  to  3f  high,  often  with  numer- 
ous long,  erect,  rigid  branches.     Lfts.  1  to  3'  long,  £  as  wide,  rather  coriaceous, 
reticulate-veined.     Fls.  violet-purple.     Aug. 

16  D.  ciliare  DC.     Erect,  slender,  scabrous-pubescent;  Ivs.  crowded,  on   short 
hairy  petioles ;  Ifts.  small,  ovate,  short-stalked,  pubescent  beneath,  ciliate  on  tho 
margin ;  stip.  filiform,  caducous ;  pan.  terminal,   lower  branches  much  longer ; 
joints  of  the  short  stiped   loment  2  or  3,  obliquely  roundish,  hispid,  reticulate. — 
Woods,  K  Eng.  to  La.     flight  2f.     Fls.  purple.     Aug. 

17  D.  Marilandicum  Boott.     Erect,  branching,  hairy;  Ifts.  ovate,  obtuse,  sub- 
cordate  at  base,  the  lateral  ones  as  long  as  the  petioles  ;  stip.  subulate  ;  pan.  ter- 
minal; loment  stipe  as  long  as  calyx,  joints  1  or  2,  obliquely  obovate. — Woods,  N. 
States  to  Fla.     St.  2  to  3f  high.     Lfts.  6  to  12"  by  4  to  8".     Fls.  violet-purple, 
small.     Aug.     (D.  obtusum  DC.) 

18  D.  lineatum  DC.     Slender,  assurgent;  st.  finely  striate  with  colored  lines; 
Ifts.  small,  roundish  oval,  smoothish,  green  both  sides ;  rac.  terminal  and  lateral, 
very  long  and  loose ;  loment  quite  sessile  in  the  calyx,  joints  about  2,  roundish 
oval. — Dry  woods,  Can.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Sts.  2  or  3f  long.     Lvs.  on  short  stalks ; 
Ifts.  6  to  12"  diam.,  quite  obtuse.     Fls.  and  leg.  small. 

19  D.  strictum  DC.     Erect,  slender,  nearly  glabrous ;  Ivs.  petiolate  ;  Ifts.  linear, 
elongated,   coriaceous  and   reticulately  veined,  mucronate ;  stip.  subulate ;  pan. 
slender,  few-flowered ;  leg.  hispid,  incurved,  of  1  to  3  lunately  triangular  joints, 
with  a  filiform  isthmus,  the  stipe  shorter  than,  or  about  as  long  as  the  calyx. — 
Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  La.     St.  about  3f  high*.     Lfts.  2  to  3'  by  2  to  3", 
longer  than   the  petioles.     Fls.  small,  purple,  on  slender  pedicels.     Aug.     (D. 
tenuifolium  T.  &  G.) 

24.  LESPEDEXZA,  MX.  (In  honor  of  Lespedcz,  Governor  of  Flori- 
da, who  protected  Michaux  in  his  travels  there.)  Calyx  5-parted,  bi- 
bractcolate,  segments  nearly  equal ;  keel  of  the  corolla  very  obtuse,  on 
slender  claws ;  legume  (loment)  lenticular,  compressed,  small,  unarmed, 
indchisccnt,  1 -seeded. — Genus  taken  from  Hedysarum.  1$.  Lvs.  pal- 
in  ately  trifoliate,  reticulately  veined. 

§  Flowers  all  complete.     Calyx  villous,  lonjr.     Cor.  -whitish  with  a  purple  spot Nos.  1,  2 

§  Fls.  partly  apctalous.     Calyx  short.     Corolla  violet. — Stems  upright Nos.  3, 4 

— Stems  prostrate So.  5 

1  L.  capitata  MX.     Busn  CLOVER.     Lfts.  elliptical,  silky  beneath;  stip.  subulate; 
fascicles  of  fis.  ovate,  subcapitate,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  axillary;  loments  hairy, 
shorter  than  the  villous  calyx. — An  erect,  hairy,  half  shrubby  plant,  in  dry  soils, 
Can.  to  Car.     St.  nearly  simple,  villous,  2  to  4f  high.     Lvs.  numerous,  on  short 
petioles,  consisting  of  3  coriaceous  Ifts.     Lfts.  1  to  1  J'  by  3  to  6",  nearly  smooth 

.above,  covered  with  silky  pubescence  beneath.     Aug.,  Sept.     (L.  frutescens  Ell.) 
ft.  ANGUSTIFOLIA  Ph.     Lfts.  linear,  smooth  above.     (L.  angustifolia  Ell.) 

2  L.  hirta  Ell.     St.  villous;  Ifts.  roundish  oval,  pubescent  beneath;  rac.  capitate, 
axillary,  oblong,  longer  than  the  leaves;  cor.  and  loment  about  as  long  as  the 


310  ORDER  46.— LEGUMLNOS.-E. 

calyx. — Plant  2  to  4f  high,  found  in  dry  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  erect,  branching 
and  very  hairy.  Lvs.  less  numerous  than  in  the  last,  on  very  short  stalks  con- 
sisting of  3,  oval  leaflets  hairy  beneath.  Fed.  hairy,  becoming  longer  than  the 
raceme.  Fls.  reddish-white,  crowded.  Aug.,  Sept. 

3  L.  Steiivi  Nutt.    Branched  and  bushy,  tomentous  or  pubescent ;  If  Is.  oval-obovate 
or  roundish,  longer  than  the  petiole;  rac.  axillary,  capitate  or  loose,  equaling  or 
exceeding  the  leaves ;    leg.  villous-pubescent,  ovate-acuminate ;    apetalous  fls. 
few. — Dry  soils,  Mass,  to  Ga.  and  Tex.    Sts.  assurgent,  2  to  3f  high.    Lvs.  always 
hairy  beneath,  generally  so  above.     Aug.  to  Sept. — Quite  variable,  approaching 
the  next  species. 

4  L.  violacea  Pers.     Erect  or  diffuse,  sparingly  pubescent ;  Ifts.  oval,  varying  to 
oblong  and  linear,  obtuse,  mucronate,  as  long  as,  or  a  little  longer  than  the  petioles ; 
rac.  axillary,  few-flowered,  the-  apetalous  ones  generally  below  and  subsessile ; 
leg.  roundish-ovate,  being  much  longer  than  the  calyx. — Dry  woods,  Can  and  U. 
S.     Sts.   1  to  2f  high.     Cor.  3   to  4"  long.     Pods  about  2"  long.     JL,  Aug.— 
Varies  gradually  into  the  following  diverse  extremes. 

a.  Lfts.  large  (9  to  12"  by  6  to  8"),  riot  longer  than  the  petioles ;  fls.  few,  mostly 

complete,  and  near  the  upper  part  of  the  branches ;  rt.  strong,  creeping ;  sts. 

clustered,  slender,  diffuse  or  erect. 
J3.  SESSILIFLORA  T.  &  G.    Lfts.  small  (3  to  G  to  8"  by  1  to  2"),  oblong  to  linear, 

longer  than  the  petioles ;   fls.  mostly  apetalous,  numerous,  in  axillary  glo- 

merules ;  st.  erect  branched.     (L.  sessiliflora  Ph.) 
y.  RETICULATA.     Lfts.  all  linear  (10  to  18"  by  2  to  3"),  rigid,  on  short,  erect 

petioles;  fls.  fascicled,  on  short  stalks. — Erect,  slender;  branches  short  or 

none.     (L.  reticulata  Pers.) 

6.  DIVERGENS  T.  &  G.     Lfts.  ovate,  the  upper  peduncles  filiform,  much  longer 
than  the  leaves  and  mostly  unfruitful.     (L.  divergens  Ph.) 

5  L.  repens  Torr.  &  Gr.     St.  prostrate,  diffuse,  sparingly  pubescent;  Ifts.  oval 
or  obovate-elliptical,  smooth  above,  on  very  short  petioles ;  ped.  axillary,  filiform, 
simple,  few-flowered,  lower  ones  bearing  apetalous  flowers;    leg.    suborbicular, 
subpubescent. — Dry  soils,  Can.  and  U.   S.     Sts.  very  slender,  numerous.     Lfts. 
5  to  9"  by  3  to  5",  obtuse.     Ped.  2  to  5'  long.     Aug.,  Sept.     (H.  repens  L.) 

p.  PROCUSIBENS.     Tomentous-pubescent,  varying  to  pubescent,  but  the  Ivs. 
always  smooth  above.     (L.  procumbens  MX.) 

7.  FEAYANA.     Smoothish ;  sts.  decumbent  and  assurgent ;  Ifts.  obovate,   twice 
longer  than  the  petioles ;  upper  ped.  elongated  and  bearing  apetalous  fls. — 
Savannah.     (Feay.)     Appears  intermediate  between  Nos.  3  and  5. 

25.  GENISTA,  L.     DYER'S  BROOM.     WOAD-WAXEN.     (Celtic,  gen, 
Fr.,  genet ;  a  small  shrub.)     Calyx  with  the  upper  lip  2-parted  and  the 
lower  3-toothed ;  vexillum  oblong ;  keel  oblong,  scarcely  including  the 
stamens  and  style  ;  stigma  involute ;  stamens  monadelphous. — Shrubby 
plants,  with  simple  Ivs.  and  yellow  fls. 

Gr.  tinctoria  L.  Branches  round,  striate,  unarmed,  erect ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  smooth ; 
leg.  smooth. — 11  A  naturalized  species,  in  dry,  hilly  grounds,  Mass.  Sts.  or 
branches  numerous,  ascending  or  erect,  If  high,  from  long,  woody,  creeping  roots. 
Lvs.  sessile,  alternate.  Fls.  bright-yellow,  axillary,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  solitary. 
The  whole  plant  dyes  yellow,  and,  with  Woad,  green.  Aug.  §  Eur. 

26.  CROTALA'RIA,    L.      RATTLE  POD.     (Gr.   tcporahov,  a  rattle; 
from  the  rattling  of  the  loose  seeds  in  the  horny  pod.)     Calyx  5- cleft, 
somewhat  bilabiate  ;  vexillum  cordate,  large  ;  keel  acuminate ;  stamens 
10,  monadelphous;  filamentous  sheath  cleft  on  the  upper  side;  legume 
pedicellate,  turbid. — Herbs  or  shrubs.     Lvs.  simple  or  palmately  com- 
pound.    Fls.  yellow. 

1  C.  sagittalis  L.  Annual,  erect,  branching,  hairy;  Ivs.  simple,  lance-oval  to  lance- 
linear;  stp.  opposite,  acuminate,  decurrent ;  rac.  3-flowered,  opposite  to  the  Ivs.; 
cor.  shorter  than  the  cal. — About  a  foot  high,  with  a  hairy  aspect,  in  woods  and 
sandy  fields,  N.  II.  to  Ark.  St.  herbaceous,  rigid.  Lvs.  alternate,  en1  ire,  nearly 


ORDER  46.— LEGUMINOSJE.  31 ! 

eessile,  rounded  at  the  base.  Its  most  remarkable  feature  is  the  opposite,  united, 
decurrent  stipules,  so  situated  that  each  pair  appears  inversely  sagittate.  Sep. 
long,  hairy.  Cor.  small,  yellow.  Sds.  few,  rattling  in  the  turgid  pod.  Jl. 

2  C.  ovalis  Ph.     Perennial,  hairy,  diffuse;  Ivs.  simple,  oval  and  elliptic,  on  very 
short  petioles ;  stip.  few,  small  or  minute,  partly  decurrent ;  pedicels  long,  3  to  6- 
flowered ;  cor.  longer  than  the  cal. — In  sandy  woods,  K  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Rt. 
strong,  fusiform.      Sts.  annual,  4  to  10  to  12'  long,  prostrate  or  assurgent ;  Ivs. 
about  1'  long.     Ms.  rather  showy  and  remote,  with  minute,  lanceolate  bracts. 
Pods  1'  long,  rattling.     Ap. — Jn. 

3  C.  Purskii   DC.      Perennial;  slender,  assurgent,  nearly  smooth;  Ivs.  simple, 
oblong-linear  or  linear,  subsessile  ;  slip,  narrowly  decurrent  through  the  whole  inter- 
node;  pedicels  long,  5  to  7-flowered;  cor.  a,s  long  as  the  cal. — In  damp  shades,  S. 
Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Sts.  12  to  18'  high.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.    Pods  much  inflated, 
black,  horny,  and  rattling  like  the  other  species  when  fully  ripe.     Apr.  Jl. 

27.  LUPFNUS,  Tourn.     LUPINE.     (Lat.  lupus,  a  wolf;  because  it 
overruns  the  field  and  devours  its  fertility?)     Calyx  deeply  bilabiate; 
upper  lip  2-cleft,  lower  entire  or  3-toothed  ;  wings  united  at  the  sum- 
mit ;  keel  falcate,  acuminate ;  stamens  monadelphous,  the  filamentous 
sheath  entire ;  anthers  alternately  oblong  and  globous ;  legume  coria- 
ceous, compressed. — Herbs,  rarely  shrubby.     Lvs.   palmately  5  to  15 
foliate,  rarely  unifoliate. 

1  L.  villosus  "Willd.     Unifoliate,  densely  silky-tomentous ;  sts.  decumbent-assur- 
gent ;  Ivs.  large,  elliptic-oblong,  long-petioled ;  rac.  terminal,  long,  dense-flowered. 
— A  very  showy  plant  in  the  pine  barrens,  etc.,  N.  C.  to  Fla.     Plant  1  to  2  f  high, 
remarkably  clothed  in  silky  wool,  the  Ivs.  3  to  5'  long,  mostly  at  the  base,  and 
the  numerous  (50  to  100),  large,  violet,  and  roseate  flowers  above  them.     Pods 
covered  with  shaggy  wool,  oblong,  4  or  5-seeded.     Apr.,  Jn. 

/?  DIFFUSUS  T.  &  G-.  Somewhat  branched  at  base,  and  diffuse ;  Ivs.  shorter 
'(2  to  3'),  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  soft-silky,  but  hardly  tomentous ;  pods  very 
silky. — Near  Savannah,  etc.  (Feay  and  Pond.)  (L.  diffusus  Nutt.) 

2  L.  perennis  L.     Minutely  pubescent,  5  to  1-foliate ;  Ifts.  oblanceolate,  mucron- 
ate;  fls.   alternate;  calyx  without  appendages,  upper  lip  emargiuate,  lower  en- 
tire.—  If.  In  sandy  woods  and  hills.  Can.  to  Fla,     It  is  a  beautiful  plant,  cultivated 
in  gardens.     It  is  often  called  sun-dial,  from  the  circumstance  of  its  Ivs.  turning 
to  face  the  sun  from  morning  till  night.     St.  erect,  soft,  smoothish,  a  foot  high. 
Lvs.  soft-downy,  on  long  stalks;  Ifts.  \%  to  2'  by  4  to  G",  lanceolate,  broadest 
above  the  middle.     Fls.  blue,  varying  to  white  in  a  terminal  spike  or  raceme. 
May,  Jn. 

3  L.  polyph^Hus  Lindl.     Tall,  11  to  \Z-foliate;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  sericeous 
beneath ;  fls.  alternate,  in  a  very  long  raceme ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  lanceo- 
late, deciduous  bracts ;  cal.  ebracteolate,  loth  lips  subentire  ;  leg.  densely  hairy. — 
Zf  A  splendid  ornament  of  the  garden  from  Oreg.     St.  3  to  5f  high.     Rac.  a  foot 
or  more  long.     Fls.   scattered  (subverticillate  in  /?.  grandifolius,  Lindl.),  white, 
purple,  or  yellow,  in  different  varieties,  f 

4  L.  Nootkatensis   Bonn.      NOOTKA   SOUND  LUPINE.     St.  viUous,  with 
long,  spreading  hairs,  5  to  ^-foliate;  Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate,  mucronate,  attenuate 
at  base,  sericeous  beneath ;  cal.  very  hairy,  both  lips  nearly  entire  ;  bracts  linear, 
hairy,  longer  than  the  calyx. — A  handsome  species  from  the  JN".  "West  Coast,  2 
to  3f  high,  in  gardens.     Fls.  purple,  f 

5  L.  arboreus  L.     TREE  LUPINE.     Shrubby;  fls.  yellow,  in  whorls;  cal. 
appendaged,  lip  acute,  entire, — A  handsome  exotic  shrub,  6f  high,  with  large, 
yellow  fls.  f 

Oi*.— Several  annual  species  are  occasionally  sown  in  gardens,  as  L.  ALBTJS,  -with  white  fls. ; 
L.  PILOSUS,  with  rose-colored  fls. ;  L.  LUTEUS,  with  yellow  fls. ;  and  L.  HIRSUTUS,  with  blue  fls. 
and  an  appendaged  calyx. 

28.  LABUR'NUM,  Bcnth.     Calyx  campanulate,  bilabiate,  upper  lip 
2,  lower  3-toothed  ;  vexillnm  ovate,  erect,  as  long  as  the  straight  wings ; 
filaments  diadelphous  (9  &  1)  ;  legume  continuous,  tapering  to  tho 


312  ORDER  46.— LEGUMINOS^E. 

base,  several-seeded. — Oriental,  tliornless  shrubs  or  trees.      Lvs.  pal- 
mately  trifoliate.     Fls.  mostly  yellow. 

1  L.  vulgare  L.     GOLDEN  CHAIN.     Arborescent ;  Ifts.  oblong-ovate,  acme  at 
lose,  acuminate]  rac.  simple,  elongated,  pendulous;  leg.  hirsute. — A  small,  orna- 
mental tree,  15f  high,  from  Switzerland.     Fls.  numerous,  large,  in  rac.  If  long. 
f  (Cytisus  Laburnum  L.) 

2  L.  alpinum  L.      Arborescent;  Ifts.  oblong-ovate,  rounded  at  lase;  rac. 
long,  simple,   pendulous ;  leg.   glabrous. — A  beautiful   tree,    30f  high,   native  of 
various  Alpine  regions  of  Europe.     Like  the  former  it  develops   numerous  bril- 
liant, yellow  fls.,  in  long,  drooping  clusters.     There  aro  varieties  with  ochroleu- 
cous,  white,  and  even  purple  fls. 

29.  TRIFO'LIUM,  Tourn.  CLOVER.  (Gr.  rpiQvMov,  (three-leaved)  ; 
Lat.  trifolium  ;  Fr.  trcfle ;  Eng.  trefoil.')  Calyx  tubular  or  campanu- 
late,  5-toothed,  persistent;  petals  more  or  less  united  at  the  Lase,  with- 
ering; vexillum  reflexed ;  alac  oblong,  shorter  than  the  vexillum ; 
carina  shorter  than  the  alee;  stamens  10,  diadelphous  (9  and  1); 
legume  short,  membranous,  mostly  indehiscent,  covered  by  and  scarcely 
longer  than  the  calyx,  2  to  4-scedcd  ;  seeds  roundish. — Herbs.  Lvs. 
palmately  trifoliate ;  Ifts.  with  straight,  scarcely  reticulated  veins.  Fls. 
in  dense  heads  or  spikes. 

§  Flowers  yellow,  in  small,  dense,  roundish  heads Nos.  1,  2 

§  Flowers  cyanic, — pedicellate,  finally  deflexed.  (a) 
— subsessile,  never  deflexed.  (b) 

a  Heads  small,  on  stalks  some  ten  times  lonser Nos.  8,  4 

a  Heads  large,  on  stalks  two  or  three  times  longer Nos.  5,  6 

b  Calyx  teeth  plumose,  longer  than  the  whitish  corolla No.  7 

b  Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  the  p'urplo  or  roseate  corolla..  .Nos.  8 — 10 

1  T.  procumbens  L.     YELLOW  CLOVER.     St.  procumbent  or  ascending;   Ifts. 
obtuse  or  retuse,  denticulate,  terminal  one  petiolulate ;  slip,  ovate-lanceolate  acumin- 
ate, much  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  hds.  small,  subglobous ;  cor.  yellow ;  sty.  3  or 
4  times  shorter  than  the  l-seeded  leg. — CD  In  dry  soils,   N.  H.  to  Va.     Sts.  many 
from  the  same  root,  slender,  more  or  less  pubescent,   striate,  3  to  10'  long,  often 
suberect.     Lfts.  4  to  8"  long,  J  to  equally  as  wide,  lateral  ones  placed  I  to  2"  be- 
low the  terminal  one.     lids.  2   to  3"  diarn.,  on  slender  peduncles  1'  long.     Fls. 
at  length  reflexed.     Jn.,  Jl.     §  Eur. 

2  T.  agrarium.  L.     St.  ascending  or  erect;  Ifts.  often  emarginate.   denticulate, 
all  subsessile;  stip.  linear-lanceolate,  cohering  with  and  longer  than  the  petiole;  hds. 
ovoid-elliptic;  sty.  about  equaling  the  l-seeded  kg. — @  Sandy  fields.  N.  Eng.     Sts. 
6  to  15'  high,  branched,  minutely  pubescent.     Lfts.  5  to  10"  by  1  to  3".     Com- 
mon petioles  3  to  10"  long,  the  upper  ones  shorter  than  their  stip.     Hds.  of  fls. 
twice  larger  than  in  tho  last,  en  peduncles  about  1'  long.     Fls.  at  length  reflexed. 
Jl.,  Aug.     §  Eur. 

3  T.  Carolinianum   MX.     Slender,   diffuse;    Ifts.  cuneate-obovate,  the  middle 
one  obcordate;    stip.   ovate-acuminate,  foliaceous  •    lids,  long-stalked;    cal.   teeth 
thrice  longer  than  its  tube;  leg.  4-seeded. — (I)  Fields,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex., 
almost  forming  a  turf  and  poor  pasturage.     Sts.  G  to  12'  long,  many  from  one 
root.     Fls.  white  or  purplish.     Fed.  4  to  G'  long.     Mar. — May. 

4  T.  repens  L.     WHITE  CLOVER.     SHAMROCK.     St.  creeping,  diffuse ;  Ifts.  obcor- 
date, denticulate ;  stip.  narrow,  scarious ;  hds.  subumbellate,  en  very  long,  axil- 
lary peduncles;  leg.  about  4-seeded;  cal.  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube. —  If  In  all 
soils,  mountainous,  meadow  or  rocky,  throughout  N.  Am.     Sts.  several  from  the 
same  root,  extending  6  to  12',  rooting  at  the  joints.     Fed.  angular,  much  longer 
than  the  Ivs.     Fls.  white.     May— Sept.     Highly  valued  for  pasturage. 

5  T.  reflexum  L.     BUFFALO  CLOVER.     Pubescent;    ascending  or  procumbent; 
Ifts.  obovate  or  oblong-obovate,  serrulate,  some  of  them  emarginate ;  stip.  leafy, 
semicordate ;    hds.   umbel-like ;    cal.   teeth  nearly  as  long  as  the  cor. ;  leg.  about 
4-seeded. — 1)  Prairies  and  meadows,  \V.  and  S.  States.     St.  8  to  16'  high.     Lfts. 
subsessile,  7  to  8"  by  4  to  5"  ;  petioles  1  to  2'  long.     Hds.  large  and  handsome 
Fed.  1  to  3'  long.     Fls.  rose-red,  turning  brownish  when  deflected.     Apr. — Jn. 


ORDER  46.—  LEGUMINOS^E.  313 

6  T.  stoloftifemm  MuhL      Glalrous,   creeping;    branches   axillary,  ascendin"- 
short  ;  Ifts.  broadly  obcordale,  denticulate  ;  stip.  leafy,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate^ 
fls.  loose,  umbellate-capitate  ;  cal  teeth  not  half  the  length  of  the  cor.  ;  leg  about 
2-seeded.—  Fields  and  woods,  W.  States.     Sts.  6  to  12'  long,  several  together. 
Branches  3  to  4'  high,  generally  with  one  head  which  is  1'  diam.     Lfts.  6  to  10" 
by  5  to  9  '.     Fls.  white,  erect,  but  in  fruit  all  reflexed.     May,  Jn. 

7  T.  arveiiso  L.     Hds.  cylindrical,  very  hairy;  cal.  teeth  setaceous,  longer  than 
than  th3  cor.  ;  Ifts.  narrow-obovate.-<p  A  low  plant  in  dry,  sandy  fields,  Me.  to 
Fla,     Sts.  much  branched,    round,   hairy;  C  to  12'  high.     Lvs.  hairy,  on  short 
petioles,  of  3  narrow  Ifts.,  £  to  1'  long.     Hds.  of  white  or  palo  red  fls.,  1'  loop, 
very  soft  and  downy,  tho   slender,  equal  calyx  teeth  being  densely  fringed  with 
fine  silky,  reddish  hairs,  and  projecting  far  beyond  the  corolla.   Jl.  _  Aug.  §  Eur. 

8  T.  pratense  L.     BED  CLOVER.     Ascending,  thinly  hirsute;  Ifts.  spotted,  oval, 
entire;  stip.   ovate,  cuspidate-acuminate;    heads  sessile;  lower  tooth  of  the  cal. 
longer  than  the  four  others  which  are  equal.  —  1£  This  is  the  common  red  clover 
so  extensively  cultivated  in  grass  lands,  with  herds'  grass  (Phleum  pratense)  and 
other  grasses,  and  often  alone.     Sts.  several  from  tho  same  root,  hairy.     Lvs.  tcr- 
nate,  the  Ifts.  ovate,  lighter  colored  in  tho  center,  entire  and  nearly  smooth.    Fls. 
red,  rarely  white,  sweet-scented.     All  Summer.     §  Eur. 

9  T.  medium  L.     ZIG-ZAG  CLOVER.     St.  suberect,  branching,  flexuous,   nearly 
glabrous;  Ifts.  not  spotted,  oblong  or  elliptical,  subentiro;  stip.  lanceolate,  acumin- 
ate; lids,  ovoid-globous,  pedunculate-  cal.  teeth  setaceous,  hairy.  —  If  In  meadows, 
Danvers,  Mass.  (Oakes).     Hds.  of  fls.  larger  than  in  T.  pratense.     Cor.  deep  pur- 
pla.     Lvs.  of  a  uniform  green.     §  Eur. 

10  T.  incarnatum  L.  St.  erect,  flexuous  ;  Ifts.  ovate-orbicular,  obtuse  or 
obcordate,  sessile,  crenate  villous  ;  spike  dense,  oblong,  obtuse,  pedunculate;  cal. 
teeth  setaceous,  villous.  —  CD  A  fine  species  from  Italy,  occasionally  cultivated  as 
a  border  flower,  and  has  been  proposed  (Dr.  Dewey  Rep.  Herb.  PL  Mass.)  for  cul- 
tivation as  a  valuable  plant  for  hay. 


30.  MEDICA'GO,  L.  MEDICK.  (Gr.  iieduiri,  lucerne  ;  from  Media,  its 
native  country'?)  Calyx  5-cleft;  corolla  deciduous,  vexillum  free  and 
remote  from  the  keel;  legume  variously  curved,  or  spirally  coiled  or 
twisted.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs  with  pinnately  3-foliate  Ivs. 

*  Pods  smooth  ..............  Nos.  1,2,  3.  **  Pods  spiny  ..............  Nos.  4,  5,  6. 

1  M.  lupulina  L.     NONE-SUCH.     Procumbent,  pubescent  ;  Ifts.  obovate,  obtuse,  cu- 
neate  at  base;  ped.  much  longer  than  the  leaves,  with  an  oblong  spike  of  small  yel- 
low flowers  ;  pods  reniform,  1-seeded.  —  (D  Fields  and  waste  grounds,  Can.  to  Fla. 
Sts.  6  to  20'  long.     Pods  black  when  rip?,  as  large  sis  a  pin-head.     May  —  Oct. 
§Eur. 

2  M.  sativa  L.    LUCERNE.    Erect,  glabrous;  If  Is.  ollong-oblanceclate,  toothed  above, 
mucronate  ;  stip.  lance-linear  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  Ivs.,  with  an  oblong  roc.  of  large 
violet  fls.;  pods  spirally  twisted,  reticulated.  —  1(  Sts.  2  to  3f  hig!-,  from  a  strong, 
deep  root.       Highly  valued  in  Europe  as  a  forago  plant,  with  us  sparingly 
cultivated.     §  Jn.,  Jl. 

3  M.  scutellata  L.     SNAILS.     Lfts.  elliptical,   denticulate,  the  lower  obovate; 
stip.  ovate,  dentate;  ped.  1  to  ^-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaf;  pods,  snail-shaped, 
convex  below,  flat  above,    with  about  6  concentric-spiral  turns.  —  (D  Gardens, 
among  flowers,    cultivated    for  its   curious  pods  resembling  snail  sheila.     JL 
t  §  Eur. 

4  M.  denticulata  Willd.     Procumbent,  glabrous  ;  Ifts.  obovate,  denticulate,  and 
often  emarginate  above  :  stip.  laciniate,  setose  ;  ped.  1  to  3-flowered,  shorter  than 
the  leaves;   pods  loosely  spiral,  with  2  or  3  turns,  flattened,  strongly  reticulated, 
the  border  echinate  with  a  double  row  of  hooked  spines.  —  GD  Waste  grounds,  hero 
and  there.     Sts.  1  to  2f  long.     Fls.  small  (yellow  in  h.  s.),  purplish.     Jn.     §  Eur. 

5  M.  intertgxta    L.     HEDGEHOG,      Lfts.  rhomboidal,  toothed;  stip.  laciniate; 
ped.  about  2-flovvered;  leg.  oval,  5  or  6-fold,  spirally  coiled,  echinate,  the  margins 
bordered  with  setaceous,  reflexed,  oppressed  prickks.—  Gardens,  and  occasionally 
spontaneous.     Cultivated  like  No.  3,  for  its  curious  pods. 


314  ORDER  46.— LEGUMINOSJE. 

6  M.  maculata  "Willd.,  with  Ivs.  marked  with  a  purple  spot,  and  pods  compactly 
spiral,  and  echinate  somewhat  like  No.  4,  said  to  be  naturalized  South ;  we  havo 
not  met  with  it,  unless  an  imperfect  specimen  from  Potsdam,  N.  Y.,  be  this  plant 
Other  species  of  this  curious  genus  are  occasionally  found  in  gardens. 

31.  MELILOTUS,  Tourn.     MELILOT.     (Lat.  md,  honey,  and  lotus; 
in  drying  it  exhales  a  sweet  odor.)     Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  persist- 
ent ;  corolla  deciduous,  keel  petals  completely  united,  shorter  than  the 
alae  or  vexillurn ;  stamens  diadelphous  (9  &  1)  ;  legume  rugous,  longer 
than  the  calyx,  1  to  few-seeded. — Genus  taken  from    Trifolium.     Lvs. 
pinnately  trifoliate,  veins  of  the  Ifts.  simple  or  forked.     Fls.  in  racemes. 

1  M.  officiiialis  Willd.    St.  erect,  with  spreading  branches;  Ifts.  obovate- oblong-, 
obtuse,  dentate;  rac.  spicate,  axillary,  paniculate,  loose;  cal.  half  as  long  as  the 
yellow  corolla;  leg.  2-seeded,  ovoid. — Alluvial  meadows.     St.  sulcate,  about  3f 
high.     Lfts.  smooth,  with  remote,  mucronate  teeth.     Fls.  in  long,  1-sided,  slender 
racemes ;  petals  of  nearly  equal  length.     The  whole  plant  is  sweet-scented.     Jn. 
§  Eur. 

2  M.  dlba  Lam.    SWEET-SCENTED  CLOVER.  WIIITE  MELILOT.  St.  erect,  branched, 
Ifts.  ovate-oblong,  -truncate  and  mucronate  at  the-  apex,  remotely  serrate ;  slip, 
setaceous ;  cal.  less  than  half  as  long  as  the-  white  cor. ;  leg.  2-seeded,  ovoid. — 
<D  Alluvial  soils.     St.  robust,  very  branching,  sulcate,  4  to  6f  high.     Lfts.  1  to  2' 
long,  more  obtuse  at  the  apex  than  at  base,  mupronately  serrate.     Fls.  numerous, 
the  racemes  more  loose  and  longer  than  in  the  last.     Petals  unequal ;  banner 
longer  than  wings  or  keel.     Yery  fragrant  when  dried.     Jl.,  Aug.     §  f  Eur. 

32.  PSORA^LEA.      (Gr.  Tpupaktog,  leprous  or  scaly ;  alluding  to  the 
glandular  dots.)    Calyx  5-cleft,  campanulate  ;  segments  acuminate,  lower 
one  longest  ;  stamens  diadelphous,  rarely  somewhat  monadelphous ;  leg- 
umes  as  long  as  the  calyx,  1-seeded,  indchiscent. —  "4  or  t>.      Often 
glandular-dotted ;  stip.  cohering  with  the  base   of  the  petiole.     Fls. 
cyanic. 

*  Leaves  palmately  1  and  3  (rarely  r>)-foliate t Nos.  1,  2 

*  Leaves  paluiately  5,  or  5  and  7-foliate Nos.  3,  4 

*  Leaves  pinnately  3  or  1-t'oliate Nos.  5—8 

*  Leaves  pinnate, '19  to  21-foliate No.  9 

1  P.  can£scens  MX.     Yery  branching,  canescently  pubescent,  lower  Ivs.  3-foliate, 
upper  1-foliate,  Ifts.  roundish- obovate,  obtuse,  tapering  afc  base  into  a  petiolule,  dot-, 
ted. — Sandy  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.     Plant  2f  high,  excessively  branched,  form- 
ing a  globular  bush.     Fls.  in  small  clusters  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets ;  small, 
"  blue  at  first,  changing  to  dull  yellow"  (Mettauer).    Cal.  gibbous,  almost  spurred 
at  base.     May — Jl. 

2  P.  floribunda  Nutt.     Canescent,  much  branched;  Ifts.  3,  rarely  5,  dotted,  ob- 
long-obovate,  varying  to  linear;  stip.  setaceous;  rac.  slender,  many-flowered,  twico 
longer  than  the  leaves;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  flowers,  and  longer  than  the  small, 
ovate-acuminate  bracts;  vex.  roundish;  leg.  smooth. — Alluvial  soils,  111.  (Mead), 
Ark.  W.  to  the  R.  Mts.     St.  2  to  4f  high,  branches  spreading.     Lfts.  1  to  2'  by 
2  to  4''.     Common  petiole  7}  to  1'  long.     Fls.  bluish  purple,  3''  long,  15  to  30  in 
the  very  canescent  racemes.     Jn. 

3  P.  subacaulis  Torn  &  Gray.     Nearly  acaulescent,  hirsute;  Ivs.  7-foliate  on  very 
long  petioles ;   Ifts.  obovate-obiong ;  fls.  in  dense,  egg-shaped  racemes ;  cal.  much 
shorter  than  the  cor. — Tenn.,  near  Nashville  (Dr.  lioam  in  N.  Am.  Flora).     Lvs. 
and  flower-stalks  almost  radical,  6  to  10'  long;  Ifts.  about  1'  long. 

4  P.  Lupinellus  MX.     St.  sknder,  glabrous;  Ivs.  5  to  7-foliate ;  Ifts.  linear-fili- 
form ;  rac.  longer  than  the  Ivs.,  many-flowered ;  pod  incurved  at  base,  recurved 
at  apex,  so  as  to  simulate  the  letter  S. — Pine  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.      Sts.  abot-t 
2f  high.     Lfts.  2  to  3'  long.     Fls.  as  large  as  ia  P.  floribunda.     May,  Jn. 

5  P.  virgata  Nutt.     Virgate,  smoothish ;   Ivs.  1-foliate,  remote ;  Ifts.  linear  (the 
lower  rarely  3-foliate  and  oblong);  ped.  shorter  than  the  Ivs.;  spikes  rather  dense- 
flowered.— Near  St.  Mary's,  Ga.     St.  about  2f  high.     Lfts.  2  to  4'  by  2  to  4". 
Fls.  palo  violet. 


ORDER  46.—  LEGUMINOS^E.  315 

6  P.  stipulata  Torr-  &  Gr.     Nearly  glabrous  and  glandless,  ascending  ;  Ivs.  pin- 
nately  3-foliate,  Ifts.  elliptic-ovate,  obtuse,  mucronato;  stip.  (large)  ovate;  ped. 
as  long  as  the  Ivs.  ;  spikes  capitate.  —  Falls  of  the  Ohio  (Jones  in  N.  Am.  Flora). 
Sts.  branched  from  the  baso.   The-  large  stipules  aro  remarkable,  resembling  those 
of  the  red  clover. 

7  P.  Melilotoides  MX.     Yirgate,  minutely  pubescent  ;  Ivs.  3-foliato,  Ifts.  oblong- 
lanceolato,  rather  obtuse,  on  very  short  petioles,  more  or  less  glandular  ;  stip. 
lanceolate  ;  spike  oblong,  at  length  elongated,  on  virgate  peduncles  ;   pods  orbicu- 
lar, transversely  wrinkled.—  Dry  soils,  S.  and  W.  Sts.     Slender,  branched,  erect, 
2f  high.     Lfts.   2  to  2J'  long,  £  as  wide.     Ped.   G  to  10'  long.     May—  Jl.     (P. 
cglandulosa  Ell.) 

3  P.  Onobrychis  Nutt.  Pubescent;  Ifts.  ovate-acuminate;  rac.  elongated  ;  cal. 
much  shorter  than  cor.,  teeth  small,  obtuse,  equal;  leg.  ovate,  transversely 
wrinkled.  —  Low  grounds  and  thickets,  "W.  States.  St.  rigidly  erect,  nearly  simple, 
3  to  5f  high.  Lfts.  2  to  4'  long,  nearly  -J  as  wide.  Fls.  small,  pedicellate,  blue. 
Pods  exceeding  the  calyx,  rostrate.  Jn.,  Jl. 

9  P.  multijuga  Ell.  Lfts.  numerous,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  spikes  oblong  ; 
cal.  villous.  teeth  very  long  ;  bracts  small.  —  In  the  upper  country,  Ga.  (Elliott), 
S.  Car.  (Darby).  St.  stout,  furrowed  1  to  2f  high,  nearly  smooth.  Fls.  violet. 
Lfts.  9  or  10  pairs.  May,  Jn. 

33.  GLOTTID'IUM,  Desv.     (Gr.  yAwrra,  tongue;   alluding  to  the 
singular  structure  of  the  pods.)     Calyx  campanulate,  truncated,  minutely 
5-toothed  ;  vexillum  reniform,  broader  than  long  ;  legume  elliptic-ob- 
long, compressed,  pointed  at  each  end  ;  valves  double,  the  inner  mem- 
branous, inclosing  the  seeds  after  the  outer  have  fallen  away  ;  seeds  1 
or  2.  —  (T)  Glabrous.     Lvs.  abruptly  pinnate.     Fls.  small,  yellow. 

G.  Floridamim  DC.  In  waste  and  damp  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  St. 
tall  and  rank  (4  to  lOf).  Lfts.  30  to  50,  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  6  to  18" 
long.  Fls.  about  a  third  as  large  as  in  Sesbania,  in  slender  rac.  Pods  18"  by  6", 
appearing  after  the  opening  of  the  outer  valve,  as  tongue  and  lips.  Seeds  bean- 
shaped.  (Sesbania  platycarpa  Pers.) 

34.  SESBA'NIA,  Pers.     Calyx  campanulate,  subcqually  5-toothed  ; 
vexillum  longer  than  the  obtuse  keel,  the  claw  appended  ;  legume  very 
long  and  slender,  linear,  closed  between  the  seeds.  —  Shrubs  or  herbs, 
with  abruptly  pinnate  Ivs.,  caducous  stip.  and  bracteoles,  and  yellowish 
flowers. 

S.  macrocarpa  Muhl.  Herb  annual,  glabrous  ;  Ifts.  30  to  50,  oblong-linear, 
obtuse,  mucronate  ;  rac.  about  2-flowered,  shorter,  but  the  legumes  twice  longer 
than  the  Ivs.  —  Damp  grounds,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  tall  (2  to  8f).  Lvs. 
6  to  10'  long,  the  Ifts.  6  to  9",  glaucous  beneath.  The  extremely  slender  leg.  nearly 
a  foot  long,  with  a  bordered  margin  are  very  singular.  Aug.  —  Oct. 

35.  AMOR'PHA,  L.     LEAD  PLANT.     (Gr.  a,  privative,  juop^//,  form; 
alluding  to  the  deficiencies  of  the  corolla.)     Calyx  subcampanulate,  5- 
cleft  ;  vexillum  concave,  unguiculate,  erect  ;    wings   and    keel    none  ; 
stamens   exserted;    legume   oblong,   somewhat   curved   at  the   point, 
scabrous  with  glandular  points,  1  to  2-seeded.  —  Shrubs  or  half  shrubby 
American  plants.     Lvs.  unequally  pinnate,  punctate.     Fls.  bluish  white, 
in  virgate  racemes. 

*  Leaves  stalked  (i.  e.,  the  lowest  Ifts.  remote  from  stem)  ..............................  No.  1 

*  Leaves  sessile,  —  Ifts.  obtuse,  not  mucronate 

—  Lfts.  acute,  mucronate 


1  A.  fruticosa  L.  Nearly  glabrons  or  somewhat  pubescent,  shrubby  or  arbores- 
cent; Ifts.  9  to  19,  oval,  petiolulate,  very  obtuse,  the  lower  pair  remote  from  the 
stem;  cal.  teeth  obtuse,  short,  lower  one  acuminate  and  rather  the  longest;  leg. 
2-seeded.—  A  shrub  or  small  tree,  6  to  16f  high,  Wis.  to.  La.  and  Fla.,  W.  to  R. 


316  ORDER  46.— LEGUMINOS^. 

Mts.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  long;  Ifls.  about  1  by  V,  rather  remote  from  each  other  and 
from  the  stem.  Petiolules  scarcely  2"  long.  Spicate  rac.  terminal,  solitary  or 
fascicled,  3  to  4'  long,  Vexillum  purple,  emarginate.  May,  Jn. 

2  A.  glabra  Desf.     Nearly  glabrous,  shrubby ;  Ifts.   oblong  or  elliptical,  dotted, 
petiolulate,  the  lowest  pair  close  to  the  stem  ;  fls.  subsessile  ;  cal.  teeth  short,  the 
2  upper  oblu.se,  the  3  lower  longer,  or  nearly  equal,  villous ;  sty.  hairy  towards  the 
base. — Near  Wilmington  and  Newbern,  N.  Car.     Plant  4  to  5f  high.     Fls.  dark 
blue.     Jl.     (v.  s.  in  herb.  Curtis.)     (A.  Caroliniana  Groom). 

3  A.  herbacea  Walt.     Pubescent  and  somewhat  hoary,  shrubby;  Ifts.  20  to  25 
pairs,  oblong,  obtuse,  dotted,  the  lowest  pair  close  to  the  stem;  fis.  subsessile; 
teeth  of  the  cal.  nearly  equal,  short;  cor.  whitish. — Pine  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla. 
Plant  2  to  4f  high,  grayish.     Lvs.  5  to  7'  long;  Ifts.  G  to  8"  by  3".     Petiolules 
1"  long.     Spikes  many,  clustered  at  top,  very  downy,  G  to  8'  long.     Jn.,  Jl. 

4  A.  canescens  Nutt.    Suffruticous,  and  canescently  villous,  Ifts.  small,  numerous, 
crowded,  ovate-elliptical,  subsessile,  mucronate;  spikes  aggregate;  fis.  subsessile; 
calyx   teeth  equal,  oval  acute;    vex.   bright  blue;    leg.   1-seeded. — A  beautiful 
species,  2  to  4f  high,  in  dry,  sandy  soils,  Wig.  to  La.  and  R.  Mts.,  and  is  supposed 
to  prefer  localities  oflead  ore.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long;  llts.  coriaceous,  1G  to  2-i  pairs, 
obtuse  at  base,  4  to  G"  by  1  to  2".     Spikes  2  to  3'  long.     JL,  Aug. 

36.  DA'LEA,  L.     (In  honor  of  Thomas  Dale,  an  English  botanist.) 
Calyx  subequally  cleft   or  toothed  ;   petals  unguiculate,  claws  of  the 
wings  and  keel  adnatc  to  the  staminate  tube  half  way  up ;  vexillum 
free,  the  limb  cordate;  stamens  10,  united  into  a  cleft  tube;  ovary 
2-ovuled ;  legume  inclosed  in  the  calyx,  indehisccnt,  1-seeded. — Mostly 
herbaceous  and  glandular-punctate.     Lvs.  odd-pinnate.    Stipcls  0,  stip. 
minute,  setaceous.     Spikes  mostly  dense. 

D.  alopecuroides  Willd.  Glabrous  and  much  branched ;  Ifls.  8  to  14  pairs, 
linear-oval,  obtuse  or  retuse,  punctate  beneath ;  spike  pedunculate,  oblong-cylin- 
dric,  terminal,  silky-villous ;  bracts  about  equaling  the  acuminate  segments  of  the 
cal. — (J)  Prairies  and  bottoms,  111.,  Mo.,  Car.  Plant  about  2f  high,  bushy  and 
leafy  and  pale  green.  Lfts.  not  more  than  4''. by  1",  sessile,  and  nearly  in  mutual 
contact.  Spikes  1  to  2'  long.  Vexillum  white,  wings  and  keel  pale  violet.  (D. 
Linnaei  MX.  Petalostemon  Ph.) 

37.  PETALOSTE'MON,  MX.      (Alluding  to  the  union  of  the  petals 
and  stamens.)     Calyx  5-toothcd,   nearly  equal ;  petals  5,   on  filiform 
claws,  4  of  them  nearly  equal,  alternate  with   the  stamens  and  united 
with  the  staminate  tube  ;  stamens  5,  monadelphous,  tube  cleft ;  legume 
1-seeded,  indehiscent,  included   in  the   calyx. — Mostly  ^.     Lvs.  un- 
equally  pinnate,    exstipellatc.      Fls.    in  dense,   pedunculate,    terminal 
spikes  or  heads. 

§  PETALOSTEMON  proper.    Calyx  teeth  short.    Heads  not  involucrate.    Bracts  small  (a). 

a  Bracts  nristate-poiuteil,  longer  than  the  calyx Nos.  1,  2 

a  Bracts  obtuse  or  acute,  not^iristate,  short Nos.  3,  4 

§  KCRNISTERA,  Lam.     Calyx  teeth  very  long,  setaceous,  plumous,  pappus-like,    lids. 

involucrate,  with  broad,  scale-like  bracts .No.  5 

1  P.  candidum  MX.     Glabrous,  erect ;  Ifts.  ^  to  9,  all  sessile,  linear-lanceolate, 
mucronate,  glandular  beneath;    spikes  on   long  peduncles;    bracts  setaceous, 
longer  than  the  white  petals  ;  vex.  broadly  cordate,  the  other  pets,  ovate. — A  fine- 
looking  plant  in  dry  prairies,   S.  and  W.  States.     St.    2  to  4f  high,  sparingly 
branched,  slender.     Lfts.  9  to  18"  by  3  to  5",  terminal  ono  largest.     Fls.  small, 
white,  crowded  in  dense  spikes  which  are  1  to  3'  long.     Jl. 

2  P.  violaceum  MX.     Minutely  pubescent,  erect ,  Ifts.  5,  linear,  glandular  be- 
neath ;  spikes  pedunculate,  oblong  or  oval  bracts  shorter  than  the  violet  petals ; 
ver.  cordate,  the  other  petals  oblong,  obtuse  at  base. — A  beautiful  plant,  of 
eimilar  habits  with  the  last.     St.  slender,  strrate,  subsimp/e,  1  £  to  2f  Iriffh.     Lfts. 
about  1'  by  1'',  all  sessile.     Spikes  1  to  8,  very  dense,  £  to  !£'  long.     Petals  of  a 
bright  violet-purple.     Jl.,  Aug. 


OKDEB  46.—  LEGUMINO&E.  317 

3  P.  carneum  MX.     Glabrous,  erect  ;  Ifts.  5  to  7,  lance-linear  ;  spikes  oblong,  pe- 
dunculate ;  bracts  obovate,  somewhat  exceeding  the  short  teetli  of  the  glabrous 
calyx  ;  pet.  oblong,  narrowed  at  base  in  the  long  claws.—  Ga,  and  Fla.     Slender, 
branching,  1  to  2f  high;   Ivs.  fascicled  in  the  axils.     Lfts.   acute,  5  to  8"  long. 
Spikes  1'  long.     Fls.  roseate  or  white.     Aug. 

4  P.  gracile  Nutt.     Glabrous,  decumbent  at  base  ;    Ifts.  7,   lance-linear  ;   spikes 
oblong  or  cylindrical,  somewhat  sessile  ;  bracts  acute,  about  equaling  tho  short, 
blunt  calyx  teeth  ;  petals  ovate  ;  vex.  broadly  cordate.  —  '1)  'W.  Fla.  and  Ala. 
nearly  simple,  1  to  2f  long,  leafy  to  near  tho  top.     Lfts.  3  to  G"  long.     Spikes  6 
to  12''  long.     Fls.  white. 

5  P.  corymbosum  MX.      St.  corymbously  branched  ;  spikes  capitate,  sessile  ; 
bracts  broad,  colored,  tho  outer  leaf-bearing  and  flowerless;  Ifts.  linear,  5  to  7.  _ 
A  singularly  elegant  plant  of  tho  pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.     Sts.  1  to  2f  high, 
many  from  ono  root,  each  with  a  corymb  at  summit.     Heads  resemble  tho  Com- 
posite, with  red  scales  and  white  lance-oblong  petals.     Sept.,  Oct. 

38.  ASTRAG'ALUS,  L.  MILK  VETCH.  Calyx  5-toothcd  ;  keel  of 
the  corolla  obtuse  ;  stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1)  ;  legumes  2-celled  by 
the  introflexion  of  the  lower  suture.  —  Herbaceous  or  suffruticous,  with 
unequally  pinnate  Ivs.,  and  the  fls.  in  spikes  or  racemes. 

§  Legumes  straight,  cylindric.    Flowers  ochrolencous  .................................  No.  1 

§  Legumes  curved,  prismatic.      Fls.  whitish  or  bluish  .............................  Xos.  2-1-J 

§  Legumes  globular,  fleshy.     Fls.  whitish  or  blue  ............................  ."..'.  '  ......  JTo.  5 

1  A.  Canadensis  L.     Canescent,  erect,  diffuse  ;   stip.  broad-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate; Ifts.  about  10  pairs,  elliptical,  obtuso  at  both  ends;  the  lowest  ovate,  ob- 
tuse; ped.  about  as  long  as  the  Ivs.,  when  in  fruit  shorter;  bracts  subulate,  aa 
long  as  the  cal.  ;  fls.  somewhat  rcficxed  ;  leg.  ovate-oblong,  terete,  suberect, 
smooth,  many-seeded,  abrupt  at  the  end  and  tipped  with  the  permanent  style.  — 
1(  River  banks,  etc.,  Can.  and  U.  S.     St.  bushy,  about  3f  high,  very  leafy. 
Fls.  greenish-yellow,  in  denso  spikes.     Pods  £'  in  length,  leathery.     Jl.  Aug. 

2  A.  glaber  MX.     Nearly  glabrous,  erect;  stip.  minute  or  0;  Ifts.  8  to  11  pair?, 
oblong-lanceolato  or  linear,  obtuso  or  emarginato  ;  spikes  loose,  much  longer  than 
the  Ivs.  ;  bracts  subulate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  pedicels  ;  leg.  flattened,  reticu- 
lated. —  If  Pine  barrens,  N.  t!ar.  to  Fla.     St.  1  to  2f  high.     Fls.  greenish  white. 
Pods  distant,  !-£'  long,  spreading,  incurved,  acuto  at  each  end.     Apr. 

3  A.  obcordatug  Ell.     Nearly  glabrous,  decumbent  or  assurgent  ;  stip.  lance- 
olate ;  Ifts.  7  to  12  pairs,  obcordate  or  obovate,  ped.  about  as  long  as  the  Ivs.,  few- 
flowered,  fls.  pedicellate;  cal.  teeth  subulate,  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  leg.  curved, 
pointed,  strongly  reticulated.  —  River  banks,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.     Plant  low  and  leafy, 
ascending  4  to  8'.     Fls.  blue  and  white.     Pod  1'  in  length.     Lfts.  3  to  4"  long. 

4  A.  distortus  Torr.  &  Gr.     St.  and  ped.  as  in  No.  3;  stip.  ovate;  Ivs.  lo:^- 
petioled,  Ifts.  oblong-obovate,  mostly  emarginate,  7  to  12  pairs;  spikes  short;  cal. 
teeth  triangular-acuminate,  half  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  leg.  smooth,  decimate,  curved.  — 
Prairies,  W.  111.  (Mead)  to  Ark.     Branches  ascending  4  to  6'.     Lfts.  3  to  5"  by  1 
to  2''.     Fls.  blue,  6''  long.     Pods  1'long,  beaked  with  the  coiled  style.     Probably 
a  variety  of  the  last. 

5  A  .Mexicanus  A.  DC.   Low,  branches  decumbent,  glabrous  ;  Ivs.  pedunculate, 
Ifts.  7  to  10  pairs,  obovate,  emarginato;  ped.  rather  longer  than  the  Ivs.;  spikes 
short,  10  to  15-flowered;  leg.  globular,  obtuse,  succulent,  sweet-tasted.  —  Prairies, 
111.,  Mo.  to  Ark.     Plant  3  to  6'  high.     Lfts.  2  to  3"  by  1  to  2''.     Fls.  about  9" 
long  (yellowish  whito  in  h.  s.),  bluish  ?     Fr.  as  largo  as  the  plum,  and  "  eaten 
unripe  by  travelers,  raw  or  cooked." 


39.  PHA'CA,  L.  (Gr.  ^ek?/,  lentil,  from  0ayw,  to  eat.)  Calyr 
5-toothed,  keel  obtuse;  stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1)  ;  legume  con- 
tinuous, turgid,  1  -celled  ;  placenta  tumid,  several-seeded.  U  Lvs.  un- 
equally pinnate.  Fls.  in  axillary,  pedunculate  raceme.  (Differs  from 
Astragalus  only  in  its  fruit.) 

*  Plnnt  densfly  villous.     Flowers  greenish  yellow  .....................................  No.  1 

•  Plant  nearly  glabrous.     Flowers  white  or  "purple  .................................  Nu*.  2  —  4 


Sis  ORDER  46.— LEGUMINOS^E. 

1  P.  villosus  Nutt.     Low,   villous-hirsute,    decumbent ;   Ivs.  petiolate,  Ifts.  dis- 
tant, 9  to  15,  oval  or  oblong,  the  odd  one  obovate ;  ped.  rather  longer  than  the 
Ivs. ;  spikes  short,  somewhat  loose ;  cal.  teeth  longer  than  the  tube  ;  leg.  clothed 
with  long  woolly  hairs. — Dry  sandy  fields  and  woods,   S.  Car.   to  Fla.      Sts. 
spreading  on  the  sand,  2  to  3'  long.     Lfts.  3  to  4"  by  1  to  2".     Fls.  10  to  15-  in  a 
head,  4  to  5"  long.     Mar.,  Apr. 

2  P.  neglecta  Torr.  &  Gr.     Erect;    Ifts.  elliptical,  7   to  13  pairs;  stip.  minute; 
rac.  many-flowered,   rather  Ioos3  and  some  longer  than  the  Ivs. ;  leg.  not  stiped, 
smooth,  roundish  ovate,  much  inflated,  with  a  deep  groove  at  the  ventral  suture. — By 
streams  and  lakes,  W.  N.  Y.  to  Wis.     Plant  resembling  Astragalus  Canadensis, 
but  of  fairer  and  finer  look.     St.  1  to  2f  high,  terete.     Lfts.  9  to  15"  by  3  to  5", 
minutely  puberulent  beneath.     Ms.  white,   10  to  20  in  a  raceme.     Pods  about 
£ '  long,  with  many  small  sds.     Jn.,  Jl. 

3  P.  Robbinsii  Oakes.     Erect;    Ifts.  5  to  11,  elliptical,   terminal  ono  largest, 
stip.  triangular-ovate ;  ped.  twice  longer  than  Ivs. ;  rac.  short,  ovate ;   cor.  hori- 
zontal, twice  as  long  as  the  cal. ;  leg.  stiped,  oblong,  keeled  at  the  ventral  suture, 
tipped  with  the  recurved,  persistent  style. — Ledges  by  rivers  and  lakes,  northern 
Vt.,  rare.     Plant  nearly  smooth.     St.  slender,  8  to  14'  high.     Lvs.  remote,  2  to 
4'  long.     Lfts.  4  to  8"  by  l£  to  3",  petiolulate.     Rac.  surpassing  the  stem,  on 
ped.  5  to  10'  long,  12  to  18-flowered.     Cor.  white,  about  5"  long.     Pods  1'  long, 
4  to  8-seeded.     May,  Jn. 

4  P.  astragalina  DC.    Low,  ascending  or  nearly  stemless;  Ifts.  15  to  21,  oval; 
stip.  ovate;  ped.  at  length  longer  than  the  Ivs.;  rac.  dense,  with  8  or  10  viokt- 
colored  fls. ;  cal.  teeth  shorter  than  tube ;  leg.  pendulous,  stiped. — Can.  along  the 
St.  Lawrence  and  northward.     Sts.  1  to  6'  high. 

40.  TEPHRCTSIA,  L.  GOAT'S  RUE.  CAT-GUT.  (Gr.  re^po^,  ash- 
colored  ;  from  the  color  of  the  foliage.)  Calyx  with  5,  nearly  equal, 
subulate  teeth ;  bracteoles  0 ;  vexillum  large,  orbicular ;  keel  obtuse, 
cohering  with  the  wings;  stamens  diadclphous  (in  the  following  spe- 
cies) or  monadelphous ;  legume  linear,  much  compressed,  many- seeded. 
• — Kerbs  and  shrubs,  with  unequally  pinnate  Ivs. 

§  Flowers  large  (9  to  10"  Ions),  in  a  leafy,  terminal  cluster No.  1 

§  Flowers  small  (5  to  6ff  long),  spic«ate  on  long,  leafless  peduncles Nos.  2 — 4 

1  T.  Virginiana  Pers.     Erect,  villous ;  Ifts.  numerous,  oblong,  mucronate ;  rac. 
terminal,  subsessile  among  the  Ivs. ;  leg.  falcate,  villous. — 14  Plant  1  to  2f  high, 
in  dry,  sandy  soils,  Can.,  Ind.,  111.,  S.  to  Fla.     St.  simple,  very  leafy.     Lfts.  15  to 
27,  10  to  13"  by  2  to  3",  straight-veined,  odd  one  oblong-obcordate,  petiolules 
1"  long.     Stip.  subulate,  deciduous.     Fls.  as  large  as  those  of  the  locust,  in  a 
short,  crowded  cluster.    Cal.  very  villous.    Banner  white,  keel  rose-colored,  wings 
red.    Jl. 

2  T.  spicata  Torr  &  Gr.     Villous  with  rusty  hairs;  st.  subsimple ;  Ifts.  9  to  17, 
oblong-oval  or  elliptic,  mucronate,  obtuse  or  rotuse ;  ped.  very  long,  few-flowered ; 
cal.  segm.  subulate,  longer  than  the  tube. — Common  in  dry  soils,  S.  States.     An 
unsightly  plant.     Sts.  ascending,  1  to  3f  long,  flexuous,  scarcely  branched,  tough. 
Lvs.  few,  distant;  Ifts.   1'  long.     Ped.  G  to  12  to  18'  long.      Fls.  purplish  red. 
Jn.,  Aug. 

3  T.  hispidula  Ph.     Minutely  hispid  or  pubescent;  sis.  dichotomous,  slender,  de- 
cumbent; Ifts.  9  to  19,   elliptic-oblong,  acute;  ped.   several,  few-flowered;  cal. 
segm.  not  longer  than  the  tube  ;  pods  falcate. — Dry  Boils,  S.  States.     Sts.   1  to  2f 
long.     Lvs.  remote;  Ifts.  10  to  15"  long,  mucronate,    sometimes  nearly  linear. 
Ped.  3  to  6'  long.     Fls.  reddish  purple.     May,  Aug. 

6.  ELEGANS  T.  &  G.  Very  slender,  nearly  glabrous;  Ifts.  11  to  17,  narrowly 
elliptical,  acute;  ped.  filiform;  pods  nearly  straight. — Savannah  (Pond). 
(T.  elegans  Nutt.) 

4  T.  chrysoph^lla  Ph.     Soft-pubescent,  prostrate,  dichotomous;  Ifts.  5  to  9,  oval 
or  obovale,  coriaceous,  glabrous  above,  silky  pubescent  beneath;  ped.  longer  than 
the  Ivs. ;  cal.  segm.  shorter  than  the  tube. — Ga.  (Savannah,  Pond)  and  Fla.     St. 
If  or  more  long,  clothed  with  a  rusty  down.    Foliage  with  a  lively  tinge  of  yel- 


ORDER  46.-LEGUMIN03^E.  3ig 

low.     Lfts.  about  9"  by  T',  beautifully  striate,  and  wavy  at  edge.     Pods  straight 
(always?)     May,  Jl. 

J3.  GRACILIOR.  Nearly  glabrous,  slender;  Ifts.  few,  oblong  (9"  by  3''.)  Plant 
3  to  9'  long.  Pod  small  (15"  long.)  Ms.  reddish  purple  as  above.-— Coving- 
ton,  La.  (Hale.) 

41.  INDIGCTFERA,  L.  INDIGO-PLANT.  (Lat.  Indigo,  fcro,  to  bear.) 
Calyx  with  5  acute  segments ;  vexillum  roundish,  emarginatc ;  keel 
spurred  each  side,  at  length  reflcxed ;  legume  2-valved,  1  to  oo-seedcd. 
— Herbs  or  shrubs.  Slip,  small,  distinct  from  the  petiole.  Fls. 
cyanic. 

1  I.  Caroliniana  Walt.    Herb  erect,  branched;  Ivs.  unequally  pinnate;  l/ls.  11 
to  15,  oblong-ovate,  petiolulate;  rac.  slender,  longer  than  the  Ivs.;  leg.  pendu- 
lous, oblong,  rugose,  vein}^  2~seeded.  —  lf.  Sandy  woods,  N.  Car.  (Dr.  Porcher)  to 
Fla.     St.  3  to  7f  high.     Lfts.  9  to  12"  long,  obtuse  or  retuse.     Rac.  3  to  6'  long; 
fls.  pedicellate,  yellowish-brown.     Calyx  pubescent,  small,  with  5  short  subulato 
teeth.    Jl.,  Sept. 

2  I.  leptosepala  Nutt.     Herbs  decumbent,  strigous,  with  ashy  hairs ;  Ivs.  un- 
equally pinnate,   Ifts.  7  to  9.  obovate-oblong,  subsessile,  nearly  glabrous  above ; 
rac.  longer  than  the  Ivs.,  fls.  nearly  sessile  ;  leg.  linear,  reflexed,  6  to  S-seeded. — 
Ga.  to  Ark.     St.  2  to  3f  long.     Fls.  pale  scarlet.     Pods  !£'  long,  pointed. 

..  42.  ROBIN'IA,  L.  LOCUST.  (In  memory  of  JOHN  ROBIN, herbalist 
to  Louis  XIV.)  Calyx  short,  campanulate,  5-cleft,  the  2  upper  seg- 
ments more  or  less  coherent ;  vexillum  large ;  alse  obtuse ;  stamens 
diadelphous  (9  &  1);  style  bearded  inside;  legume  compressed,  elon- 
gated, many-seeded. — Trees  and  shrubs  with  stipular  spines.  Lvs. 
unequally  pinnate.  Fls.  showy,  in  axillary  rac. 

1  R.    Fsetidacacia    L.      COMMON  LOCUST.      Branches  armed  with  stipular 
prickles;  Ifts.  ovate  and  oblong-ovate ;  rac.  pendulous,  smooth,  as  well  as  the  le- 
gumes.— Native  in  Penn.  and  the  more  Southern  and  Western  States,  and  abun- 
dantly naturalized  in  N.  Eng.     Hight  30  to  80f,  with  a  diam.  of  1  to  3  or  4f. 
The  pinnate  Ivs.  have  .a  beautiful  symmetry  of  form,  each  composed  of  8  to- 12 
pairs  of  Ifts.,  with  one  at  the  end.     These  are  oval,  thin,  nearly  sessile,  and  very 
smooth,  closing  as  if  in  sleep  by  night.     Fls.  in  numerous,  pendulous  clusters, 
diffusing  an  agreeable  fragrance.     Pod  narrow,  flat,  with  5  or  6  small,  brown 
seeds.     When  young  the  tree  is  armed  with  thorns,  which  disappear  in  its  matur- 
ity.    Apr.,  May. — The  wood  is  very  hard  and  durable. 

2  R.  viscosa  Vent.     CLAMMY  LOCUST.     Stipular  spines  very  short ;  Iranchleis, 
petioles,  and  leg.  glandular-viscid;  Ifts.  ovate;  rac.  crowded,  erect. — This  beautiful 
tree  is  native  of  the  Mts.  of  N.  Car.  to  Ga.,  where  it  attains  the  bight  of  40f.     The 
fls.  numerous,  rose-colored,  in  erect,  axillary  clusters,  with  the  thick,  dark  green 
foliage,  render  this  tree  one  of  the  most  brilliant  ornaments  of  the  park  or  tho 
garden.     Apr.,  Jn. 

3  R.  hispida  L.     ROSE  ACACIA.     Stipular  spines  almost  wanting,  shrub  mostly 
hispid;  rac.  Joose,  suberect. — A  beautiful  shrub,  native  of  the  Southern  States, 
much  cultivated  in  gardens  for  the  sake  of  its  numerous,  large,  deep  rose-colored 
and  very  showy  fls.       Hight  3  to  5  or  8f.     Lfts.  5  or  6  pairs,  broadly  oval    Fls. 
inodorous,  twice  larger  than  those  of  the  common  locust 

43.  COLUTEA,  L.  BLADDER  SENNA.  Calyx  5-toothed;  vexillum 
with  2  callosities,  expanded,  larger  than  the  obtuse  carina;  stigma 
lateral,  under  the  hooked  summit  of  the  style,  which  is  longitudinally 
bearded  on. the  back  side  ;  legume  inflated,  scarious.  Shrubs  with  un- 
equally pinnate  Ivs. 

C.  arborescens  L.  Lfts.  elliptical,  retuse;  vex.  shortly  gibbous  behind. — A 
hardy,  free-flowering  shrub,  native  of  Itaty,  &c.,  growing  almost  alone  on  tho 
summits  of  Mt.  Vesuvius.  Sts.  8  to  12f  high.  Lfts.  aoout  0.  Fls.  large,  yellow, 


320  ORDER  4G.— LEGUMLNOS^E. 

with  a  broadly  expanded  banner.     In  medicine  the  leaves  are  vised  instead  of 
senna,     Jn. — Aug.  f 

44.  WISTA'RIA,    Nutt.      (In  memory  of    Caspar    Wistar,   M.D., 
President  of  Am.  Phil.  Soc.)     Calyx  bilabiate,  upper  lip  cmarginate, 
the  lower  one  3  subequal  teeth  ;  vcxillum  with  2  callosities  ascending 
the  claw  and  separating  above  ;  wings  and  keel  falcate,  the  former  ad- 
hering at   top;    legume   torulous;    seeds   many,  reniform. — Twining, 
shrubby  plants,  with  pinnate  Ivs.     Rac.  large,  with  large,  colored  bracts. 
Fls.  lilac-colored. 

1  W.  frutescens  DC.  Sts.  pubescent  when  young,  at  length  glabrous ;  Ifts.  9  to 
13,  ovate  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute,  subpubescent ;  wings  with  2  auricles  at 
base ;  ova.  glabrous. — An  ornamental,  vigorous  vine,  in  rich  alluvion,  S.  &  "W. 
States.  Sts.  several  yards  long,  climbing  over  bushes,  etc.  Lfts.  1  to  2'  by  \  to 
1'.  Fls.  nearly  as  large  as  those  of  the  sweet  pea,  numerous,  in  rac.  3  to  6  or  8' 
long,  sheathed  in  very  conspicuous  bracts.  Sds.  spotted.  Apr.,  May.  f  (Grlycino 
frutescens  L.  Thy osan thus  Ell.) 

2  W.  consequana  Benth.  Lfts.  9  to  13,  ovate-lanceolate,  silky-pubescent; 
rac.  terminal,  nodding,  loosely  many-flowered. — A  splendid  flowering  vine  from 
China.  St.  of  rapid  growth,  12f  or  more  in  length.  Fls.  in  long,  pendulous 
clusters.  May,  Jn.  f 

45.  AVPIOS,  L.    GROUND  NUT.    ('Arciog,  the  pear ;  from  the  form  of 
its  tubers.)     Calyx  campanulate,  obscurely  bilabiate,  the  upper  lip  of  2 
very  short,  rounded  teeth,  the  2  lateral  teeth  nearly  obsolete,  the  lower 
one  acute  and  elongated ;  keel  falcate,  pushing  back  the  broad,  plicate 
vexillum  at  top  ;  ovary  sheathed  at  base. —  U  Twining,  smooth.     Root 
bearing  edible  tubers.     Lvs.  pinnately  5  to  7 -foliate. 

A.  tuberosa  Ph.  St.  twining;  Ivs.  pinnate,  of  7  ovate-lanceolate  Ifts. ;  rac. 
shorter  than  the  Ivs. — Thickets  and  shady  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  twining  about 
other  plants.  St.  round,  2  to  4f  in  length.  Lvs.  rather  numerous,  each  consist- 
ing of  3  (rarely  2)  pairs  of  leaflets  and  an  odd  terminal  one.  These  are  ovate, 
narrow,  more  or  less  pointed,  smooth,  on  short  pedicels.  Kac.  axillary,  solitary, 
1  to  3'  long,  crowded.  Fls.  dark  purple.  To  the  root  are  appended  oval,  fleshy 
tubers,  which  are  very  nutritious,  and  would  perhaps  be  cultivated  had  we  not 
the  potato.  JL,  Aug.  (Glycine  Apios  L.) 

46.  YIG'NA,  Savi.     (In  memory  of  Dominic  Vigna,  Commentator 
on  Theophrastus.)     Calyx  of  4   lobes,  the  upper  twice  broader,  the 
lower  longer ;  vexillum  broad  with  2  callosities  near  the  base  of  the 
limb ;  keel  not  twisted ;  stigma  lateral ;  legume  terete  ;  seeds  not  com- 
pressed.— Twining  herbs.     Lvs.  pinnately  trifoliate. 

V.  hirsuta  Feay.  Plant  hirsute,  the  stem  retrorsely  so ;  cal.  with  1  bractlet  at 
base,  segm.  all  acute,  the  lower  acuminate ;  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  pointed. — Rice 
field  dams,  Savannah  (Feay),  swamps,  N.  Orleans  (Hale).  Sts.  scrambling  over 
bushes,  many  feet  long,  slender.  Lfts.  2  to  3'  by  §  to  1',  with  scattered,  ap- 
pressed  hairs  both  sides,  and  minute  stipels.  Ped.  8  to  12'  long.  3  to  5-flowered 
at  the  top.  Fls.  pale  yellow,  the  banner  6"  long  and  9"  broad.  Pods  2'  long, 
with  4  to  6  large,  black,  polyhedral  seeds.  Oct.,  Nov.  (V .  glabra  Savi  ?  Doli- 
chos  luteolus  Ell.) 

47.  RHYNCHCTSIA,  DC.  (Gr.  jwyWS*  a  bealc  5  in  reference  to  the 
projecting  keel.)     Calyx  somewhat  bilabiate,  or  4-parted,  with  the  up- 
per segm.  2  cleft ;   vexillum  without  callosities ;    keel  falcate ;   style 
glabrous ;    legume  oblique,  short,  compressed,   1   to  2-seeded ;   seeds 
carunculate. —  H   Erect,  or  twining.     Lvs,  resinous-dotted  beneath,  pin* 
nately  3-foliate,  sometimes  reduced  to  a  single  leaflet.     Fls.  yellow. 


ORDER  46.— LEGUMINOSJ3.  321 

§  EnTNcnosiA.  proper.  Calyx  segments  subulate,  the  lo\rer  much  the  longest,  shorter 

than  the  corolla,  Fls.  in  slender  racemes No.  1 

§  ARCYPHYLLUM,  Ell.  Calyx  persistent,  leafy,  segments  nearly  equal,  as  long  as  the 

corolla.  Lvs.  coriaceous,  rugose.  Fls.  fascicled  or  racemed Nos.  2 — 1 

§  PITCHERIA,  Nutt.  Calyx  segments  lance-subulate,  the  upper  rather  the  longer,  shorter 

than  the  corolla.  Fls.  axillary,  subsolitary No.  5 

1  R.  minima  DC.     Scrambling,  puberulent;  Ifts.  membranous,  rhomboidal,  acute 
with  a  large  angle;  rac.  much  longer  than  the  Ivs.,  about  12-flowered;  fls.  small, 
remote,  reflexed. — Along  rivers,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     A  delicate  vine,  several 
feet  in  length.     Lfts.  not  rugose,  6  to  9"  square,  petiole  hardly  1'  long.     Kac. 
axillary,  about  6'  long.     Pods  %  long,  mucronate. 

2  R.  volubilis.     Twining,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  3-foliate,  Ifts.  broadly  oval  or  orbicu- 
lar, somewhat  rhomboidal,  obtuse  or  acute;  rac.  few  (3  to  10)-flowered,  peduncu- 
late •  cal.  segm.  ovate-lanceolate,   cuspidate. — Dry  woods,   Ga,    (Miss  Keen),  to 
La,  (Hale).     Sts.  2  to  4f  long,  square,  especially  downy  on  the  angles.     Lower 
Ivs,  sometimes?  monophyllus;  Ifts.  smaller  than  in  No.  3.     Sep.  becoming  quite 
large  in  fruit.     (R.  difformis  DC.  and  R.  latifolia  Nutt.) 

3  R.  simplicifolia.     Dwarfish,  pubescent,  erect;  Ivs.  reduced  to  a  single  leaflet 
orbicular  or  reniform,  obtuse. — Dry  sandy  woods,  S.   Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     St 
angular,  1  to  3'  high.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  broad,  very  veiny  and  rugous.     Fls.  small, 
in  one  or  more  dense  tufts.     Pods  ovate-oblong,  7"  in  length.     Apr.,  May.     (R. 
tomentosa,  a.  T.  &  G.) 

4  R.  erecta  DC.     Tall,  erect,  velvety-pubescent;  Ivs.  3-foliate,  Ifts.  elliptic  or 
oval,  acute,  terminal  one  sometimes  roundish ;  fls.  fascicled  or  racemed,  axillary 
and  terminal;  cal.  segm.  parted  almost  to  the  base,  lance-ovato  to  lance-linear. — 
Dry  soils,  Md.  to  Fla.     Sts.  about  6-angled,  2 — 5f  high.     The  lowest  leaf  or  Ivs. 
sometimes  monophyllous.     Lfts.  about  as  large  as  in  No.  3.     Rac.  1  to  3'  long. 
(3  to  7'  Ell.  in  Glycine  mollissima.) — The  leaflets  are  sometimes  strikingly  varie- 
gated with  lines  of  black  dots  along  the  veins  above.     (R.  tomentosa,  var.  Tor.  & 
Gr.     G.  tomentosa,  var.  MX. 

5  R.  galactoides.     Erect,  rigid,  with  many  simple,  angular,  pubescent  branches ; 
Ivs.  trifoliate,  Ifts.  (small)  coriaceous,  elliptic  or  oval,  margins  reflexed,  under  sur- 
face with  numerous  resinous  atoms ;  pedicels  about  equaling  the  petioles,  half  as 
long  as  the  fls.— Ala.  and  W.  Fla.     Sts.  2  to  3f  high.     Lfts.  6  to  9"  by  3  to  6", 
those  of  the  virgate  branches  much  smaller.     Fls.  yellow. 

43.  PHASE'OLUS,  L.  KIDNEY  BEAN.  (Lat.  phasclus,  a  little  boat ; 
from  the  form  of  the  pods.)  Calyx  subbilabiate,  upper  lip  2-toothed, 
lower  3-toothed ;  keel  with  the  stamens  and  style  spirally  twisted ; 
legume  compressed  and  falcate,  or  cylindric,  many-seeded ;  seeds  com- 
pressed, reniform. —  Herbaceous,  twining  or  trailing.  Lvs.  pinnately 
trifoliate ;  Ifts.  stipellate. 

Native  species — Fls.  racemed.     Pods  falcate No.  1 

—Fls.  1  or  few  in  a  head.    Pods  straight Nos.  2—4 

Exotic.— Stems  climbing Nos.  5—7 

— Steins  erect,  bushy No.  8 

1  P.  perennis  "Walt.     WILD  BEAN  VINE.     Twining,  pubescent ;  rac.  paniculate, 
mostly  in  pairs,  axillary;  Ifls.  ovate,  acuminate,    3  -  veined ;  leg.  pendulous,  fal- 
cate, broad-mucronate. —  If  A  slender,  twining  vine,  in  dry  woods,  Can.  and  U. 
S.,  common.     St.  4  to  7f  long,  somewhat  branching.     Lfts.  1£  to  3£'  long,  f 
to  equal  width ;  terminal  one  often  subcordate.  lateral  ones  unequally  enlarged 
at  base  outside,  under  surface  scabrous.     Rac.  1  to  3  together,  6  to  12'  long, 
loose,  often  unfruitful.     Cor.  purple  and  violet.     Leg.  about  2'  long,  £'  wide,  with 
compressed,  reniform,  dark  purple  seeds.    Jl.,  Aug. 

2  P.  diversifolius  Pera     St.  prostrate,  diffuse,  scabrous  with  recurved  hairs ; 
Ifts.  angular,  2    to   3-loled  or  entire;  ped.  longer  than  the   leaf,   few-flowered, 
lower  tooth  of  the  calyx  longer  than  the  tube ;  leg.  pubescent,  broadly-linear, 
cylindric. — &)  A   creeping  or  climbing  plant,  3  to  5f  long,  on  sandy  shores  and 
prairies,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Lfts.   1  to  2'  long,  £  as  wide,  with  scattered  hairs 
beneath,  often  variously  and  very  obtusely  lobed.     Ped.  2  to  8-flowered,  3  to  6' 
long.     Cor.  purplish.    Leg.  becomes  black  when  ripe,  5  to  7 -seeded   Aug. — Oct. 

21 


322  ORDER  46.— LEGUMINOS.E. 

3  P.  1.61voius  L.     St.  slender,  twining;  Ifts.  between  oblong-ovate  and  lance-ovate, 
not   lobed;  ped.  slender,  several  times  longer  than  the  Ivs.,  few-flowered;  leg. 
straight,  cylindric,  8  to  10-seeded. —  If.  Sandy  fields,  N.  T.  to  Fla.  and  La.     St. 
3  10  of  long.     Lfts.  1  to  2'  by  J  to  ]'.     Ped.  4  to  8'  long,  4  to  7-flowcred.     Cal. 
with  2  bracts  at  base.     Cor.  purplish,  vexillum  large,  roundish.     Leg.  2  to  3' 
long,  very  narrow,  subfalcate.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Strophostylis  peduncularis  Ell.) 

4  P.  pauciflorus   Benth.     St.  slender,  retrorsely  hirsute;  Ifts.   linear-oblong,  not 
lobed,  as   long  as  the  petiole,  hirsute  and  reticulated  on  both   surfaces ;  stip. 
subulate ;   ped.  much  longer  than  the  Ivs. ;  hds.  few-flowered;  leg.  hirsute,  5  to 
8-seeded. — Prairies,  111.  (Mead).     Also  Ark.  and  La.     St.  2  to  4f  long,  prostrate. 
Lfts.  1  to  2'  by  3  to  5".     Pods   1   to  1J'  long,  straight  and  slender.     Jl.,  Aug. 
(P.  leiospermus  T.  &  G.) 

5  P.  vulgaris  L.      St.  twining ;  Ifts.  ovate-acuminate ;  roc.  solitary,  shorter 
than  the  Ivs. ;  pedicels  in  pairs  ;  cal.  as  short  as  its  two  bracts  at  base ;  leg.  pen- 
dulous, long-mucronate ;    seed  reniform,   variously,   often  brightly  colored. — (J) 
Native  of  E.  Indies.     Universally  cultivated  in  gardens,  not  only  for  the  mature 
fruit  but  for  the  young  pods  which  constitute  that  favorite  dish,  string  leans. 
St  3  to  8f  long,  twining  against  the  sun.     Fls.  mostly  white.     Jl. 

6  P.  multifloms  L.     SCARLET  POLE  BEAN.     St.  twining;  Ifts.  ovate-acute; 
rac.  solitary,  as  long  as  the  Ivs. ;  pedicels  opposite ;  cal.  longer  than  the  2  ap- 
pressed  bracts  at  base ;  leg.  pendulous ;  seeds  reniform. — (J)  Native  of  S.  America. 
St.  G  to  lOf  long,  twining  against  the  sun.     Fls.  scarlet,  numerous,  and  very  bril- 
liant.    Fr.  not  so  generally  admired  as  the  last.     Jl. 

7  P.  lunatus  L,     LIMA  BEAN.     St.  twining ;  Ifts.  ovate,  deltoid,  acute ;  rac. 
shorter  than  the  Ivs. ;  ped.  in  pairs ;  cal.  longer  than  its  2  bracts  at  base ;  leg. 
scimetar-shaped,  or  somewhat  lunate;   sds.   large,  much  compressed,  purplish- 
white. — Native  of  E.  Indies.     St.   6   to  8f  long.     Fls.    small,  whitish.     Much 
valued  and  cultivated.     Jl. 

8  P.  nanus  L.     BUSH  BEAN.    St.  smooth,  very  branching,  erect ;  Ifts.  broad- 
ovate,  acute  ;  cal.  shorter  than  its  2  bracts  at  base ;  leg.  pendulous,  compressed, 
rugous. — CD  Native  of  India.     St.  If  high.     Fls.  white.     Seeds  white,  small,  but 
there  are  many  varieties.     Much  cultivated.     Jn. 

49.  ERYTHRPNA,  L.     (Gr.  epvOpbc,  red ;    from   the   color  of  the 
ilowcr.)      Calyx    campanulate,    tubular,    truncate   or  lobed ;    vexillum 
long,  lanceolate,  with  no  callosities ;  wings   and  keel   much   smaller ; 
stamens  straight,  nearly  as  long  as  the  vexillum  ;  style  glabrous  ;  le- 
gume torulous. — Trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs,  often  prickly.     Lvs.  pinnately 
trifoliate.     Fls.  racemed. 

1  B.  herbacea  L.  Glabrous;  Ifts.  rhombic-hastate,  with  3  rounded,  shallow 
lobes,  petioles,  with  here  and  there  a  small  hooked  prickle  ;  rac.  terminal ;  cal. 
truncate ;  leg.  dehiscent. — In  rich  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  A  plant  of  splen- 
did hues,  arising  from  a  thick  subterranean  rhizome,  3  to  4f  high.  Sts.  simple, 
purple.  Lfts.  2  to  3'  long,  f  as  wide,  the  petiole  twice  as  long.  Fls.  numerous, 
slender,  the  banner  2'  long,  deep  scarlet,  the  keel  and  wings  very  small.  Sds. 
scark't,  the  size  of  a  small  bean.  Apr.,  Jn. 

2  B.  Crista-galli  L.  COCKS-COMB.  St.  arboreous,  unarmed;  Ifts.  ovate  or 
elliptical,  coriaceous,  the  petiole  and  midvein  armed  with  strong,  hooked  prickles; 
cal.  short,  campanulate,  vex.  strongly  curved. — A  handsome  flowering  shrub  or 
tree,  planted  at  the  South.  Rac.  of  many  large  scarlet  flowers,  terminal  on  tho 
branches.  Apr.,  Jn.  From  Brazil. 

50.  AMPHICARP>£VA,    Ell.      PEA   VINE.      (Gr.  dpfi,  Lat.   ambo, 
both,  tfaprroc,  fruit ;  t.  e.,  two  kinds  of  fructification.)     Calyx  tubular, 
campanulate,  with  4  or  5  nearly  equal  segments ;  petals  oblong ;  vex- 
illum "with  the  sides  appressed  ;  stigma  capitate  ;  ovary  on  a  sheathed 
fctipe  ;  legume  flat,  2  to  4-seeded. — CD  Slender,  twining.     Lvs.  pinnately 


ORDER  46.—  LEGUMINOSJE.  323 

trifoliate.     The  upper  fls.  complete,  but  usually  barren,  the  lower  apet- 
alous  and  fruitful. 

1  A.  monoica  Nutt.     St.  retrorsely  pubescent  ;  Ifts.    ovate,   thin  ;  cauline  rac. 
simple,  pendulous  ;  cal.  segra.  very  short,  triangular-acuminate  ;  bracts  minute.  — 
A  very  slender  vine  in  woods  and  thickets,    Can.  and  U.  S.    St.  twining,  rough 
backwards,  4  to  8f  in  length,     Lfts.   very  thin,  1   to  3'  long,  f  as  wide,  lateral 
ones  oblique  at  base.      Eac.  axillary,  few-flowered.     Fls.  pale  purple.     Cauline 
leg.  smoothish,  with  3  to  4  dark  purple  seeds.     Radical  leg.  often  subterraneous, 
with  one  large,  compressed,  brown  seed.     Jl.,  Sept. 

2  A.  Pftcheri  Torr  &  Gr.     St.  villous,  with  ferruginous,  spreading  hairs  ;  Ifts. 
rhombic-ovate;  rac.  erect,  often  branched;  cal.  segm.  lance-subulate,  a  third  of  tho 
length  of  the  tube  ;  bracts  broad,  conspicuous.  —  Alluvion  about  N.  Orleans  and 
"W.  La.  (Hale).     Lfts.  rather  thick,  2  to  3'  by  1  J  to  2',  hirsute  both  sides.     Els. 
a  little  smaller  (6"  long)  ;  fr.  a  little  larger  (16  to  18"  long)  than  in  No.  1.     Sds. 
3,  compressed,  purplish-black. 

51.  GALACTIA,  L.  (Gr.  ydXa,  milk  ;  some  species  have  a  milky 
juice.)  Calyx  bibracteolate,  4-cleft,  the  segments  of  nearly  equal 
length,  upper  one  broadest,  entire  ;  pet.  oblong  ;  vexillum  broadest  and 
incumbent  ;  keel  petals  slightly  cohering  at  top  ;  legume  many-seeded. 
—Herbs  prostrate  or  twining,  sometimes  shrubby.  Lvs.  pinnately 
compound.  Kac.  axillary.  Fls.  cyanic. 

§  Leaves  pinnate,  7  to  9-foliate.    Stems  prostrate,  twining  .............................  Xo.  1 

§  Loaves  pinnately  8-foliate.     Stems  prostrate,  twining  ..............................  Nos.  2  —  1 

§  Leaves  pinnately  8-foliate.    Stems  erect  or  ascending  ......  .......................  Nos.  5,  6 

1  G.  Elliottii   Nutt.     Lfts.  7  to  9,  coriaceous,  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse  at  each 
end  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  Ivs.,  few-flowered  at  the  top  ;  upper  sep.  (double) 
broad,  ovate,  subulate-mucronate.  —  Ga.  (Feay  and  Pond).     Sts.  running  or  climb- 
ing many  feet.     Lfts.  1'  or  more  long,  minutely  pubescent  beneath.     Pods  vil- 
lous, 2'  long,  4  to  6-seeded.     Corolla  white  or  rose  color,  7"  long.     May  —  Jl. 

2  G.  glabella  MX.     St.  nearly  glabrous;   Ifts.  3,   elliptic-oblong,  emarginate  at 
each  end,  sub-coriaceous,  shining  above,  a  little  hairy  beneath  ;  rac.  pedunculate, 
about  the  length  of  the  Ivs.,  fls.  pedicellate.  —  In  arid  soils,  N.  J.  to  Fla.     Sts.  2  to 
4f  long.     Lfts.  10  to  20"  by  5  to  10",  varying  in  form  from  elliptic  through  ob- 
long to  ovate.     Pis.  rather  large  (7  to  8"  long),  reddish-purple,  greenish  exter- 
nally.    Pods  !£'  long  (immature),  erect,  falcate.     Aug.  —  Sept. 

3  G.  mollis  MX.     St.  softly  pubescent;  Ifts.  oval,  obtuse,  nearly  smooth  above, 
softly  villous  and  whitish  beneath  ;  rac.  longer  than  the  Ivs.,  pedunculate,  fascicu- 
late ;  fls.  on  very  short  pedicels  ;  leg.  villous.  —  Dry  soils,  Md.  to  Ga.     St.  several 
feet  long.     Lfts.  about  1'  long,  8''  wide.     Pis.  about  half  as  large  as  in  the  last. 
Aug.  —  Sept. 

4  G.  pilosa  Nutt.     St.  retrorsely  hirsute;  Ifts.   3,  oval-oblong,  retuse  at  apex, 
finely  hirsute  on  both  surfaces,  paler  beneath  ;  rac.  twice  or  thrice  longer  than  the 
Ivs.,  with  scattered,  distant  fls.  —  N.  Car.  to  Pla.  and  La.    Sts.  several  feet  in 
length.     Lfts.  1  to  2'  long,  half  as  wide,  petioles  1  to  !>}'  long.     Pis.  a  fourth 
smaller  than  in  No.  2,  pale  roseate,  pedicellate.     Pods  villous.    Jn.  —  Sept. 

5  G.  brachypoda  Torr.  &  Gr.     St.  flexuous,  somewhat  erect  ;  Ifts.  3,  oblong  or 
linear-oblong,  odd  one  petiolulate,  petioles  longer  than  the  Ifts.  or  the  few-flowered, 
stalked  rac.—  Pine  barrens,  TV.  Pla.     Sts.  leaning,  2  or  more  f  high.     Lfts.  12  to 
18"  by  4  to  6".     Fls.  purplish,  about  half  as  large  as  in  No.  2. 

6  G.  sessiliflora  Torr.  &  Gr.     St.  flexuous,  erect  ;  Ifts.  oblong-linear  or  linear, 
odd  one  subsessile  ;  petioles  longer  than  the  Ifts.  ;  rac.  very  short,  sessile.  —  Ala,  and 
TV.  Fla.     Sts.  two  or  more  together,  1  to  2f  high.     Lfts.  12  to  20"  by  3  to  7", 
obtuse  or  emarginate.     Fascicles  3  to  6-flowered.    Pis.  purple.     Pods  erect,  6  to 
8-seeded. 


52.  DOL'ICHOS,  L.     (Gr.  doA^d?,  long  ;  from  the  great  length  ot 
these  vines.)     Calyx  4-lobed,  the  upper  lobe  2-toothed  or  entire,  vexil- 


324  ORDER  47.— ROSACE J3. 

him,  v»-itli  2  or  4  callosities  near  the  base  of  the  limb ;  stigma  terminal, 

legume  compressed,  with  few  oval,  compressed  seeds. — Twining  herbs 

Avith  pinnately  trifoliate  Ivs. 

D.  multifloms  Torr.  &  Gr.  Lfts.  large,  round-ovate,  with  a  short  acumination ; 
rac.  about  as  long  as  the  petioles,  dense,  many-flowered  ;  upper  segm.  of  the  caL 
entire,  lower  longest,  lanceolate;  leg.  broad,  3  to  5-seeded. — River  banks,  Ga.  to 
La.  and  Ark.  Sts.  very  long,  retrorsely  pubescent.  Lfts.  2  to  4'  diam.,  smooth 
when  old.  Pods  2'  long,  8"  wide,  with  an  abrupt,  incurved  beak.  Sds.  brown, 
much  flattened.  Jn.,  Jl. 
jl.  HALEI.  St.  minutely  pubescent;  Ivs.  glabrous;  petioles  3  times  longer 

than  the  few  (5  to  8)-flowered  rac. — Near  N.  Orleans  (Hale.) 
D.  sesquipedalis  "W.  a  vine  with  very  long  pods,  native  of  the  W.  Indies,  and 

D.  Cat-iang  W.,  with  two  erect  pods  at  top  of  the  peduncle,  native  of  E.  Indies, 

are  occasionally  seen  in.  cultivation  at  the  South  (Feay). 

53.  CLITOVRIA,  L.     Calyx   bibractcolatc,    tubular,    5-toothed,   seg- 
ments acuminate  ;  vexillum  large,  spreading,  roundish,  emarginate,  not 
spurred ;  keel  smaller  than  the  wings,  acute,  on  long  claws ;  legume 
linear  oblong,  torulous,  several -seeded. — 14  Mostly  twining.     Lvs.  pin- 
nately 3  to  5-foliate.     Fls.  very  large,  solitary  or  several  together. 

C.  Mariana  L.  Glabrous ;  st.  suberect  or  twining,  suffruticous ;  Ifts.  3,  oblong% 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  obtuse,  lateral  ones  petiolulate  ;  ped.  short,  1  to  3-flowered ; 
bracteoles  and  bracts  very  short ;  leg.  torulous,  3  to  4-seeded. — Dry  soils,  N.  J. 
to  Fla.  St.  1  to  3f  long,  round,  slender,  branched.  Lfts.  rather  remote,  about 
1'  by  G".  Cor.  pale  purple,  2  to  2£'  in  length,  calyx  f ,  bracteoles  2".  JL,  Aug. 

54.  CENTROSE^MA,  DC.     (Gr.  Ktvrpov,  a  spur,  ori/m,  a  standard; 
the  vexillum  spurred.)     Sepals  lance-linear,  slightly  united,  the  lower 
longest,  and  with  2   broad  bracteoles ;   vex.  very  large,  with  a  short 
spur  on  the  back  near  the  base  ;  keel  and  stamens  much  shorter,  in- 
curved ;  legume  long,  linear,  margined  and  long  pointed. —  ^4   Twining. 
Lvs.  pinnately  3-foliate.     Fls.  very  large.     Bracts,  bractlcts,  and  calyx 
striated. 

C.  Virginiana  Benth.  St.  very  slender;  Ifts.  oblong-ovate  to  oblong-linear,  firm, 
very  veiny,  the  veins  incurved ;  ped.  1  to  4-flowered  bracteoles  larger  (not 
longer)  than  the  cal. ;  pod.  veined  along  the  margin. — Dry  soils,  S.  States. 
Whole  plant  of  firm  texture,  glabrous  and  very  slender,  several  feet  in  length. 
Banner  orbicular,  If  broad,  violet  blue.  Pod  4  to  6'  long,  2  to  3"  wide.  Jl.,  Aug. 

ORDER  XLVII.     ROSACES.     ROSEWORTS. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate,  stipulate  Ivs.  and  regular  flowers.  Sepals  5, 
rarely  fewer,  united,  often  reenforced  by  as  many  bractlets.  Petals  5,  rarely  0,  dis- 
tinct, inserted  on  the  disk  v.iiich  lines  the  calyx  tube.  Stamens  CO,  rarely  few, 
distinct,  inserted  with  the  petals  (perigynous).  Ovaries  1,  2,  5  or  CO,  distinct,  or 
often  cjherent  with  each  other,  or  immersed  in  an  excavated  receptacle  (§  444). 
Fi~u.it  a  drupe,  or  achenia,  or  a  dry  or  juicy  eteerio  (§  565),  or  pome.  Seeds  1  or  few 
in  each  carpel,  anatropous,  exalbuminous ;  embryo  straight.  (Illustr.  in  figs.  33,  41, 
65,  66,  79,  91,  100,  106,  179,  166,  167,  159,  293,  307,  385,  289,  380,  381,  414,  439, 
440,  441,  443,  452,  461.  462.) 

This  order,  as  here  constituted,  includes  five  suborders,  and  together  87  ffenera  and  1000  spe- 
cies. A  large  proportion  of  these  are  natives  of  temperate  climates  north  of  the  equator. 

Properties.—  A  highly  important  order,  whether  we  regard  its  delicious  fruit,  its  inedfcinal 
products,  or  the  beauty  of  its  llowers.  None  of  its  species  (excepting  those  of  the  almond  tribe) 
are  unwholesome.  An  astringent  principle  characterizes  the  family,  residing  chiefly  in  the  bark 
nnd  the  roots.  The  roots  of  the  blackberry  have  been  used  in  medicine  as  an  astringent ;  those 
of  the  Gillenia,  as  an  emetic;  Agrimonia,  as  a  vermifuge.  The  petals  of  Rosa  damascena  yield 
Uie  well  known  fragrant  oil  called  attar  of  rose.  The  almond,  peach,  «fcc.,  abound  in  prussie  acid, 


ORDER  47.— ROSACES.  325 

a  deadly  poison,  residing  chiefly  in  the  kernels.— Of  the  Rosaccae,  as  ornamental  flowering  shruBfc, 
it  is  scarcely  necessary  to  speak,  neither  of  its  many  delicious  fruits,  as  the  Apple,  Pear,  Quince. 
Apricot,  Peach,  Plum,  Cherry,  Strawberry,  Blackberry  and  Raspberry. 

SUBORDERS,    TRIBES   AND   GENERA. 

§  SB-BORDER  I.    SANGUISORBE^E.    Carpels  1  (rarely  2—4).     Petals  0.     Herbs,    (a) 

a  Stamens  1  to  4,  style  lateral.    Flowers  scattered ALOIIEMILLA  1 

a  Stamens  4,  style  terminal.    Flowers  in  dense  spikes SANGUISOKBA  2 

a  Stamens  00,  style  terminal,  stigma  fringed,     Fls.  spicate POTEKIUM  3 

§  SUBORDER  II.     CHRYSOBALANE^E.    Carpel  1,  style  lateral.    Petals  5. 

Shrubs ClIRYSOBALANTTM.      4 

§  SUBORDER  III.     AMYGDALEJ3.     Carpel  1,  style  terminal.     Pet.  5.    Trees,  &c.  (b) 

b  Stone  smooth,  globular.    Fruit  smooth  but  not  glaucous CERASUS.  5 

b  Stone  smooth,  flattened.     Fruit  glaucous  with  bloom,  or  downy PRUNUS  6 

b  Stone  roughened  with  pits  and  furrows.— Fruit  pulpy PERSICA  7 

—Fruit  dry AMYGDALUS  8 

S  SUBORDER  IT.     POMEJI    Carpels  2  to  5,  consolidated  with  the  calyx.    Fr.  a  pome,  (c) 

C  Ovary  half-superior,  2-carpeled.     Leaves  very  thick,  lucid PHOTINIA.  9 

C  Ovary  Inferior, — Petals  bearded.     Radicle  retracted ERYOBOTRYA  10 

— Petals  smooth, — oblong-spatulate AMEL  AN  CIIIEB         11 

—roundish.— Carpels  1-scedcd CRAT^GUS  12 

—Carpels  2-secded P Y  RDS  13 

—Carpels  co-seeded CYDONIA  14 

§  StrnoROER  Y.    ROSEJ3.    Carpels  2  to  50,  free,  in  an  open  or  closed  calyx.  (*) 

*  Tribe  1.    ROSIDEJS.     Carp.  1-secded  achenia  inclosed  in  the  calyx  tube,  (d) 

*  Tribe  2.     FEAOARIDEJI.     Carp,  1-seeded.     Achenia  dry  or  pulpy  in  an  open  calyx,  (e) 

*  Tribe  3.    SPIB.IBEM.    Carpels  several-seeded  follicles  in  an  open  calyx,  (f) 

d  Carpels  many,  in  the  fleshy  calyx.    Fls.  often  double ROSA.  15 

d  Carpels  2  only,  in  the  dry,  fluted,  eehinate  calyx AGRIMONIA.  16 

e  Styles  persistent  on  the  dry  achenia.     PetalsSorO DEYAS,  IT 

e  Styles  persistent  on  the  dry  achenia.     Petals  5 GEUXI.  IS 

e  Styles  deciduous, — Calyx  bractless.    Fr.  a  heap  of  pulpy  achenia Ruuus.  19 

— Calyx  bractless.     Ach.  dryish.    Sepals  unequal DALIBARDA,  20 

— Calyx  bractless  or  minutely  bracteoled.  Sep. equal. .  WALDSTEINIA.  21 

— Calyx  bracteolatc, — Receptacle  pulpy,  globular,  red.FuAGARiA.  22 

— Recept  spongy,glob.Fls.  purple.CosiAuuM.  28 

— Receptacle  dry. — Stamens  CO  . .  POTENTILLA.  24 

— Stamens  5..  .SIBBALDIA.  25 

f  Follicles  2  to  10-seeded,    Petals  obovate,  cyanic SPIR^A.  26 

f  Follicles  2  to4-seeded.     Petals  lance-linear, cyanic GILLENIA.  27 

f  Follicles  1-seeded.     Petals  multiplied,  orange-yellow. KERIUA.  23 

1.  ALCHEMIL'LA,  L.      LADIES'  MANTLE.     (The  plant  is  called  in 
Arabic  dlkemelyeh.}     Calyx  4-toothed,  with  4  external  bracteoles;  pe- 
tals 0;  stamens  1  to  4,  carpels  (1  to  4)  mostly  solitary,  with  the  stylo 
lateral,  stigma  capitate;  seed  suspended. — Herbs  with  palmate-lobed  or 
incised  Ivs.  and  small  green  fls. 

1  A.  arveusis  Scop.     PARSLEY  PIERT.     Lvs.  incisely  3-lobed  or  parted,  the  seg- 
ments 2  or  3-cleft,  pubescent,  cuneate  at  base ;  fls.  axillary,  clustered. — ®  Waste 
grounds,  E.  Va,     A  worthless  weed,  so  small  as  to  be  easily  overlooked, 

2  A.  alpirms  L.     Lvs.  radical,  silky  beneath,  digitately  5  to  7-foliate,  segm,  ol> 
lanceolate,  cuneiform  at  base,  incisely  serrate  at  apex;  fls.  corymbous. — "On  the 
peaks  of  high  mts.,  Vt.  and  N.  H."  (Pursh).     But  the  plant  has  never  been  re- 
discovered there.     It  is  an  elegant  plant,  sometimes  cultivated.    Common  in  Eur. 

2.  SANGUISOR'BA,  L.     BURNET.     SAXIFRAGE.     (Lat,  sanguis,  sor- 
bere,  to  absorb  blood ;  the  plant  is  esteemed  a  vulnerary.)     Calyx  tube 
4-sided,  2  or  3-bracted  at  base;  limb  4-parted  ;  petals  0 ;  stamens  4, 
opposite  the  calyx  segments;  filaments  dilated  upward ;  style  1,  filiform; 
achenium  dry,  included  in  the  calyx. — Herbs  with  unequally  pinnate 
Ivs.     Fls.  in  dense  spikes. 


326  ORDER  47.—  ROSACE^E. 

S.  Canadensis  L.  Glabrous  ;  Ifts.  oblong,  cordate,  obtuse,  serrate  ;  spikes  cylin- 
dric,  very  long:  stam.  much  longer  than  the  cal.  —  1£  In  we,t  meadows,  Brit.  Am. 
to  Ga.  along  the  mts.,  arid  cultivated  in  gardens.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  smooth,  striato, 
sparingly  branched.  Stip.  leafy,  serrate.  Lfts.  2  to  4'  long,  ^  to  \  as  wide,  petio- 
late,  mostly  stipellate.  Spikes  3  to  6'  long,  terminating  tho  long,  naked  branches. 
Bracteoles  3.  Calyx  greenish-  white,  resembling  a  corolla.  Aug. 

3.  POTE'RIUM,  L.  BURNET.  (Literally  [in  Lat.]  a  drinking  vessel, 
and  liencc  a  beverage.)  Flowers  8  .  Calyx  tube  contracted  at  the 
mouth,  3-bracteolate,  limb  4-parted,  petals  0  ;  stamens  20  to  30  ;  ovaries 
2  ;  stigrna  peiiicillate  ;  achenia  dry,  included  in  the  calyx.  Herbs  with 
unequally  pinnate  Ivs.  Fls.  spicate. 

P.  Sanguisorba  L.  Herbaceous  ;  st.  unarmed,  angular,  and  with  the  Ivs.,  smooth  ; 
Ifts.  7  to  11,  ovate  or  roundish,  deeply  serrate;  spikes  or  heads  subglobous,  tho 
lower  fls.  staminate.  —  1£  Occasionally  cultivated  as  a  salad,  but  is  now  less  valued 
in  medicine  than  formerly.  It  is  said  by  Hooker  to  bo  native  about  Lake  Huron. 


4.  CHRYSOBALA^NUS,  L.    COCOA  PLUM.    (Gr.  xpvab^  gold,  (3dla- 
i>o£,  acorn  ;  in  reference  to  the  yellow  fruit.)     Calyx  5-cleft  ;  petals  5  ; 
stamens  about  20,  in  a  single  series,  ovary  solitary,  sessile,  the  style  aris- 
ing from  the  base  ;  ovules  2,  collateral  ;  drupe  1  -seeded,  with  thin  pulp. 
—  Shrubs  unarmed,  with  entire,  veiny  Ivs.,  minute  stipules,  and  terminal 
panicles. 

C.  oblongifolius  MX.  Lvs.  oblong,  varying  to  oblanceolate,  subsessile,  pedicels 
and  calyx  tomentous-hoary  ;  filaments  and  ovary  glabrous  ;  petals  sessile  ;  nucleus 
of  the  fruit  not  grooved.  —  Pine  barrens,  Ga.,  Ala.  and  Fla.  A  shrub  with  a  slen- 
der, prostrate  stem  or  woody  rhizome,  sending  up  short  branches  (8  to  12'),  with 
smooth,  coriaceous,  subentire  Ivs.,  very  glossy  above,  and  very  strongly  veined, 
acute  or  obtuse.  Fls.  quite  small,  white.  Fruit  oblong,  as  largo  as  a  plum. 
May,  Jn. 

5.  CER'ASUS,  Juss.     CHERRY.     (Prunus  L.)     (Name  from  Ccrasus, 
a  town  in  Pontus,  whence  originated  the  garden   cherry.)     Calyx  5- 
cleft,   regular,   deciduous;    petals  much  spreading;  stamens  15  —  20; 
ovary  2-ovuled  ;  drupe  globous,  succulent,  very  smooth,  destitute  of  a 
glaucous  bloom  ;  stone  subglobous,  smooth,  with  no  border.  —  Trees  or 
shrubs.     Lvs.  conduplicate  (folded)  in  vernation. 

§  Leaves  evergreen.    Racemes  axillary,  bractlcss  ...................................  No.  1 

§  Leaves  deciduous.  —  Racemes  leafy  at  base  ......................................  Nos.  2,  3 

—  Umbels  lateral,  leafless,  —  Native  ............................  Nos.  4,  5 

—Exotic  ............................  Nos.  6,  1 

1  C.  Caroliniana  MX.    CHERRY  LAUREL.    Lvs.  oblong-oblanceolate,  acuminate, 
on  short   petioles,   entire,   coriaceous;    fls.   small,   in  numerous,   dense  racemes 
shorter  than  tho  Ivs.  ;  drupes  persistent.  —  Along  rivers,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La., 
and  much  cultivated.     A  small,  beautiful  evergreen  tree,  30  to  50f  high.     Lvs. 
about  2£'  by  1',  glabrous,  shining  above.    Drupes  black,  juiceless,  4"  long.    They 
are  considered  poisonous  as  well  as  tho  leaves.     In  gardens  this  tree  is  trimmed 
into  the  semblance  of  walls,  domes,  arbors,  and  all  manner  of  fantastic  forms. 

2  C.  serotina  DC.     BLACK  or  WILD  CHERRY.    Lvs.  firm,  oval-oblong  or  ellip- 
tic, acuminate,  smooth,  shining  above,  unequally  glandular-serrate;  petioles  with 
2  to  4  glands  ;  rac.  spreading,  elongated.  —  A  largo  forest  tree  throughout  the  U. 
S.     Trunk  50  to  80f  high,  of  uniform  size  and  undivided  to  tho  height  of  20  to 
30fJ  2  to  4f  diam.    Bark  black  and  rough.     Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  $  as  wide.    IK  May 
and  June  it  puts  forth  numerous  cylindric  clusters  of  white  fls.     Fruit  nearly 
black  when  mature,  bitterish,  yet  pleasant  to  the  taste,  and  is  greedily  devoured 
by  birds.     The  wood,  extensively  used  in  cabinet  work,  is  compact,  fine-grained, 
and  receives  a  high  polish.     The  bark  is  tonic,  with  a  strong,  bitter  taste. 

3  C.  Virginiana  DC.     CHOKE  CHERRY.     Lvs.  smooth,  oval  or  obovate,  short- 
pointed,  thin,  not  shining,  with  sharp,  subulate  serratures,  veins  bearded  on  each 


ORDER  47. — R03ACEJS.  327 

side  toward  the  base;  petiole  with  2  glands;  rac.  lax,  short,  spreading;  petals 
orbicular. — A  small  tree  or  shrub,  5  to  20f  high,  in  woods  and  hedges.  Bark 
grayish.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  1  to  2'  wide,  with  a  short,  abrupt  acumination.  Fls. 
appearing  iu  May.  Fruit  (cherries)  abundant,  of  a  dark-red  color,  very  astringent 
to  the  taste,  yet  on  the  whole  agreeable. 

4  C.  pumila  MX.     SAND  CHERRY.     Lvs.  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  acute,  subserrate; 
smooth,  paler  beneath;  umbels  few-flowered,  sessile,  drupe  ovoid.     A  small  trail- 
ing shrub,  in  gravelly  soils.     Can.  and  U.  S.     Branches  ascending,  1  to  2f  high. 
Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  £  as  wide,  very  acute  at  each  end.     Fls.  white,  3,  4  or  5  in 
each  umbel,  the  pedicels  smooth,  1'  in  length.     Fruit  small,  dark  red,  acid  but 
agreeable  to  the  taste.     May.     (Prunus  depressa  Ph.) 

5  C.  Pennsylvaiiica  Ait    WILD  RED  CHERRY.     Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  acuminate, 
finely  serrate,  membranous,  smooth;  umbels  corymbous,  with  elongated  pedicels; 
drupe  small,  ovoid-subglobous. — A  small  tree,  common  in  woods  and  thickets  in 
the  Northern  States.     The  trunk  rarely  exceeds  25f  in  height,  with  a  diam.  of  6 
to  8'.     Bark  smooth,  reddish  brown.     Lvs.  2  to  5'  long,  £  as  wide,  the  fine  teeth 
mostly  glandular,  apex  tapering  to  a  long  acumination.     Fls.  white,  on  long  (2£') 
slender  pedicels  collected  into  a  sort  of  umbel.     Fruit  red,  very  acid. — This  tree 
is  of  rapid  growth,  and  quickly  succeeds  a  forest  clearing,  if  neglected.     May. 
(Prunus  borealis  Ph.) 

6  C.  Avvium  Mcench.     DUKE   CHERRY.     OX-HEART.     ENGLISH  CHERRY. 
BIGAEEAU,  &c.     Branches  erect  or  ascending ;  Ivs.  oblong-obovate,  acuminate,  hairy 
beneath;  umbels  sessile,  with  rather  long  pedicels;  drupe  ovoid  globous,  subcor- 
date  at  base. — Cultivated  in  gardens,  fields,  &c.,  common.     Trunk  20  to  50f  in 
height,  with  an  oblong  or  pyramidal  head.     Lvs.  3  to  6'  long,  \  as  wide,  on  peti- 
oles 1  to  2'  long,  often  with  2  glands.     Fls.  expanding  with  the  leaves,  white. 
Drupes  various  shades  of  red,  firm  but  juicy.     May. — About  75  varieties  are  pub- 
lished ia  American  catalogues.     J 

7  C.  vulgaris  Mill.    SOUR  CHERRY.    LARGE  RED.    MORELLO,  &c.   Branches 
spreading;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  apex,  narrowed  at  base,  nearly  smooth ;  um- 
bels subsessile,  with  short  pedicels ;  drupes  globous. — A  smaller  tree  than  the  pre- 
ceding, much  cultivated.     Trupk  15  to  20f  high,  with  a  roundish,  compact  head. 
Branches  slender.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  §  as  wide,  unequally  serrate,  on  petioles  J- 
as  long,  with  2  glands,     Fls.  white,  expanding  sooner  than  the  leaves.  2  or  3  from 
each  bud,  on  pedicels  f '  long.     Fr.  large,  various  shades  of  red,  acid  or  subacid. 
Apr. — More  than  50  varieties  are  enumerated.  J  (Prunus  Cerasus  L.) 

6.  PRITNUS,  Tourn.  PLUM,  APRICOT.  Calyx  5-cleft,  regular,  de- 
ciduous; petals  much  spreading;  stamens  15  to  30  ;  ovary  2-ovulcd  ; 
drupe  ovate,  fleshy,  generally  clothed  with  a  glaucous  bloom  or  with  a 
soft  pubescence ;  nucleus  compressed,  smooth. — Small  trees  or  shrubs. 
Lvs,  convolute  in  vernation.  Fls.  white,  in  simple  umbels  from  lateral 
buds,  mostly  preceding  the  Ivs. 

§  Drupe  downy;  stone  furrowed  at  ecljes.     Lvs.  acuminate Nos.  S,  9 

§  Drupe  glabrous — umbels  1  or  9-fiowered.     Lvs.  acute Nos.  5 — 7 

— umbels  2  to  5-flovvered. — Lvs.  rather  acute Nos.  2 — 4 

— Lvs.  acuminate No-  1 

1  P.  Americana  Marsh.      RED  PLUM.     YELLOW  PLUM.     Somewhat  thorny; 
Ivs.  oblong-oval  and  obovate,  abruptly  and  strongly  acuminate,  doubly  serrate ; 
drupes  roundish  oval,  reddish  orange,  with  a  thick,  coriaceous  skin, — Hedges  and 
low  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  often  cultivated  for  its  sweet  and  pleasant^  fruit, 
which  is  about  the  size  of  the  Damson.    Shrub  10  to  15f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long, 
§  as  wide,  petioles  £  to  £'  long,  mostly  with  2  glands  at  the  summit     Fls.  pre- 
ceding the  Ivs.,  3  to  4  in  each  of  the  numerous  umbels,  white.     Drupes  nearly 
destitute  of  bloom,  ripe  in  Aug.     Flowers  in  May.  \  (Cerasus  nigra  Loisel.) 

2  P.  maritima  Wang.     BEACH  PLUM.     Lvs.  oval  or  obovate,  slightly  acuminate, 
sharply  serrate ;  petioles  with  2  glands;  umbels  few-flowered;  pedicels  short,  pu- 
bescent; ft.  nearly  round.— A  small  shrub  abundant  on  the  sea-beach,  particu- 
larly on  Plum  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  Merrimac  River.     Yery  branching.     Lvs. 
1  to  a'  long,  downy-canescent  beneath  when  young,  becoming  at  length  nearly 


328  ORDER  47.— ROSACES. 

smooth.  Fls.  white,  2  to  5  in  each  of  the  numerous  umbels.  Fr.  globular,  eat- 
able, red  or  purple,  little  inferior  in  size  to  the  common  garden  plum.  Ripo  in 
Aug.,  Sept.  Fl.  in  May.  (P.  littoralis  Bw.) 

3  P.  umbellata  Ell.     Lvs.   lanceolate  or  lance-oval,  acute  or  barely  r.cuminat3r 
obscurely  serrulate ;  petioles  glandless ;  umbels  8  to  ^-flowered ;  fr.  oval,  small,  glau- 
cous, red. — Dry  soils,  in  copses,  etc.,  Savannah  (Feay,  Pond)  to  Bainbridge,  Ga. 
and  Fla.     A  small,  bushy  tree,  scarcely  thorny.     The  flowers  bloom  and  decay 
before  the  Ivs.  appear.     Lvs.  small  (about  18"  by  9"),  downy  all  over  or  often 
glabrous,  with  1  or  2  glands,  if  any,  on  the  margin  near  tho  base.     Drupes  pleas- 
antly acid  and  much  used,  ripe  in  Jl.  and  Aug.     Fl.  in  Mar. 

4  P.  Chicasa  MX.     CHICKASAW  PLUM.     Branches  spinous;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceo- 
lato  or  oblanccolato,  glandular  serrulate,  with  the  glands  pellucid,  not  at  all  acumi- 
nate,  nearly   smooth ;    umbels   2    to   ^-flowered,    pedicels   short,   smooth ;    drupo 
globous. — A  fine  fruit  shrub,  nativo  of  Ark.,  &c.,  often  cultivated.     Height  8  to 
12f,  with  a  bushy  head.     Lvs.  1  to  2',  petioles  about  ^,  long.     Fls.  small,  white, 
expanding  with  the  Ivs.,  in  Apr.     Fr.  red  or  yellowish-red,  tender  and  succulent, 
ripe  in  Jl.     There  are  several  varieties.  \  (Cerasus,  DC.) 

5  P.  spiiiosa  L.    BLACK  THORN.  SLOE.    Branches  thorny ;  fls.  solitary  ;  cal.  cam- 
panulate,  lobes  obtuse,  longer  than  the  tube ;  Ivs.  pubescent  beneath,  obovate- 
eliiptical,  varying  to  ovate,  sharply  and  doubly  dentate ;  drupe  globous. — Hedgo 
rows  and  cultivated  grounds,  Penn.     (Pursh.)     A  thorny  shrub  12  to  ISfhigb, 
native  of  Europe.  § — Some  botanists  regard  the  next  two  numbers  as  varieties 
of  this,  altered  by  cultivation. 

6  P.  insititia  L.    WILD  BTJLLACE.    PLUM.    Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate, 
tapering  to  the  petiole,  acute,  serrate,  pubsscent-villous  beneath ;  branches  some- 
what spiny;  fls.  generally  in  pairs ;  cal.  segm.  entire,  obtuse;  pet.  obovate;  fr. 
globular. — Tree  15  to  20f  high,  sparingly  naturalized.     Lvs.  1  to  IV  long,  with 
short  petioles.    Petals  white.    Fr.  black,  covered  with  a  yellowish  bloom.  §. 

7  P.  domtstica  L.     COMMON  G-ARDEN  PLUM.     DAMSON  PLUM.    Branches 
unarmed;  Ivs.   oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute;  pedicels  nearly  solitary ;  drupo 
globous,  oval,  ovoid  and  obovoid. — This  long  cultivated  tree  or  shrub  is  said  to 
be  a  native  of  Italy.    It  rarely  exceeds  15f  in  height.    Lvs.  quite  variable  in  form, 
1  to  3'  long,  §  as  wide,  sometimes  obtuse,  on  petioles  about  1'  in  length.     Fls. 
•white,  generally  but  one  from  a  bud,  expanding  while  the  Ivs.  are  but  half 
grown,  in  Apr.   and  May.     Fr.  black,  varying  through  many  colors  to  white, 
covered  with  a  rich  glaucous  bloom,  ripe  in  Aug.     About  150  varieties  are  pub- 
lished in  the  catalogues  of  American  gardeners.  \. 

8  P.  Armeniaca  Willd.      APRICOT.     Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  acuminate,  sub- 
cordate  at  base,  denticulate;  stip. palmate ;  fls.  sessile,  subsolitary,  preceding  tho 
Ivs. ;  drupe  somewhat  compressed,  subglobous,  large. — Occasionally  cultivated  in 
gardens,  &c.     Tree  10 — 15f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  $•  as  wide,  smooth,  petioles 
nearly  2'  long,  with  several  glands.     Fls.  white.     Apr.     Fr.  purplish-yellow,  &c.f 
1  to  2'  diam. ;  ripe  Jl.  Aug.     There  are  about  20  varieties.  \ 

9  P.  dasycarpa  Ehrh.     BLACK  APRICOT.     Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly 
serrate ;  petioles  with   1  or  2  glands ;  fls.  pedicellate ;  drupe  subglobous. — This 
species  is  from  Siberia. — The  tree  or  shrub  is  about  the  size  of  the  last,  hardy  and 
thrifty.     Lvs.  smooth  above,  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath,  2  to  3'  long,  §  as 
wide,  on  petioles  near  ]'  long.     ?Js.  white,  preceding  tho  lvs.T  distinctly  pedicel- 
late.    Fr.  dark  purple  when  mature,  in  July.     Fls.  Apr.  \     Neither  species  is 
yet  common. 

7.  PER'SICA,  Tourn.  PEACH.  NECTARINE.  (Named  from  Persia, 
its  native  country.)  Calyx  5-clcft,  tulmlai'-campanulate,  deciduous ; 
petals  5  ;  drupe  fleshy,  tomenlous  or  smooth  \  nucleus  somewhat  com- 
pressed, ovate,  acute,  rugosely  furrowed  and  perforated  on  the  surface. 
— Small  trees.  Lvs.  conduplicate  in  vernation. 

P.  vulgaris  Mill.  PEACH.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  with  all  tho  serraturea 
acute;  fls.  solitary,  subsessile,  preceding  the  Ivs.;  drupe  tomentous. — Tree  or 
shrub,  8  to  16f  high,  Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  ^  as  wide,  smooth,  petioles  short,  with 


OBDEB  47.— ROSACES.  329 

1  or  2  glands.  Fls.  rose-color,  with  the  odor  of  prussic  acid.  Fr.  large,  1  to  2i' 
diam.,  yellowish,  tinged  with  purple,  densely  tomentous. — About  200  varieties 
of  this  delicious  fruit  are  named  and  described  in  the  catalogues  of  American 
nurserymen.  The  double-flowered  peach  is  a  highly  ornamental  variety,  blos- 
soming in  Apr.  and  May,  but  fruitless. 

3.  LJivis.  NECTARINE.  Drupe  glabrous. — Closely  resembles  tho  peach  in 
form,  foliage,  and  fls.  'The  fr.  is  1  to  3'  diam.,  smooth,  yellow,  purple,  red, 
Ac.  Of  its  numerous  (about  25)  subvarieties  about  a  fourth  are  ding-stones — 

flesh  adhering  to  the  stone,  and  the  remainder  free-stones  or  clear-stones 

flesh  free  or  separating  from  tho  stone.  J 

8.  AMYG'DALUS,    Willcl.     ALMOND.     Calyx    5-cleft,   campanulate, 
deciduous  ;  petals  5  :  drupes  not  fleshy,  compressed  :  nucleus  perforate 
and  furrowed,  ovate,  compressed,  one  edge  acute,  the  other  broad,  ob- 
tuse.— Trees  or  shrubs.     Lvs.  conduplicate  in  vernation. 

1  A.  communis  TVilld.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  with  tho  lower  serraturea 
glandular;    fls.    sessile,    in   pairs,    appearing   before   the   Ivs. — From   Barbary. 
Scarcely  cultivated  in  this  country  for  the  fruit,  which  wo  receive  mostly  from  S. 
Europe.     A  double-flowered  variety  is  highly  ornamental  in  shrubberies,  f 

2  A.  liana  Ait.     DWARF  SINGLE-FLOWERING  ALMOND.     Lvs.  ovate,  attenuate 
at  base,  simply  and  finely  serrate;  fls.  subsessile,  appearing  before  the  Ivs. — A 
very  ornamental  shrub  from  Russia*     Height  about  3^  branching.     Lvs.  3  to  6' 
long,  £  as  wide,  smooth,  acuminate  at  each  end.     Fls.  numerous.     Petals  oblong, 
obtuse,  roseate,  often  double.     May,  Jn.  f 

3  A.  pumila  Ait.     DWARF  DOUBLE-FLOWERING  ALMOND.    Lvs.  lanceolate, 
doubly  serrate;  Jls.  pedicellate. — Native  of  China.     A  low  shrub,  highly  orna- 
mental, common  in  cultivation.     Sts.  2  to  3f  high,  branching.     Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  \ 
to  1',  acute  at  each  end,  smooth.     Fls.  very  numerous,  clothing  the  whole  shrub 
in  their  roseate  hue,  while  the  Ivs.  are  yet  small.     May,  Jn.  f 

9.  PHOTIN'IA,  Lindl.     (Gr.  0o>r,  $G)Tog,  light;   on  account  of  its 
brilliant  leaves.)     Calyx  5-toothed ;  petals  reflexed ;  ovary  villous,  2- 
carpeled,   half-superior  styles  glabrous ;  fruit   included   in  the   fleshy 
calyx;  testa  cartilaginous. — Elegant  shrubs  or  trees,  with  coriaceous, 
persistent  Ivs.     Panicles  terminal. 

1  P.  arbutifolia  Lindl.     Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  distinctly  serrate; 
pedicels  shorter  than  the  cal — California.     Height  10  to  20f.     Lvs.  dark,  shining 
green,  very  rigid,  revolute  at  edge.     Fls.  small,  numerous,  white. 

2  P.  sermlata  Lindl.     Lvs.  oblong,  acute,  serrulate ;  pedicels  longer  than 
calyx. — China.     Lvs.  very  smooth  and  shining.     Fls.  small,  white.     Both  are 
hardy  at  the  South. 

10.  ERIOBOTRYA,  Lindl.     LOQUAT.     (Gr.  Zpiov,  wool,  ftorpv^  a 
cluster  of  grapes ;  alluding  to  its  villous  flowers.)     Calyx  woolly,  of  5 
obtuse  teeth ;  petals  bearded  ;  stamens  erect,  as  long  as  the  sepals  ; 
styles  5,  filiform,  included,  hairy ;  pome  3  to  5-celled,  closed ;  chalaza 
none  ;  radicle  retracted  within  the  cotyledons. — Shrubs  or  trees,  with 
persistent  Ivs. 

E.  Japonica  Lindl.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  wavy,  and  serrate;  fls.  in  terminal, 
woolly  racemes,  with  very  short  pedicels ;  fr.  oval  or  roundish. — Cultivated  and 
hardy  at  the  South.  Fls.  small  (3"  diam.),  white.  Fr.  about  the  size  of  tho 
gooseberry,  bright  yellow,  and  agreeable  in  taste,  ripe  early,  f  Japan. 

11.  AMELAN'CHIER,  Medic.    SHAD-FLOWER.    WILD  SERVICE.    (Fr. 
Amelancier,  the  popular  name  of  A.  vulgaris.)      Calyx  5-cleft,  petals 
5,  oblong-obovate  or  oblanceolate ;   stamens  short ;   styles  5,  somewhat 
united  at  base ;  pome  3  to  5-celled,  cells  partially  divided,  2-seeded. — 
Small  trees  or  shrubs.     Lvs.  simple,  serrate.     Fls.  racemous,  white. 

A.    Canadensis  Torr.  &  Gr.     Lvs.  oval  or  oblong-ovate    often  cordate  at  base, 


330  ORDER  47.— ROSACE^E. 

acuminate  or  cuspidate  or  mucronate,  sharply  serrate,  smooth ;  rac.  loose,  elon- 
gated ;  segm.  of  the  caL  triangular-lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  ;   petals 
linear-obloug   or   oblanceolate ;    fr.  purplish,  globous. — A  small   tree   or  j-hiub, 
found  in  woods,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.,  rarely  exceeding  35f  in   height.     Lvs. 
2  to  3'  long,  downy-tomentous  when  young,    at  length  very   smooth   on  both 
sides,  very  acute  and  finely  serrate.     Fls.  large,  white,  in   terminal   racemes,  ap- 
pearing in  early  spring,  rendering  the  treo  quite  conspicuous  in  the  yet  naked 
forest.     Fruit  pleasant  to  the  taste,  ripening  in  Juno.     (Pyrus  Botryapium  L.  f.) 
/2.  OBLOXGIFOLIA  T.  &.  G.     Shrubby;  Ivs.  oblong-oval,  mucronate,    and  with 
small,   sharp   serratures;    rac.  and   flowers   smaller;    pet.    oblong-obovate, 
thrice  longer  than  the  calyx.     (A.  ovalis  Hook.) 
y.  KOTUNDIFOLIA  T.  &.  Gr.     Lvs.  broad-oval ;  petals  linear-oblong.     Shrub  10 

to  20f  high.     (Pyrus  ovalis  "Willd.) 

6.  ALNIFOLIA  T.  &  G-.  Shrubby  or  arborescent ;  Ivs.  orbicular-oval,  rounded  or 
retuso  at  each  end,  serrate  only  near  the  apex ;  pet.  linear-oblong  ;  stain, 
very  short.  (Aronia  alnifolia  Xutt.) 

e.  OLIGOC^RPA  T.  &  G.  Shrubby  ;  Ivs.  mostly  glabrous  from  the  first,  elliptic- 
oblong,  cuspidate ;  rac.  2  to  4-flowered,  pet.  obovate-oblong. — Mountain 
swamps,  N.  H.,  N.  Y.  and  northward. 

12.  CRAT5TGUS,  L.  THORN.  HAWTHORN-.  (Gr.  Kpdro^  strength ; 
on  account  of  the  firmness  of  the  wood.)  Calyx  urceolate,  limb  5-cleft ; 
petals  5;  stamens  oo;  ovaries  1  to  5,  with  as  many  styles;  pome 
fleshy,  containing  1  to  5  bony,  1-seeded  carpels,  and  crowned  at  the 
summit  by  the  persistent  calyx  and  disk. — Trees  or  shrubs,  armed  with 
thorns.  Lvs.  simple,  often  lobed.  Bracts  subulate,  deciduous,  mostly 
glandular.  Fls.  corymbous. 

§  Corymbs  6  to  30-flawered,  appearing  with  the  leaves,  (a) 

a  Villous  or  pubescent.    Lvs.  plicate  or  silicate  along  the  veins Wos.  1,  2 

a  Pubescent,     Lvs.  plain,  not  at  all  plicate,  cleft  or  not Nos.  3,  4 

a  Glabrous  throughout. — Lvs.  abrupt  at  base,  lobed,  petioled Nos.  5— T 

— Lvs.  attenuate  at  base,  seldom  lobed Nos.  8,  9 

§  Corymbs  1  to  6-flowered, — appearing  before  the  downy  leaves • Is'o.  10 

— appearing  with  the  leaves,— pubescent No.  11 

— glabrous .Nos.  12,13 

1  C.  tomentosa  L.    BLACK  THORN*.     Lvs.  broad-ovate  or  ovalt  abrupt  at  lose,  tho 
margin  doubly  and  sharply  serrate  or  cut  into  many  small  lobes,  villous  or  pubescent 
when  young  as  well  as  tho  petioles  and  compound  corymbs  of  large  fls.,  veins 
prominent  beneath,  sulcate  above;  fruit  rather  largo  (8   to   9"    diam.)  oval  or 
globular,  5-carpeled,  2  to  5-seeded,  crimson,  tinged  yellowish. — Can.  to  Ky.  and 
Car.  Mts.    A  large  shrub  or  tree  15  to  25f  high.     Lvs.  half  grown  with  the  hand- 
some white  fls.,  finally  2  to  3'  by  1  to  2'.     Fl.  Apr.,  May.     Fr.  Jl.  Aug. 

/?.  PLICATA.     Lvs.  smaller,  nearly  glabrous  and  strongly  plicate.     Vt.  (T.  &  G.), 

K  H.  and  N.  Y. 
y.  PYRIFOLIA  Ait.     Lvs.   ovate-elliptic   or  oval,  acute  at  "base,  and  with  the 

slender  petioles  and  corymbs  thinly  pubescent,  plicate,  sharply  toothed  and 

slightly  cut-lobed.     Styles  mostly  3. — Mich,  to  Iowa. 
6.   FLABELLATA   Bosc.      Lvs.    roundish-cuneiform    cr    somewhat    fanshapcd, 

glabrous,  dentate  and  cut-lobed  above ;  corymbs  and  bracts  pubescent,  glan- 
dular.— 111.,  Iowa, 
c.  MOLLIS  Gray.     Lvs.  large,  softly  villous,  subcordate,  with  the  margin  quite 

conspicuously,  many  (9  to   13)-lobed;   corymbs   cancscently  villous;    fruit 

downy  when  young. — Ohio  to  Iowa. 

2  C.  punctata  Jacq.     Lvs.   cuneiform-obovate,  doubly  and  often  incisely  serrate, 
entire  at  base,  and  narrowed  to  a  short,  winged  petiole,  veins  straight  and  prominent, 
pubescent  beneath ;  corymbs  and   cal.   villous-pubescent ;    sty.  3   (1   or  2) ;   fr. 
globous,  punctate. — Borders  of  woods,  U.  S.   and  Can.     Tree   12  to   26f  high. 
Branches  wide-spreading,  crooked,  covered  with   cinerous  bark.     Thorns  stout, 
sharp,  1  to  2'  long,  sometimes  wanting.    Lvs.  1£  to  2£'  long,  $  as  wide,  acute  or 
short  acuminate  ;  petioles  \  to  1'  long.     Fls.  white,  in  somewhat  leafy,  compound 
corymbs  of  8  to  15.      Fr.  5  to  8 '  diam.,  red  or  yellowish,  eatable  in  Sept.     Fls. 
Apr. — Jn. 


ORDER  47.— ROSACES.  331 

3  C.    arborescens  Ell.       Unarmed;   Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  deeply 
serrate,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  in  the  axles  of  the  veins  beneath ;  cal.  hairy, 
S3gm.  subulate,  obtuse,  entire ;  sty.  5. — Fort  Argyle,  on  the  Ogeechee  R.  (Elliott). 
A  tree  20  to  30f  high,  with  spreading  branches.     Petioles  short,  with  shorter, 
linear-lanceolate  caducous  stipules.     Segm.  of  the  cal.  reflected.     Fr.  small,  red, 
3"  diam.     Mar.,  Apr. 

4  C.  apiifdlia  MX.     Pubescent,  thorny ;  Ivs.  deltoid,  truncate  at  base,  deeply  5  to  7- 
cut-lobed,  lobes  iucisely  toothed  at  end,  petiole  slender,  often  longer  than  the  blade; 
sep.  lanceolate ;  sty.  2  or  3  ;  fr.  small,  red. — In  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.     A 
handsome  shrub,  8  to  12f  high,  with  rather  short,  stout  thorns,  and  largo,  white 
or  roseate  fls.     Lvs.  small,  broader  (10  to  18'')  than  long,  fascicled,  numerous. 
Corymbs  10  to  12 -flowered.     Fr.  oval,  about  3"  long.     Mar.,  Apr. 

5  C.  Oxycantha  L.     HAWTHORN-.     ENGLISH  THORN.     Lvs.  obovate,  obtuse,  3  to 
5-lobed,   serrate,   smoothish,   shining    above,    wedge-shaped  at   base ;    corymbs 
glabrous;    sty.  1  to  3;  fr.  ovoid,   small. — Hedges,  &c.,  sparingly  naturalized. 
Shrub  very  branching,  8  to  18f  high.    Thorns  slender,  very  sharp,  axillary.    Lvs. 
1-J  to  2'  long,  nearly  as  wide,  deeply  lobed ;  petioles  £  to  1'  long.     Fls.  white, 
varying  to  roseate.    Fr.  2  to  3"  diam.,  usually  1 -seeded,  purple.     Used  for  hedges 
(extensively  in  Europe).     There  are  several  varieties.  §  f 

6  C.  coccinea  L.     "WHITE  THORN.     Lvs.  broadly  ovate,  acutely  serrate,  7  to  9- 
lobed  (lobes  shallow),  thin  and  smooth,  abrupt  at  base  ;  petioles  long,  slender,  and 
(with  the  calyx)  smooth  and  subglandular ;  sty.  3  to  5. — A  thorny  shrub  or  small 
tree,  10  to  20f  high,  in   thickets  by  streams,  <fcc.,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Branches 
crooked  and  spreading,  branchlets  and  thorns  whitish.      Thorns  stout,   rigid, 
sharp,  a  little  recurved,  about  !£'  long.     Lvs.  1£  to  2£'  long,  f  as  wide,  lobed,  or 
(rather)  coarsely,  doubly  acuminate-serrate.     Petioles  very  slender,  %  as  long  as 
the  lamina.     Fls.  white,  in  paniculate,  lateral  corymbs  of  about  12.     Fr.  5"  diam., 
bright  purple,  eatable  in  Sept.     Fls.  May. 

7  C.  cordata  Ait.    WASHINGTON  THORN.     Thorny,  glabrous  and  glandless ;  Ivs. 
cordate-ovate,  somewhat  deltoid,  incisely  and  often  deeply  3  to  5-lobed,  serrate, 
with  long  and  slender  petioles ;  sep.  short ;  sty.  5  ;  fr.  small,  globous-depressed. — 
Banks  and  streams,  Ya.  to  Ga.,  cultivated  in  the  Middle  States  for  hedgerows. 
Shrub  15  to  20f  high,  the  branches  with  very  sharp  and  slender  thorns  2  to  3' 
long.     Lvs.  about  2  by  1J',  the  upper  rather  cuneate  at  base,  the  others  truncate 
or  heart-shaped.     Pomes  %  diam.,  numerous,  red.     Jn.  §  $ 

8  C.  Crus-galli  L.     COCK-SPUR  THORN.    Glabrous ;  Ivs.  obovate-cuneiform,  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  short  petiole,  serrate,  coriaceous,  shining  above;  spines 
very  long;    corymbs   glabrous;    sep.  lanceolate,   subserrate;    sty.  1  (2  or  3). — 
Hedges  and  thickets,  Can.   and  U.  S.     Shrub  10  to  2 Of  high,  much  branched. 
Thorns  2  to  3'  long,  straight,  sharp  and  rather  slender.     Lvs.   1  to  2-J-'  long,  a 
third  as  wide,  tapering  and  entire  at  base,  mostly  obtuse  at  apex;  petioles  1  to 
5"  long.     Fls.  white,  fragrant,  in  corymbs  of  about  15,  on  very  short,  lateral 
branchlets.     Fr.  pyriform,  dull  red,  2  to  3"  diam.,  persistent  during  winter,  unless 
eaten  by  birds.     Jn. — Varies  with  the  Ivs.  somewhat  oblong  or  ovaL 

9  C.  spathulata  MX.     Glabrous  and  glandless ;  Ivs.  small,  coriaceous,  shining, 
oblong-spatulate,  attenuated  to  the  subsessile  base,  crenate  above,  sometimes  lobed ; 
corymbs  numerous,  lateral,  20  to  25-flowered;  sepals  very  short;  fr.  very  small, 
scarlet. — Va.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     A  handsome  shrub  10  to  15f  high,  profusely 
flowering.     Lvs.  mostly  1'  in  length,  much  inclined  to  vary,  those  on  the  barren 
shoots  much  larger,  becoming  rhomboidal  and  lobed.     Fr.  2  to  3"  diam.     Spines 
few  and  small.     Fls.  small,  white.     Apr.,  May. 

10  C.  cestivalis  Torr.  &  Gr.    APPLE  HAW.    Fls.  just  before  the  elliptical,  repand, 
short-petioled  Ivs.,  which,  when  young,  are  glandular  at  edge,  and  clothed  with 
a  rusty  tomentum,  at  length  glabrous  above;  corymbs  glabrous,  2  to  5-flowered; 
cal.  segm.  short,  triangular,  glandless ;  fr.  quite  large  (S  to  9"),  globular,  red. — 
In  the  edges  of  ponds  and  rivers,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La,  (Hale).     Tree  much 
branched,  20  to  3 Of  high.     Fr.  ripe  in  May,  juicy,  pleasant,  flavored,  and  much 
used.     Fls.  in  Feb.,  Mar.     (Mespilus  restivalis  Walt.) 

11C,  parviflora  Ait.     Thorns  straight  and  slender;  Ivs.  coriaceous,  pubescent, 
cuneate-obovate,  subsessile,  crenate-serrate ;  fls.  subsolitary ;  cal.  with  the  pedice'Ls 


332  ORDER  47.— ROSACES. 

and  Iranchkts  villous-tomenious ;  sep.  incised,  leafy,  as  long  as  the  pet. ;  sty.  5;  fr. 
large,  roundish-obovoid,  with  5  bony,  1-seeded  nuts. — Sandy  woods,  1ST.  J.  and 
Southern  States.  A  much  branched  shrub,  4  to  7f  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  £  to 
-:••',  the  upper  surface  shining  and  nearly  glabrous  when  old.  Fr.  greenish-yel- 
low, near  ^'  diam.,  eatable  when  ripe.  Apr.,  May. 

p.  PUBESCEXS.     Shrubs  somewhat  larger,  with  larger,   roundish,   less  downy 

Ivs. ;  petals  rather  longer  than  the  calyx.     Spines  very  slender. — Ga.  (C. 

elliptica  Ait.) 

12.  C.  flava  Ait.  SUMMER  HAW.  Glabrous ;  thorns  straight  or  arcuate ;  Ivs. 
membranous,  rhombic- obovate,  attenuate  into  a  glandular  petiole,  incised,  glandular- 
toothed  and  slightly  lobed  above  ;  corymbs  1  (often  2  or  S^-flowered,  glabrous ; 
fls.  large ;  sty.  4  or  5 ;  fr.  large,  pear-shaped,  yellowish. — In  dry,  shady  places, 
Va.  to  Fla.  Tree  15  to  25f  high.  Lvs.  when  mature,  2  to  3'  long;  Fr.  9"  long, 
not  well-flavored.  Bracts  and  sepals  as  well  as  the  petioles  glandular.  Apr.,  May. 

13  C.  viridis  L.     Glabrous  ;  thorns  few  and  short ;  Ivs.  thin,  roundish  or  oval, 
acute  at  each  end,  sharply  and  doubly  toothed  above ;  petioles  glandkss  (always  ?) ; 
corymbs  3  to  G-flowered;  fls.  rather  large,  the  bracts  very  glandular ;  sep.  subu- 
late; sty.  2  or  3  (rarely  5?) ;  fr.  large,  globular,  red,  tinged  with  yellow. — Iowa 
(Cousens)  to  FJa.     Shrubs  12  to  18f  high.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  varying  from  ellip- 
tic-ovate to  deltoid-ovate  (C.  populifolia  Ell.)  or  even  cordate,  sometimes  slightly 
lobed,  the  petioles  slender,  often  as  long  as  the  leaf.     Fr.  4"  diam.,  purplish,  eata- 
ble.    Apr.,  May.     (C.  coccinea  /3.  Torr.  &  Gr.) 

14  C.  berberifolia  Torr.  &  Gr.,  with  coriaceous,  oblong-cuneiform  Ivs.  and  (in 
Sept.)  large  (6"  diam.),  deep  Hue  pomes  sent  from  Louisburg,  La.  by  Dr.  Hale,  is 
a  doubtful  member  of  this  difficult  genus. 

13.  PY^RUS,  L.  PEAR,  APPLE,  ETC.  (Celtic  peren ;  Anglo-Saxon 
pere ;  Fr.  poire;  Lat.  pyrus ;  Eng.  pear.)  Calyx  urceolate,  limb 
5-clcft;  petals  5,  roundish;  styles  5  (2  or  3),  often  united  at  base; 
pome  closed,  2  to  5-carpeled,  fleshy  or  baccate  ;  carpels  cartilaginous, 
2-sceded. — Trees  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  simple  or  pinnate.  Fls.  white  or 
rose-colored,  in  cymous  corymbs. 

§  PYRITS.    Lvs.  simple,  glandless ;  styles  distinct ;  porno  pyriform No.  11 

§  MALUS.    Lvs.  simple,  glandless  ;  styles  united  below  ;  fr.  globous Nos.  2—4 

§  AnoxiA.     Lvs.  simple,  glandular  on  the  midvein;  styles  united,  etc No.  5 

§  SORUUS.    Lvs.  pinnate  ;  styles  2  to  5,  distinct Nos.  6,  I 

1  P.  commdnis  L.     PEAR  TREE.     Lvs,  ovate-lanceolate,  obscurely  crenate, 
glabrous  and  polished  above,  acute  or  acuminate ;  corymbs  racemous  ;  cal.  and 
pedicels  pubescent ;  sty.  5,  distinct  and  villous  at  base. — Tree  usually  taller  than 
the  apple,  20  to  35f  high.     Branches  ascending.     Lvs.  2  to  3^'  long,  §  as  wide ; 
petioles  1  to  2'  long.     Fls.  white.     Native  in  Europe,  where  in  its  wild  state  tha 
fruit  is  small  and  unpalatable.     The  Romans  cultivated  36  varieties  (Pliny)  but, 
like  the  apple,  varieties  without  end  are  now  raised  from  the  seed  of  this  delicious 
fruit.  J 

2  P.  Mains  L.     COMMON  APPLE  TREE.     Lvs.  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  serrate, 
not  lobed,   downy,   the  veins  all  incurved;    corymbs  subumbellate ;  pedicels  and 
calyx  villous-tomentous ;  pet.  with  short  claws;  sty.  5,  united  and  villous  at  base; 
porne  globous. — Native  in  Europe,  and  almost  naturalized  here.     Tree  20  to  25f 
high  (in  thickets  50  to  60).     Branches  rigid,  crooked,  spreading.     Lvs.  2  to  3' 
long,  f  as  wide,  petioles  £  to  1'  long.     Fls.  expanding  with  the  Ivs.,  fragrant, 
large,  clothing  the  tree  in  their  light  roseate  hue,  making  ample  amends  for  its 
roughness  and  deformity. — The  Romans  had  22  varieties  (Pliny)  but  the  number 
is  now  greatly  increased.    Probably  nearly  1000  varieties  are  cultivated  in  the 
U.  S.  $ 

3  P.  coronaria  L.     SWEET-SCEXTED  CRAB-TREE.    Lvs.  ovate,  rounded  at 
base,  incisely  serrate,  often  subtobate,  straight-veined,  pubescent  when  young,  at 
length  smoothish,  on  slender  petioles;  pet.  clawed;  pedicels  glabrous;  sep.  subu- 
late ;  sty.  united  and  woolly  at  the  base ;  fr.  as  well  as  fls.  very  fragrant,  corymb- 
ous. — Borders  of  woods,  Mid.,  "West,  and  South.  States.     A  small  tree  10  to  2 Of 
high,  with  spreading  branches.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  half  as  wide,  petioles  J  to  1' 


ORDER  47.— ROSACE^E.  33;- 

long.  Fls.  very  large,  rose-colored,  in  loose  corymbs  of  5  to  10.  Fr.  as  largo 
(1  to  !£'  diam.)  as  a  small  apple,  yellowish,  hard  and  sour  but  esteemed  for  pre- 
serves. May.  \ 

(3.,  IOENSIS.     Lvs.  (when  young),  pedicels  and  calyx  densely  tomentous.     Lvs. 

ovate  and  oblong,  distinctly  lobed ;  (fr.  not  seen). — Sent  from  Iowa  by  Dr. 

Cousens.  „ 

4  P.  angustifolia  Ait.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  acute,  or  obtuse  at  base,  glabrous,  scarcely 
veiny,  crenate-serrate  or  almost  entire,  on  short  petioles ;  corymbs  racemous,  few 
(4  to  7)-flowered ;  pedicels  and  calyx  outside  glabrous ;  sep.  ovate,  villous  within ; 
sty.  distinct,  villous  at  base. — Penn.   to  Ga.   and  La.     Tree  20  to  30f  high  (in 
woods  near  Ogeechee  causeway).     Lvs.  about  4  times  longer  than  wide.     Fls. 
similar  to  No.  3,  rose-purple,  large,  fine  and  fragrant.     Mar. — T.  &  G.  describe  a 
variety  with  the  styles  glabrous. 

5  P.  arbutifolia  L.  f.     CHOKE  BERRY.     Lvs.  oblong-obovate  or  oval-lanceolate, 
obtuse  or  acute,  crenate  serrulate,  smooth  above,  tomentous  beneath  when  young, 
attenuate  at  base  into  a  short  petiole  ;  ped.  and  cal.,  when  young,  tomentous ;  fr- 
pyriform  or  subglobous,  dark  red. — Low,  moist  woodlands,  U.  S.  and  Can.     A 
shrub  5  to  8f  high.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  J  as  wide,  often  subacuminate,  subcoria- 
ceous,  serratures  small,  with  a  glandular,  incurved  point ;  petioles  2  to  4"  long. 
Fls.  white,  in  compound,  terminal  corymbs  of  12  or  more.     Fr.  astringent,  as 
large  as  a  currant.     May,  Jn.  f 

/I  MELANOCARPA  Hook.     Lvs.,  cal.  and  ped.  glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  fr.  blackish- 
purple. — Swamps.     Height  2  to  4f    (P.  melanocarpa  Willd.) 

6  P.  Americana  DC.      MOUNTAIN  ASH.      Lfts.   oblong-lanceolate,   acuminato, 
mucronately  serrate,  smooth,  subsessile ;  cymes  compound,  with  numerous  fls. ; 
pome  small,  globous;  sty.  3  to  5. — A  small  tree  in  mountain  woods,  N.  Eng.  and 
Mid.  States.     Trunk  15  to  20f  high,  covered  with  a  reddish  brown  bark.     Lvs.  8 
to  12'  long,  composed  of  9  to   15  leaflets;  Ifts.  2  to  3^'  by  £  to  1',  subopposite, 
often  acute,  on  petioles  1"  in  length.     Fls.  small,  white,  in  terminal  cymes  of  50 
to  100  or  more.     Fr.  scarlet,  2  to  3"  diam.,  beautiful.     May.  f 

/?.  MICROCARPA  T.  &  G.  Fr.  smaller.  (P.  microcarpa  DC.) 
7  P.  Aucuparia  L.  ENGLISH  MOUNTAIN  ASH.  Lfts.  as  in  P.  Americana, 
except  that  they  are  always  smooth  on  both  sides,  and,  with  the  serratures,  less 
acute  at  apex ;  fls.  corymbous ;  fr.  globous. — Native  of  Europe.  A  tree  20  to 
40f  high,  often  cultivated  as  well  as  the  last  species,  for  its  ornamental  clusters 
of  scarlet  berries.  It  is  a  tree  of  larger  size  and  rougher  bark  than  the  last,  but 
is  hardly  to  be  distinguished  by  the  foliage,  flowers  or  fruit,  f 

14.  CYDO'NIA,  Tourn.     QUINCE.     (Named  from  Cydonia,  a  town  in 
Crete,  from  whence  it  was  brought.)     Calyx  urceolate,  limb  5-cleft ; 
petals  5  ;  styles  5;  pome  5-carpeled,  carpels  cartilaginous,  many-seeded, 
seeds  covered  with  mucilaginous  pulp. — Trees  and  shrubs.     Lvs.  sim- 
ple.    Fls.  mostly  solitary. 

1  C.  vulgaris  Pers.    Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  obtuse  at  base,  acute  at  apex,  very 
entire,  smooth  above,  tomentous  beneath ;  ped.  solitary,  and,  with  the  cal.  woolly ; 
pome  tomentous,  obovoid. — Shrub  8  to  12f  (rarely  20f)  high,  with  crooked,  strag- 
gling branches.     Lvs.  about  as  large  as  those  of  the  pear  tree.     Fls.  white,  with 
a  tinge  of  purple,  large,  terminal.     Fr.  large,  lengthened  at  base,  clothed  with  a 
soft  down,  yellow  when  ripe,  highly  esteemed  for  jellies  and  preserves.    The 
plant  is  reared  from  layers.  |     Eur. 

2  C.  Japonica  Pers.     JAPAN  QUINCE.     Lvs.  glabrous,  shining,  coriaceous, 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  serrulate;  stip.  reniform ;  spine  short,  straight; 
fls.  axillary,  subsessile. — From  Japan.    A  low  shrub,  beautiful  or  even  brilliant 
when  in  bloom.     Fls.  about  as  large  as  in  No.  1,  varying  in  color  from  the  richest 
scarlet  to  a  delicate  blush  or  white.    It  is  hardy  and  easily  reared.    Apr.  (Pyrus 
Japonica  L.) 

15.  RO^SA,  Tourn.     ROSE.     (Celtic  rhos,  red ;  Gr.  podov ;  Lat.  rosa  ; 
Eng.  rose.)     Calyx  tube  urceolate,  fleshy,  contracted  at  the  orifice,  limb 
5-cleft,  the  segments  somewhat  imbricated  in  aestivation,  and  mostly 


334  ORDER  47.— ROSACE^E. 

with  a  leafy  appendage ;  petals  5  (greatly  multiplied  by  culture) ; 
achenia  oo,  bony,  hispid,  included  in  and  attached  to  the  inside  of  tho 
fleshy  tube  of  the  calyx. — Shrubby  and  prickly.  Lvs.  unequally  pin- 
nate. Stip.  mostly  adnate  to  the  petiole. 

Obs.  Our  innumerable  varieties  of  garden  Roses  have  mostly  originated  with  the  few  species 
mentioned  below.  To  define  these  varieties  in  order  to  their  recognition  would  generally  bo  im- 
possible, for  their  forma  are  as  evanescent  as  their  names  are  arbitrary.  All  that  the  author  hero 
proposes  is  to  aid  the  botanist  in  tracing  back  each  form  to  the  species  whence  it  sprun".  This 
will  be  easily  done  in  all  cases  except  with  the  hybrids. 

§  Styles  cohering  in  an  exserted  column.     Climbers  (a). 

§  Styles  not  cohering. — Stipules  nearly  free  and  caducous  (b). 

— Stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole. — Prickles  recurved  (c). 
—Prickles  straight  (d). 

a  Leaflets  8  to  5,  mostly  3.    Native  and  cultivated .". No.  1 

a  Leaflets  5  to  9. — Stipules  and  sepals  mostly  entire Nos.  11, 12 

— Stipules  pectinate.     Sepals  entire No.  3 

—Stipules  entire.    Sepals  pinnatifid No.  IS 

b  Penduncle  very  short,  enveloped  in  bracts.    Leaflets  5  to  9 No.  4 

b  Penduncle  elongated,  bractless.    Leaflets  3  to  5.— Thorny,  mostly  climbing.  .Nos.  2, 19 

— Thorn  less,  erect No.  24 

C  Leaflets  not  at  all  glandular.     Shrubs  erect,— wild No.  8 

—cultivated Nos.  13,  14 

C  Leaflets  glandular  and  fragrant  beneath. — Flowers  single Nos.  9,  10 

— Flowers  double Nos.  15—17 

d  Wild,  native  Eoses,  l—3f  erect Nos.  5,  6.  T 

d  Cultivated  exotics,  climbing  (No.  20)  or  erect Nos.  21 — zl 

1  R.  setigera  MX.    MICHIGAN  or  PRAIRIE  ROSE.    Branches  elongated,  ascend, 
glabrous ;   spines  few,  strong,  stipular ;  Ifts.  large,  3  to  5,   ovato ;  slip,  narrow, 
adherent,  acuminate  ;  fls.  corymbous ;  cal.  glandular,  segm.  subentiro  ;   sty.  united ; 
fr.  globous. — This  splendid  species  is  a  native  of  Mich,  and  other  States  "W.  and 
S.     About  20  varieties  are  enumerated  in  cultivation,  among  which  is  tho  Balti- 
more Belle.     They  are  hardy,  of  rapid  growth,  and  capable  of  being  trained  12  to 
20f.     Fls.  in  very  large  clusters,  changeable  in  hue,  nearly  scentless,  and  of  short 
duration. 

2  R.  laevigata  MX.     CHEROKEE  ROSE.      Glabrous  and  polished ;  branches  long, 
trailing,  armed  with  very  strong,  curved  prickles ;  Ifts.  3,  rarely  5,  coriaceous, 
evergreen,  shining,  elliptical,  sharply  serrate ;  slip,  free,  setaceous,  deciduous  ;  fls. 
solitary ;  cal.  bristly,  sep.  entire. — In  hedges,  etc.,  Fla.  (Tallahassee),  N.  to  Tenn., 
eta     Sts.  very  long,  numerous,  and  with  their  broad,  hooked  pricks,  make  the 
most  impervious  of  all  hedges.     Fls.  often  3'  diam.,  white.     Apr. — Common  also 
in  gardens.      §  China. 

3  R.  multiflora  Seringe.    MANY-FLOWERED,  or  JAPAN  ROSE.     Branches,  ped. 
and  cal.  tomentous ;  shoots  very  long;  prickles  slender,  scattered;  Ifts.  5   to  7, 
ovate-lanceolate,  soft  and  slightly  rugous ;  stip.  pectinate,  fimbriate;   fls.  corymb- 
ous,   often   numerous;    flower-bud   ovoid-globous ;    sep.    short;    sty.    exsertcd, 
scarcely  cohering  in  an  elongated   pilous  column ;  pet.  white,  varying  through 
roseate  to  purple. — Grows  in  hedges  with  No.  2,  about  Tallahassee  (Pknk  road  to 
Bellair).     Shrub  with  luxuriant  shoots,  easily  trained  to  tho  height  of  15  to  2  Of. 
— Among  its  varieties  are  the  Seven  Sisters,  Boursault's,  etc.     §  Japan. 

4  R.  bracteata  Linn.    MACARTNEY  ROSE.    Branches  erect,  tomentous ;  prickles 
recurved,  often  double ;  Ifts.  5  to  9,  obovate,  subserrate,  coriaceous,  smooth,  and 
shining ;  stip.  fi  mbriate-setaceous ;  fls.  solitary,  terminal,  with  large  bracts  subtend- 
ing the  calyx ;  ped.  and  cal.  tomentous ;  fr.  globous,  large,  orange. — Naturalized 
in  hedges  near  N.  Orleans  (Riddell  in  T.  and  G.)    Fls.  large,  white.  §  China. 
Varieties  with  cream-colored  to  scarlet  fls. 

5  R.  lucida  Ehrh.     SHINING,  or  WILD  ROSE.     St.  low ;  prickles  scattered,  seta- 
ceous, the  stipular  largest,  straight ;  Ifts.  5  to  9,  elliptical,  simply  serrate,  smooth 
and  shining  above ;  petioles  glabrous  or  subhispid;  fls.   generally  i a  pairs  (1  to 
3);  fr.  depressed,  globous,  and  with  the  peduncles,  glandular -hispid. — Shrub  1  to 
3f  high,  in  dry  woods  or  thickets  throughout  the  U.  S.,   slender,  with  greenish 
branches.     Lfts.  acute  or  obtuse?,  odd  one  petiolate,  the  others  sessile.     Sepals 
often  appendiculate,  as  long  as  the  large,  obcordate,  pale-red  petals.     Fr.  small, 
red.    Jn.  Jl.  (R.  Carolina  MX.,  nee  Bw.) 


ORDER  47.— ROSACE  J3.  335 

• 

(3.  PARVIFLORA.    Lfts.  oval,  mostly  very  obtuse,  paler  beneath  ;  petioles  smooth 
or  pubescent.     (R.  parviflora  Ehrh.) 

6  R.  nitida  Willd.     WILD  ROSE.     St.  low,  densely  armed  with  straight,  slender, 
reddish  prickles ;  If  is.  5  to  9,  narrow-lanceolate,  smooth  and  shining,  sharply  ser- 
rate; -slip,  narrow,  often  reaching  to  the  lower  Ifts. ;  fls.  solitary;  cal.  hispid;  fr. 
globous.— In  swamps,  N.  Eng.  (Lexington,  Mass.)     Sts.   1  to  2f  high,  reddish 
from  its  dense  armor  of  prickles.     Lfts.  1  to  !£'  long,  subsessile,  odd  one  petio- 
lulate.     Stip.  5  to  8"  long,  adnato  to  the  petiole,  each  side.     Fls.  with  red,  obcor- 
date  petals.     Fr.  scarlet.     Jn. 

7  R.  blanda  AH.     BLAND  ROSE.     Taller ;  st.  armed  with  few,  scattered,  straight, 
deciduous  prickles ;  Ifts.  5  to  7,  oblong,  obtuse,   serrate,  smooth,   but  not  shining 
above,  paler  and  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath ;  petiole  unarmed ;  stip.  dilated ; 
fls.  mostly  in  pairs  (1  to  3) ;  ped.  short,  and  with  the  cal.  smooth  and  glaucous  ; 
fr.  globous. — Shrub,  found  on  dry,  sunny  hills,  N.  and  M.  States.     Sts.   2  to  3f 
high,  with  reddish  bark.    Fls.  rather  large.    Sep.  entire,  shorter  than  the  reddish, 
emarginate  petals.     Bracts  large,  downy.     Jn. 

8  R.  Carolina  L.     CAROLINA  ROSE.     SWAMP  ROSE.     St.  tall,  glabrous,  with 
strong,  recurved,  stipular  prickles ;  Ifts.  5  to  9,  elliptical,  acute,  sharply  and  doubly 
serrate,  glaucous  beneath,  not  shining  above,  petioles  hairy  or  subaculeate ;  fls. 
corymbous ;  fr.  depressed-globous,  and  with  the  peduncles  hispid. — Swamps  and 
damp  woods,  forming  thickets,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Sts.  4  to  8f  high,  bushy,  with 
reddish  branches.     Prickles  mostly  2  at  the  base  of  the  stipules.     Lfts.  1  to  2' 
long,  £  as  wide,  rather  variable  in  form.     Fls.  in  a  leafy  corymb  of  3  to  7.     Petals 
obcordate,  large,  varying  between  red  and  white.     Fr.  dark  red.  Jn.,  JL 

9  R.  rubiginosa  L.     EGLANTINE.     SWEET  BRIER.     St.  glabrous,  armed  with 
very  strong,  recurved  prickles,  with  many  weaker  ones;  Ifts.  5  to  7,   broad-oval, 
with  feruginous  glands  beneath ;  fls.  mostly  solitary ;  sep.  permanent ;  fr.  obovoid, 
and  ped.  glandular-hispid. — A  stout,   prickly  shrub,  4  to  8f  high,  in  fields  and 
roadsides  throughout  the  U.  S.     Tho  older  stems  are  bushy,  much  branched,  1' 
diam.,  the  younger  shoots  nearly  simple,  declined  at  top.     Lfts.  small,  serrate  (the 
glands  beneath  not  always  present),  when  rubbed  very  fragrant.     Fls.  light-red, 
fragrant.    Fr.  orange  red.     Jn.     There  are  about  25  cultivated  varieties,  single 
and  double.     §  Eur.     (R.  suaveolens  Ph.) 

10  R.  micraiitha  Smith.    SMALL-FLOWERED  SWEET  BRIER.    St.  glabrous,  armed 
with  few,  equal,  strong,  recurved  prickles ;  Ifts.   5  to  7,   ovate,  rusty-glandular  be- 
neath, fls.  solitary,  small',  sep.  deciduous  from  the  ovate  or  oblong  fruit;  ped. 
somewhat  hispid. — Roadsides  and  pastures,  N.  Eng.     A  large  shrub,  6  to  8f  high, 
much  resembling  the  last.     Fls.  usually  white,  much  smaller  (15''  diam.)  than  in 
that  species.    Jn.    §  Eur. 

11  R.  semperviren3  Ser.     EVERGREEN  ROSE.     St.  climbing ;  prickles  sub- 
equal  ;  Ifts.  persistent,  5  to  7,  coriaceous ;  fis.  subsolitary  or  corymbous ;  sep.  sub- 
entire,  elongated ;  sty.  coherent  into  an  elongated  column ;  fr.  ovoid  or  subglob- 
ous,  yellow,  and  with  the  ped.  glandular-hispid. — Allied  to  the  following,  but  it.-; 
leaves  are  coriaceous  and  evergreen,  persistent  until  January. — Among  the  varie- 
ties of  this  (or  the  next  ?)  species  is  the  Virginia  Lass,  with  blush  white  fls. 

12  R.  arvensis  L.    AYRSHIRE  ROSE.    Shoots  very  long  and  flexile ;  prickles 
unequal,  falcate;  Ifts.  5  to  7,  smooth,  or  with  scattered  hairs,  and  glaucous  be- 
neath, deciduous ;  fls.  solitary  or  corymbous ;  sep.  subentire,  short :  sty.  cohering 
in  a  long,  glabrous  column ;  fr.  ovoid-globous,  smoothish. — England.     The  shoots 
grow  15  to  2 Of  in  a  season,  and  aro  very  hardy.      Fls.  white  to  blush,  crim- 
son and  purple. — Here  belong  the  varieties  known  as  the  Adam  Tea,  Mrs. 
Piercers,  etc. 

13  R.  cinnainomea  L.  CINNAMON  ROSE.  St.  tall,  with  ascending  branches ; 
prickles  of  the  younger  stems  numerous,   scattered,  of,  the  branches  few,  larger, 
stipular,  curved ;  Ifts.  5  to  7,  oval-oblong,  simply  serrate,  grayish-pubescent  be- 
neath; stip.  dilated  and  acuminate  above,  more  or  less  involute,  wavy;  ped.  short 
and  cal.  glabrous;   sep.  entire,  as  long  as  the  petals ;  fr.  smooth,  globous,  crowned 
•with  the  connivent  calyx  lobes. — Native  of  Eur.     Sts.  5  to  12f  hign,  with  red- 
dish bark.     Fls.  mostly  double,  pink,  purple,  or  red. 


336  ORDER  47.— ROSACE^E. 

• 

14  R.  canina  L.     DOG  ROSE.     Prickles  remote,  strong,  compressed,    fal- 
cate; Ifts.  5  to  9,  with  acute,  incurved,  and  often  double  serratures;   slip,  rather 
broad,  serrulate;  ped.  and  cal.  smooth  or  hispid;  sep.  after  flowering  deflexed  and 
deciduous;  fr.  ovoid,  red. — Native  of  Europe.     Shrub  4  to  8f  high. 

/?.  BURBONIANA  Ser.  Lfts.  ovate,  subcordate,  simply  dentate;  fls.  purple, 
double  and  semidouble ;  pet.  concave ;  sep.  entire. — A  splendid  class  of 
roses,  of  which  more  than  100  varieties  are  cultivated.  They  are  hardy, 
with  ample  and  glossy  foliage.  18  other  varieties  are  described  by  Seringe 
in  DC. 

15  R.  centifolia  L.     HUNDRED-LEAVED  OR  PROVENS  ROSE.     Prickles  nearly 
straight,  scarcely  dilated  at  base;  Ifts.  5  to  7,  ovate,  glandular-ciliate   on   the  mar- 
gin, subpilous  beneath ;  flower-bud  short-ovoid  ;  sep.  spreading  (not  deflexed)  in 
flower ;  fr.  ovoid ;  cal.  and  ped.   glandular-hispid,  viscid  and  fragrant. — From  S. 
Europe.     Shrub  2   to  4f  high,  very  prickly.     Fls.   usually  of  a  pink  color,  but 
varying  in  hue,  form,   size,   etc.,  through  a   hundred   known  varieties,  among 
which  are  the  incomparable  moss  rose,  tho  cabbage,  etc. 

16  R.  damascena  Ait.     DAMASK  ROSE.     St.  branching  and  bushy,  armed 
with  unequal  spines,  mostly  stipular,  cauline  ones  broad,  falcate  or  hooked ;  Ifts. 
large,  broadly  elliptical,  downy-canescent ;  sep.  reftexed;  fr.  ovoid,   elongated. — 
Native  of  the  Levant.     Shrub  3  to  4f  high.     Fls.  rather  numerous,  of  a  delicate, 
pale,  roseate  hue,  usually  with  very  numerous  petals,  and  a  delicious  fragrance. 
Among  its  numerous  varieties  is  the  common  Monthly,  low,   blooming   at  &A 
seasons. 

17  R.    alba  L.      WHITE   GARDEN  ROSE.      Erect,    tall,    slightly   glaucous : 
prickles  slender,   recurved,    sometimes   wanting;    Ifts.    roundish-ovate,    shortly 
acuminate;    petioles   and  veins  subtomentous,  glandular;    sep.  pinnatifld;  pet. 
spreading;  fr.  ovoid,  nearly  smooth. — From  Germany.    Shrub  5  to  8f  high.     Fls. 
large,  corymbous,  sweet-scented,  generally  pure  white,  but  often  in  its  numerous 
varieties,  tinged  with  the  most  delicate  blush. 

18  R.  moschata  L.    MUSK  ROSE.    Shoots  ascending  and  climbing ;  prickles 
cauline,  slender,  recurved ;  Ifts.  5  to  7,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  smoothish,  discolored ; 
stip.  very  narrow,  acute;  fls.  often  very  numerous;  ped.  and  cal.  subhispid;  sep. 

subpinnatiftd,  elongated  and  appendiculate ;  fr.  ovoid,  red.     Native  of .  Sts. 

trailing  or  climbing  10  to  12f.     Fls.  peculiarly  fragrant,  rather  large,  white,  pro- 
duced in  paniclea 

19  R.  Iiidica  L.     CHINESE  MONTHLY  or  BENGAL  ROSE.     Erect  or  climbing, 
purplish,  prickles  strong,  remote ;  Ifts.  3  to  5,  ovate,  acuminate,  coriaceous,  shining, 
smooth,  serrulate,  discolored ;  stip.  very  narrow :  fls.  solitary  or  paniculate ;  ped. 
often  thickened,  and,  with  the  cal.  smooth,  or  glandular-hispid;  sep.  mostly  entire ; 
stam.  inflexed  ;  fr.    turbinate  ? — Splendid  varieties,  blooming   from  Apr.  to  Nov. 
Fls.  of  every  hue  from  pure  white  to  crimson,  as  the  Noisette,  Sanguinea  (folingo 
as  well  as  fls.  blood-red),  Youland  of  Aragon,  Giant  of  battles,  Cloth-of-gold  (sulphur 
yellow),  and  the  favorite  Tea  Roses. 

P.  LAWRENCIANA.  Miss  LAWRENCE'S  ROSE.  St.  and  branches  aculeate, 
bristly  and  subglabrous ;  Ifts.  ovate,  purplish  beneath;  ped.  obovate-acumin- 
ate. — A  class  of  varieties  with  very  small  flowers,  pink  to  deep  purple.  (R. 
Lawrenciana  Lindl.  R.  Indica  acuminata  Ser.) 

20  R.  alpina  Ser.     ALPINE  OR  BOURSAULT  ROSE.    Younger  shoots  echinate 
with  numerous  weak  prickles,  older  ones  smooth,   rarely  armed  with  strong 
prickles;  Ifcs.  5  to  11,  ovate  or  obovate,  sharply  and  often  doubly  serrate;  stip. 
narrow,  apex  diverging ;  ped.  deflexed  after  flowering,  and  with  the  cal.  hispid 
or  smooth ;  sep.  entire,  spreading ;  fr.  ovoid,  pendulous,  crowned  with  the  con- 
nivent  calyx. — Hardy,  vigorous,  climbing,  with  pink,  red  or  crimson  flowers. 

21  R.  eglanteria  Ser.     YELLOW  ROSE.     AUSTRIAN  EGLANTINE.     St.  with 
a  cinerous  bark,    branches  red,   both  armed   with  straight,    slender,    scattered 
prickles ;  Ivs.  5  to  7,  small,  broad-oval  or  obovate,  smooth,  shining  above,  sharply 
serrate ;  cal.  nearly  naked  and  entire  ;   pet.  large,  broad-obcordate. — From  Ger- 
many.    Shrub  about  3f  high,  bushy.     Fls.  numerous  of  a  golden  yellow,  very 
fugacious,  of  less  agreeable  fragrance  than  the  leaves.     There  are  many  varieties, 
both  single  and  double,  variegated  with  red.    Jn.     (R.  lutea  Mill.) 


ORDER  47.— ROSACE^E.  337 

22  R.  G-illica  L.     COMMON  FRENCH  ROSE.     St.  and  petioles  armed  with 
numerous,  line,   scattered  prickles ;  Ifts.  mostly  5,   elliptical  or  oval,  thick ;  fls. 
erect ;  petals,   large,    spreading ;  sep.  ovate ;  fr.   ovoid  and  with   the  peduncles 
hispid. — The  common  red  rose  of  gardens,  from  which  have  originated  not  less 
than  300  varieties,  known  in  cultivation,  and  registered  in  catalogues,  as  tho 
Velvet,  Carmine,  Carnation,  &c.     Many  of  them  are  beautifully  variegated,  as  tho 
Tricolor,  York  and  Lancaster,  Nosegay,  Picotee,  &c.    Tho  dried  petals  are  used  in 
medicine  and  from  them  are  extracted  tinctures  for  cooking.     Jn.,  Jl. 

23  R.  pimpinellifolia  Ser.     SCOTCH,  or  BURNET  ROSE.     St.  densely  armed 
with  straight,    aserose  prickles;  Ifts.   5  to  9,  roundish-obtuse,  smooth,   simply 
serrate ;  11s.  small,  usually  roseate,  but  changing  in   the  numerous  varieties  to 
white,   red  or  yellow. — Native  of  Scotland  and  other  parts  of  Europe.     Theso 
shrubs  are   but   2   to  3f  high,   with  small,    delicate  leaflets.      Fls.  numerous, 
globular,  very  fine,  of  all  colors,  even  yellow.     May,  Jn.     (R.  spinosissima  L.) 

24  R.  Banksia  L.     BANKS'  ROSE.     Smooth ;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  crowded,  3  to 
5,  scarcely  serrate ;  stip.  deciduous ;  fls.  umbellate ;  fr.  globular,  nearly  black. — 
Prom  China.     Thornless  shrubs,  with  small,  cup-shaped  fls.     Not  hardy. 

18.  AGRIMCTNIA,  L.  AGRIMONY.  (Gr.  aypb^ ,  a  field,  fiovo^  alone , 
a  name  of  dignity  for  its  medicinal  qualities.)  Calyx  tube  turbinatc; 
contracted  at  the  throat,  armed  with  hooked  bristles  above,  limb  5- 
cleft,  connivent  in  fruit;  petals  5  ;  stamens  12  to  15 ;  ovaries  2;  styles 
terminal;  achenia  included  in  the  indurated  tube  of  the  calyx. —  If 
Lvs.  pinnately  divided.  Fls.  yellow,  in  long,  slender  racemes. 

1  A.  Eupatoria  L.     Hirsute  ;    Ivs.  interruptedly  pinnate,  upper  ones  3-foliate, 
Ifts.  5  to  7,  lance-oval  or  obovate,  with  small  ones  interposed,  coarsely  dentate ;  stip. 
large,  dentate ;  petals  twice  longer  than  the  reflexed  calyx. — Roadsides,  borders 
of  fields,  Can.  and  TJ.  S.,  common.     St.    1  to  3f  high,  branching,  leafy.     Lfts. 
nearly  smooth  beneath,  1£  to  3'  long,  ^  as  wide,  sessile,   terminal  one  with  a 
petiolule  1  to  3"  long.     Rac.  6  to  12'  long,  spicate.     Fls.  yellow,  about  4"  diam. 
on  very  short  pedicels.     Calyx  tube  curiously  fluted  with  10  ribs,  and  sur- 
mounted with  reddish,  hooked  bristles.     Jl. 

/?.  HIRSUTA  Torr.     Smaller  and  more  hairy. 

y.  PARVIFLORA  Hook.     Less  hairy ;  fls.  smaller,  on  longer  pedicels.     (A.  par- 
viflora  DC.) 

2  A.  parviflora  Ait.     St.  and  petioles  hirsute ;  Ivs.  interruptedly  pinnate ;  If  Is. 
numerous  (9  to  17),  crowded,  pubescent  beneath,  linear-lanceolate,  equally  and  in- 
cisely  serrate,  with  small  ones  interposed;  stip.   acutely  incised;  rac.  spicate- 
virgate  ;  fls.  small ;  petals  longer  than  the  erect  calyx ;  fr.  hispid. — Woods  and 
dry  meadows,  Penn.  to  S.  Car.  \V.  to  Iowa  and  Tenn.     Sts.  3  to  4f  high,  tho 
hairs  spreading,  brownish  and  glandular.     Lfts.  2  to  3'  by  £  to  -£',  with  smaller 
ones  intermixed.     Petals  yellow.     The  plant  has  an  agreeablo  balsamic  odor. 
Aug.     (A.  suaveolens  Ph.) 

3  A,  incisa  Torr.  &  Gr.     Pubescent  and  hirsute ;  Ivs.  interruptedly  pinnate ;  Ifts. 
7    to   11,    with   smaller    ones   interposed,   oblong,    incisely  pinnatijid,    canescent 
beneath ;    stip.  deeply  cleft;    fls.   small,   remote,   nearly  sessile   in   the   slender 
racemes. — N.  Car.  to  Fla.  (at  Macon,  Ga.)    Fls.  rather  larger  than  in  No.  2.    Cal. 
segm.  very  short.     Jl.,  Aug. 

17.  DRY^AS,  integrifolia  Vahl.— On  the  White  Hills  of  N.  H. 
Prof.  Peck  (Pursh), — but  never  since  seen  within  our  limits. 

18.  GE'UM,  L.    AVENS.     (Gr.  yevw,  to  taste  well ;  in  allusion  to  the 
taste  of  the  roots.)    Calyx  5-cleft,  with  5  alternate  segments  or  bractlets 
smaller  and  exterior  ;  petals  5  ;  stamens  oo  ;  acheriia  oo,  aggregated  on 
a  dry  receptacle,  and  caudate  with  the  persistent,  mostly  jointed,  geni- 
culate  and  bearded  style. — 1±  Lvs.  pinnately  divided. 

22 


338  OBDEB  47.— ROSACES. 

§  Stylo  straight,  jointless,  all  ofit  persistent.     SIEVEESIA. Nos.  1,  3 

§  Stylo  bent  and  jointed  in  the  middle,  hooked  or  plumose-,  (a) 

a  Head  of  fruits  raised  on  a  stipe.     Fls.  yellow  or  purple Nos.  4 — 5 

a  Head  of  fruits  sessile  (no  stipe). — Fls.  yellow Nos.  6,  7 

— Flowers  white Nos.  8,  9 

1  G.  triflortirn  Pursh.     Villous ;  st.  erect,  about  3-flowered;  Ivs.  mostly  radical, 
interruptedly  pinnate,   of  numerous  cuneatc,   iucisely  deutato,  subequal   Ifts.  ; 
bractlets  linear,  longer  than  the  sepals ;  sty.  plumoua,   very  long  in  fruit. — Brit. 
Am.  and  N.  W.  States,  rare  in  the  Northern.     Sts.  scarcely  a  foot  high,  with  a 
pair  of  opposite,  laciniate  Ivs.  near  the  middle,  and  several  bracts  at  the  base  of  tho 
long,  slender  petioles.     Radical  Ivs.  5  to  G'  long,  the  terminal  1ft.  not  enlarged. 
Fls.  rather  large,  purplish  white.     Sty.  2'  long  in  fruit.     May,  Jn. 

2  G.  Peckii  Pursh.     Nearly  glabrous ;  st.  erect,  several-flowered,  nearly  naked ; 
radical  Ivs.  lyrate-pinnate ;  the  terminal  If  I.  very  large,  truncate  at  base,  the  lateral 
ones  minute ;  pet.  obovate,  much  longer  than  the  cal. — "White  Mts.     Scape  9  to 
15'  high,  with  several  small,  incised  bracts.     Petioles  3  to  5'  long,  bearing  4  or 
5   dentate,  lateral  Ifts.  1  to  4"  long,  and  ending  in  a  half  round  lit.  2  to  4'  wide, 
lobed  and  dentate.    Fls.  8''  diam.,  yellow,  terminal  on  the  elongated  branches. 
J].,  Aug.     Perhaps  a  variety  of  the  next. 

3  G.  radiatum  MX.     Tory  hairy,  hispid;  st.  leafy,  5  to  10-flowered ;  rt.   Ivs. 
lyrate-pinnate,  the  terminal  If  1.  very  large,  broadly  reniform-cordate,  incised,  tho 
lateral  ones  very  small ;  st.  Ivs.  sessile,  cleft  and  toothed  ;  petals  obcordate, ;  sty. 
persistent,  much  longer  than  cal.  in  fruit. — Roan  Mt.  N.  Car.  (Curtis).     Sts.  1  to 
2f  high,  bearing  a  spreading  panicle  of  large,  yellow  fls. 

4  G.  verntim  Torr.  &  Gr.     Slender  and  slightly  pubescent ;  st.  ascending  at  base  ; 
radical  Ivs.  pinnately  5  to  9-fbliate,  with  incised  Ifts.  or  often  simple  and  cordate, 
incisely  lobed  and  dentate  ;  cauline  Ivs.  3  to  5 -foliate  or  lobed  ;  stip.  large   and 
incised  j  fls.  yellow,  erect,  very  small;  sep.  reftexed;  head  of  carpels  globous,  raised 
on  a  slender  stipe. — Shades  and  thickets,  Ohio  to  111.  and  Tex.    St.  8  to  20'  high, 
striate,  di-  or  trichomotous  at  top,  few- leaved  and  few-flowered.     Petals  yellow 
and  with  the  sepals  hardly  more  than  1"  in  length.     Stipe  of  the  head  of  carpels 
i'  long.     Apr. — Jn.     (Stylipus  vernus  Raf.) 

5  G  rivale.  L.     Pubescent ;  st.  subsimple ;  radical  Ivs.  lyrate ;  stip.  ovate,  acute ; 
fls.  nodding,  purple;  pet.  as  long  as  the  erect  cal.  scgm. ;  upper  joint  of  the  persis- 
tent style  plumous. — A  fine  plant,  conspicuous  among  the  grass  in  wet  meadows 
N.  and  M.  States.     Rhizome  woody,  creeping.     St.  1  to  2f  high,  paniculate  at 
top.     Root  Ivs.  interruptedly  pinnate,  inclining  to  lyrate,  4  to  G'  long,  terminal 
1ft.  large,  roundish,  lobed  and  crenate-dentate.     St.  Ivs.  1  to  3,  3-foliate  or  lobed, 
subsessile.      FJs.    subglobous.     Cal.  purplish-brown.      Petals  broad-obcordate, 
clawed,  purplish-yellow,  veined.     Jn. — The  root  is  aromatic  and  astringent. 

6  G.  strictum  Ait.      Hirsute ;  radical  Ivs.  interruptedly  pinnate ;  cauline  3  to  5- 
foliate;  Ifts.  obovate  and  ovate,  lobed  and  toothed;  stip.  largo  and  erect;  bract- 
lets  linear,  shorter  than  the  sep.;  pet.  roundish,  longer  than  the  cal. ;  sty.  smooth, 
upper  joint  hairy. — Fields,  moist  or  dry,  N.  States  and  Brit.  Am.     St.  hispid  at 
base,  2  to  3f  high,  dichotomous,  and  with  spreading  hairs  at  summit.     Rt.  Ivs.  5 
to  8'  long,  inclining  to  lyrate,  the  terminal  1ft.  largest,  obovate  and  lobed.     Fls. 
numerous,  rather  large,  yellow.     Receptacle  densely  pubescent.     Jl.,  Aug. 

7  G.  macrophylltim  "Willd.     Hispid;    radical  Ivs.  interruptedly  •  lyrate-pinnate, 
the  terminal  Ift.  much  the  largest,  roundish-cordate,  cauline  with  minute  lateral  Ifts., 
and  a  large,  roundish,  terminal  one,  all  unequally  dentate  ;  petals  longer  than  tho 
calyx ;  recept.   nearly  smooth. — White  Mts.   and  Brit.  Am.     St.  1  to  2f  high, 
stout,  very  hispid  and  leafy.     Termiaal  1ft.  3  to  5'  diam.     Fls.  yellow.     Ju.,  JL 

8  G.  album  Gmel.     Smoothish  or  pubescent;  root-lvs.  ternate  or  the  very  lowest 
simple;  upper  Ivs.  simple;   Ifts.   ovate,   lobed  and  toothed,  the  lower  mostly 
obtuse,  upper  lanceolate ;  petals  as  long  as  calyx ;  torus  clothed  with  white 
bristles.     Thickets,  com.  2— 3f.    Jl.  (G.  Virgmianuni  T.  &  G.) 

9  G.  Virgiiiiamim  L.     Hirsute  with  spreading  hairs,  stout ;  Ivs.  pinnate  below, 
then  ternate,  the  upper  simple;  Ifts.  incisely  lobed,  lobes  wedge-lanceolate,  very 
acute,  cut-dentate,  upper  lanceolate ;  petals  shorter  than  tho  calyx ;  torus  nearly 
naked.     Wet  thickets.    2— 3f.    July. 


ORDER  47.— ROSACES.  339 

19.  RtTBUS,  L.  BRAMBLE.  (Celtic  rub,  red  ;  tlic  color  of  the  fruit 
of  some  species.)  Calyx  spreading,  5-partccl ;  petals  5,  deciduous;  sta- 
mens oo,  inserted  into  the  border  of  the  disk;  ovaries  many,  with  2 
ovules,  one  of  them  abortive ;  achenia  pulpy,  drupaceous,  aggregated 
into  a  compound  berry  ;  radicle  superior. —  2{*  Half  shrubby  plants.  Sts. 
usually  (§;,  and  armed  with  prickles.  Inflorescence  imperfectly  centri- 
fngal.  Fr,  esculent. 

§  Fruit  inseparable  from  the  juicy,  deciduous  receptacle.    BLACKBERRIES  (a) 

a  Sterns  (mostly)  erect,  stout,  armed  with  stout,  recurved  prickle*..  Nos   1   2 

a  Stems  procumbent,  trailing,  mostly  with  slender,  minute  prickles          Nos  3  to  5 
g§  Fruit  separating  from  the  dry,  persistent  receptacle.    RASPBERRIES  (b) 

b  Leaves  simple,  lobed.    Not  prickly jjos  g  to  8 

b  Leaves  compound. — Stems  not  prickly,  herbaceous . ,..  '  NO  9 

—Stems  prickly,  shrubby.— Corollas  single.'.".'.".'. '.',". Nos."  10— 12 
— Corollas  double No.  13 

1  R.  villdsus  Ait.     HIGH  BLACKBERRY.     Pubescent,  viscid  and  prickly ;  st.  an- 
gular ;  Ifts.  3  to  5,  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  hairy  both  sides  ;  petioles  prickly ;  cal. 
acaminate,  shorter  than  the  petals ;  rac.  leafless,  about  20-flowered. — A  well  known, 
thorny  shrub,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Sts.  tall  and  slender,  branching,  recurved  at  top, 
3  to  Gf  high.     Lfts.  2 ^  to  4'  by  1|  to  2^',  terminal  one  on  a  long  petiolule,  tho 
others  on  short  ones  or  none.     Pedicels  slender,  1'  long.     Petals  white,  obovate 
or  oblong,  obtuse.     Fr.  consisting  of  about  20  roundish,  shining,  black,  fleshy 
carpels,  closely  connected  into  an  ovate  or  oblong  head,  subacid,  well-flavored, 
ripe  in  Aug.  and  Sept. 

/?.  FRONDOSUS  Torr.  Lfts.  incisely  serrate ;  rac.  with  a  few  simple  Ivs.  or  leafy 
bracts  at  base ;  fls.  about  10  in  each  cluster,  the  terminal  ono  opening  first, 
as  in  all  the  species,  the  lowest  next,  and  the  highest  but  ono  last.  Fr.  more 
acid  and  with  fewer  carpels.  (R.  frondosus  Bw.) 

y.  IIUMIFUSUS  T.  &  G-.  St.  procumbent  or  trailing;  Ivs.  smaller;  ped.  few- 
ilowered. — Often  occurs  southward  with  the  erect  forms,  and  with  R.  trivia- 
lis,  from  which  it  is  sometimes  hard  to  be  distinguished. 

2  R.  cuneifolius  Ph.     SAND  BLACKBERRY.    St.  erect,  shrubby,  armed  with  re- 
curved prickles ;  Ivs.  3-foliate,  and  with  the  young  branches  and  pet.  pubescent 
beneath ;  Ifts.  cuneatc-obovate,  entire  at  base,  dentate  above,  subplicate,  tomentous 
beneath ;  rac.  loose,  few-flowered. — A  low  shrub,  2  to  3f  high,  in  sandy  woods,  L.  I. 
to  Fla.     Petioles  often  prickly.     Lfts.  rarely  5,  1  to  2'  long,  \  as  wide,  obtuse, 
or  with  a  short  acumination.     Petals  white  or  roseate,  3  times  as  long  as  the  cal. 
Fr.  black,  juicy,  well-flavored,  ripe  in  Jl.,  Aug.     Fls.  May,  Jn. 

3  R.  hispidus  L.     St.  slender,  reclining  or  prostrate,  hispid  with  retrorse  Iristks  ; 
Ivs.  3-foliate,  rarely  quinate.  smooth  and  green  both  sides ;  Ifts.  coarsely  serrate, 
obovate,  mostly  obtuse,  thickish,  persistent ;  ped.  corymbous,  many  flowered,  with 
filiform  pedicels  and  short  bracts ;  fls.  and  jr.  small. — In  damp  woods,  Can.  to  Car. 
Sts.  slender,  trailing  several  feet,  with  suberect  branches  8  to  12'  high.     Lfts.  1  to 
2'  long,  £  as  wide,  nearly  sessile,  persistent  through  the  winter.    Fls.  white.    Fr. 
dusky-purple,  sour.     May,  Jn.     (It.  sempervirens  Bw.) 

(3.  SETOSUS  T.  &  G.  Lfts.  oblanceolate,  rather  narrow,  1-J  to  2£'  long,  tapering, 
and  (like  variety  a)  entire  at  base,  sharply  serrate  above.  Fr.  red.  (B.  seto- 
sus  Bw.) 

4  R.  Canadeiisis  L.     NORTHERN"  DEWBERRY.      St.  procumbent  or  trailing,  a 
little  prickly ;  Ivs.  3-foliate,  rarely  quinate,  Ifts.  elliptical  or  rhomboid-oval  acute  or 
acuminate,  thin,  unequally  cut-serrate;    pedicels  solitary,    elongated,   somewhat 
corymbed;  Jr.  large,  black. — Common  in  dry,  stony  fields,  Can.  to  Va.,  trailing 
several  yards  upon  the  ground.     Lfts.  light  green  and  membranous,  nearly  sessile, 
1  to  !£'  long,  -J-  as  wide.     Fls.  large,  on  slender  pedicels.     Petals  obovate,  white, 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Fr.  £  to  1'  diarn.,  very  sweet  and  juicy  hi  JL  and 
Aug.     Fls.  May.     (R.  trivialis  Ph.) 

5  R.  trivialis  MX.     SOUTHERN  DEWBERRY.     Procumbent,  trailing,  with  root- 
ing runners,  shrubby,  armed  with  bristles  and  recurved  prickks ;  Ivs.  3-foliate  and 
quinate,  persistent,  Ifts.  coriaceous,  ovate-oblong  or  oval,  acute  or  obtuse,   sharply 
serrate;  ped.  1  to  3-flowered;  fls.  large, pet.  roundish-obovate ;  sep.  oblojig,  obtuse, 


340  ORDEB  47.— ROSACE^E. 

reftsxed;  fr.  large,  black. — Md.  to  Fla.,  common.  Sts.  Ion*,  slender,  terete,  some 
of  the  prickles  at  length  recurved.  Lfts.  small  (about  12"  by  8"),  minutely  pubes- 
cent. Petioles  slender,  much  shorter  than  the  slender  peduncles.  Petals  white. 
Fr.  well-flavored,  ripo  in  May. 

6  R.  odoratus  L.    MULBERRY.    St.  erect  or  reclining,  unarmed,  glandular-pilous ; 
Ivs.  palmately  3  to  5-lobed,  middle  lobe  longest,  unequally  serrate ;  fls.  large,  in  ter- 
minal corymbs;  pet.  orbicular,  purple. — A  fine  flowering  shrub,  3  to  5f  high,  in 
upland  woods,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.,  common.     Lvs.  4  to  8'  long,  nearly  as  wide, 
cordate  at  base,  lobes  acuminate,  petioles  2  to  3'  long,  and,  with  the  branches, 
calyx  and  peduncles  clothed  with  viscid  hairs.     Fls.  nearly  2'  diam.,  not  very  un- 
like a  rose,  save  the  (100  to  200)  stamens  are  whitish.    Fr.  broad  and  thin,  bright 
red,  sweet,  ripe  in  Aug.     Fls.  Jn.,  JL     \ 

7  R.  Nutkarms  Mocino.     St.  shrubby,  somewhat  pilous,  with  glandular  haira 
above ;  Ivs.  broad  5-lobed,  lobes  nearly  equal,  unequally  and  coarsely  serrate ;  ped. 
few-flowered ;  sep.  long-acuminate,  shorter  than  the  very  large,  round-oval,  white 
petals. — A  fine  species,  Mich.,  Wis.  to  Oreg.,  &c.,  with  very  large,  showy,  white 
Us.     It  has  received  some  notice  in  cultivation  as  a  flowering  plant. 

8  R.  Chamaemdrus  L.     CLOUDBERRY.      Herbaceous,  dioecious;   st.  decumbent 
at  base,  erect,  unarmed,  \-flowered;  Ivs.  mostly  but  2,  cordate  reniform,  rugous,  with 
5-rounded  lobes,  serrate ;  sep.  obtuse ;  pet.  obovate,  white. — An  alpine  species  with 
us,  found  by  Dr.  Bobbins  (also  by  the  author,  1855)  on  the  White  Mts.,  and  by 
Mr.  Oakes  in  Me. ;   N.  to  the  Arc.  Sea.     Fr.  large,  yellow  or  amber  color,  sweet 
and  juicy,  ripo  in  Sept.     Fls.  -in  May,  Jn. — This  plant  may  easily  be  mistaken  for 
Hydrastis. 

9  R.  trifloraia   Rich.      St.  shrubby,   unarmed,   declined;    branches   herbaceous, 
green ;  Ivs.  3  or  5-foliate,  Ifts.  nearly  smooth,  thin,  rhombic-ovate,  acute,  unequally 
cut-dentate,  odd  one  petiolulate ;  stip.  ovate,  entire ;  ped.  terminal,  1  to  3 -flow- 
ered; pet  erect,  oblong-obovate. — Moist  woods  and  shady  hills,  Penn.  to  Brit. 
Am.     Sts.  flexuous,  smooth,  reddish.    Petioles  very  slender,  1  to  2'  long.     Lfts 
1  to  2'  by  -£  to  1',  lateral  ones  sessile,  oblique  or  unequally  2-lobed.     Pet.  white, 
rather  longer  than  the  triangular-lanceolate,  reflexed  sepals.     Fr.  consisting  of  a 
few  large,  dark  red  grains,  acid,  ripe  in  Aug.     Fls.  May.     (R.  saxatilis  Bw.) 

10  R.  Idceu3  L.     GARDEN  RASPBERRY.     Hispid  or  armed  with  recurved  prick- 
les ;  Ivs.  pinnately  3  or  5-foliate ;  Ifts.  broad-ovate  or  rhomboidal,  acuminate,  un- 
equally and  incisely  serrate,  hoary-tomcntous  beneath,  sessile,  odd  one  petiolulate ; 
fls.  ia  paniculate  corymbs ;  pet.  entire,  shorter  than  the  hoary-tomentous  acuminate 
col. — Many  varieties  of  this  plant  are  cultivated  for  the  delicious  fruit.     Sts. 
shrubby,   3  to  5f  high.     Lfts.  smoothish  above,    2  to  4'  long,  §  as  wide.     Fls. 
white,  in  lax,  terminal  clusters.     Fr.  red,  amber  color,  or  white. — Plants  essen- 
tially agreeing  with  the  above  described  were  found  at  Cambridge,  Yt.,  in  woods, 
also  at  Colebrook,  Ct.,  by  Dr.  Bobbins. 

11  R.  strigostis  MX.     WILD  RED  RASPBERRY.     St.  strongly  hispid;  Ivs.  pin- 
nately 3  or  5-foliate,  Ifts.  oblong-ovata  or  oval,  obtuse  at  base,  coarsely  and  un- 
equally serrate,  canescent-tomentous  beneath,  odd  one  often  subcordate  at  base, 
lateral  ones  sessile;  cor.  cup  shaped,  about  the  length  of  the  cal. — In  hedges  and 
neglected  fields,  Can.  and  1ST.  States,  very  abundant.     St.  without  prickles,  cov- 
ered with  strong  bristles  instead.     Lfts.  1^-  to  2-J-'  long,  $  to  f  as  wide,  terminal 
one  distinctly  petiolulate.     Fls.  white.     Fr.  hemispherical,  light  red,  and  of  a  pe- 
culiar rich  flavor,  in  Jn. — Aug.     Fls.  May. 

12  R.  occidentalis  L.     BLACK  RASPBERRY.     THIMBLE  BERRY.     St.  glaucous 
with  bloom,  armed  with  recurved  prickles;  Ivs.  pinnately  3-foliate,  Ifts.  ovate,  acu-- 
minate,  sublobate  or  doubly  serrate,  hoary-tomcntous  beneath,  lateral  ones  sessile ; 
11s.  axillary  and  terminal ;  fr.  black. — A  tall,   slender  bramble,  4  to  8f  high,  in 
thickets,  rocky  fields,  &c.     Can.  and  U.  S.     St.  recurved,  often  rooting  at  the  end. 
Lfts.  2  to  3'  long,  |  to  §  as  wide ;  common  petiole  terete,  long.     Fls.  white,  lower 
ones  solitary,  upper  corymbous.     Fr.  roundish,  glaucous,  of  a  lively,  agreeable 
taste,  ripe  in  Jl.     Fls.  May.     \ 

13  R.  rosaefolius  L.  BRIDAL  ROSE.  Erect,  branching,  armed  with  nearly 
straight  prickles;  Ivs.  pinnately  3  to  7-foliate,  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  subplicato, 
doubly  serrate,  smooth  beneath,  velvety  above  \  stip.  minute,  subulate ;  sep.  spread- 


ORDER  47.— ROSACE^E.  341 

ing,  long-acuminate,  shorter  than  the  narrow-obovate,  emarginate  petals ;  sty.  oo.— 
A~delicate  house  plant,  with  snow  white  double  fls.     Native  of  Mauritius. 

20.  DALIBAR'DA,   L.     FALSE  VIOLET.     (Named  by  Linnams,  in 
honor  of  Dalibard,   a  French  botanist.)     Calyx  inferior,  deeply  5  to 
6-parted,   spreading,   3   of   the    segments  larger ;    petals  5 ;   stamens 
numerous ;  styles  5  to  8,  long,  deciduous ;  fruit  achenia,  dry  or  some- 
what  drupaceous. —  U    Low  herbs.     St.   creeping.      Lvs.    undivided. 
Scapes  1  to  2 -flowered. 

D.  rdpens  L.  Diffuse,  pubescent,  bearing  creeping  shoots ;  Ivs.  simple,  round- 
ish-cordate, crenate ;  stip.  linear-setaceous ;  cal.  spreading  in  flower,  erect  in  fruit. — 
In  low  woods,  Penn.  to  Can.  Creeping  stems  1  or  2'  to  10  or  12'  in  length.  Lvs. 

1  to  2'  diam.,  rounded  at  apex,  cordate  at  base,  villous-pubescent  on  petioles  1, 

2  or  3'  long.     Scapes  1-flowered,  about  as  long  as  the  petioles.     Petals  white, 
obovate,  longer  than  the  sepals.     Jn. 

21.  WALDSTEPNIA,    Willd.     DRY   STRAWBERRY.     (In  honor  of 
Franz  de  Waldstein,  a  German  botanist.)     Calyx  5-cleft,  with  5  alter- 
ate,  sometimes  minute  and  deciduous  bractlets ;  petals  5  or  more,  ses- 
sile, deciduous;  stamens  numerous,  inserted  into  the  calyx;  styles  2  to 
6  ;  achenia  few,  dry,  on  a  dry  receptacle. —  U   Acaulescent  herbs,  with 
lobed  or  divided  radical  Ivs.,  and  yellow  fls. 

1  W.  fragarioides  Traut.     Lvs.  trifoliate;  Ifts.  broad-cuneiform,  incisely  den- 
tate-crenate,    ciliate ;    scapes  bracteate,  many-flowered ;    cal.   tube  obconic. — A 
handsome  plant,  in  hilly  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.,  bearing  some  resemblance  to  tho 
strawbeny.     Rhizome  thick,  scaly,  blackish.    Petioles  3  to  6'  long,  slightly  pu- 
bescent.    Lfts.  1  to  2'  diam.,   nearly  sessile,  dark,  shining  green  above,  apex 
rounded  and  cut  into  lobes  and  teeth.     Scape  about  as  high  as  tho  Ivs.,  divided 
at  top,  bearing  2  to  G  flowers  £'  diam.     Petals  varying  from  5  to  10.     Jn. 

2  W.  lobata  Torr.  &  Gr.     Lvs.  simple,  roundish,  cordate,  3  to  5-lobed,  incisely 
crenate;  scapes  filiform,  bracted,  3  to  7 -flowered;  cal.  tube  narrow. — Hills,  G  a. 
(Cambridge,   Columbus).     Plant  hairy,  about  6'  high,   from  a  slender  rhizome. 
Achenia  about  2.     Petals  scarcely  as  long  as  the  sepals.     Apr. — Jn.    (Dalibarda 
lobata  Baldw.) 

22.  FRAGANRIA,  L.  STRAWBERRY.  (Lat.  fragrans,  fragrant.) 
Calyx  concave,  deeply  5-cleft,  with  an  equal  number  of  alternate,  ex- 
terior segments  or  bracelets ;  petals  5,  obcordate,  stamens  co ;  styles 

00  ;  lateral,  achenia  smooth,  affixed  to  a  large,  pulpy,  deciduous  recep- 
tacle.—  2f   Sts.  stoloniferous.     Lvs.  trifoliate.     Fr.  red. 

§  Bractlets  entire  ;  petals  white.     Stemless,  stoloniferotis Nos.  1,  2 

§  DuciiESXiA.     Bractlets  3-lobecl ;  petals  yellow.    Stems  trailing No.  3 

1  F.  Virginiana  Ehrh.     Pubescent;   cal.  of  the  fr.  erect,   spreading;  ach.  im- 
bedded in  pits  in  the  globous  receptacle;  ped.  commonly  shorter  than  the  Ivs. — 
Fields  and  woods,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.     Stolons  slender,  terete,  reddish,  often  If 
or  more  long,  rooting  at  the  ends.     Petioles  radical,  2  to  6'  long,  with  spreading 
hairs.     Lfts.  3,  oval,  obtuse,  coarsely  dentate,  subsessile,  lateral  ones  oblique. 
Scape  less  hairy  than  the  petioles,  cymous  at  top.     Flowers  Mar. — May.    Fr. 
May — JL,  highly  fragrant  and  delicious  when  ripened  in  the  sun. 

2  F.  vesca   Linn.     ALPINE,  WOOD,  or  ENGLISH  STRAWBERRY.     Pubescent; 
cal.  of  the  fr.  much  spreading  or  reflexed ;  ach.  superficial  on  the  conical  or  hemi- 
spherical receptacle  which  is  without  pits,  ped.  usually  longer  than  the  leaves. — Fields 
and  woods,  N.  States,  etc.    Stolons  often  creeping  several  feet.    Lvs.  pubescent,  and 
fU.  as  in  F.  Virginiana. — Numerous  varieties  are  cultivated  in  gardens,  where  tho 
fruit  is  sometimes  an  ounce  or  more  in  weight. — Fl.  Apr.,  May.     Fr.  Jn.,  Jl. 

3  F.  Indica  Ait.     Pubescent,  trailing,  rooting  at  the  joints ;  Ifts.  ovate ;  obtuse, 
incisely   crenate-serrate ;    stipules   lanceolate,    free ;    pedicels    axillary,    solitary 
J-flowered ;  bractlets  about  equaling  the  petals,  enlarging  and  leafy  in  fruit— 


342  ORDER  47.— ROSACE^B. 

Escaped  from  cultivation,  now  common  everywhere  from  Charleston.  S.  C.  to 
Tallahassee,  etc.  The  large  crimson,  oval  fruit  is  quite  ornamental  but  insipid. 
Ripe  in  May  and  Jn.  §  India.  (Duchesnia  Indica  Smith.  Potentilla  Durandii 
T.  &  G.) 

23.  CO'MARUM,  L.     (Gr.  tfo/zapof,  the  strawberry  tree,  which  this 
plant  resembles.)     Calyx  flat,  deeply  5-cleft,  with  bractlets  alternating 
with  the  segments ;  petals  5,  much  smaller  than  the  sepals ;  stamens 
numerous,  inserted  into  the  disk;  achenia  smooth,  crowded  upon  the 
enlarged,  ovate,  spongy,  persistent  receptacle. —  If   Lvs.  pinnate.     Fls. 
purple. 

C.  palustre  L.  In  sphagnous  swamps,  N.  States,  Wise,  to  the  Arc.  Circ.  Sts. 
creeping  at  base,  1  to  2f  high,  nearly  smooth,  branching.  Lfts.  3,  5  and  7, 
crowded,  1£  to  2^'  long,  ^  as  wide,  oblong-lanceolate,  hoary  beneath,  obtuse, 
sharply  serrate,  subsessile ;  petiole  longer  than  the  scarious,  woolly,  adnate  sti- 
pules at  base.  Fls.  large.  Cal.  segm.  several  times  larger  than  the  petals.  Pet- 
als about  3"  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  and,  with  the  stamens,  styles,  and  upper  sur- 
face of  the  sepals,  dark  purple.  Fr.  permanent.  Jn. 

24.  POTENTIL'LA,  L.  CIXQUEFOIL.    (Lat.  potentia,  power  ;  in  allu- 
sion to  its  supposed  potency  in  medicine.)     Calyx  concave,  deeply  4  to 
5-cleft ;  "with,  an  equal  number  of  alternate,  exterior  segments  or  bract- 
lets  ;  petals  4  to  5,  roundish  ;  stamens  co  ;  filaments  slender ;  ovaries 
collected  into  a  head  on  a  small,  dry  receptacle ;  styles  terminal  and 
lateral,  deciduous;    achenia  oo. — Herbaceous  or  shrubby.     Lvs.  pin- 
nately  or  palmately  compound.     Fls.  solitary  or  cymous,  mostly  yellow. 

*  Leaves  palmate! y  8-foliate Nos.  1—3 

*  Leaves  palmately  5-foliate Nos.  4 — 6 

*  Leaves  pinnate. — Shrubs  with  axillary  pedicels No.  7 

— Herbs  with  axillary  pedicels Nos.  8,  9 

— Herbs  with  terminal  cymes Nos.  10, 11 

1  P.  Norvegica  L.     Hirsute;  st.  erect,  dichotomous  above;  Ifts.  3,  elliptical  of 
obovate,  dentate-serrate,  petiolulate ;  cymes  leafy;  cal.  exceeding  the  emarginate 
petals. — Old  fields  and  thickets,  Arc.  Am.  to  Car.     Sts.  1  to  4f  high,  covered  with 
silky  hairs,  terete,  at  length  forked  near  the  top.     Cauline  petioles  shorter  than 
the  Ivs.,  Ifts.  J  to  !£'  by  £  to  \'  (lower  and  radical  ones  very  small),  often  incised. 
Stip.  large,  ovate,  subentire.     Fls.  many,  crowded,  with  pale  yellow  petals,  shorter 
than  the  lanceolate,  acute  hairy  sepals.     Jl. — Sept. 

p.  HIRSUTA  T.  &  G.  Hairs  loose,  silky ;  st.  slender,  erect,  subsimple,  lower 
and  middle  Ivs.  equal,  long-petiolate,  Ifts.  roundish-obovate,  sessile,  incisely 
dentate ;  fls.  few ;  petals  rather  conspicuous,  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx. — 
Dry  fields.  (P.  hirsuta  MX.) 

2  P.  tridentata  Ait.     Smooth;    st.    ascending,  woody  and  creeping  at  base; 
Ifts.  3,  obovate-cuneate,  evergreen,   entire,  with  3  large  teeth  at  the  apex ;  cymes 
nearly  naked ;  petals  white,  obovate. — On  the  White  Mts.  and  other  Alpine  sum- 
mits in  the  N.  States.     Flowering  sts.  6  to  12'  high,  round,  often  with  minute, 
appressed  hairs.     Petioles  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves.     Lfts.  sessile,  9  to  18" 
by  4  to  G",  coriaceous,  smooth.     Petals  twice  longer  than  the  cal.     Carp,  and 
ach.  with  scattered  hairs.    Jn.,  Jl. 

3  P.  minima  Haller.     St.  pubescent,   ascending,  mostly  1 -flowered ;  Ivs.  trifoli- 
ate,  Ifts.  obovate,  obtuse,   incisely  serrate,  with  5  to  9  teeth  above ;  petals  yellow, 
longer  than  the  sep. — Alpine  regions  of  the  White   Mts.     Sts.  numerous  and 
leafy,  1  to  3'  high.     Lfts.  with  the  margins  and  veins  beneath  hairy.     Fls.  small. 
Petals  obcordate.     Bractlets  oval-obtuse,  narrow  at  the  base.     Jn. — Jl. 

4  P.  Canadeiisis  L.     Villous-pubescent ;    st.  sarmentous,  procumbent  and  as- 
cending; Ifts.   5,  obovate,   silky  beneath,   cut-dentate  towards  the  apex,  entire 
and  attenuate  below;  stip.  hairy,    often  cleft;  ped.  axillary,  solitary ;  bractlets 
longer  than  the  sepals,  and  nearly  as  long  as  the  petals. — Common  in  fields  and 
thickets,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Sts.  more  or  less  procumbent  at  base,  from  a  few  inoliea 


ORDER  47.— ROSACE^E.  343 

to  a  foot  or  more  in  length.     Fls.  yellow,  on  long  pedicels.     Cal.  segm.  lanceolate 
or  linear.     Apr. — Aug. 

3.  PUMILA  T.  &  G.     Very  small  and  delicate,   flowering  in  Apr.   and  May, 
.    everywhere ;  sts.  a  few  inches  long.     (P.  pumila  Ph.) 

7  SIMPLEX  T.  &  Gr.  Plant  less  hirsute  ;  st.  simple,  erect  or  ascending  at  base  : 
Ifts.  oval-cuneiform.  Flowering  Jn.  to  Aug.  in  richer  soils.  Sts.  8  to  14' 
high.  Lfts.  about  1'  long,  §  as  wide.  (P.  simplex  MX.) 

5  P.  argentea  L.     St.  ascending,  tomentous,  branched  above  ;  If  is.  oblong-cunei- 
form, with  a  few,  large,  incised^  teeth,  smooth  above,  silvery  cancscent  beneath, 
sessile ;  fls.  in  a  cymous  corymb ;  petals  longer  than  the  obtusish  sep. — A  pretty 
plant,  on  dry  or  rocky  hills,  Can.  and  N.  States,  remarkable  for  the  silvery  white- 
ness of  the  lower  surface  of  the  Ivs.     Sts.  6  to  10',  long,  at  length  with  slender 
branches.     Lfts.   5  to  9"  by  1  to  2",  with  2  or  3  slender,  spreading  teeth  each 
side ;  upper  ones  linear,  entire.     Els.  small ;  cal.  canescent ;  petals  yellow.      Jn. 

Sept. 

6  P.  recta  Willd.     Erect,  simple,  pubescent ;  Ifts.  5  to  1,  oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
coarsely  serrate,  with  large,  cleft  stipules ;  fls.  in  a  terminal,  expanding  cyme ; 
petals  obcordate,  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute  sep. — Cultivated  and  sparingly 
naturalized,  N.  Eng.  to  Ohio.     St.  1  to  2f  high.     Fls.  light  yellow. 

7  P.  fruticosa  L.     St.  fruticous,  very  branching,  hirsute,  erect ;  Ifts.  5  to  7,  lin- 
ear-oblong, all  sessile,  margin  entire  and  revolute ;  petals  large,  much  longer  than 
the  calyx. — A  low,  bushy  shrub,  N.  States  (Niagara  Falls,  Willoughby  Lake,  Vt. 
etc.)  and  Brit.  Am.     Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  with  a  reddish  bark.     Petioles  shorter  than 
the  leaves.     Leaf  about  1'  by  2'',  acute,  crowded,  pubescent.     Stip.  nearly  as 
long  as  the  petioles.     Fls.  1'  diam.,  yellow,  in  terminal  clusters.     Jn.,  Aug.     (P. 
floribunda,  Ph.) 

8  P.  anserina  L.     SILVER  WEED.     GOOSE  GRASS.     St.  slender,  creeping,  pros- 
trate, rooting ;  Ivs.  interruptedly  pinnate,  Ifts.  many  pairs,  oblong,  deeply  serrate, 
canescent  beneath ;  ped.   solitary,  1-flowered,  very  long. — A  fine  species,  on  wet 
shores  and  meadows,   N.  Eng.  to  Arc.  Am.     Sts.  subterraneous,  sending  out 
reddish  stolons  1  to  2f  long.     Petioles  mostly  radical,  6  to  10' long.     Lfts.  1  to 
1  £'  by  3  to  6",  sessile,  with  several  minute  pairs  interposed.     Ped.  as  long  as  tho 
Ivs.     Fls.  yellow,  1'  diam.     Jn. — Sept. 

9  P.  paradoxa  Nutt.     Decumbent  at  base,  pubescent;  Ivs.  pinnate,  Ifts.  7  to  9, 
obovate-oblong,  incised,  the  upper  ones  confluent ;  stip.  ovate ;  ped.  solitary,  re- 
curved in  fruit ;  petals  obovate,  about  equaling  the  sep. ;  ach.  2-lobed,  the  lower 
portion  a  thick,  starchy  appendage. — River  banks,  Ohio  to  Oreg.,  IsL  opposite  St. 
Louis.     St.  8  to  12'  long.     Lfts.  G'  long,  scarcely  larger  than  tho  entire  stipules. 
Jn.,  Jl.     (P.  supina  MX.) 

10  P.  Pennsylvanica  L.     Erect,  canescently  tomentous  or  soft-villous ;  Ifts.  5 
to  9,  oblong,  obtuse,  pinnatifid  or  pectinate,  upper  ones  crowded  or  confluent, 
larger ;  cyme  fastigiate,  at  length  expanding ;  petals  emarginate,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  acute  sepals. — N.  Eng.  (Pursh.),  Can.  JST.  W.  to  Siberia.     (P.  pectinata 
Fisch.) 

11  P.  arguta  Ph.     Erect,  grayish,  pubescent  and  villous ;  radical  Ivs.  on  long 
petioles,  7  to  9-foliate,  caulino  few,  3  to  7-foiiate,  Ifts.  broadly  ovate,  cut-serrate, 

,  crowded ;  fls.  in  dense  terminal  cymes. — Along  streams,  etc.,  Can.  and  N.  States, 
W.  to  the  Rocky  Mts.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  stout,  terete,  striate,  and  with  nearly 
the  whole  plant  very  hairy.  Radical  Ivs.  one  foot  or  more  long ;  Ifts.  1  to  2'  by 
8  to  16",  sessile,  odd  one  petiolulate.  Fls.  about  8"  diam. ;  pet.  roundish,  yel- 
lowish white,  longer  than  the  sepals;  disk  glandular,  5-lobed;  antb.  blackish, 
with  a  white  border.  May,  Jn.  (P.  confertiflora  Hitchcock,  Boottia  sylves- 
Iris  Bw.) 

25.  SIB-BAL'DIA  procumbens,  L.     "  Mountains  of  Can.  and  Vt." 
(Pursh) ;  but  not  since  found  within  our  limits. 

26.  SPIR>£'A,  L.     (Gr.  <rre/pa,  a  cord  or  wreath  ;  the  flowers  are 
or  may  be  used  in  garlands.)     Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent ;  petals  5,  round- 
ish ;  stamens  10  to  50,  cxscrtcd  ;  carpels  distinct,   3   to  12,  follicular, 


344  ORDER  47. — ROSACE^E. 

1-celled,  1  to  2-valvcd,  1  to  10-seedecl ;  styles  terminal. —  U  Unarmed 
shrubs  or  herbs.  Branches  and  Ivs.  alternate.  Fls,  white  or  rose-, 
color,  never  yellow. 

§  Shrubs  with  lobed  or  pinnate,  stipulate  leaves Nos.  1,  2 

§  Shrubs  with  simple  leaves  and  no  stipules Nos.  3 — 6 

§  Herbs  perennial,  with  interruptedly  pinnate  leaves  and  perfect  fls Nos.  7 — 9 

§  Herbs  perennial,  with  twice  and  thrice  pinnate-leaves  and  dioecious  fls No.  10 

1  S.  opulifolia  L.  NIXEBARK.  Nearly  glabrous;  Ivs.  roundish,  3-lobed,  petio- 
late,  doubly  serrate ;  corymbs  pedunculate ;  carp.  3  to  5,  inflated,  and  exceeding 
the  cal.  in  fruit. — A  beautiful  shrub,  3  to  5f  high,  on  the  banks  of  streams,  Can., 
Ind.,  Mo.,  S.  to  G-a.,  rare.  Bark  loose,  outer  layers  deciduous.  Lvs.  1  to  2J' 
long,  nearly  as  wide,  sometimes  cordate  at  base,  with  3  obtuse  lobes  above ; 
petioles  G  to  9''  long.  Corymbs  resembling  simple  umbels,  hemispherical,  2%' 
cliam.  Fls.  white,  often  tinged  with  purple.  Follicles  diverging,  smooth,  shining, 
purple,  2-seeded.  Jn.  f 

(3.  FERRUGINEA  Nutt.     Lvs.  and  branches  brownish  tomentous. — Ga.,  Fla. 
2  S.  sorbifolia  L.     Shrub  stout,  with  straggling  branches  and  rough  bark ; 
Ivs.  unequally  pinnate,  Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate,  the  terminal  often  larger,  irregularly 
lobed,  all  acuminate,  sessile  and  doubly  serrate ;  fls.  in  thyrsoid  panicles,  large, 
numerous,  white. — In  shrubberies.     Heigl.it  4  to  Gf.     May.     f  Siberia. 

3  S.  tomentosa  L.     HARDHACK.     Fcrruginous-tomentous ;    Ivs.  simple,  ovate~ 
lanceolate,  smoothish  above,  unequally  serrate  ;  rac.  short,  dense,  aggregated  in 
a  dense,  slender,  terminal  panicle ;  carp.  5. — A  small  shrub,  common  in  pastures 
and  low  grounds,  Can.  and  U.  S.,   particularly  eastward.     St.  very  hard,  brittle, 
consequently  troublesome  to  the  scythe  of  the  haymaker.     Lvs.    dark   green 
above,  rusty-white,  with  a  dense  tomentum  beneath,  crowded,  and  on  short  peti- 
oles.    Fls.  small,  very  numerous,  with  conspicuous  stamens,  light  purple,  forming 
a  slender,  pyramidal  cluster  of  some  beauty.     The  persistent  fruit  in  winter  fur- 
nishes food  for  the  snow-bird.     Jl.  Aug. 

4  S.  salicifolia  L.     Nearly  glalrous ;  Ivs.  oblong,  obovate  or  lanceolate,  sharply 
serrate ;  rac.  forming  a  more  or  less  dense,   terminal  panicle ;  carp.  5. — A  small 
shrub,  in  meadows,  thickets,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.     St.  3  to  4f  high,  slender,  pur- 
plish, brittle.    Lvs.  smooth,  l-£  to  3'  long,  ^  to  $  as  wide,  acute  at  each  end,  petio- 
late,  often  with  small  leaves  in  the  axils.     Fls.  white,  often  tinged  with  red, 
small,  numerous,  with  conspicuous  stamens,  in  a  mora  or  less  spreading  panicle. 
Jl.  Aug.     f  (S.  alba  Bw.) 

5  S.  corymbosa  Raf.     Lvs.  ovate  or  oblong- ova^  incisely  and  unequally  serrate 
near  the  apex,  whitish,  with  minute  tomentum  beneath ;  corymbs  large,  terminal, 
pedunculate,  fastigiate,  compound,  dense,  often  leafy ;  sty.  and  carp.  3  to  5. — Moun- 
tains, Penn.,  Fauquier  Co.,  Va.  (Robbins),  to  Ky.,  S.  to  Fla.     St.  slightly  pubes- 
cent, reddish,  1  to  2fhigh.     Lvs.  nearly  smooth  above,  entire  towards  the  base, 
2  to  3'  by  £  to  !£'.     Fls.  innumerable,  white  or  rose-colored,  in  a  corymb  4  to  6' 
broad.     May,  Jn.     f  (S.  Chamaedrifolia  Ph.) 

6  S.  hypericifolia  L.    ITALIAN  MAY.     ST.  PETER'S  "WREATH.     Lvs.  obo- 
vate-oblong,  obtuse,  tapering  at  base  to  a  petiole,  entire  or  slightly  dentate,  nearly 
smooth;  fls.  in  lateral,  pedunculate  corymbs,  or  sessile  umbels;  pedicels  smooth  or 
pubescent ;  scgm.  of  the  cal.  ascending. — Cultivated  in  gardens  and  shrubberies. 
Shrub  3  to  5f  high,  nearly  smooth  in  all  its  parts.     Fls.  white,  in  numerous  um- 
bels, terminating  the   short,    lateral   branches.     Pedicels  as   long   as   the   Ivs, 
May.  f 

7  S.  nlmaria  L.  DOUBLE  MEADOW  SWEET.     Lvs.  3  to  7 -foliate,  with  minuto 
Iffcs.  interposed,  lateral  If  is.  ovate-lanceolate,  terminal  one  much  larger,  palmately  5 
to  7 -lobed,  all  doubly  serrate,  and  whitish  tomentous  beneath ;  stip.  reniform,  ser- 
rate ;  pan.  corymbous,  long-pedunculate. — In  gardens,  where  the  numerous  white 
fls.  are  mostly  double.     Jl.  f 

8  S.  lobata  L.  QUEEN  OF  TIJE  PRAIRIE.  Lvs.  pinnately  3  to  7-foliate,  often 
with  smaller  Ifts.  interposed,  lateral  Ifts.  of  3  lanceolate  lobes,  cuneate  at  base,  ter- 
minal one  large,  pedately  7  to  9-parted,  lobes  all  doubly  serrate ;  stip.  reniform ; 
pan.  large,  cymously  branched ;  fls.  deep  rose-color;  carp.  6  to  8.—  An  herb  of 


ORDER  48.— CALYCANTHACE^E.  345 

exquisite  beauty  in  meadows  and  prairies,  Mich.,  Iowa,  to  Car.  St.  4  to  8f  high. 
Fls.  numerous,  and  exceedingly  delicate.  Jn.,  Jl.  f 

9  L.  filipendula  L.  PRIDE  OP  THE  MEADOW.  Herbaceous,  smooth,  Ifls. 
pinnatifidly  serrate,  9  to  21,  with  many  minute  ones  interposed ;  stip.  large,  semi- 
cordate,  serrate ;  corymb  on  a  long,  terminal  peduncle. — A  very  delicate  herb, 
often  cultivated.  Sts.  1  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  long;  Ifts.  1  or  2'  long,  linear, 
the  serratures  tipped  with  short  bristles.  Fls.  white,  4  or  5"  diam.,  petals  oblong- 
obovate.  Jn. 

Other  species  of  this  beautiful  genus  are  sometimes  cultivated. 
10  S.  Anincus  L.  GOAT^S-BEARD.  Lvs.  membranous,  tripinnate,  Ifts.  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  straight-veined,  doubly  serrate,  subcordate,  the  odd  ones 
ovate-lanceolato :  fls.  very  numerous,  small,  whitish,  in  numerous  slender  racemes, 
forming  a  large  compound  panicle;  carp,  distinct,  glabrous,  3  to  5. — Chiefly  along 
the  mountains,  Catskill,  N.  Y.  to  Ky.  and  Ga.  Sts.  slender,  3  to  5f  high.  Carp. 
1"  long.  Jn.,  Jl.  f  Plant  more  delicate  than  Astilbe,  which  see,  page  371. 

27.  GILLE'NIA,  Mrcnch.     INDIAN  PHYSIC.     (Gr.  ye/law,  to  laugh  ; 
on  account  of  its  exhilarating  qualities.)     Calyx  tubular-campanulate, 
contracted  at  the  orifice,  5-cleft ;  petals  5,  linear-lanceolate,  very  long, 
unequal;  stamens   10  to   15,  very  short;  carpels  5,  connate  at  base  ; 
styles  terminal;  follicles  2-valved,  2  to  4-seeded. —  2f    Herbs  with  tri- 
foliate, doubly  serrate  Ivs. 

1  G.  trifoliata  Mcench.     Lfts.  ovate-oblong,  acuminate ;    stip.   linear-setaceous, 
entire;  fls.  on  long  pedicels,  in  pedunculate,  corymbous  panicles. — In  woods,  W. 
N.  York  to  Ga.     A  handsome  herb  2  to  3f  high,  slender  and  nearly  smooth. 
Lower  Ivs.  petiolate ;  Ifts.  2  to  4'  long,  £  as  wide,  pubescent  beneath,  subsessile. 
Fls.  axillary  and  terminal.     Petals  rose  color  or  nearly  white,  8"  by  2".     Sds. 
brown,  bitter.     Jn.F  Jl.     Roots  said  to  be  emetic,  cathartic,  or  tonic,  according  to 
the  dose. 

2  G.  stipulacea   Nutt.     BOWMAN'S  BOOT.     Lfts.   lanceolate,    deeply   incised; 
radical  Ivs.  pinriatifid  ;  stip.  leafy,  ovate,  doubly  incised,  clasping;  fls.  large,  in  looso 
panicles. — Western  N.  Y.  to  Ala.     Readily  distinguished  from  the  former  by  the 
large  clasping  stipules.     Fls.  fewer,  rose  colored.     Jn.     Properties  of  the  root 
like  the  former. 

28.  KER'RIA,  DC.     (In  honor  of  Wm.  Kerr,  a  botanical  collector, 
who  sent  plants  from  China.)     Calyx  of  5,  acuminate,   nearly  distinct 
sepals ;  corolla  of  5  orbicular  petals ;  ovaries  5  to  8,  smooth,  globous, 
ovules  solitary ;    styles  filiform  ;    achenia  globous. — A  slender  shrub, 
native  of  Japan.     Lvs.  simple,  ovate,  acuminate,   doubly  serrate  with 
stipules.    Fls.  terminal  on  the  branches,  solitary  or  few  together,  orange 
yellow. 

,  K.  Japonica  DC.  JAPAN  GLOBE  FLOWER.  Common  in  gardens,  etc.  Sts. 
numerous,  5  to  8f  high,  with  a  smooth  bark.  Lvs.  minutely  pubescent,  2  to  3' 
by  1  to  !£',  with  a  very  sharp,  slender  point ;  petioles  3  to  5"  long.  Fls.  double 
in  cultivation,  abortive,  globous,  near  1'  diam.  f 

ORDER  XLVIII.     CALYCANTHACE^E.     CALYCANTHS. 

Shrubs  with  opposite,  simple,  entire,  exstipulate  leaves.  Flowers  solitary,  axil- 
lary, with  the  numerous  sepals  and  petals  confounded,  in  several  rows,  all  united 
below  into  a  fleshy  tube  or  cup.  Stamens  indefinite,  perigynous,  with  adnate,  ex- 
trorse  anthers.  Seeds  with  convolute  cotyledons,  otherwise  as  in  the  tribe  RosidaB 

The  order  consists  of  but  2  genera,  Calycanthtis,  American,  and  Chimonanthus  of  Japan. 
The  species  aro  probably  but  3.  The  flowers  are  highly  aromatic,  and  the  same  quality  resides 
in  the  bark. 

CALYCANTHUS,  L.     SWEET-SCENTED   SHRUB.     (Gr.  KdXv%,  calyx, 
,  a  flower;  from  the  character.)     Lobes  of  the  calyx  imbricated 


346  ORDER  49.— MYRTACE^E. 

in  many  rows,  lanceolate,  somewhat  coriaceous  and  fleshy,  colored; 
stamens  unequal,  about  12,  outer  ones  fertile;  anthers  extrorse  ;  pistils 
few  or  many,  inclosed  in  the  calyx  tube,  fruit  many  times  larger  than 
that  of  the  rose,  loosely  enclosing  the  large  achenia. — The  bark  and 
Ivs.  exhale  the  odor  of  camphor.  Fls.  of  a  lurid  purple. 

C.   floridus    L.      Lvs.    oval,    mostly   acute   or  acuminate,    tomentous  beneath; 
branches  spreading ;  fls.  nearly  sessile. — Fertile  soils,  along  streams,  Va.  and  all 
the  S.  States.     Not  uncommon  in  gardens  farther  north,  and  valued  for  its  ex- 
quisite, strawberry-like  fragrance.     Shrub  3  to  7f  high.     Lvs.  3  to  5  to  7'  long. 
Fls.  on  short  branches.     Fr.  rare,  of  the  size  and  form  of  a  fig,  acute  at  base, 
truncate  and  involute  at  top,  longitudinally  veined.     (Sent  by  Prof.  Pond.) 
/?.  L^EVIGATUS  T.  &  G.    Lvs.  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  or  gradually 
acute,  glabrous  or  somewhat  scabrous  above ;  branches  erect,  f     (C.  laeviga- 
tus  Willd.) 

y.  GLAUCUS  T.  &  G.  Lvs.  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  much  acuminate,  large, 
glaucous  and  glabrous  or  minutely  downy  beneath ;  branches  spreading,  f 
(C.  glaucus  Willd.) 

6.  INODORUS  T.  &  G.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  scabrous  and  shining  above,  smooth  be- 
low ;  branches  spreading ;  fls.  inodorous.  (G.  inodorus  Ell.) 

ORDER  XLIX.     MYRTACE^E.     MYRTLEBLOOMS. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  without  stipules.  Lvs.  opposite,  entire,  punctate,  usually  with  a 
vein  running  close  to  the  margin.  Cal.  adherent  below  to  the  compound  ovary, 
the  limb  4  or  5-cleft,  valvate.  Petals  as  many  as  the  segments  of  the  calyx. 
Stamens  indefinite.  Anthers  introrse.  Style  and  stigma  simple.  Fruit  with  many 
seeds.  Albumen  none. 

A  fine  order  of  45  genera  and  1300  species,  native  of  warm  and  torrid  countries,  especially  of 
8.  America,  and  the  E.  Indies. 

Properties. — A  fragrant  or  pungent  volatile  oil,  residing  chiefly  in  the  pellucid  dotting  of  the 
leaves,  pervades  the  odor.  The  Caryophyllus  aromaticus,  native  of  Arabia,  a  tree  about  20f  in 
height,  yields  the  clove  (clou,  Fr.  a  nail),  which  is  the  dried  flower.  Cnjeput  oil  is  distilled  from 
the  leaves  of  the  Melaleuca  Cajeputi,  native  of  the  E.  Indies.  A  kind  of  gum  kino  is  obtained 
from  Eucalyptus  resin ifera,  also  a  native  of  India.  The  root  of  .the  Pomegranate  yields  an  ex- 
tract which  is  an  excellent  vermifuge.  All  the  genera  are  exotic  with  us.  Alany  of  them  are 
highly  ornamental  in  culture. 

1.  MYR'TUS,  Tourn.     MYRTLE.     (Gr.   pvpov,  perfume.)     Calyx  5- 
cleft ;  petals  5  ;  berry  2  or  3-celled  ;  radicle  and  cotyledons  distinct. — 
Shrubs  with  evergreen  Ivs.  marked  by  a  marginal  vein. 

M.  communis  L.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate;  fls.  solitary;  involucre-  2-leaved. — 
This  popular  shrub  is  a  native  of  S.  Europe.  In  this  country  it  is  reared  only  in 
houses  and  conservatories.  Leaves  about  1  by  6'.  Flowers  white.  Among  tho 
ancients  it  was  a  great  favorite  for  its  elegance  of  form,  and  its  fragrant,  ever- 
green leaves.  It  was  sacred  to  Venus.  The  brows  of  bloodless  victors  were 
adorned  with  myrtle  wreaths,  and  at  Athens  it  was  an  emblem  of  civic  au- 
thority. 

2.  PITNICA,   L.      POMEGRANATE.     (Lat.  punica, ;  Carthaginian  or 
of  Carthage,  where  it  first  grew.)     Calyx  5-cleft ;    petals  5  ;    berry 
many-celled,   many-seeded,   seeds   baccate  ;    placenta  parietal. — Deci- 
duous trees  and  shrubs. 

1  P.  Granatum  L.  Arborescent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  with  no  marginal  vein. 
— A  thorny  bush  when  wild,  from  S.  Europe,  where  it  is  sometimes  used  for 
hedges  like  the  hawthorn.  In  Flu.,  &c.,  it  is  a  tree  15  to  20f  high.  Lvs.  entire, 
Smooth,  2  to  3'  by  1  to  10",  obtuse.  The  fls.  are  scarlet,  large,  and  make  a  fino 
appearance.  The  fr.  is  large,  highly  ornamental,  and  of  a  fine  flavor.  Much 
care  is  Exquisite  for  its  cultivation.  It  requires  a  rich  loam,  a  sunny  situa- 


OBDEB  50.— MELASTOMACEJS.  347 

tion,  protected  northward  by  glass.     In  this  way  double  flowers  of  great  beauty 
may  be  produced,  f 

2  P.  nana  L.  Shrubby;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute.— Native  of  the  W. 
Indies,  where  it  is  used  as  a  hedge  plant.  Shrub  4  to  6f  high,  with  smaller 
purple  fls.,  often  double,  f 

ORDER  L.     MELASTOMACE^E.     MELASTOMES. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs  with  square  branches,  and  usually  exstipulate.  Lvs.  op- 
posite, entire  and  undivided,  without  dots  and  with  several  veins.  Cal.  persistent, 
the  tubo  urceolate,  cohering  with  only  the  angles  of  the  ovary.  Petals  as  many  as 
the  Eegrnents  of  the  calyx  (4  to  G),  twisted  in  aestivation.  Stamens  twice  as  many 
as  petals,  sometimes  the  same  number,  inflexed  in  aestivation.  Anthers  before 
flowering  contained  in  the  cavity  between  the  calyx  and  the  sides  of  ovary.  Fruit 
capsular  or  baccate. 

Genera  118,  specie*  1200.  The  order  is  represented  in  the  TJ.  S.  by  a  single  genus,  tho  re- 
mainder being  natives  chiefly  of  India  and  tropical  America.  No  plantof  this  order  is  poisonous. 
All  are  slightly  astringent. 

RHEX'IA,  L.  DEER-GRASS.  (Gr.  pefa,  a  rupture ;  some  of  the 
species  are  good  vulnerarics.)  Calyx  4-cleft,  swelling  at  the  base  ; 
petals  4  ;  stamens  8,  1-celled;  style  declined;  capsule  4-celled,  nearly 
free  from  the  investing  calyx  tube ;  placenta)  prominent ;  seeds  nu- 
merous.—  "U  Lvs.  opposite,  exstipulate,  3-veined. 

§  Anthers  curved,  saccate  at  base,  with  a  bristly  appendage  at  the  insertion 

of  the  lilament. — Stem  square,  winged Nos.  1,  2 

— Stem  terete  or  teretish Nos.  3—5 

§  Anthers  straight,  terminal. — Stems  simple,  with  purple  flowers Nos.  6,  7 

—Stems  brachiate,  with  yellow  flowers No.  8 

1  R.  Virgmica  L.     MEADOW  BEAUTY.     St.  square,  the  angles  narrowly  winged ; 
Ivs.  sessile,  oval-lanceolate,  ciliate-serrulate,  and  with  the  stem  clothed  with  scattered 
hairs;  col.  hispid. — Grows  in  wet  grounds,  Mass,  to  111.  and  La.     St.  If  or  moro 
high,  often  B-forked  above.     Lvs.  with  3  (rarely  5  or  7)  prominent  veins,  1  to  3' 
long,  about  £  as  wide,  acute.     Fls.  large,  in  corymbous  cymes.     Petals  bright 
purple,  obovate,  hispid  beneath,  caducous.     Anth.  long  and  prominent,  crooked, 
golden  yellow  above,  with  a  purple  line  beneath.     Sty.  somewhat  longer  than  the 
stamens,  a  little  declined.     Jl.,  Aug. 

2  R.  stricta  Ph.     St.  tall,  with  4  strongly  winged  angles,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  setaceously  serrate,  glabrous,  or  slightly  hispid  above; 
cal.  glabrous,  the  tube  very  short. — Bogs  around  pine  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Ala.  and 
Fla.     St.  3  to  4f  high,  slightly  bearded  at  tho  joints.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.     Fls. 
purple,  large  and  fine.     Jn.,  Jl. 

3  R.  Mariana  L.     St.  nearly  terete,  covered  with  bristly  hairs ;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
acute,  attenuate  at  base  into  a  very  short  petiole,  and,  with  the  calyx  clothed  with 
scattered  hairs. — In  sandy  bogs,  N.  J.  to  Flor.     The  whole  plant  is  hispid,  even 
the  petals  externally.     St.  1  to  2 f  high,  slender,  and  generally  with  few  branches. 
Lvs.  often  narrowly  oblong,  4  to  G  times  longer  than  wide,  serrate-ciliate.   Petals 
large,  obovate,  purple.     Jn. — Sept. 

4  R.  lanceolata  "Walt.     St.  much  branched,  hirsute,   teretish ;    Ivs.  linear  and 
lance-linear,  attenuate  to  a  short  petiole,  slightly  hispid  and  ciliato ;  fls.  very  pale, 
in  fastigiate  cymes ;  cal.  glabrous. — Damp  soils,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Sts.  1 
to  2fhigli,  very  leafy,  growing  in  dense  patches,  with  numerous  white  or  palo 
purple  fls.     Lvs.  7  or  8  times  longer  than  wide.     Jn. — Aug. 

5  R.  glabella  Ph.     Glabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous;  st  simple,  teretish;  Ivs. 
lanceolate ;  calyx  glandular-hispid. — Damp  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     St. 
2  to  3f  high,  dividing  at  top  into  a  few  peduncles.     Lvs.  mostly  longer  than  tho 
internodes  (1  to  2'),  obscurely  serrulate,  acute,  sessile.     Cal.  rather  funnel  form 
above  the  ovary.     Petals  palo  purple,  large,  expanding  near  2'.     Jn.— Aug. 


348  ORDER  51.— LYTHRACE^E. 

6  R.  ciliosa  Mr.     St.  tall  (1  to  2f  high),  squarish,  glabrous;  Ivs.   broad-ovate, 
glabrous  beneath,  sparsely  hispid  above,  the  margin  serrate-ciliate,  with   long, 
spreading  bristles;  fls.  nearly  sessile  between  the  upper  pair  of  Ivs;  cal.  glabrous, 
the  lobes  acute. — Damp  pine  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.     Lvs.  nearly  1'  long,  f  as  wide, 
acute,  on  short  petioles  (scarcely  1").     Fls.  terminal,  1  to  3  together,  large,  the 
petals  roundish,  9"  long,  purple.     Jn. — Aug. 

7  R.  serrulata  Nutt.     St.  low  (6  to  8')  square,  glabrous ;   Ivs.   small,  roundish- 
oval,  glabrous  both  sides,  the  margin  serrulate,  ciliate ;  fls.  subsessile,  1  to  3  be- 
tween the  upper  pair  of  Ivs. ;  cal.  glandular-hispid,  the  lobes  short,  obtuse.— Open 
swamps,  Ga.,  Fla.     Much  like  the  last,  but  smaller  in  all  its  parts.     Lvs.  3  to  6" 
long.     Fls.  large,  purple.     Jn.,  Jl. 

8  R.  Kitea  "Walt.     Sparsely  hispid ;   st.  square,  brachiately  branched  ;  Ivs.  lance- 
linear  and  oblong-linear ;  cal.  much  constricted  above  the  ovary,  the  upper  por- 
tion campanulate,  with  cuspidate  teeth. — Damp  pine  woods,  X.  Car.  to  Fla.     St. 
about  18'  high.    The  soft,  scattered  bristles  on  all  its  parts  are  quite  characteristic, 
as  well  as  its  showy,  yellow,  paniculate  fls.     Jn. — Aug. 

ORDER   LI.     LYTHRACE^E.     LOOSESTRIFES. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  mostly  opposite,  entire,  exstipulate  leaves.  Calyx  tubu- 
lar, the  limb  4  to  7-lobed,  sometimes  with  as  many  intermediate  teeth.  Petals  in- 
serted into  the  calyx  between  the  lobes,  very  deciduous  or  0.  Stamens  equal  in 
number  to  the  petals,  or  2  to  4  times  as  many,  inserted  into  the  calyx.  Ovary  free, 
inclosed  in  the  calyx  tube,  2  to  4-celled.  Styles  united  into  one.  Fruit,  capsulo 
membranous,  enveloped  in  the  calyx,  usually  by  abortion  1-celled.  Seeds  small,  Co } 
attached  to  a  central  placenta.  Albumen  0. 

Genera  85,  species  SCO.  Some  of  the  species  are  found  in  temperate  climes,  but  most  of  them 
are  tropical.  Lythrnm  salicaria,  native  of  Europe,  N.  Holland,  and  U.  S.,  is  used  for  tanning 
where  it  abounds.  All  the  species  are  astringent. 

GENERA. 

§  Shrubs  with  numerous  stamens  and  clawed  petals LACERSTR<EMIA.  1 

§  Herbs — Fls.  irregular.     Calyx  inflated,  gibbous  at  base CUPIIEA.  2 

•—Fls.  regular.— Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  with  5  minute  horns LYTHHUM.  3 

— Calyx  campanulate, — 5  teeth  with  5  long  horns. .  .NKSJJA.  4 

— 4  teeth  with  4  short  horns. .  AMMANNIA.  5 

— 4  teeth.    Horns  0,  petals  0 . .  HYPOBRICHIA.  6 

1.  LAGERSTR(EVMIA,  L.     CRAPE  MYRTLE.      (In  honor  of  Magnus 
Lagerstroem,  a  Swedish  traveler.)     Calyx  broadly  campanulate,  6-cleft, 
with  2  bracts  below ;  petals  6,  on  claws  inserted  into  the  calyx  tube ; 
stamens  oo  ;  capsule  3  to  6-celled ;  seeds  many,  winged. — East  Indian 
shrubs. 

L.  In'dica  L.  Petals  crisped,  on  slender  claws;  Ivs.  alternate,  roundish  ovate, 
coriaceous,  subpetiolate,  glabrous ;  branches  winged ;  fls.  in  terminal  panicles. — 
A  common  and  beautiful  exotic,  with  large,  delicately  crisped,  bluish  purple  fls.  § 

2.  CITPHEA,  Jacq.     (Gr.  itv<f)6(;,  curved  or  gibbous  ;  in  reference  to 
the  capsule.)     Calyx  tubular,  ventricous,  with  6  erect  teeth,  and  often 
as  many  intermediate  processes;  petals  6  or  7,  unequal ;  stamens  11  to 
14,  rarely  6  or  7,  unequal;  style  filiform  ;  capsule  membranous,  1  to  2- 
cclled,  few-seeded. — Herbaceous  or  suffruticous.     Lvs.  opposite,  entire. 
Fls.  axillary  and  terminal. 

C.  viscosfssima  Jacq.  Herbaceous,  viscid-pubescent ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  pe- 
tiolate,  scabrous ;  fls.  on  short  peduncles ;  cal.  gibbous  at  base  on  the  upper  side, 
12-veined,  6-toothed,  very  viscid. — (I)  "Wet  grounds,  Pittsfield,  Mass.  (Hitchcock), 
Cambridge,  N.  Y.  (Stevenson)  to  Ga.  and  Ark.  St.  9  to  18'  high,  with  alternate 
branches.  Lvs.  somewhat  repand,  1  to  2'  long.  Fls.  solitary,  one  in  each  axil 


ORDER  51.— LYTHRACE^E.  349 

Calyx  often  purplish.     Petals  violet,  obovate ;  stamens  included.     Capsule  burst- 
ing lengthwise  before  the  seeds  are  ripe.     Aug.     (Ly thrum  petiolatum  L.) 

3.  LYTHRUM,  L.     LOOSESTRIFE.     (Gr.  Xvdpov,  black  blood  ;  refer- 
ring to  the  color  of  the  flower.)     Calyx  cylindrical,  striate,  limt>  4  to  6- 
toothed,  with  as  many  intermediate,  minute  processes  ;  petals  4  to  C, 
equal ;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  inserted  in  the 
calyx;  style  filiform ;  capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded. — Mostly  ^,-with 
entire  Ivs, 

§  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals.    Fls.  axillary,  solitary Nos.  1 — 3 

§  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.    Fls.  spicate  or  raceincd Nos.  4,  5 

1  L.  hyasopifolia  L.     GRASS-POLY.     Glabrous,  erect,  branching ;  Ivs.  alternate 
or  opposite,  linear  or  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse;  fls.  solitary,  axillary,  subsessilo; 
pet.  and  stam.  5  or  6. — A  slender,  weed-like  plant,  found  in  low  grounds,  dry 
beds  of  ponds,  &c.,  Mass,  and  K  Y.,  near  the  coast,  rare.     Plant  6  to  10'  high, 
with  spreading,  square   branches.     Lvs.  sessile,  acute  at  base,  pale  green,  each 
with  a  single  small  flower,  sessile  in  its  axil.     Petals  pale  purple.     Calyx  ob- 
scurely striate,  with  short  lobes.     Jl. 

2  L.  alatum  Ph.     Glabrous,  erect,  branched;  st.  winged  beloio;  Ivs.  lance-ovate, 
acute,  sessile,  broadest  at  base,  alternate  and  opposite ;  fls.  axillary,  solitary. — 
Damp  grounds  S.  and  W.  States,  common.     St.  1  to  2f  high,  striate,  the  wings 
narrow.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  £  as  wide.     Calyx  tube  12-striate,  12-toothed,  alter- 
nate teeth  cornute.    Corolla  purple,  wavy,  6-petaled.    Stam.  6,  included.    Jn.,  JL 

3  L.  lineare  L.     St.  slender,  somewhat  4-angled,  branched  above ;  Ivs.  linear, 
mostly  opposite  and  obtuse ;  fls.  nearly  sessile ;  petals  and  stamens  6. — Swamps 
near  the  coast,  1ST.  J.  to  Fla.     St.  2  to  4f  high,  the  angles  sometimes  slightly 
•winged.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  2  to  4",  rather  fleshy.     Fls.  small,  nearly  white. 

4  L.  Salicaria  L.     More  or  less  pubescent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  cordate  at  base ;  fls. 
nearly  sessile,  in  a  long,  somewhat  verticeliate,  interrupted  spike ;  petals  6  or  7  ; 
stam.  twice  as  many  as  pet. — An  ornamental  plant,  native  in  wet  meadows,  Can. 
and  K  Eng.,  rare.     St.  2  to  5f  high,  branching.     Lvs.  3  to  6'  long,  £  as  wide, 
gradually  acuminate,  entire,  on  a  short  petiole,  opposite  or  in  verticels  of  3,  upper 
ones  reduced  to  sessile  bracts.     Fls.  large,  numerous  and  showy ;  petals  purple. 
Jl,  Aug.  f 

5  L.  virgatum  L.  St.  erect,  branched,  virgate ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute  each  end, 
floral  ones  small;  fls.  about  3  in  each  axil  of  the  virgate  raceme;  Etam.  12. — A 
fine  species  for  the  garden,  native  of  Austria.  St.  3  to  4f  high.  Fls.  purple. 
Jn.— Sept.  f 

4.  WES£VA,  Juss.     Calyx  short,  broadly  campanulate,  with  5  erect 
teeth,  and  5  elongated,  spreading,  hornlike  processes ;  stamens  10,  alter- 
nate ones  very  long ;  style  filiform ;  capsule  globous,  included,  many- 
seeded. —  U  Lvs.  opposite  or  verticillate,  entire.     Fls.  axillary,  purple. 

N.  verticillata  Kunth.  Swamps,  throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  woody  at 
base,  often  prostrate,  and  rooting  at  the  summit,  3  to  8f  in  length,  or  erect,  and 
2  to  3f  high,  4  to  6-angled.  Lvs.  opposite,  or  in  whorls  of  3,  lanceolate,  on  short 
petioles,  acute  at  base,  3  to  5'  long,  gradually  acuminate  and  acute  at  apex.  Fls. 
in  axillary,  subsessile  umbels  of  3  or  more,  apparently  whorled,  constituting  a 
long,  leafy,  terminal  and  showy  panicle.  Petals  5  or  6,  large,  and  of  a  fine  purple. 
JL,  Aug.  (Decodon  verticillatum  Ell.) 

a.  PUBESCENS.     St.  and  Ivs.  beneath  pubescent. — E.  Island  (rare)  to  La. 

/?.  L^IVIGATUM.     Glabrous  and  bright  green.— More  common.     N.  Eng.  to  111. 

5.  AMMAN'NlA,  L.     (To  John  Amman,  of  Siberia,  professor  of  bot- 
any at  St.  Petersburg.)     Calyx  campanulate,  4  to  5-toothed  or  lobed, 
generally  with  as  many  horn-like  processes,  alternating  with  the  lobes ; 
petals  4  or  5  ;  stamens  as  many,  rarely  twice  as  many  as  the  calyx  lobes ; 


350  ORDER  52.— ONAGRACE^E. 

capsule  globular,  2  to  4-celled,  many-seeded. — (T)  In  wet  places.     Sts. 
square  and  Ivs.  opposite,  entire.     Fls.  axillary. 

1  A.  humilis  MX.     St.  branched  from  the  lose,  ascending  ;  Ivs.  linear-oblong,  or 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  tapering  at  base  into  a  short  petiole ;  fls.  solitary,  closely  sessile, 
all  the  parts  in  4s ;  sty.  very  short. — An  obscure  and  humble  plant  in  wet  places, 
Conn,  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Oreg.     Sts.  square,  procumbent  at  base,  6  to  10'  high.     Fls. 
minute,  with  4  purplish,  caducous  petals. — A  variety  has  the  leaves  somewhat 
dilated  at  base,  approaching  the  next  species.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Ammannia  ramo- 
eior  L.) 

2  A.  latifolia  L.     St.  erect,  branching ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  dilated  and  au- 
riculated  at  the  sessile  base  ;  fls.  crowded,  and  apparently  verticillate,  upper  subsol- 
itary  and  pedunculate ;  cal.  4-angled,  4-horned ;  sep.,  pet,  stam.  and  cells  of  cap- 
sule 4.— Wet  prairies,  W.  States  to  La,    St.  1  to  2f  high.    Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  2  to  5". 
Pis.  purple.     Jl. — Sept.     (A.  ramosior  L.) 

6.  HYPOBRICH'IA,  Curtis.    Calyx  4-lobed,  without  accessory  teeth  ; 

petals  6  ;  stamens  2  to  4  ;  ovary  2-celled;  stigma  2-lobed,  subsessile ; 

capsule   globous,   bursting    irregularly,    many-seeded. — A.   submersed, 

aquatic  herb.     Lvs.   opposite,   crowded,   linear.     Fls.   axillary,   sessile, 

minute.    (Didiplis  Raf.) 

H.  Nuttallii  Curt.  A  little  inhabitant  of  ponds  and  sluggish  streams,  111.  (Mead, 
Buckley)  to  N.  Car.  and  La.  Its  habit  is  similar  to  a  Callitriche.  St.  mostly  sub- 
mersed, 10  to  2©'  long.  Lvs.  10  to  15"  by  1  to  2",  very  numerous.  Jn. — Aug. 
(Peplis  diandra  Nutt.) 

OKDER  LIT.     ONAGRACE^E.     ONAGRADS. 

Herbs  rarely  shrubs,  with  the  flowers  4  (sometimes  2  or  3)-merous,  with  the  calyx 
tube  adhering  to  the  2  to  4-celled  ovary,  and  teeth  valvate  in  the  bud ;  the  petals 
convolute  in  the  bud,  sometimes  obsolete  as  well  as  the  calyx  teeth.  Stamens  as 
many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  or  calyx  teeth ;  ovary  1  to  2  to  4-celled,  styles 
united,  and  stigmas  capitate  or  4-lobed;  fruit  capsular  or  baccate,  2  to  4-celled, 
seeds  with  little  or  no  albumen.  Illust.  in  Figs.  116,  311,  403,  417. 

Two  Suborders  are  comprehended  under  this  Order,  viz  : — the  Onagracese  proper  or  Epilobieae, 
nncl  Halorageae.  The  latter  are  aquatic  herbs  of  low  grade, — reduced  Epilobes,  the  flowers  being 
imperfect  or  reduced  to  solitary  organs.  Both  together  contain  38  genera&ml  520  species,  par- 
ticularly abundant  throughout  America,  more  rare  in  the  Old  World. 

They  possess  no  remarkable  properties.  Many  of  them  are  ornamental,  as  the  genus  Fuchsia, 
Clarkia,  etc. 

SUBORDERS   AND   GENERA. 

I.  EPILOBIEJ3.    Flowers  perfect  and  complete  (sometimes  apetalous  in  Ludwigia)  2-parted 

or  4-parted.    Pollen  connected  by  cobwebs.  (*) 

II.  IIALOBAGEJ3.    Flowers  incomplete  and  often  imperfect,  small  and  greenish,  1,  3,  and 

4-parted.     Plants  aquatic,  often  submersed,  (c) 

*  Stamens  8  (or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals),  (a) 

*  Stamens  4  or  2, — as  many  as  the  petals  or  sepals,  (b) 

a  Calyx  tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary. — Seeds  comous..EpTLOBiUM.  1 

— Seeds  glabrous..  JUSSKEA.  2 

a  Calyx  tube  prolonged,  the  free  summit — slender.     Seeds  GO..  .(ENOTHEUA.  3 

• — slender.    Seeds  1  to  4.GAURA.  4 

— short.  Petals  clawed. CLARKIA.  5 

— long  and  enlarged FUCHSIA.'  6 

b  Flowers  4-parted,  perfect,  sometimes  apetalous. . LUDWIGIA.  7 

b  Flowers  2-parted,  perfect  and  complete CIUC-EA.  8 

C  Flowers  3-parted,  perfect,  apetalous. PROSEBPINACA.  9 

C  Flowers  4-parted,  msncecious,  petals  4  or  0.     Submersed..*. .  .MYKIOPHYLLUM.  10 

C  Flowers  1-parted,  perfect,  apetalous HIPPURIS.  11 

1.  EPILO'BIUM,  L.     WILLOW  HERB.     ROSE  BAY.     (Gr.  fai,  upon, 
s ,  a  pod,  lov,  a  violet ;  i.  e.,  a  violet  growing  upon  a  pod.)     Calyx 


ORDER  52.— ONAGRACE^E.  351 

tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  limb  deeply  4-cleft,  deciduous; 
petals  4  ;  stamens  8,  anthers  fixed  near  the  middle  ;  stigma  often  with 
4  spreading  lobes ;  ovary  and  capsule  linear,  4 -cornered,  4-celled, 
4-valved;  seeds  oo,  comous,  with  a  tuft  of  long  silky  hairs. —  H  Fls. 
violet  purple  or  white. 

§  Leaves  alternate.     Fls.  showy,  expandins.     Stamens  and  sty.  declined..  No  1 

§  Leaves  opposite.     Fls.  small,  not  expanding.— Petals  entire Nos.  2,  3 

— Petals  notched Nos  4—6 

1  E.  angustifolium  L.     St.  simple,  erect ;  Ivs.  scattered,  lanceolate,  subentire 
with  a  marginal  vein ;  rac.  long,  terminal,  spicate;  petals  unguiculate;  stam.  and 
sty.  declined ;  stig.  with  4  linear,  revolute  lobes. — In  newly  cleared  lands,  low 
waste  grounds,  Penn.  to  Arc.  Am.     St.  4  to  Gf  high,  often  branched  above,   'iva 
sessile,  smooth,  2  to  5'  long,  £  as  wide,  acuminate,  with  pellucid  veins.     Fls.  nu- 
merous and  showy,  all  the  parts  colored ;  petals  deep  lilac-purple  ;  ova.  and  sep. 
(5  to  6'  long)  pale  glaucous  purple.     Jl.,  Aug. 

/?.  CAN^SCENS.  Fls.  of  a  pure  white  in  all  their  parts;  ovaries  silvery  canes- 
cent.  Danville,  Vt.  (Miss  Towle.) 

2  E.  alpinum  L.     St.  creeping  at  base,  usually  with  2  pubescent  lines,  few-flow- 
ered ;    Ivs.   glabrous,   opposite,    oblong-ovate,    subentire,   obtuse,    sessile  cr  sub- 
petiolate,   smooth;    stig.    undivided;    caps,    mostly  pedicellate. — Mountains,  N. 
States  to  Arc.  Am.     St.  G  to  12'  high.     Lvs.   often  slightly  petiolate  and  denti- 
culate, lower  obtuse,  middle  acute,  and  upper  acuminate.    Fls.  smaller  than  in  K 
molle,  reddish  white. 

/?.  NUTANS  Hornem.    St. large,  nodding  at  the  summit;  Ivs.  oblong,  denticulate. 

3  E.  palustre  L.    Minutely  tomentous ;  st.  terete,  branching ;  Ivs.  stssile,  lance- 
olate, subdenticulate,  smooth,  attenuate  at  base,  rather  acute,  lower  ones  oppo- 
site; petals  small,  erect  (acute?),  twice  longer  than  the  calyx;  sty.  included ; 
stig.  clavate ;  caps,  pubescent. — In  swamps  and  marshes,  Penn.  to  Arc.  Am.  "VV. 
to  Oreg.     Sts..  1  to  2f  high,  very  branching.     Lvs.  mostly  alternate,  1  to  3'  long, 
2  to  6"  wide,  entire,  or  with  a  few  minute  teeth.     Fls.  numerous,  rose  color. 
Caps.  2  or  3'  long,  on  short  pedicels.     Aug. 

£.  ALBIFLORUM  Lehm.  St.  slender,  at  first  simple,  branched  at  top ;  Ivs. 
linear,  entire,  margin  revolute;  caps,  cauescent. — In  mud  about  ponds,  N. 
H.  and  Can.  St.  2  to  3f  high.  (E.  lineare  Muhl.) 

4  E.  molle  Torr.     Plant  velvety-pubescent;   st.  terete,    straight,    erect,  branching 
above ;  Ivs.  opposite  (alternate  above),  crowded,   sessile,  mostly  entire,  oblong- 
linear,   obtusish;  petals  deeply  emarginate,   twice  longer  than  the  calyx;  stig. 
large,  turbinate ;  caps,  elongated,   subsessile. — (D  Swamps,  Mass,  to  N.  J.,  rare. 
St.  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  numerous,  8  to  15"  by  1  to  4 '.     Fls.  rose  color.     Caps. 
3'  long.     Sept. 

5  E.  coloratura  Muhl.      St.  subterete,   puberulent,    erect,  very  branching;   h's. 
mostly  opposite,  lanceolate,  dent-serrulate,  acute,  subpetiolate,  smooth,  often  with 
reddish  veins  ;  pet.  small,  2-cleft  at  apex ;  cal.  campanulate:  sty.  included;  stig. 
clavate ;  ovules  in  a  single  row. — Ditches  and  wet,  shady  grounds,  British  Am. 
to  Gra.,  W.  to  Oreg.     St.  1  to  3f  high,  becoming  very  much  branched.     Lvs.  2  to 
4'  long,  £  as  wide,  with  minute  white  dots,  upper  ones  alternate  and  sessile, 
lower  on  short  petioles.     Fls.  numerous  axillary.     Pedicels   1  to  2"  in  length, 
ovaries  4  to  G",  caps.  20",  very  slender.     Petals  rose  color,  twice  longer  than  the 
sepals.    Jl. — Sept. — Scarcely  distinct  from  the  next. 

6  E.  tetragonum  L.    St.  4-angled,  erect,  branched  and  nearly  glabrous ;  Ivs.  ob- 
long-lanceolate, glandular-serrulate,  more  or  less  decurrent,  the  lower  subpetiolate, 
petals  emarginate.— Mts.  of  N.  Car.,  N.  Y.  and  Can.     St.  1  to  2f  high,  appar- 
ently winged  along  the  middle  by  the  decurrent  Ivs.     Petals  rose  red.     Stig.  club- 
shaped,  pods  pedicellate,  puberulent. 

2.  JUSSI>E^,  L.  (Dedicated  to  Bernard  de  Jussteu,  founder  of  the 
Nat.  System.)  Calyx  tube  long,  but  not  produced  beyond  the  ovary  ; 
the  lobes  4  to  6,  leafy,  persistent;  petals  4  to  6,  spreading;  stamens  8 
to  12  ;  capsule  4  to  6-celled,  commonly  lengthened,  opening  between 
the  ribs ;  seeds  very  numerous.  Herbs  with  alternate  Ivs.  and  yellow  fls. 


352  ORDER    52. — ONAGRACEJE. 

1  J.  decurrens  DC.     Glabrous  ;  fis.  4,-merous ;  sis.  erect,  -with  slender  branches, 
and  winged  by  the  decurrent  Ivs. ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  sessilo ;  caps,  clavate,  4-angled, 
thrice  longer  than  the  pedicel,  crowned  with  the  lance-ovate,  acuminate  calyx 
lobeS- — y  in  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  common.     Sts.  6  to  12  to  20'  high. 
Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.     11s.  showy,  expanding  about  9".     Jl. — Sept 

2  J.  grandiflora  MX.    Hirsute;  fls.  5-merous ;  st.  creeping  at  base,  erect;  ITS. 
elliptical,  the  lower  spatulate,   acutish,  short-petioled ;  Us.  large ;  ova.   slender, 
shorter  than  the  pedicels;  sep.  lanceolate,  acute. —  2{  Bogs  and  ditches,  S.  Car. 
Ga.  (Savannah,  Feay  and  Pond).    Creeping  stems  several  feet  long,  branches  1  to 
2f  high.     Ova.  with  2  tubercles  at  base.     Fls.  expanding  nearly  2'.    May — Aug. 

3  J.  leptocarpa  Nutt.     Hirsute;  fls.  'mostly    6-merous,  small]    st.  erect;    Ivs. 
lanceolate,  sub-sessile ;  caps,  linear,  much  longer  than  the  pedicel,  crowned  with  the 
lanceolate,  acuminate  sep. — (T)  Fla.  and  La.  to  Mo.     St.  nearly  simple,  1  to  2f 
high.     Caps,  nearly  2'  long,  terete,  at  length  nearly  smooth. 

4  J.  rep  ens  L.     Nearly  glabrous;  fls.  5-merous,  large;  st.  creeping,  ascending; 
Ivs.  lance-oval,  mostly  obtuse,  tapering  to  a  slender  petiole ;  caps,  cylindrical,  much 
shorter  than  the  long  pedicel,  with  2  bracteoles  at  base. —  If  Ponds,  La.,  Ark. 
Sts.  long  creep  ing  and  floating.    Petioles  and  pedicels  about  2'  long.     Jn. — Aug. 

3.  (ENOTHE'RA,  L.  EVENING  PRIMROSE.  (Gr.  olvog,  wine,  07/paw, 
to  hunt ;  the  root  is  said  to  cause  a  thirst  for  wine.)  Calyx  tube  pro- 
longed beyond  the  ovary,  deciduous,  segments  4,  reflexed ;  petals  4, 
equal,  obcordate  or  obovate,  inserted  into  the  top  of  the  calyx  tube*, 
stamens  8;  capsule  4-celled,  4-valved ;  stigma  4-lobed ;  seeds  many, 
without  a  coma. — Herbs  with  alternate  Ivs.  Fls.  yellow. 

§  Fls.  nocturnal  (open  by  night  only).    Ovary  sessile,  oblong Nos.  1 — 3 

§  Fls.  diurnal. — Calyx  tube  not  longer  than  the  ovary Nos.  4,  5 

— Calyx  tube  about  twice  longer  than  the  ovary Nos.  6 — 3 

—Calyx  tube  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  ovary Nos.  9,  10 

1  OB.  biennis  L.     St.  erect,  hirsute;    Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,    repand-denticulate ; 
fls.  sessile,  in  a  terminal,  leafy  spike;  cal.  tube  2  to  3  times  longer  than  the  ovary; 
stam.  shorter  than  the  obcordate  or  obtuse  petals;  caps,  oblong,  obtusely  4-angled. — 
(J)  and  ®  Common  in  fields  and  waste  places,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.     St.  mostly 
simple,  2  to  5f  high.     Lvs.  3  to  6'  long,  roughly  pubescent,  slightly  toothed,  ses- 
sile on  the  stem,  radical  ones  tapering  into  a  petiole.    Fls.  numerous,  large,  open- 
ing by  night  and  withering  the  next  day.     Jn. — Aug. 

/3.  MURICATA.     St.  muricate  or  strigosely  hirsute,  red ;  petals  scarcely  longer 

than  the  stamens.     St.  1  to  2f  high.     (OE.  muricata  Ph.) 
y.  GRANDIFLORA.     Petals  much  longer  than  the  stam,  rather  deeply  obcordate. 

St.  branched,  f     ((E.  grandiflora  Ait.) 
6.  PARVIFLORA.     Petals  small,  about  as  long  as  the  stamens  ;  tube  of  the  cal. 

elongated.     (CE.  parviflora  L.) 
e.  CRUCIATA.     Petals  linear-oblong,   shorter  than  the  stamens.     (GE.  cruciata 

Nutt.) 
£  CANESCENS  Torr.  &  Gr.     Petals  enlarged ;  whole  plant  canescently  hairy. — 

Iowa,  etc. 

2  OS.  rhombip£tala  Nutt.     Tall,  erect ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  sessilo,  acute,  spread- 
ing, lower  ones  petiolate,  becoming  somewhat  pinnatifid ;  spike  strict,  fls.  large, 
longer  than  the  leafy  bracts ;  cal.  tube  very  slender,  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the 
sessile  ovary ;  petals  rhombic-elliptical,  acute  or  acuminate ;  caps,  small. — "Wis. 
(Dr.  Parry)  to  Ark.  (Prof.  Robertson.)     A  line  species,  with  a  profusion  of  straw- 
yellow  fls.     Jn. 

3  CB.  sintiata  L.     St.  pubescent,  diffusely  branched  or  subsimple,  decumbent 
and  assurgent ;  Ivs.  pubescent,  oblong-oval,  sinuate-dentate,  or  incised ;  fls.  axil- 
lary, solitary,  sessile ;  cal.  villous,  the  tube  twice  longer  than  the  ovary ;  caps, 
prismatic.— <D  Fields,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  and  La.     St.  3. to  8'  long.    Lvs.  often  pinnati- 
fid.    Fls.  about  6"  diaxn.,  pale  yellow,  turning  roseate  in  withering. 

/?.  MINIMA  Nutt.     Low,  simple,  1 -flowered;  Ivs.  nearly  entire. — Pine  barrens, 
N.  J.  to  Ga.     (CE.  minima,  Ph.) 


ORDER  52.— ONAGRACE^E.  353 

4  O3.  pumila  L.     Low,  pubescent;  st.  ascending;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire,  obtuse 
attenuate  at  base ;  spike  loose,  leafy,  naked  below ;  cal  tube  shorter  than  the  sub- 
sessile,  oblong-clavate,  angular  ovary.—^)  A  small,   half-erect  plant,  common  in 
grass  lands,  Can.  to  S.  Car.     St.  6  to  10'  long,  round,  slender,  simple.     Lvs.  1  to 
IV  by  2  to  3",  radical  ones  spatulate,  petiolate.     Fls.  yellow,  67  diam.,  opening 
in  succession,  1  or  2  at  a  time.     Jn.,  Aug.     (03.  pusilla  ?  MX.) 

5  CE.  chrysantha   MX.     St.  ascending,   slender;  fls.  small,  crowded,  spicate; 
cal.  tube  equaling  in  length  the  ovary,  longer  than  the  segm. ;  petals  broadly  obo- 
vato,  emarginate,  longer  than  the  stamens ;  caps,  smooth,  pedicellate,  clavate,  tho 
alternate  angles  slightly  winged.— Q  Western  N.  Y.  to  Mich.     St.  12  to  18'  lon^, 
purple.      Lvs.  lanceolate,  obtuse,    attenuate  at  base,  denticulate,  radical  onoa 
spatulate.     Fls.  5''  diam.,  orange-yellow.     Jn.,  Jl. 

6  C3.  fmticosa  L.     St.  pubescent  or  hirsute  ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  repand-denti- 
culate ;  rac.  leafy  or  naked  below,  corymbed ;  caps,  oblong-clavato,  4-winged, 
•with  intermediate  ribs,   pedicellate.—  Ij.  In  sterile  soils,  Mass.,   Conn.,  N.  Y.  to 
Fla.  and  W.  States.     St.  hard,  rigid  (not  shrubby),  1  to  3f  high.    Lvs.  variable 
in  pubescence,  form  and  size,  1  to  3'  by  3  to  8",  sessile,  minutely  punctate.     Fls. 
fow  or  many,  l£'  diam.,  in  a  terminal,  bracteate,  mostly  pedunculate  raceme. 
Cal.  tube  longer  than  the  ovary.     Petals  broad-obcordate,  yellow.     Jn.,  Aug. 

i3.  AMBIGUA.     Lvs.  membranous ;  petals  longer  than  broad. 

f  C3.  riparia  Nutt,  Nearly  glabrous ;  stem  erect,  with  slender  branches,  usually 
purple  and  polished ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acutish  at  both  ends,  petiolate,  repand- 
denticulate,  coriaceous ;  fls.  large,  loosely  corymbed,  at  length  racemed ;  cal.  tube 
nearly  twice  longer  than  the  pedicelled  ovary ;  caps,  clavate,  scarcely  winged. — 
©  Along  rivers,  N.  J.  to  Fla,  and  Ala.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long.  Fls. 
as  large  as  in  No.  6.  A  handsome  species.  May,  Jn. 

8  GEJ.  linearis  MX.      Hoary  puberulent;    st.    slender,    erect,    simple   or  few- 
branched;  Ivs.  linear,  subentire,  obtuse,  the    lowest  linear-spatulate ;    fls.  large, 
corymbed  at  tho  summit  of  the  branches,  tube  of  the  calyx  somewhat  longer  than 
the  pedicellate  ovary;  fr.  obovate,   scarcely  winged. — 1[  Montauk  Point  to  N. 
Car.  (Miss  Carpenter),  and  Ala.     St.    12  to  18'  high.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long.     Fls. 
much  as  in  No.  7.     May,  Jl. 

9  GEJ.  glauca  MX.     Glabrous  and  glaucous  ;  st.  erect,  with  few,  slender  branches 
above ;  Ivs.  ovate,  sessile,  acute  or  acuminate,  obscurely  denticulate ;  fls.  large, 
clustered  at  tho  ends  of  the  branches ;  calyx  tube  3  or  4  times  the  length  of  tho 
short,  pedicellate  ovary ;  caps,  oval,  4-winged  above. — Rock  Castle  Co.  Ky.  to 
Ya,  and  N.  Car.     St.  stout,  2  to  3f  high,  purplish,     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  often  lan- 
ceolate.    Caps.  4  to  5"  by  2  to  3''.     May— Jl. 

10  CE.  Missouriensis  Sims.     Simple,  decumbent;    Ivs.  coriaceous;  lanceolate, 
acute,  or  short-acurninate,  petiolate,  subentire,  downy  canescent  when  young ;  fls. 
very  large,  axillary;  cal.  tube  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  downy-canescent 
ovary ;  caps,  very  large,  oval,  depressed,  with  4  broad- winged  margins. — Dry 
hills,  Mo.     Remarkable  for  the  magnitude  of  its  fls.  and  fruit.     Petals  yellow, 
expanding  4  inches.     Cal.  tube  4  to  7'  long.     Caps.  2'  long,     Sds.  large,  crested, 
in  one  row  in  each  cell.    Jl. — Oct.  f 

QEJ.  speciosa  of  Ark.  and  Tex.  is  a  splendid  species,  with  white  or  roseate 
fls.,  fine  in  cultivation. 

GAITRA,  L.  (Gr.  yavpog,  superb.)  Calyx  tube  much  prolonged 
above  the  ovary,  cylindric,  limb  4-cleft ;  petals  4,  unguiculatc,  some- 
what unequal,  inserted  into  the  tube ;  stamens  8,  decimate,  alternate 
ones  a  little  shorter ;  ovary  oblong,  4-celled,  one  only  proving  fruitful, 
nut  usually  by  abortion,  1 -celled,  1  to  4-seeded. — Herbaceous  or  shrubby. 
Lvs.  alternate.  Fls.  white  and  red,  rarely  trimerous. 

1  G.  biennis  L.  St.  branched,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  oblong,  remotely  den- 
tate ;  spike  crowded ;  cal.  tube  as  long  as  the  segm.  ;  petals  rather  declinate,  and 
shorter  than  tho  sepals ;  fr.  subsessile,  slightly  acuminate,  8-ribbed,  alternate  ribs 
minute. —  A  beautiful  biennial,  on  the  dry  banks  of  streams,  Can.  to  Ga.,  rare. 
St.  3  to  5f  high.  Lvs.  sessile,  pale  green,  acute  at  each  end.  Fls.  numerous, 

23 


354  OEDER  52.— OXAGRACE^S. 

sessile.    CaL  reddish ;  cor.  at  first  rose-color,  changing  to  deep  red ;  stig.  4-lobed. 
Fr.  rarely  maturing  more  than  one  seed.     Aug. 

2  G.  filipes  Spach.     Paniculate   and  naked   above;    Ivs.  linear-oblong,    repand- 
dentute,  lower  ones   almost  pinnatifid ;    branches  of  the  panicle   very  slender, 
naked,  with  tufted  Ivs.  at  their  base ;  cal.  segm.  canescent,  longer  than  the  tule  or 
the  petals ;  fr.  obovate-clavate,  on  a  filiform  pedicel. — Dry  ground,    S.   and  W. 
States.     St.  rigid,  3  to  5f  high,  leafy  just  below  the  panicle.     Lvs.  1  to  3'  long, 
2  to  G"  wide,  tapering  at  each  end.     Petals  oblong-spatulate,  rose-color  or  white. 
Jl,  Aug. 

3  G.  angustifolia  MX.     Herbaceous,  pubescent;  Ivs.  linear,  repand-denticulate, 
very  acute ;  cal.  lobes  much  longer  than  the  tube  or  the  petals  ;  fr.  sessile,  ovate, 
with  4  sharp,  almost  winged  angles,  and  rather  obtuse  at  each  end,  1  or  2-seeded. 
— S.    Car.,    Ga.   (Mettauer),    Fla.   (Chapman.)     Plant   strict    and    slender,    few- 
branched,    Fls.  small,  white,  in  paniculate  spikes.     Jl.,  Aug. 

5.  CLAR'KIA,  Ph.     (In  honor  of  Gen.    Clark,  the   companion   of 
Lewis  across  the  Rocky  Mts.)     Calyx  tube  slightly  prolonged  beyond 
the  ovary,  limb  4-parted,  deciduous ;  petals  4,  unguiculate,  3-lobed  or 
entire,  claws  with  2  minute  teeth  ;  stamens  8  ;  style  1,  filiform  ;  stigma 
4-lobcd  ;  capsule  largest  at  base,   4-celled,  4-valved,   many-seeded. — 
®  Herbs  (from  Oreg.  and  Cal.)  with  showy,  axillary  tls. 

1  C.  pulchella  Ph.     Lvs.  linear-lanceolate ;  petals  large,  broadly  cuneiform, 
tapering  into  a  slender  claw,  with  2  reflexed  teeth,  limb  with  3  spreading  lobes ; 
alternate  stam.  abortive ;  caps,  pedicellate. — Gardens.     A  handsome  annual,  with 
lilac-purple  or  white  fls.,  of  easy  culture,  f 

2  C.  £legans  Lindl.     Lvs.   ovate-lanceolate,  denticulate,  on  short  petioles; 
petals  undivided,  rhombic  or  triangular  ovate,  with  a  toothless  claw ;  stam.  all 
fertile,  with  a  hairy  scale  at  the  base  of  each;  stig.  hairy;  caps,  subsessilo,  hairy. 
— Gardens.     Fls.  smaller  than  in  the  last.     Petals  and  stig.   purple.     Hairs  at 
base  of  stamens  red.  f 

6.  FUCH'SIA,  L.      LADIES'    EARDROP.      (To    Leonard   Fachs ;  an 
early  German  botanist  of  the  fifteenth  century.)     Calyx  tubular-infuncli- 
buliform,  colored,  deciduous,  limb  4-lobed  ;  petals  4,  in  the  throat  of 
the  calyx,  alternate  with  its  segments  ;    disk  glandular,    8-furrowed  ; 
baccate    capsule    oblong,    obtuse,    4-sidcd. — Mostly    shrubby.       South 
American  plants  of  great  beauty. 

1  F.  coccfnea  Ait.     LADIES'  EARDROP.      Branches  smooth ;  Ivs.  opposite, 
and  in  verticils  of  3s,  ovate,  acute,  denticulate,  on  short  petioles ;  fls.  axillary, 
nodding;  sep.  oblong,  acute;  petals  convolute,  half  as  long  as  calyx. — Native  of 
Chili.     A  very  delicate  arid  beautiful  greenhouse  shrub,  1  to  Gf  high.     Fls.  on 
long,  filiform  pedicels.     Cal.  scarlet,  much  longer  than  the  included,  violet-purpio 
petals.     Stam.  crimson,  much  exserted.     Berry  purple.     There  are  many  varie- 
ties.    (F.  Magellanica  Lam.) 

2  P.  gracilis  Lindl.      St.  suffruticous,  often   simple;    Ivs.   opposite,  ovate, 
petiolate,  slightly  acuminate,  glandular-dentato ;  fls.  opposite,  solitary,  pendulous, 
long  r  than  the  Ivs.,  petals  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals   and  much   broader. — 
Chili.     A  beautiful  parlor  plant,  quite  common.     St.  2  to  3f  high,  thick.     Fls. 
larger,  but  less  elegant  than  in  tho  former,  with  a  red  calyx  and  crimson  corolla, 
f  Many  varieties. 

3  F.  fulgens  DC.     Lvs.  opposite,  petiolate,  cordate-ovate,  acute,  denticulate; 
pedicels  axillary,  shorter  than  tho  flowers,  upper  ones  racemed ;  cal.  tube  long, 
trumpet-shaped,  lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  scarcely  exceeding   the   petals. — From 
Mexico.     Fls.  bright-red. 

7.  LUDWIG'IA,  L.     BASTARD  LOOSESTRIFE.      (To   C.  D.  Ludwig, 
Prof,  of  Botany  at  Leipzic,  1750.)     Calyx  tube  not  prolonged  beyond 
the  ovary,  limb  4-lobed,  mostly  persistent;  petals  4,  equal,  obcordate, 


ORDER  52. — ONAGRACE^E.  355 

often  minute  or  none ;  stamens  4,  opposite  the  sepals ;  style  short ; 
capsule  short,  often  perforated  at  top,  4-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded, 
and  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx  lobes.—  U  Herbs  in  wet  grounds. 
Lvs.  entire. 

§  Leaves  alternate,  sessile,  (a) 

a  Petals  large,  yellow.     Fruit  pedicellate,  short Nos.  1 1 

a  Petals  small,  yellowish.     Fruit  sessile,  elongated,  smooth Nos.  4  5 

a  Pet.  0  or  minute.— Fruit  elongated,  hairy  or  smooth Nos.  6,  7 

— Fruit  short,  smooth. — Stem  winged No.'  8 

— Stein  tercfish. — Fls.  axillary. Nos.  9 — 11 

—Fls.  capitate No.  12 

{  Leaves  opposite,  petiolate.— Fls.  sessile,  mostly  apetalous Nos.  13—15 

—Fls.  pedicellate,  with  showy  petals No.  16 

1  L.  alteriiifolia  L.      SEED-BOX.      Erect,  branched,   glabrous;   Ivs.  lanceolate, 
acute,  sessile,   pale  beneath ;  ped.  axillary,  solitary,  1-flowered,  2-bracted  above 
the  middb;  petals  scarcely  as   large  as  the  spreading,  acuminate  sepals;  caps. 
large,  with  4,  winged  angles,  crowned  with  the  colored  calyx. — Shady  swamps. 
St.  1  to  3f  high,  round,  with  a  strong  bark,  and  several  branches.     Lvs.  with 
marginal  veins,  2  to  3'  long,  %  to  1'  wide.     Caps,  convex  at  apex,  the  angles 
conspicuously   winged.      Sep.  large,   purplish.      Petals  large,   yellow,    showy. 
JL,  Aug. 

2  L.  kirtella  Raf.     Hairy,  erect,   sparingly  branched ;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  sessile, 
obtuse;  fls.   axillary,  solitary,  pedicellate,  with  2   bractlets  below  it;  sep.  nearly 
as  long  as  the  pet.  ;   caps,  subglobous,  4-angled  and  winged. — Moist  soils,  N.  J. 
to  Fla.     St.  1  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  numerous,  hairy  on  both  sides,  £  to  If  by  2  to 
8''.     Fls.  yellow,  about  -f  diam.     Cal.  spreading,  and,  with  caps,  villous.     Jn. — 
Sept.     (L.  hirsuta  Ph.) 

3  L.  virgata  Ph.      Nearly  glabrous,   erect,  virgate ;  Ivs.  oblong,  closely  sessile, 
obtuse,  the   upper  linear;  fls.   large,  on  a  slender  pedicel ;  petals  longer  than  the 
leafy  calyx  lobes ;  caps,  roundish-cubical,  with  winged  angles,  and  finally  as  long 
as  the  reflexed  cal.  lobes. — In  dry  soils,  S.  States.     Sts.  2  to  3f  high.    Lvs.  1  to 
2'  long.     Fls.  spreading  1'.  on  pedicels  6''  long.     May — Sept. 

4  L.  liiiearis  "Walt.     Glabrous,  slender,  with  angular,  erect  branches;  Ivs.  lance- 
linear,   acute   at  each  end;  fls.   axillary,   solitary,  sessile;  pet.  obovate-oblong, 
slightly  longer  than   the  triangular-ovate  sep.  which  are  much  shorter  than  the 
elongated,  obovoid-clavate,  4:-sided  capsules. — Swamps,  N.  J.  and  S.  States.   Plant 
1  to  2f  high,  with  the  habit  of  Lythrum  alatum,  often  sending  out  runners  at  the 
base,  with  obovate  leaves.    Fls.  sometimes  apetalous.    Jl.— Sept.    (Isnardia  DC.) 

5  L.  liiiifolia  Poir.       Glabrous,  mostly   simple,  creeping  at  base,  then  erect; 
Ivs.  spreading,  linear,  rather  acute,  tapering  to  a  slender  base ;  fls.  closely  sessile ; 
calAobes  ovate,  acuminate,  about  the  length  of  the  petals   and  of  the  oblong,  4- 
sided  capsules. — Muddy  places,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.     Plant  If  high,  with  much  the 
habit  of  Proserpinaca  palustris.     Lvs.  1'  long. 

6  L.  cylindrica   Ell.      Glabrous,  erect,  much  branched;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute; 
fls.  minute,  1  to  3  together,  apetalous ;  cal.  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  rather 
slender,  cylindrical,  abrupt  capsule. — S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     St.  3f  high.     Lvs. 
veiny  and  somewhat   denticulate.     Capsules  2  to  4"  in  length,  1"  wide.     Jl. — 
Sept.     (Isnardia  DC.) 

7  L.  pilosa  Walt.     ViUous-pubescent,  erect,  much  branched;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute; 
fls.  axillary  and  spiked  above ;  cal.  lobes  ovate-acuminate,  about  as  long  as  the 
oblong,  4-sided,  villous  capsule. — Swamp.  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La,     Plant  2  to  3i 
high.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  those  of  the  branches  much  diminished,  of  the  stolons 
spatulate.     Caps,  about  4"  by  2  or  3".     Jl. — Sept.     (Isnardia  DC.) 

8  L.  alata  Ell.     Glabrous,  few-branched,  erect;  st.  winged  by  the  decurrent  bases 
of  the  lanceolate  Ivs.;  fls.  solitary,  apetalous;  cal.  lobes  broadly  ovate,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  small,  4-sided,  obconic  capsule. — Swamps,  S.  States.     Plant  about  2t 
Ligh.     Lvs.  1  to  3'  long,  the  lower  broad-oval.    Jl.— Sept     (Isnardia  DC.) 

9  L.  sphaerocarpa  Ell.     Erect,   smooth,  or  nearly  so ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  at- 
tenuate at  base  ;  fls.  axillary,  subsolitary,  on  very  short  pedicels ;  pet.  minute  or 
wanting,  as  weU  as  the  bractlets ;  sep.  as  long  as  the  small  subglobous  caps. — In, 


356  ORDER  52.— ONAGRACE^E. 

water,  S.  to  Ga.,  partly  submerged,  or  in  very  wet  grounds,  near  Boston,  Mass. 
St.  2  to  3f  high,  branching,  angular.  Margin  of  the  Ivs.  rough,  sometimes  re- 
motely and  obscurely  denticulate.  Fls.  greenish,  inconspicuous.  Jl. — Sept. 
(Isnardia  DC.) 

10  L.  polycarpa  Short  &  Peter.     Glabrous,  erect,  much  branched,   and  often 
stoloniferous ;    Ivs.   lance-linear,    gradually  acute   at    each   end;    fls.    apetalous, 
axillary,  solitary,   with  2  subulate  bractlets  at  base  ;  caps.  Wangled,   truncated 
above,  tapering  below,   crowned  with  the  4-lobed  stylopodium. — Swamps,  W. 
States.     St.  1  to   3f  high.     Lvs.  2   to  3'  by  2  to  4",  ten  times  longer  than  the 
flowers.     Aug. — Oct. 

11  L.  microcarpa  MX.      Glabrous;  st.  creeping  at  lase,  then  ascending;  Ivs. 
spatulate-obovate,  minutely  denticulate;  cal.  lobes  roundish,  acuminate,  larger  than 
the  very  small,  obovate  capsule ;  stig.  sessile. — Wet  grounds,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.     St. 
mostly  simple,  If  high,  often  with  stolons  at  base.      Jl. — Sept.      (Isnardia  lan- 
ceolata  DC.) 

12  L.  capitata  MX.     Glabrous,  erect,  slender;  Ivs.  lance-linear  or  lance-oblong, 
obtuse  at  the  sessile  base,  obtuse  or  very  acute  at  the  apex ;  fls.  sessile,  crowded 
in  a  terminal  bracted  head  or  spike ;  cal.  lobes  shorter  than  the  4-angled  capsule. 
— 3.  Car.  to  Fla.     Sts.  2  to  3f  high,  simple,  or  with  few  virgate  branches.     Lvs. 
1  to  3'  long,  the  upper  linear  and  taper-pointed.     Aug. — Oct.     (Isnardia  DC.) 

13  L.  palustris  Ell.     WATER  PURSLANE.     Prostrate  and  creeping,  smooth,  and 
slightly  succulent ;  Ivs.  opposite,  ovate-spatulate,  acute,  tapering  at  base  into  a 
petiole ;  fls.  sessile,   solitary ;  pet.   0,  or  very  small,  flesh   color ;  caps,   oblong, 
abrupt  at  both  ends,  with  4  green  angles ;  bractlets  0. — In  U.  S.  and  Can.,  creeping 
in  muddy  places  or  floating  in  water.     St.  round,  reddish,  10  to  18'  long.     Cal. 
lobes  and  sty.  very  short.     Caps.  2"  long.     Jn. — Sept.     (Isnardia  L.) 

14  L.  iiatans  Ell.      Creeping  or  floating,  smooth  and  slightly  succulent ;  Ivs.  ob- 
long, tapering  to  a  petiole,  or  the  lower  subsessile  ;  fls.  sessile ;  cal.  lobes  triangu- 
lar-ovate, acute,  as  long  as  the  yellow  petals ;  ova.  with  2  conspicuous  bracteoles ; 
fr.  4-angled,  tapering  to  the  base. — Swamps,  S.  States.     Caps,  about  4"  long,  at 
first  top-shaped.     Jl. — Oct. 

15  L.  spatulata  Torr.   &  Gr.     Branched,   ascending,  downy  and  not  succulent; 
Ivs.  oval,  tapering  to  a  petiole ;  fls.  very  small,  apetalous,  sessile ;  caps,  pubescent, 
ovate,  somewhat  4-sided,  small — 1±  Middle  Fla.     Plant  near  If  high,  diffusely 
branched  from  tho  base.     Lvs.  and  margined  petiole  about  2'  long. 

16  L.  arcuata  Walt.     Nearly  smooth,  creeping ;  Ivs.    oblanceolate,  tapering  to 
the  sessile  base ;  fls.  solitary,  on  a  slender  axillary  peduncle,  which  is  twice  longer 
than  the  Ivs. ;  petals  bright  yellow,  longer  than  the  lance-linear,  spreading  sepals; 
caps,  clavate,  finally  arcuate,  as  long  as  the  persistent  calyx  lobes. — Swamps, 
Va.  to  Fla.,  along  the  coast.     Sts.  3  to  10'  long.     Lvs.  10"  long.     Fls.  10"  broad. 
May — Jl.     (Isnardia  pedunculosa  DC.) 

8.  CIRC£\A,  L.  ENCHANTER'S  NIGHTSHADE.  (Circe  was  supposed 
to  have  used  these  plants  in  her  enchantments.)  Calyx  slightly  pro- 
duced above  the  ovary,  deciduous,  limb  2-parted  ;  petals  2,  obcordate ; 
stamens  2,  opposite  the  sepals ;  capsule  obovoid,  uncinate-hispid  or 
pubescent,  2-cellcd,  2-seeded  ;  styles  united. —  H  Lvs.  opposite. 

1  C.  Lutetiana  L.     St.  erect,  pubescent  above ;  Ivs.  ovate,  subcordate,  acuminate, 
slightly  repand-dentate,   opaque,  longer  than  the  petioles;  bracts  none;  fr.   re- 
flexed,  hispid-uncinate. — Damp  shades  and  thickets,  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  III.     St. 
1  to  2f  high,  sparingly  branched,  tumid  at  the  nodes.     Lvs.  dark  green,  smooth 
or  slightly  pubescent,  2  to  4'  long,  £  as  wide ;  petiole  8  to  15"  long.     Fls.  small, 
rose  color,  in  long,  terminal,  axillary  racemes.     Fr.  obcordate,  with  conspicuous 
hooks.     Jn.,  Jl. 

2  C.  alpiiia  L.     Smooth;  st.  ascending  at  base,  weak;  Ivs.  broad-cordate,  mem" 
branous,  dentate,  as  long  as  the  petioles;  bracts  setaceous;  caps,  pubescent. — 
A  small,  delicate  plant,  common  in  wet,  rocky  woodlands,  in  mountainous  dis- 
tricts, N.  Eng..  Brit.  Am.,  W.  to  Or.     St.  diaphanous,  juicy,  5  to  10'  high.     Lvss, 


OUDER  52,-OXAGRACE^E.  357 

1  to  2'  long,  f  as  wide,  acute  or  acuminate,  with  small,  remote  teeth,  pale  green 
and  shining.     Fls.  white,  rarely  reddish,  minute,  in  terminal  racemes.     Jl. 

9.  PROSERPINA^CA,  L.     MERMAID   WEED.     (Lat.    Proserpina,   a 
Roman  goddess;  from  somo  fancied  resemblance.)      Calyx   tube  ad- 
herent to  the  ovary,  3-sided,  limb  3-parted  ;  petals  none ;  stamens  3  ; 
stigmas  3  ;  fruit  3-angled,  3-celled,  bony,  crowned  with  the  permanent 
calyx. —  2f  Aquatic.     Lvs.  alternate. 

1  P.  palustris  L.    Lvs.  linear -lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  alx>ve  the  water,  those 
below  (if  any)  pinnatifid. — Ditches,  swamps  and  ponds,  often  partly  submerged, 
N.  Eng.,  Fla.  and  La.     Rt   creeping.     Sts.  ascending  at  base,  6  to  20'  high, 
striate,  roundish.     Lvs.  10  to  15"  by  2  to  3",  acute  at  each  end,  lower  ones  on 
short  petioles  and,   if  growing  in  water  pinnatifid  with  linear  segments.     Fls. 
greenish,  sessile,  1  to  3  together,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  succeeded  by 
a  very  hard,  triangular  nut.     Jn.,  Jl, 

2  P.  pectinacea  Lam.     Lvs.  all  pectinate,  with  linear-subulate  segm.;  fr.  obtusely 
3-angled. — Sandy  swamps,  in  Mass,  (rare)  S.  to  Fla.     St.  5  to  10'  high,  ascending 
at  base  from  long,  creeping  roots.     Lvs.  all  finely  and  regularly  divided  into  very 
narrow  segments.     Sty.  0 ;  stig.  attenuate  above.     Fr.  rather  smaller  (less  than 
1"  diam.)  than  in  P.  palustris,  rugous  when,  mature.    JL,  Aug. 

10.  MYRIOPHYL'LUM,  VailL    WATER  MILFOIL.     (Gr.  pvptos,  innu- 
merable, <£i>AAa,  leaves.)     Flowers  8  7  or  frequently  £  ;  calyx  4-toothed 
in  the  $  and   ?  flowers,  4-parted  in  the  $  ;  petals  4,  often  inconspicu- 
ous or  none;  stamens  4  to  8;  stigmas  4,  pubescent,  sessile  ;  fruit  of  4, 
nut-like  carpels,  cohering  by  their  inner  angles. —  U  submersed,  aquatic 
herbs.     Submersed  Ivs.  parted  into  capillary  segments.     Upper  fls.  usu- 
ally <$  ,  middle  ones  £  ,  lower  ?  . 

§  StamensB.    Carpels  smooth  and  even.    Lenvcs  whorled  in  3s Nos.  1,  2 

§  35tamens  4. — Carpels  ridged  on  the  back.     Lvs.  whorled  in  4s  and  5s Nos.  3,  4 

— Carpels  smooth  and  even.    Lvs.  alternate  or  wanting Nos.  5,  G 

1  M.  spicatum  L.     Lvs.  in  verticils  of  3s,  all  pinnately  parted  into  capillary  seg- 
ments; fls.  in,  terminal,  nearly  naked  spikes;  floral  Ivs.  or  bracts,  ovate,  entire, 
shorter  than  tfie  fls.,  lowest  ones  subserrate  and  larger ;  petals  broadly  ovate  ; 
stam.  8  ;  carp,  smooth. — N.  Eng.  to  Ark.,  in  deep  water,  the  fls.  only  rising  above 
the  surface.     St.  slender,  branched,  very  long.     Lvs.  composed  of  innumerable, 
hair-like  segments,  always  submerged.     Fls.  greenish,  sessile.     Jl.,  Aug.   . 

2  M.  verticillatrum  L,     Lvs.  in  verticils  of  3s,  lower  ones  pinnately  parted  into 
opposite,  capillary  or  setaceous  segments;  fls.  in  terminal,  leafy  spikes;  floral  Irs. 
pectinate-pinnatifld^  miich  longer  than  Hie  fls. ;  petals  oblong-obovate ;  stam.  8; 
carp,  smooth.     In  stagnant  water,  Can.  to  Fla.,  ~W.  to  Or.     St.  long,  less  slender 
than  in  the  last,  only  the  upper  part  emerging.     Fls.  small,  green,  axillary,  with 
conspicuous  floral  Ivs.     Sep.  acute.     Anth.  oblong.     Jl.,  Aug. 

3  M.  heterophylhira  MX.     Lvs.  in  verticils  of  5s,  the  lower  ones  pinnately 
parted  into  capillary  lobes ;  spikes  terminal,  nearly  naked ;  floral  Ivs.  ovate-lanceo- 
late, serrate,  longer  than  the  fis.,  crowded;  petals  oblong;   stam.  4  to  6;  carp, 
scabrous,  with  2  slight  ridges  on  the  back. — In  sluggish  water,  Can.  to  Fla.  and 
Tex.,  rare.     St.  thick,  branching.     Lvs.   very  various,  lowest  floral  ones  pecti- 
nately  divided.     Petals  somewhat  persistent    Sepals  minute.    Bractlets  serrulate. 
Jn. — Sept. 

4  M.  scabratnm  MX.     Lvs.  pinnatifid  in  whorls  of  4s  and  5s;  fls.  verticillate, 
axillary,  upper  fls.  $ ,  with  4  stam.,  lower  ones   $ ;  floral  Ivs.  linear,  pectinately 
toothed;  fr.  8-angled,   the  ridges  tuberculate. — Plymouth,  Mass.  (Oakes),  Block 
Island  (Robbins),  S.  and  W.  States.     St.  6  to  12'  high.     Segm.  of  the  Ivs.  linear- 
capillary. 

5  M.  tenellnm  Bw.     Erect  and  almost  leafless;  floral  Ivs.  or  bracts  alternate, 
minute,  entire,  obtuse ;  fls.  §  •  petals  linear ;  stam.  4 ;  carp,  smooth,  not  ridged. — 
About  the  edges  of  ponds  and  rivers,  Provideace,  R,  I.  (Olney),  northern  part  of 


358  ORDER  53.— LOASACE^E. 

N.  Y.  to  Newfoundland.  Rhizome  prostrate,  creeping,  sending  up  several  stems 
or  scapes  which  are  simple  and  4  to  12'  high.  Fls.  small,  purplish  white,  sessile, 
alternate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  bracts,  the  upper  ones  $ .  Jl. 
6  M.  ambiguum  Nutt.  Lvs.  many,  submersed  ones  pinnate,  with  capillary  seg- 
ments, middle  ones  pectinate,  upper  linear,  petiolate,  toothed  or  entire ;  fis.  mostly 
$  ;  petals  oblong,  somewhat  persistent;  stam.  4;  carpels  smooth,  not  ridged  on 
the  back. — In  ponds  and  ditches,  Peun.  to  Mass.  Sts.  floating,  upper  end  emerged, 
with  minute  fis.  and  linear  floral  Ivs.  (M.  natans  DC.)  In  other  situations  it  varies 
as  follows. 

/?.  LIMOSUM  Nutt.     St.  procumbent  and  rooting;  Ivs.  all  linear,  rigid,  often  en- 
tire.— Muddy  places,  whero  it  is  a  small,  creeping  and  branching  plant.     (M. 
procumbens  Bw.) 
7.  CAPILLACEUM  Torr.     Lvs.  all  immersed  and  capillary. — Ponds. 

11.  HIPPITRIS,  L.  MARE'S  TAIL.  (Gr.  trrrro^  a  horse,  ovpd,  a  tail.) 
Calyx  with  a  minute,  entire  limb  crowning  the  ovary;  corolla  none; 
stamen  1,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  calyx ;  anther  2-lobecl,  com- 
pressed ;  style  1,  longer  than  the  stamen,  stigmatic  the  whole  length  in 
a  groove  of  the  anther  ;  seed  1. — "H  Aquatic  herbs.  St.  simple.  Lvs. 
verticillate,  entire.  Fls.  axillary,  minute. 

H.  vulgaris  L.  Lvs.  in  verticils  of  8  to  12,  linear,  acute,  smooth,  entire;  fis. soli- 
tary, often  $  $  $ . — In  the  borders  of  ponds  and  lakes,  Penn.  to  Arc.  Am.,  very 
rare.  Rhizome  with  long,  verticillate  fibers.  St.  erect,  jointed,  1  to  2f  high. 
The  flowers  are  the  simplest  in  structure  of  all  that  are  called  perfect,  consisting 
merely  of  1  stamen,  1  pistil,  1  seed  in  a  1 -celled  ovary,  with  neither  calyx  lobes 
nor  corolla.  May,  Jn. 

ORDER  LIII.     LOASACE^E.     LOASADS. 

Herbs  often  hispid  with  stinging  hairs,  with  leaves  opposite  or  alternate  and  no> 
stipules.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary.  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  4  or  5-parted, 
lobes  persistent,  equal.  Petals  5  or  10,  in  2  circles,  often  cucullate,  inserted  on  tho 
calyx.  Stamens  indefinite,  inserted  with  the  petals,  free  or  cohering  in  several  sets. 
Ovary  1-celled,  with  several  parietal  placentoe,  or  ono  central.  Style  1.  Ovules 
pendulous.  Embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  IS,  species  70,  natives  of  America. 

MENTZE'LIA,  L.     (In  honor  of  C.  Mentzel,  physician  to  the  Elector 
of  Brandenburg.)     Calyx  tubular,  limb  5-parted  ;  petals  5  to  10,  flat, 
spreading;  stamens  oo,  30  to  200;  ovary  inferior;  styles  3T  filiform, 
connate,  and  often  spirally  twisted  ;  stigmas  simple,  minute  ;  capsule  1- 
celled,  many-seeded. — Branching  herbs.     Lvs.  alternate. 
1  M.  oligosperma  Nutt.     Very  rough,  with  barbed  hairs;  st.  dichotomous ;  Ivs. 
ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  to  very  short  petioles,  lobed  or  incisely  dentate;  petals  en- 
tire, cuspidate,  expanding  in  sunshine ;  stam.  20  or  more,  shorter  than  the  petals; 
caps.  3  to  ^-seeded. — TJ.  Dry  or  rocky  places,  Pike  Co.,  111.  (Mead),  and  Mo.  to  Tex, 
Et.  tuberous.     St.  If  high,  divaricately  branched.     Lvs.  10  to  15"  by  G  to  8", 
upper  ones  ovate.     Fls.  solitary,  of  a  deep,  golden  yellow,  8  to  10"  diam.,  very 
fugacious.     Caps,  cylindric,  very  small.     May — Jl. 

2  M.  Lindleyi  Torr.  &  Gr.  GOLDEN  BAUTONIA.  Hispid ;  Ivs.  ovate-lance- 
olate, pinnatifid,  lobes  often  dentate;  fls.  solitary  or  nearly  so,  terminal;  petals 
broadly  obovate,  very  abruptly  acuminate;  filaments  filiform,  and  with  the  seeds 
numerous. — (1)  Gardens.  St.  decumbent,  branching,  1  to  3f  in  length,  with  golden 
yellow  fls.  2  to  3'  diam.,  the  beauty  of  which  is  greatly  heightened  by  innumera- 
ble, thread-like,  yellow  stamens.  (Bartonia  aurea  Lindl.)  f  California. 


ORDER  54  — CACTACE^E.  359 

ORDER  LIV.     CACTACE^E.     INDIAN  FIGS. 

Stems  succulent  and  shrubby,  usually  angular  or  2-edged  or  jointed.  Leaves 
almost  always  wanting;  priddes  numerous  and  formidable.  Flowers  solitary,  usu- 
ally showy  and  of  short  duration.  Sepals  and  petals  often  indefinite  and  confounded 
with  each  other,  the  sepals  from  the  surface,  and  tho  petals  from  the  summit  of  tho 
ovary.  Stem.  CO ;  Jttaments  long  and  filiform ;  anth.  ovate,  versatile.  Ovaries  in- 
ferior, 1-celled,  fleshy,  with  parietal  placenta.  Style  single,  filiform,  with  several 
stigmas  in  a  star-like  cluster.  Fr.  succulent  Seeds  numerous,  parietal  or  in  tho 
pulp,  exalbuminous.  (lllust.  in  fig.  47,  b.) 

Genera  IS,  species  about  800,  all  peculiarly  American,  no  one  bavin?  ever  been  found  in  inv 
other  quarter  of  the  globe.  They  abound  in  the  deserts  of  New  MexFco  and  8«mtlw?rl  ffi 
prickly  pear  <Opunlia  vulgaris)  is  the  only  species  found  native  as  far  north  as  N  York  "  Their 
aspect  is  peculiar,  usually  distinguishable  ut  sight. 

Stigmas  ce.     Calyx  tube  not  prolonged.     Berry  tubercular,  umbilicate OPTTHTIX  1 

Stigmas  &--> .     Calyx  tube  prolonged  above  the  ovary.     Berry  areolatc,  &c CKUKUS  2 

Stigmas  5  to  7.—  Calyx  tube  prolonged.     Berry  smooth.     Axis  grooved MELOCACTUS     3 

— Ca!yi  tube  short     Berry  smooth.    Axis  mammiferous MA.MMKLLARIA  4 

1.  OPURTIA,  Tourn.     PRICKLY  PEAR,     (Opuntlana  was  a  country 
near  Phocis,  where  this  was  said  to  be  naturalized.)     Sepals  and  petals 
numerous,  adnate  to  the  o vary,  not  produced  into  a  tube  above  it; 
stamens  oo,  shorter  than  the  petals;  style  with  numerous,  thick,  erect 
stigmas ;  berry  umbilicate  at  apex,  tuberculatc,  cotyledons  semiterete. 
— Shrubby  plants,  with  articulated  branches,  the  joints  usually  broad 
and  flattened,  with  fascicles  of  prickles,  regularly  arranged  upon  the 
surface, 

O.  vulgaris  Mill.  Prostrate,  creeping ;  joints  ovate ;  prickles  numerous  in  each 
fascicle,  often  with  several  subulate  spines  ;  Ivs.  minute,  subulate  from  a  broad 
base ;  fls.  y«llow. — A  curious,  fleshy  plant,  native  in  rocky  and  sandy  places, 
Mass,  to  Fla.  W.  to  Iowa.  The  singular  form  resembles  a  series  of  thick,  fleshy 
leaves,  4  to  G'  long,  |-  as  wide,  growing  from  the  tip  or  sides  of  each  other,  and 
armed  with  orange -colored  spines  from  the  edge  of  the  joints,  large,  bright-yellow, 
and  succeeded  by  a  smooth,  crimson,  eatable  fruit.*  f  (Cactus  opuntia  L.) 

2.  CEVREUS,  DC.     Sepals  very  numerous,  imbricated,  adnate  to  the 
base  of  the  ovary  and  united  into  a  long  tube  above  it,  the  outer  shorter, 
the  inner  petaloid ;  -stamens  indefinite,  coherent  with  the  tube,  stylo 
liliform,  with  many  stigmas;  berry  scaly  with  the  remains  of  the  sep- 
als ;    cotyledons    none  \ — Fleshy  shrubs,  with  woody,  prismatic  axes, 
armed  with  clusters  of  spines.     Fls.  from  the  clusters  of  spines. 

§  Stock  nnd  branches  compressed,  somewhat  leaf-like Nos.  1—3 

§  Stock  and  branches  angular-cylindrical,  creeping Nos.  4,  5 

1  C.  phyllaiitlms   DC.      SPLEENWORT.      Branches  ensiform,  Compressed, 
serrate ;  fls.  with  the  terete,  slender  tube  much  longer  than  the  limb  of  the  pet- 
als.—From  S.  Am.     The  articulations  of  the  stem  are  2f  or  more  long,  2'  wide, 
weak,  bordered  with  large,  obtuse  serratures,  and  traversed  lengthwise  by  a  cen- 
tral, cylindrical,  woody  axis.     Fls.  white,   9  to   12'  long,  expanding  by  night, 
fragrant,  f 

2  C.  phyllanthoides  DC.     Branches  ensiform,  compressed,  obovate,  with 
spreading,  rounded  teeth ;  fls.  arising  from  the  lateral  crenatures  of  the  brandies; 
tube  shorter  than  the  limb  of  the  petals. — From  Mexico.     A  splendid  flower, 
with  leaf-like,  fleshy  joints,  each  6  to  10'  long,  1  to  2'  wide.     Fla  rose-colored, 
4'  in  length,  expanding  by  day. 

3  C.  truncatus  L.     Branching;  joints  short-compressed,  serrate,  truncate 
at  the  summit;   fls.  arising  from  the  summit  of  the  joints;  sty.  longer  than  tho 
stam.  or  reflexed  pet. — From  Brazil.     A  very  distinct  species,  a  foot  or  more 
high.     Joints  2  to  3'  long,  1  to  1  £'  wide,  leaf-like.    Fls.  2  to  3'  long,  pink-colored. 
f  (Cactus  L.) 


360  ORDER  55.— GROSSULACE^E. 

4  C.  graiidifldnts  DC.     Creeping,  rooting;  st.   with  about  5   angles;  fig. 
terminal  and  lateral,  very  large,  nocturnal ;  petals  spreading,  shorter  than  the 
linear-lanceolate   sepals. — Mexico.    West  Indies.      Sts.    cylindric   or   prismatic, 
branching,  the  angles  not  very  prominent.     Fls.  expanding  by  night,  and  endur- 
ing but  a  few  hours,  8  to  12'  diam.     Sepals  brown  without,  yellow  within.    Pet- 
als white.     A  magnificent  flower,  of  difficult  culture,  f 

5  C.  flagelliformis   DC.      SXAKE  CACTUS.     St.   creeping,   with  about  10 
angles,  hispid;  fls.  lateral,  diurnal;  tube  slender,  longer  than  the  limb  of  the  pet- 
als.— From  S.  Am.     St.  about  the  size  of  the  little  finger,  cylindric,  indistinctly 
articulated,  2  to  5f  long.     Fls.  of  a  lively  pink  color,  smaller  than  those  of  the 
last,  and  continuing  in  bloom  several  days,  f 

3.  MELOCAC'TUS,  Bauh.     MELOX  THISTLE.     TURK'S  CAP.     (Com- 
pounded of  melon  and  cactus,  from  its  form.)      Calyx  tube  adherent  to 
the  ovary,  lobes  5  to  6,  petaloid  ;  petals  as  many  as  sepals,  united  with 
them  into  a  long,  cylindric  tube ;  stamens  and  style  filiform  ;  stigma  5- 
rayed  ;  berry  smooth,  crowned  with  the  withered  calyx  and  corolla. — 
Suffruticous,  fleshy,  leafless.     Spadix  simple,   crowning  the  globular, 
deeply-furrowed  axis.    .Fls.  terminal. 

M.  connn&nis  Link.  Axis  ovate-subglobous,  dark  green,  12  to  18-angled  ; 
ribs  straight;  spines  fasciculate,  subequaL — Native  of  the  Caribbean  Islands. 
This  remarkable  plant  appears  like  a  large,  green  melon,  with  deep  furrows  and 
prominent  ribs,  and  is  full  of  juice.  It  is  surmounted  with  a  spadix,  which 
is  cyliudric,  tubereulate,  densely  tomentous,  bearing  the  red  flowers  at  the 
summit,  f 

4.  MAMMILA'RIA,  Hawarth.     (Lat  mamma,  the  breasts ;  alluding 
to  the  tubercles.)     Flowers  and  fruit  similar  to  the  preceding  genus. — 
Stock  roundish   or  cylindrical,  covered  with   conical  or  mammseform 
tubercles,  spirally  arranged  and  tipped  with  a  cluster  of  spines  in  wool. 
Fls.  sessile  among  the  tubercles. 

M.  macromeris  Engelm.  Bright  green,  with  large,  pear-shaped  tubercles, 
each  surmounted  by  a  cluster  of  straight,  slender  spines,  and  large  (near  3'  diam.) 
carmine-roseate  flowers,  f  From  New  Mexico. — Other  species  are  cultivated  in 
the  green-house. 

ORDER  LV.     GROSSTJLACE^E.     CURRANTS. 

Low  shrubs,  often  prickly  with  alternate,  palmately  lobed  leaves.  CALYX  5-lobed. 
adherent  to  the  1-celled  ovary,  bearing  at  top  the  corolla  of  5  petals  alternating  with 
the  5  short  stamens.  Anth.  introrse.  Fruit  a  1-celled,  inferior  berry  with  2  parietal 
placenta.  Styles  2.  Seeds  CO,  embryo  minute,  in  abundant  horny  albumen.  (Figs. 
67,  309.) 

Genera  1,  species  95.  The  gooseberries  and  currants  are  natives  of  the  N.  temperate  zone  of 
both  continents,  but  unknown  in  the  tropics  or  S.  hemisphere,  except  8.  America. 

Properties.  The  berries  contain  a  sweet,  mucilaginous  pulp,  together  with  malic  or  citric 
acid.  They  are  always  wholesome,  and  usually  esculent. 

1.  RFBES,  L.  CURRANTS.  (Named  from  the  Arabic.)  Character 
the  same  as  that  of  the  Order. 

§  Crr.BANTS.    Stems  unarmed.    Lvs.  cnn volute  in  bu<T.    Fls.  yellow No.  1 

§  CURRANTS.     Stems  unarmed.    Lvs.  plicate  in  bud.— Fruit  hairy Nos.  2—4 

—  Fruit,  smooth Nos.  5—7 

§  GOOSEBERRIES.    Stems  spinescent.    Lvs.  plicate.— Fruit  hispid -  Nos.  8,  9 

—Fruit  smooth.— Fed.  very  short.Nos.  10, 11 
— Ped.  long Nos.  12-14 

1  R.  aureum  Ph.  MISSOURI,  or  GOLDEN  CURRANT.  Plant  smooth;  Ivs. 
3-lobed,  lobes  divaricate,  entire  or  with  a  few  large  teeth ;  petioles  longer  than 
the  leaves ;  bracts  linear,  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  rac.  lax,  with  many  bright  yel- 
low fls. ;  caL  tubular,  longer  than  the  pedicels,  segm.  oblong,  obtuse ;  petals 


ORDEU  55.— GROSSULACE^E.  35 1 

linear;  fr.  smooth,  oblong  or  globous,  yellow,  finally  brown.— Mo.,  W.  to  Or.  A 
beautiful  shrub  G  to  1  Of  high,  common  in  cultivation.  Fls.  numerous,  very  fra- 
grant. Apr.,  Majr.  f 

2  R.  sanguineum  Ph.  Lvs.  canescent-tomentous  beneath ;  glabrous  above, 
cordate,  3  to  5-lobed,  doubly  serrate ;  rac.  long  and  loose ;  bracts  red,  spatulate, 
rather  longer  than  the  pedicels;  fls.  rose-red;  caL  tubular-campanulate,  segm. 
spreading,  obovate,  as  long  as  the  spatulate  petals;  sty.  united  into  1 ;  stig.  2-lobed; 
fr.  dryish,  with  sparse  glandular  hairs. — Oregon.  (Rev.  G.  Atkinson).  A  beauti- 
ful shrub  with  largo  showy  racemes,  f 

3  R  resinostim  Ph.     Plant  clothed  throughout  with  resinous-glandular  hairs  5 
Ivs.   3  to  5-lobed,   roundish;  rac.  erect;  cal.   segm.  spreading;  petals  obtusely 
rhomboidal;  bracts  linear,  longer  than  the  pedicels;  fr.  hairy. — Mts.  of  N.  Car. 
(Parker.    See  N.  Am.  Fl.  p.  550).     Wo  have  seen  no  specimens  of  this  obscuro 
species. 

4  R.  prostratnm  L'Her.    MOUNTAIN  CURRANT.    St.  reclined;  Ivs.  smooth,  deeply 
cordate,  5  to  ^-lobed,  doubly  serrate,  reticulate-rugous;  rac.  erect,  lax,  many-flow- 
ered ;  caL  rotate ;  berries  globous,  glandular-hispid,  red. — A  small  shrub,  on  moun- 
tains and  rocky  hills,  Penn.  to  Can.,  ill-scented  and  with  ill-flavored  berries 

sometimes  called  Skunk  Currant.     Prostrate  stems,  with  erect,  straight  branches. 
Lvs.  about  as  large  as  in  No.  1,  lobes  acute.     Petioles  elongated.     Rac.  about 
8-flowered,  becoming  erect  in  fruit.     Bracts  very  short.     Ms.  marked  with  pur- 
ple.   Berries  rather  large.     May.  (R.  rigens  MX.) 

5  R.  rubrum  L.    COMMON  RED  CURRANT.     Lvs.  obtusely  3  to  5-lobed,  smooth 
above,   pubescent  beneath,  subcordate  at  base,  margin  mucronately  serrate ;  rac. 
nearly  smooth,  pendulous;  cal.  short,  rotate;  bracts  much  shorter  than  the  pedi- 
cels; fr.  globous,  glabrous,  red. — Woods,  St.  Johnsbury,  Vt.  (Carey),  Wis.  (Lap- 
ham),  N.  to  the  Arc.  Ocean.     Cultivated  universally  in  gardens. 

j3.  (WHITE  CURRANT).    Fr.  light  amber-colored,  larger  and  sweeter. 

6  R.  floridum  L'Her.    WILD  BLACK  CURRANT.     Lvs.  subcordate,  3  to  5-lobed, 
sprinkled  on  both  sides  with  yellowish,  resinous  dots ;  rac.  many-flowered,  pendu- 
lous, pubescent ;  cal.  cylindrical ;  bracts  linear,  longer  than  the  pedicels ;  fr.  obo- 
void,  smooth,  black. — A  handsome  shrub  in  woods  and  hedges,  Can.  to  Ky.,  com- 
mon, 3  to  4f  high.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  the  width  something  more,  lobes  acute, 
spreading,  3,  sometimes  with  2  small  additional  ones ;  dots  just  visible  to  the 
naked  eye.     Petioles  1  to  2'  long.     Fls.  rather  bell-shaped,  greenish   yellow. 
Fr.  insipid.     May,  Jn. 

7  R.  nigrum  L.  BLACK  CURRANT.  Lvs.  3  to  5-lobed,  punctate  with  yellowish 
dots  beneath,  dentate-serrate,  longer  than  their  petioles;  rac.  lax,  hairy,  somewhat 
nodding;  cal.  campanulato;  bracts  nearly  equaling  the  pedicels;  fr.  roundish- 
ovoid,  nearly  black. — Native  of  Europe,  etc.  Cultivated  and  esteemed  for  its 
medicinal  jetty.  Fls.  yellowish. — This  species  much  resembles  R.  floridum. 

8  R.  Cynosbati  L.     PRICKLY  GOOSEBERRY.     St.   prickly  or  not;    subaxillary 
spines  about  in  pairs;  Ivs.  cordate,  3  to  5-lobed,  pubescent,  lobes  incisely  den- 
tate ;  rac.  nodding,  2,  to  3-flowered ;  cal.   tube  ovate-cylindric,   longer  than  tho 
segm. ;  pet.  obovate,  shorter  than  the  cal.  segm. ;  sty.  united  to  the  top ;  berries 
prickly. — N.  and  W.  States,  about  4f  high,  in  hedges  and  thickets,  mostly  with- 
out prickles,  but  armed  with  1  to  3  sharp  spines  just  below  tho  axil  of  each  leaf. 
Petioles  downy.     Fls.  greenish  white.     Fr.  mostly  covered  with  long  prickles, 
brownish-purple,  eatable.     May,  Jn. 

9  R.  lacustre  Poir.     SWAMP  GOOSEBERRY.     St.  covered  with  prickles ;  subaxil- 
lary spines  several ;  Ivs.  deeply  3  to  5-lobed,  cordate  at  base,  lobes  deeply  incised ; 
rac.  5  to  8-flowered,  pilous;  cal.  rotate,  sty.   2-cleft;   berries  small,   hispid. — Iii 
swamps,  K  States,  and  Brit.  Am.    Shrub  3  to  4f  high.    Sts.  reddish  from  tho 
numerous  prickles,  which  differ  from  the  spines  only  in  size.     Lvs.  shining  above, 
1£  to  2£'  diam.     Petioles  ciliate,  hispid,  longer  than  tho  Ivs.     Fls.  green.     Fr. 
covered  with  long  prickles,  dark  purple,  disagreeable.     May. — The  older  stems 
are  unarmed  save  with  a  few  spines. 

10  R  hirtellum  MX.     St.  unarmed,  rarely  prickly;   svbaxiLlary  spines  short, 
solitary,  or  nearly  so ;  Ivs.  roundish,  cordate,  3  to  5-lobed,  toothed,  pubescent  be- 
neath;  ped.  short,  l.to  2-tlowered;  cal  tube  smooth,  campanulate,  segm.  twice 


362  ORDER  57.— PASSIFLORACE^B. 

longer  than  the  petals ;  stam.  longer  than  either;  sfcy.  hairy,  2-cleffc ;  fr.  smooth. — 
In  rocky  woods,  N.  H.  and  Mass,  to  Wise.  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  Lvs.  9  to  18" 
diam.,  generally  cleft  half  way  to  the  middle.  Fls.  nodding,  greenish.  Fr.  pur- 
ple. May,  Jn.  (R.  triflorum  Bw.  R.  saxosum  Hook.) 

11  R.  oxycanthoides  L.     St.  clothed  with  bristly  prickles ;  subaxillary  spines  3, 
often  fewer,  united  at  base ;  Ivs.  5-lobed,  roundish,  subcordate,  cut-dentate ;  ped. 
about  2-flmvered,  very  short;  cat.  tubs  cylindric;  sty.  cleft  half  way ;  fr.  smooth. — 
Can.,   in   rocky  woods.     Readily   distinguished  from   No.    10  by  its  numerous 
prickles,  but  some  of  its  forms  aro  nearly  destitute  of  them.     Fr.  bluish  purple. 

12  R.  rotundifolium  MX.    Subaxillary  spines  mostly  solitary,  short ;  Ivs.  round- 
ish, smooth,  3  to  5-lobed.  incisely  crenate-dentate ;  ped.  smooth,  1  to  3-flowered ; 
cal.  cylindrical,  smooth,  segm.  linear,  finally  reflexed;  pet.  spatulate,  unguiculate; 
stam.   and   2-parted   sty.   slender,  much  exserted,  smooth;  berries  smooth. — In 
woods,   N".   H.  to  K   Car.  and  Mo.     Shrub  3   to  4f  high.     Sts.  with  a  whitish 
bark,  the  younger  often  prickly.     (R.  Missouriense  Nutt.)     Lvs.  1  to  2'  diam^ 
mostly  truncate  at  base,  shining  above.     Petioles  ciliate,  1  to  3'  long.     Petals 
yellowish-white.     Fr.  purple,  delicious,  resembling  the  garden  gooseberry.     May. 

13  R.  gracile  MX.     Pubescent;  st.  scarcely  prickly;  subaxillary  spines  1  to  3, 
short,  very  slender ;  Ivs.  roundish,  3-lobed ;  ped.  1  to  2-flowered,  long  and  slen- 
der; cal  tube  much  shorter  than  the  linear,  recurved  segm.;    pet.  very  small ;  fr. 
smooth.     Mts.  of  Tenn.  and  Ala.     Apr. — Probably  another  variety  of  No.  12. 

14  R.  Uva-crispa  L.  ENGLISH,  or  GARDEN  GOOSEBERRY.  St.  prickly; 
Ivs.  roundish,  3  to  5-lobed,  hairy  beneath,  on  short,  hairy  petioles ;  ped.  hairy, 
\-flowered;  cal.  campanulate;  sty. and  ova.  hairy;  fr.  smooth  or  hairy,  globous- — 
Gardens.  Long  cultivated,  until  there  are  several  hundred  varieties,  with  red, 
white,'green,  and  amber  fruit,  often  weighing  an  ounce  or  more  each.  Apr.  \  Eur. 

ORDER  LVI.     TURNERACEJ3. 

Herbs  with  simple,  alternate,  cxstipulate  leaves,  with  the  solitary  Flowers  5-me- 
rous,  the  petals  and  stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  free,  1-eelled, 
with  3  parietal  placentae ;  styles  3,  distinct.  Fruit  a  3-valved  capsule ;  seeds  albumin- 
ous, strophiolate. 

Genera  2,  species  GO,  confined  (with  one  exception)  to  tropica*  America.  Properties,  tonics 
nnd  aromatic. 

TURNERA,  Plum.  (In  memory  of  Wm.  Turner,  M.D.,  author  of 
"A  New  Herball,"  London,  1551.)  Calyx  funnel-form  ;  petals  convo- 
lute in  aestivation,  longer  than  the  imbricated  sepals ;  styles  3 ;  stigmas 
flabellate,  many-cleft ;  capsule  dehiscing  to  the  middle. — Fls.  showy, 
yellow. 

T.  cistoides  L.  Plant  hirsute,  erect ;  fls.  in  the  upper  axils  and  terminal ;  ped. 
bractless,  but  jointed  near  the  middle ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  obtusely  serrate  or  entire, 
subsessile,  obtuse,  the  lower  oblong-oval. — 14  Ga.  from  Savannah,  along  the  rail- 
road, westward  (Feay,  Pond),  and  Fla.  Sts.  12  to  18'  high,  simple  or  branched 
from  the  base.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long.  Fls.  in  a  leafy,  terminal  rac.  Ped.  9"  long. 
Fls.  dimorphous  (some  with  the  stam.  longer,  others  with  the  pistils  longer).  Cor. 
1'  diam.,  deep  yellow.  Caps,  globular,  downy.  Sds.  obovate,  sculptured,  th& 
membranous  caruncle  lateral.  Jn. — Sept. 

ORDER  LYII.     PASSIFLORACE^.     PASSIONWOBTS. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  usually  climbing,  with  alternate  Ivs.  and  foliaceous 
stipules.  Fls.  axillary  or  terminal,  perfect,  often  with  a  3-leaved  involucre.  Sepals 
4  to  5,  united  below  into  a  tube,  the  sides  and  throat  of  which  are  crowned  with 
circles  of  filamentous  processes,  which  appear  to  be  metamorphosed  petals.  Petals 
5,  arising  from  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  outside  the  crown.  Stamens  5,  monodel- 


ORDER  58.—  CUCURBIT  ACE^E.  3^3 

phous,  surrounding  tho  stipe  of  the  ovary.     Ovary  superior,  on  a  long  stipe,  1  -celled; 
styles  3.     Fruit  many-seeded.     (Illust  in  figs.  48,  148,  371,  372.) 

Gener<i  12,  Kpec.itx  2(0,  chiefly  natives  of  tropical  America,  but  cultivated  in  many  other  coun- 
tries as  ornamental  flowers.  The  fruit  of  the  Granadilla  (  Pussiflora  inultiforinis)  is  eaten  in  tho 
W.  Indies,  and  highly  valued  as  a  dessert,  but  the  root  is  poisonous. 

PASSIFLO'RA,  L.  PASSION  FLOWER.  (Lat.  Jlos  passionis  ;  the 
several  parts  of  tho  flower  were  compared  to  the  instruments  of  the 
Saviour's  passion,  viz.,  the  cross,  the  nails,  and  the  crown  of  thorns.) 
Calyx  colored,  deeply  5-parted,  the  throat  with  a  complex,  filamentous 
crown  ;  petals  5  ;  sometimes  0  ;  stamens  5,  connate  with  the  stipe  of 
the  ovary  ;  anthers  large  ;  stigmas  3,  large,  clavate,  capitate  ;  fruit  a 
pulpy  berry.  —  Climbing  herbs  or  shrubs.  Fls.  large,  of  a  singular  and 
wonderful  structure.  (Fig.  372.) 

1  P.  ccerittea  L.  Shrubby;  Ivs.palmatdy  and  deeply  5-parted;  segm.  linear- 
oblong,  entire,  lateral  ones  often  2-lobed;  pet.  glandular,  with  a  3-bracteoIate 
involucre  near  the  flower  ;  bractlets  entire  ;  fil.  of  the  crown  shorter  than  the  cor. 
—  Native  of  Brazil,  where  it  grows  to  the  thickness  of  a  man's  arm  and  to  tho 
height  of  30C  Fls.  large  and  beautiful,  blue  externally,  white  and  purple  within, 
continuing  but  one  day.  Fr.  ovoid,  yellow,  f 

2  P.  incarnata  L.     Lvs.  deeply  Z-lobed,  lobes  oblong,  acute,  serrate,  petioles  tvith 
2  glands  near  the  summit  ;  bractlets  of  the  involucre  3,  obovate-glandular  ;  crown 
triple.  —  Va.  to  Fla.     Sts.  climbing  20  to  30f.     Fls.  large  and  showy.     Petals 
white.     Two  outer  rows  of  filaments,  long,  purple,  with  a  whitish  band,  the  inner 
row  of  short  rays,  flesh-colored.     Berry  pale  yellow,  of  the  size  of  an  apple,  eata- 
ble.    May—  JL 

3  P.  Kltea  L.     Lvs.  glabrous,  cordate,  3-lobed,  obtuse;  petioles  without  glands  ;  ped. 
mostly  in  pairs  ;  pet.  narrower  and  much  longer  than  the  sep.  —  A  slender  climber, 
5  to  lOf  long,  in  woods  and  thickets,  Ohio  and  S.  States.     Lvs.  yellowish  green, 
nearly  as  broad  as  long.     Fls.  small  and  greenish  yellow.     Corona  in  3  rows,  the 
inner  row  a  membranous  disk  with  a  fringed  border.    Fr.  dark  purple.    May  —  JL 

ORDER  LVIII.     CUCURBITACEJi     CUCURBITS. 

Herbs  succulent,  creeping  or  climbing  by  tendrils,  with  alternate  leaves.  Flowers 
monoecious  or  polygamous,  never  blue.  Calyx  5-toothed,  adherent.  Petals  5,  united, 
inserted  on  the  calyx,  the  lobes  alternating.  Stamens  5,  distinct,  generally  coher- 
ing in  3  sets.  Anthers  very  long  and  wavy  or  twisted.  Ovary  inferior,  1-celled, 
with  3  parietal  placenta3  often  filling  the  cells.  Fruit  a  pepo  or  membranous.  Seeds 
flat,  with  no  albumen,  often  ariled.  (Fig.  442.) 

Genera  CO,  species  300,  natives  of  tropical  regions,  only  a  few  being  found  in  the  temperate 

zones  of  Europe  and  America.     A  highly  important  order  of  plants,  affording  some  of  the  most 

delicious  and  nutritive  fruit.    A  bitter  laxative  principle  pervades  the  group,  which  is  so  concen- 

-  t  rated  in  a  few  as  to  render  them  actively  medicinal.    The  officinal  colocynth  is  prepared  from 

the  pulp  of  Cucumb  Colocynthis,  a  powerful  drastic  poison. 

§  Corolla  white,—  G-cleft.    Stigmas  2.    Fruit  echinnte  .......................  ECIIINOCTSTIS.    1 

—  5-petaIlcd.    Pepo  smooth,  many-seeded  ...................  LAGENA  RIA. 

—5-parted.    Berry  smooth,  few-seeded  .....................  BRYONIA. 

—  5-lobcd.    Fruit  prickly,  i-seeded  .........................  Sic  YOS. 

§  Corolla  yellow,-5-lobed.    Berry  small,  smooth,  00  -seeded  ................  MELOTHRIA. 

—  5-lobed.    Pepo  large.    Seeds  thick  at  edge  ...............  CUCCRBITA. 

—  3-cleft.    Pepo  large.—  Seeds  colored,  thick-edged  .........  CITRULLUS. 

—Seeds  white,  acute-edged  ..........  Cucusus. 


1.  ECHINOCYSTIS,  Torr.  &  Gray.  (Gr.  ^tw?,  sea  urchin, 
bladder  ;  alluding  to  the  spiny,  inflated  fruit.)  Flowers  monoecious. 
Sterile  fl.—  Calyx  of  6  filiform-subulate  segments,  shorter  than  the  cor- 
olla ;  petals  6,  united  at  base  into  a  rotate  campanulate  corolla  ;  sta- 


364  Owi  *«.—  CUCURBIT  ACELE. 

mens  3,  diadelphoi:*.  Fertile  fls.  —  Cal.  and  cor.  as  above  ;  abortive 
fil.  3,  distinct,  minute  ;  style  very  short  ;  stigmas  2,  large  ;  fruit  round- 
ish, inflated,  eehinate,  4-seeded.  —  (I)  A  climbing  herb  with  branched 
tendrils. 

E.  lofoata  Torr.  &  Gr.  A  smootbisb,  running  vino  in  rich  river  soils,  Can.  to  Penn. 
and  Mo.  St.  deeply  furrowed,  •with  long,  3-parted  tendrils  placed  nearly  oppo- 
site the  long  petioles.  Lvs.  membranous,  palmately  5-lobed,  cordate  at  base, 
lobes  acuminate,  denticulate.  Fls.  small,  white,  the  barren  ones  very  numerous, 
in  axillary  racemes  often  If  lorg;  fertile  ones  solitary  or  several,  situated  at  the 
base  of  the  raceme.  Fr.  1  to  2'  in  length,  setose-echinate,  at  length  dry  and  mem- 
branous, with  4  large  seeds.  Jl.  —  Sept.  (Sicyos  MX.  Momordica  echinata 
Muhl.) 


2.  LAGENA'RIA,  Ser.     GOURD.     (Gr.  ^dyrjvo^  a  flagon  or  bottle  ; 
from  the  form  of  the  fruit.)     Flowers  8  .    Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothcd  ; 
petals  5,  obovate.      o  Stamens  5,  triadelphous  ;  anthers  very  long,  con- 
torted.     $  Stigmas  3,  thick,  2-lobed,  snbsessilc  ;  pcpo  ligneous,  l-cellcd; 
seeds  ariled,  obccrdatc,  compressed,  margin  tumid.  —  Mostly  climbing 
by  tendrils. 

Ii.  vulgarfs  Ser.  CALABASH.  BOTTLE  GOURD.  Softly  pubescent  ;  st.  climb- 
ing by  branching  tendrils;  Ivs.  roundish  -cord  ate,  abruptly  acuminate,  denticulate, 
with  2  glands  beneath  at  base;  fls.  axillary,  solitary,  pedunculate;  fr.  clavate, 
ventricoas,  at  length  smooth.  —  (J)  Gardens.  The  hard,  woody  rind  of  the  fruit  is 
used  as  ladles,  bottles,  &c.  Fls.  white.  JL,  Aug.  \  Tropical 

3.  3RYCTNIA,  L.     BRYONY.     (Gr.  j3pvG),  to  grow  rapidly.)     Flow- 
ers 8  or  $  $  .     Calyx  5-toothcd,  teeth  short;  corolla  5-cleft  or  parted; 
£  stamens  5,  triadelphous,  with  flexuous  anthers  ;  $  style  trifid  ;  berry 
small,  globular,  few-seeded.  —  Fls.  greenish  white. 

B.  Boykinii  Torr.  &  Gr.  Scabrous  pubescent  ;  Ivs.  deeply  3  to  5-lobed,  cordate, 
denticulate,  acuminate-cuspidate;  fls.  (small)  clustered  in  the  axils,  both  kinds 
together,  on  short  pedicels  ;  berries  oval,  3-seecled.  —  In  wet  grounds,  along  streams, 
Ga.  to  La.  (Hale).  Sts.  10  to  2  Of  long,  climbing  over  bushes  by  simple  or  forked 
tendrils.  Fr.  as  large  as  a  small  plum,  bright  crimson,  changing  to  yellow.  The 
seeds  with  2  lateral  teeth.  Jn.,  Jl. 

4.  SIC'YOS,  L.     SINGLE-SEED  CUCUMBER.     (Gr.  aiKVO^  the  ancient 
name  of  the  cucumber.)  Flowers  8  .    $  Calyx  5-toothcd  ;  corolla  rotate, 
5-petaled  ;  stamens  5,  monad  elphous,  or  at  length  triadelphous,  anthers 
contorted.      ?  Calyx  5-toothed,  campanulatc  ;  petals  5,  united  at  base 
into  a  campanulate  corolla  ;  styles  3,  united  at  base  ;  fruit  ovate,  mem- 
branous, hispid  or  eehinate,  with  one  large,  compressed  seed.  —  (I)  Climb- 
ing herbs,  with  compound  tendrils.     Sterile  and  fertile  fls.  in  the  same 
axils. 

S.  angulatus  L.  St.  branching,  hairy  ;  Ivs.  roundish,  cordate,  with  an  obtuse 
sinus,  5-angled  or  5-lobed,  lobes  acuminate,  denticulate  ;  $  much  smaller  than  $  . 
Can.  and  U.  S.  A  weak  climbing  vine,  with  long,  spiral,  branching  tendrils.  Lvs. 
3  to  4'  broad,  alternate,  on  long  stalks.  Fls.  whitish,  marked  with  green  lines, 
the  barren  in  long  pedunculate  rac.  Fr.  6"  long,  ovate,  spinous,  8  to  10  together 
in  a  crowded  cluster,  each  with  one  large  seed.  Jl.  Sept. 

5.  MELOVTHRIA,  L.     (Gr.  jtwJAov,  a  melon,  Opiov,  a  certain  food.) 
Flowers  $    $    $  or  8  .      Calyx    infundibuliform-campanulate,  limb  in 
5   subulate   segments;  petals    5,   united  into  a  campanulate   corolla. 

$  Stamens  5,  triadelphous.      $  Stigmas  3  ;  fruit  a  berry,  ovoid,  small, 
many-seeded.  —  Tendrils  simple,  filiform. 


ORDER  58.— CUCURBITACE^E.  363 

M.  pendula  L.  Lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  5-lobed  or  angled,  pointed,  slightly  hispid ; 
fls.  axillary,  the  sterile  in  small  racemes,  the  fertile  solitary,  on  long  peduncles. — 
N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  La.  A  delicately  slender  vine,  climbing  over  other  plants. 
Lvs.  small  (1  to  2'  diam.)  Fls.  small,  yellowish.  Sty.  short,  surrounded  by  a 
cup-shaped  disk.  FT.  small,  oval.  Jl. 

6.  CUCUR'BITA,  L.     SQUASH.     (A  Latin  word,  signifying  a  vessel ; 
from  the  form  of  the  fruit.)     Fls.  8  .     Corolla  campanulate ;  petals 
united  and  coherent  with  the  calyx.      £  Calyx  5-toothecl;  stamens  5," 
triadelphous,    anthers    syngcnecious,    straight,    parallel.       ?  Calyx    5- 
toothcd,  upper  part  deciduous  after  flowering  ;  stigmas  3,  thick,  2-lobed ; 
pepo  fleshy  or  ligneous,  3  to  5-celled  ;  seeds  thickened  at  margin,  obo- 
vate,  compressed,  smooth. — Fls.  mostly  yellow. 

1  C.  pepo  L.     PUMPKIN.     Hispid  and  scabrous;  st.  procumbent;  tendrils 
branched ;  Ivs.  (very  large)  cordate,  palmately  5-lobed  or  angled,  denticulate ;  fls. 
axillary,   £  long-pedunculate ;  fr.  very  large,  roundish  or  oblong,  smooth,  furrowed 
and  torulous.— CD  Fields.     Long  cultivated  as  a  useful  kitchen  vegetable  or  for 
cattle.     Fls.  large,  yellow.     Fr.  sometimes  3f  diam.,  yellow  when  mature,  yield- 
ing sugar  abundantly.     Jl.     |  Levant. 

2  C.  Melopepo  L.    FLAT  SQUASH.     Hairy ;  st.  procumbent,  with  branched 
tendrils ;  Ivs.  cordate,  palmately  somewhat  5-lobed,  denticulate ;  fls.  pedunculate ; 
fr.  depressed-orbicular,  the  margin  mostly  torulous  or  tumid,  smooth  or  warty. — 
Gardens.     Cultivated  for  its  fruit,  a  well  known  kitchen  vegetable.     There  are 
many  varieties  in  respect  to  the  fruit.    |  Nativity  ? 

3  C.  verrucosa  L.     WARTED  SQUASH.     CROOK-NECK  SQUASH,  Ac.    Hairy, 
procumbent,  Ivs.  cordate,  palmately  and  deeply  5-lobed,  denticulate,  terminal 
lobe  narrowed  at  base;  fls.  pedunculate,  large;  fr.  roundish  elliptic  or  ckavate, 
often  elongated  and  incurved  at  base. — CD  Mentioned  by  Nuttall  as  long  cultivated 
by  the  Indians  "W.  of  the  Mississippi.     Common  in  our  gardens,  with  numerous 
well  known  varieties  of  the  fruit.     Jl.  J 

7.  CITRUL'LUS,  Neck.     WATERMELON.     (Lat.  citrus,  an  orange.) 
Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  segments  linear-lanceolate ;  petals  5,   united  at 
base  and  adnate  to  the  bottom  of  the  calyx  ;  stamens  5,  triadelphous ; 
style  trifid  ;  stigmas  convex,  reniform-cordate  ;  fruit  subglobous,  fleshy, 
the  succulent  placentae  filling  the  cell ;  seeds  colored,  numerous,  trun- 
cate at  base  and  obtuse  on  the  margin. 

C.  vulgaris  Schrad.  Hirsute ;  st.  prostrate,  slender ;  Ivs.  somewhat  5-lobed, 
the  lobes  obtusely  smuate-pinnatifid,  glaucous  beneath  ;  fls.  solitary,  pedunculate, 
with  a  single  bract ;  fr.  globous  or  oval,  smooth,  stellate-maculate. — Extensively 
cultivated  for  its  well-known  delicious,  cooling  fruit.  Fl.  Jn. — Aug.  Fr.  Aug., 
Sept. — A  variety  is  the  citron,  a  smaller  fruit  with  thicker  and  firmer  rind 
t  India.  Afr. 

8.  CITCUMIS,    L.      CUCUMBER.      (Celtic   cucc,  a   hollow  vessel?) 
Flowers  8  or  £  .     Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  with  subulate  segments  ; . 
corolla  deeply  5-parted.      $  Stamens  5,  triadelphous.      ?  Style  short ; 
stigmas  3,  thick,  2-lobed ;  pepo  fleshy,  indehiscent ;  seeds  ovate,  flat, 
acute,  and  not  margined  at  the  edge. — Creeping  or  climbing  by  ten-: 
drils.     Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  yellow. 

1  C.  sativus  L.      CUCUMBER.     St.  prostrate,  rough;  tendrils  simple;  Ivs. 
subcordate,  broad  as  long,  palmately  5-angled  or  lobed,  lobes  subentire,  acute, 
terminal  one  longest ;  fr.  oblong,  obtusely  prismatic,  prickly,  on  a  short  peduncle. 
— CD  First  brought  to  England  in  1573.     It  is  now  universally  cultivated  for  the 
table,  either  fresh  or  pickled.     Gathered  and  eaten  before  maturity.    Jn. — Sept. 
Many  varieties. 

2  C.  Melo  L.     MUSK  MELON.     St.  prostrate,  rough,  tendrils  simple;  Ivs. 
subcordate,  roundish,  obtuse,  palmately  5-angled,  lobes  rounded,  obtuse,  obscurely 


366  ORDER  60.— CRASSULACE.E. 

denticulate ;  fls.  ?  £  $ ,  the  $  on  short  peduncles  ;  />.  oval  or  subglobous,  smootfi, 
longitudinally  torulous.— (J)  Native  of  Asia,  whence  it  was  first  brought  to  Eng- 
land in  1570.  Generally  cultivated  for  the  juicy,  yellowish,  delicately  flavored 
flesh  of  the  mature  fruit.  Jn.,  Jl.  Varieties  numerous. 

3  C.  Anguria  L.     PRICKLY  CUCUMBER.     St.  prostrate,  slender,  hispid ;  ten- 
drils simple ;  Ivs.  palmately  and  deeply  sinuate-lobed,  cordate  at  base ;  jr.  oval- 
ovoid,  or  subglobous,  echinate. — CD  Cultivated  for  the  green  fruit,  which  is  about 
the  size  of  a  hen's  egg,  and  used  for  pickles.     JL,  Aug.     \  Jamaica. 

4  C.  Colocynthis  L.     COLOCYXTH.     St.  prostrate,  subhispid ;  Ivs.  cordate- 
ovate,  cleft  into  many  obtuse  lobes,  hairy-canescent  beneath ;  tendrils  short ;  fls. 
axillary,  pedunculate  ;    ?  with  a  globous,  hispid  cal.  tube  and  campanulate  limb, 
with  small  petals ;  fr.  globous,  yellow  when  ripe,  about  as  largo  as  an  orange, 
and  intolerably  bitter. — The  extract  is  the  colocynth  of  the  shops,  poisonous,  but 
medicinal,     f  From  Turkey. 

5  C.  anguimis  L.     SERPENT  CUCUMBER.     Sts.  climbing ;  Ivs.  3  to  5-lobed, 
repand-dentate ;  tendrils  forked ;  //•.  very  long,  smooth,  cylindrical,  coiled. — Culti- 
vated for  the  curiosity  of  the  long,  snake-like  fruit,     f  E.  Ind. 

ORDER  LIX.     BEGONIACEJE.     BEGONIADS. 

Herbs  or  succulent  undershrubs  with  an  acrid  juice.  Leaves  alternate,  oblique  at 
the  base,  with  largo,  scarious  stipules.  Floioers  diclinous,  pink-colored,  cymous. 
Calyx  adherent,  colored.  Sepals  of  the  $  2  pairs,  decussating ;  of  the  $  5,  imbri- 
cated, or  8.  Stamens  CO,  distinct  or  coherent  in  a  column.  Anthers  clustered. 
Ovary  inferior,  3-celled,  with  3  large  placentae  meeting  in  the  axis.  Seeds  minute, 
without  albumen.  Fruit  capsular.  (Fig.  270.) 

Genera  4,  Kpecies  160,  mostly  natives  of  the  Indies  and  S.  America — noneN.  American.  They 
are  frequently  cultivated  as  curious  and  ornamental.  Properties  astringent  and  bitter. 

DIPLOCLIN'IUM,  Lindl.  ELEPHANT'S  EARS.  (Gr.  dirrAoo^  double, 
itkivr],  couch  ;  alluding  to  the  double  placentae.)  Fls.  8  . —  $  Sepals 
orbicular,  colored  like  the  petals,  but  larger ;  petals  oblong,  acute ; 
stamens  combined  in  a,  column;  anthers  in  a  globous  head.  ?  Sepals 
3,  lanceolate,  larger  than  the  2  petals  ;  stigma  lobes  distinct,  spiral, 
erect ;  capsule  wings  unequal ;  placenta  double,  or  2  in  each  cell. — 
Evergreen,  succulent  undershrubs. 

D.  Evansiamim  Lindl.  Glabrous ;  st.  branched,  tumid  and  colored  at  the 
joints,  succulent;  Ivs.  large,  slightly  angular,  mucronate-serrate,  cordate-ovate, 
very  unequal  at  base,  petiolate,  with  weak,  scattered  prickles,  and  straight,  red 
veins,  the  under  surface  deeply  reddened ;  fls.  pink-colored  in  all  their  parts, 
except  the  golden  yellow  anthers  and  stigmas;  $  larger  than  the  $,  and  on 
peduncles  twice  as  long.  From  China.  (Begonia  discolor  "Willd.) — Many  other 
species  are  found  in  conservatories — too  many  for  our  limits. 

ORDER  LX.     CRASSULACE^E.     HOUSE-LEEKS. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  succulent.  Lvs.  entire  or  pinnntifid.  Slip.  0. 
Flowers  sessile,  usually  in  cymes  and  perfectly  symmetrical.  Sepals  3  to  20,  more 
or  less  united  at  base,  persistent.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  distinct,  rarely  co- 
hering. Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  alternating  with  them,  or  twice  as 
many.  Ovary  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them.  Fit.  distinct.  Anth. 
2-celled,  bursting  lengthwise.  Fruit,  follicles  as  many  as  the  ovaries,  each  open- 
ing by  the  ventral  suture,  many-seeded.  (Figs.  260,  261.) 

Genera  22,  species  450,  chiefly  natives  of  the  warmer  regions  of  the  plobe,  particularly  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  About  20  a"re  found  in  N.  America.  They  grow  in  the  thinnest  and  driest 
8oii,  on  naked  rocks,  sandy  deserts,  etc.  They  have  no  peculiar  property  except  a  slight  acrid- 
ity. Many  are  highly  ornamental. 


ORDER  60.— CRASSULACE.E.  367 

TW»E  1.    CRABSITLK^:.    Carpels  distinct,  forming  a  circle  of  follicles,  (a) 

a  Flowers  all  4-parted.    Stamens  4 TILL^A.  1 

a  Flowers  all  4-parted.    Stamens  8 BIIYOPIIYLLCM.  2 

a  Flowers  5- parted,  or  4  and  5-parted.    Petals  distinct,  spreading.  SEDUM.  3 

a  Flowers  5-parted.    Petals  united  below,  erect,  contsivent EOIIKVEKIA.       4 

a  Flowers  6  to  20-partcd.    Hypogynous  scales  laciniate SEMPEKVIVCM.  5 

TRIBE  2.    DIAMOKPHEJS.    Carpels  united  into  a  many-celled  capsule,  (b) 

b  Flowers  4-parted.    Stamens  8 DIAMORPIIA.      6 

b  Flowers  5-parted.     Stamens  10 PENTIIOKUM.       7, 

1.  TILL£VA,    MX.      PIGMY-WEED.     (To  Michael  Anyelo    Tilli,    an 
Italian  botanist ;  died  1740.)     Calyx  of  3  or  4  sepals  united  at  base ; 
petals  3  or  4,  equal ;  stamens  3  or  4  ;  capsules  3  or  4,  distinct,  follicu- 
lar,  opening  by  the  inner  surface,  2  or  many-seeded. — GD  Very  minute, 
aquatic  herbs.     Lvs.  opposite. 

T,  simplex  Nutt.  St.  ascending  or  erect,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints ;  Ivs.  con- 
nate at  base,  linear-oblong,  fleshy ;  fls.  axillary,  solitary,  subsessile,  their  parts  in 
4s;  pet.  oval  or  oblong;  carpels  8  to  10-seeded. — Near  East  Rock,  Now  Haven, 
Ct.  (Dr.  Robbin  s),  and  Philadelphia,  on  muddy  banks,  rare.  St.  1  to  3'  high. 
Lvs.  2  to  3"  long.  Fls.  as  large  as  a  pin's  head.  Petals  oval,  flat,  acute,  twice 
as  long  as  the  oval,  minute  calyx,  longer  than  the  stamens  and  fruit,  and  of  a 
greenish  white  color.  Jl.  Sept. 

2.  BRYOPHYL'LUM,  Salisb.    (Gr.  /tyvo),  to  grow,  Qvtyov,  leaf;  i.e., 
germinating  from  a  leaf.)     Calyx  inflated,  4-cleft  scarcely  to  the  middle ; 
corolla  monopetalous,  the  tube  long  and  cylindrical,  4-sided  and  obtuse 
at  base  ;    limb  in  4  triangular,  acute  lobes ;  seeds  many. — An  ever- 
green, fleshy,  suffruticous  plant,  native  of  E.  Indies.     Lvs*  opposite,  un- 
equally pinnate,  part  of  them  sometimes  simple.     Fls.  greenish  purple. 

B.  calyciiium  Salisb.  Not  uncommon  in  house  cultivation,  requiring  but 
little  water,  in  a  well-drained  pot  of  rich  loam.  St.  thick,  green,  about  2f 
high.  Lvs.  3  to  5-foliate,  with  thick,  oval,  crenate  Ifts.  Fls.  in  a  loose,  terminal 
panicle,  pendulous,  remarkable  for  the  large,  inflated  calyx,  and  the  long,  tubular, 
exserted  corollas. — This  plant  is  distinguished  in  vegetable  physiology  (see  §  532), 
producing  buds  and  new  plants  from  the  margin  of  its  leaves. 

3.  SELDOM,  L.     STONE  CROP.     (Lat.  sedei'e,  to  sit ;  the  plants,  grow- 
ing on  bare  rocks,  look  as  if  sitting  there.)     Sepals  4  or  5,  united  at 
base ;  petals  4  or  5,  distinct,  spreading ;  stamens  8  to  10  ;  carpels  4  tp 
5,  distinct,  many-seeded,  with  an  entire  scale  at  the  base  of  each. — 
Mostly  herbaceous.     Inflorescenl^  cymous.     Fls.  mostly  pentamerous. 

§  Flower  of  the  branches  4- in erpus,  centRil  fl.  5-merous Nos.  1,  2 

§  Flowers  all  pentamerous.    Spikes  not  umbellate Nos.  3—5 

1  S.  ternatum  MX.     Lvs.  ternateiy  verticillate,  obovaie,  flat,  smooth,  entire,  tho 
upper  ones  scattered,  sessile,  lanceolate ;  cyme  in  about  3  spikes ;  fls.  secund,  tho 
central  one  with  10  stamens,  the  rest  with  only  8. — If  Damp  woods,  Can.  "West, 
Penn.,  the  Southern   and  Western   States.     Sts.  3  to  8'  long,  branching  and  de- 
cumbent at  base,  assurgent  above.     Cyme  with  the  3  branches  spreading  and  re- 
curved, the  white  fls.  loosely  arrranged  on  their  upper  side.     JL,  Aug.  f 

2  S.  pulchellum  MX.     Sts.  branching  at  base,  ascending;  Ivs.  alternate,  linear, 
obtuse,  sessilo  with  an  auriculate  base ;  spikes  umbellate,  spreading,  finally  erect, 
the  crowded  flowers  unilateral,  octandrous,  the  central  fl.  usually  decandrous. — 
On  rocks  and  mts.,  Va.  to  Ga.  and  Tex.     Sts.  4  to  12'  high,  very  leafy.     Fls. 
closely  sessile,  small ;  petals  rose-color,  acute.     May,  Jn. 

3  S.  telephioides  MX.     Lvs.  Iroadly  lanceolate,    attenuate  at  lose,  subdentate, 
smooth;  cymes  dense,  corymbous;  sta.  10,  the  pet.,  sep.  and  carp,  in  5s. — Found 
on  rocks,  lake  and  river  shores,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  Harper's  Ferry,  Va.,  etc.     St.  a  foot 
high.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  $  as  wide.    Fls.  numerous,  purple,  in  a  terminal,  branch- 
ing cyme.     Jn. — Aug. — Like  the  other  species,  very  tenacious  of  life,  and  will 
grow  when  pressed  and  apparently  dried  in  the  herbarium. 


3(58  ORDER  60. — CRASSULACE^E. 

4  B.  TelSphium   L.     COMMON   ORPINE.     LIVE-FOREYER.     Rt.  tuberous, 
fleshy,  white;  si.  erect,   very  leafy,  Ivs.  Jlattish,  ovate,  obtuse,  serrate,  scattered; 
cyme  corymbous,  leafy. —  If    Cultivated   and   nearly  naturalized.     Sts.  simple, 
round,  smooth,  purplish.     Lvs.  sessile,  fleshy.     Fls.  white  and  purple,  in  dense, 
terminal,  leafy  tufts.     Aug.    f  Eur. 

5  S.  acre  L.    ENGLISH  Moss.   WALL  PEPPER.   Procumbent,  spreading,  branch- 
ing from  the  base ;  Ivs.  very  small,   somewhat  ovate,  fleshy,  crowded,   alternate, 
closely  sessile,  obtuse,  nearly  erect ;  cyme  few-flowered,  triad,  leafy. — In  cultiva- 
tion it  spreads  rapidly  on  walls,  borders  of  flower-beds,  etc.,  densely  covering 
the  surface.    Fls.  yellow.    The  whole  plant  abounds  in  an  acrid,  biting  juice,  f  Eur. 

4.  ECHEVE'RIA,    DC.      (To   JEcheveri,   a  botanical    draughtsman.) 
Sepals  5,  unequal  ;  petals  5,  coherent  below,  erect,  connivent,  carinatc ; 
stam.  10,  shorter  than  the  petals  ;  carpels  5,  tapering  into  a  short,  subu- 
late style,  with  5  short,  obtuse,  hypogynous  scales. — Handsome,  herba- 
ceous or  shrubby,  fleshy  plants,  from  California  and  Mexico.     Fls.  scar- 
let or  yellow. 

E.  grandiflora  Haw.  Glaucous  with  bloom,  erect ;  Ivs.  fleshy,  spatiilate,  or 
obovate,  acute,  narrowed  into  a  thick  petiole  ;  fls.  paniculate,  erect. — Greenhouse. 
St.  about  2f  high.  Lowest  Ivs.  large,  rosulate  ;  cauline  gradually  smaller.  Sep. 
thick.  Cor.  urn-shaped,  orange-purple,  f  Mex. 

5.  SEMPERVrVUM,  L.     HOUSE-LEEK.      (Lat.  semper  vivere,  to  live 
forever  ;  for  their  tenacity  of  life.)     Sepals  6  to  20,  slightly  cohering  at 
base;  petals  as  many  as  sepals,  acuminate;  stamens  twice  as  many  as 
petals ;  hypogynous  scales  lacerated  ;  carpels  as  many  as  the  petals. —  If. 
Herbaceous  plants  or  shrubs,  propagated  by  axillary  offsets.     Lvs.  thick, 
fleshy. 

1  S.  Tectonim  L.     Lvs.  fringed ;  offsets  spreading. — A  well-known  plant 
of  the  gardens,  with  thick,  fleshy,  mucilaginous  Ivs.    It  sends  out  runners  with 
offsets,  rarely  flowering.     It  is  so  succulent  and  hardy  that  it  will  grow  on  dr? 
walls, and  on  the  roofs  of  houses  (tectorum).    It  is  sometimes  placed  in  the  bor- 
ders of  flower  beds. 

2  S.  arboreum.    St.  arborescent,  smooth,  branched ;  Ivs.  cuneiform,  smooth- 
ish,  bordered  with  soft,  spreading  ciliae. — A  curious  and  ornamental  evergreen, 
from  the  Levant.     St.  very  thick  and  fleshy,  branching  into  a  tree-like  form,  8  to 
lOf  high  (1  to  3f  in  pots).    Fls.  yellow,  rarely  appearing. 

6.  DIAMOR'PHA,  Nutt.     (A  Greek  word  signifying  deformed;  al- 
luding to  its  singular  dehiscence.)     Sepals  4,  minute,  coherent  at  base  ; 
pet.  4,  oval,  concave  ;  stamens  8,  with  purple  anthers ;  carpels  4,  united 
below  the  middle,  each  with  a  minute  obcordate,  hypogynous  scale,  and 
dehiscent  by  an   irregular  dorsal  valve  ;  seeds  4  to  8. — A  very  small, 
fleshy,  branching  herb,  with  corymbs  of  white  or  pink-colored  flowers 
and  purplish  herbage. 

D,  pusilla  Nutt. — @  On  rocks  in  dry,  sunny  places,  Ga.  (Stone  Mt.  16m.  E.  of 
Atlanta),  N.  and  S.  Car.  (Shields).  Sts.  ]  to  3'  high,  csespitous,  forming  patches. 
Lvs.  oval,  sessile,  1"  long,  alternate.  Fls.  numerous.  Mar.,  Apr. — A  curious  lit- 
tle plant. 

7.  PENTHOVRUM,    L.     VIRGINIA    STONE-CROP.      (Gr.    ntvre,   five; 
on  account  of  the  5-parted,  angular  capsule.)     Calyx  of  5  sepals  united 
at  base;  petals  5   or  0;  stamens  10;  capsules  of  5   united   carpels, 
5-angled,  5-celled,  5-beaked,  dehiscent  by  an  obliquely  terminal  valve  ; 
seeds  oo,  minute. — H    Erect    (not  succulent)    herbs.     Lvs.    alternate. 
Fls,  yellowish,  cymous. 

P,  sedoides  L.    St.  branched  and  angular  above  j  Ivs.  nearly  sessile,  lanceolate, 


ORDER  61.— SAXIFRAGACE^E.  3gp 

acute  at  each  end,  unequally  serrate;  fls.  in  unilateral  cymous  racemes. — A 
hardy  plant  of  little  beauty,  in  moist  situations,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  10  to  16' 
high,  with  a  few  short  branches.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  \  to  1',  membranous,  smooth, 
sharply  and  unequally  serrate.  Rac.  several,  recurved  at  lirst,  at  length  spread- 
ing, with  the  flowers  arranged  on  their  upper  side,  constituting  a  corymbous, 
scentless,  pale,  yellowish  green  cyme.  Petals  generally  wanting.  Jl. — Sept. 

ORDER  LXI.     SAXIFRAGACE^E.     SAXIFRAGES. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  alternate  or  opposite,  sometimes  stipulate.  Sepals  4  or  5, 
cohering  more  or  less,  and  partly  or  wholly  adherent.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals, 
inserted  between  the  lobes  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  cs  many  as  the  petals  and  al- 
ternate with  them,  or  2  to  10  times  as  many.  Ovary  inferior,  usually  of  2  carpels, 
cohering  at  base,  distinct  and  divergent  above.  Fruit  generally  capsular,  1  to  2- 
celled.  Seeds  small,  many,  albuminous.  (Figs.  270,  298,  310,  393.) 

Genera  42,  species  640,  subdivided  into  four  groups  as  given  below.  They  are  distributed  in 
both  hemispheres  as  follows.  The  Saxifrageaj  belong  to  the  northern  and  alpine.regions.  The 
Escallonieaj  to  the  alpine  regions  of  S.  America.  The  Philadflphem  to  the  north  Temperate 
Zone,  and  the  Cunonieaj  to  the  E.  Indies,  Australia  and  S.  America.  Many  are  cultivated  for 
their  great  beauty.  Their  properties  are  generally  astringent. 

SUBORDERS  AND   GENERA. 

I.  SAXIFRAGES.    Herbs.    Stipules  none  or  adnate.     Petals  imbricate,  rarely  convolute  in 
the  bud.    Calyx  free  or  partly  adherent,  (a) 

a  Petals  wanting.    Ovary  adherent,  1-celled.    Stamens  10 CHRYSOSPLENIUM.  1 

a  Petals  pinnatifld.    Ovary  half  adherent,  1-celled.    Stamens  5  or  10 MITELLA.  2 

a  Petals  entire. — Stamens  10. — Ovary  1-celled,  nearly  free TIARELLA.  3 

— Ovary  2-celled.    Fls.  perfect.    Lvs.  simple..  .SAXIFRAGA.  4 
— Ovary  2-celled.    Fls.  polygamous.    Lvs.  comp...  ASTILBK.  5 

— Stamens   5. — Ovary  2-celled,  adherent.    Seed  rough BOYKINIA.  6 

— Ovary  2-celled,  free.    Seed  wing-margined..  SULLIVANTIA.  1 

— Ovary  1-celled. — Styles  and  carpels  2 HEITCHERA.  8 

— Styles  and  carpels  3. . .  .LEPUKOPETALON.  9 
II.  ESCALLONIES.    Shrubs  with  alternate  Ivs.,  no  stipules  and  a  valvate  corolla  bud.  (b) 

b  Calyx  free  from  the  2-celled  ovary.    Stamens  5.     Capsule  00  -seeded ITEA.  10 

b  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary.   Stam.  5.   Ber.  00 -seeded.  (From  S.  Am.)..EscALLONiA.  11 
III.  IIYDKANtrE  J3.    Shrubs  with  opposite,  simple  leaves  and  no  stipules,  (c) 

C  Corolla  valvate  in  the  bud. — Cymes  radiate.    Shrub  erect HYDRANGEA.  12 

— Cymes  naked.    Shrub  climbing DKCUMARIA.  13 

C  Corolla  convolute  in  the  bud. — Stamens  20  to  40.     Petals  4 PHILADELPHIA.  14 

—Stamens  10.    Petals  5.  (Asiatic) DEPTZIA.  16 

1.  CHRYSOSPLEWUM,  Tourn.      WATER    CARPET.     (Gr.  apwdf, 
gold,  onkrjv,  the  spleen ;  on  account  of  the  medicinal  qualities.)     Calyx 
adnate  to  the  ovary,  4  to  5-lobed,  more  or  less   colored  inside ;  corolla 
0 ;  stamens  8  to  10,  superior,  short ;  styles  2  ;  capsule  obcordate,  com- 
pressed, 1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. — Small  aquatic  herbs. 

C.  Americanum  Schw.  Lvs.  opposite,  roundish,  slightly  crenate,  tapering  to 
the  petiole. — A  small  plant,  in  springs  and  streams,  spreading  upon  the  muddy 
surface.  St.  square,  3  V>  6'  long,  divided  in  a  dichotomous  manner  at  top.  Lvs. 
opposite,  y  in  length,  smooth.  Calyx  4-cleft,  greenish -yellow,  with  purple  lines. 
Corolla  0,  stamens  8,  very  short,  with  orange-colored  anthers,  which  are  the  only 
conspicuous  part  of  the  flower.  The  terminal  flower  is  sometimes  decandrous. 
Apr-.,  May. 

2.  MITEL'L A,  Tourn.    MITRE-WORT.    (A  Lat.  diminutive  from  mitra, 
a  mitre.     Sec  TIARELLA.)      Calyx  5-cleft,  campanulate,  adherent  to  the 
base  of  the  ovary ;  petals  5,  pectinately  pinnatifid,    inserted  on    the 
throat  of  the  calyx;  stamens  5  or  10,  included;  styles  2,  short;  cap- 
sule 2-beaked,  1-celled,  with  two  equal  valves.— 2f  Fls.  small,  in  a  slen- 
der raceme  or  spike. 

24 


370  ORDER  61.— SAXIFRAGACE^E. 

1  M.  diph^lla  L.     Lvs.  cordate,  acute,  sublobate,  serrate-dentate,  radical  ones 
on  long  petioles,  the  cauline  2,  opposite,  subsessile. — Very  common  in  the  woods 
of  N.  Eng.  to  Car.  and  Ky.     St.  a  foot  or  more  high,  bearing  the  pair  of  leaves 
near  the  midst.     Lvs.  1  to  3'  long,  nearly  as  wide,  hairy,  on  the  hispid  petioles 
2  to  6'  long.     Fls.  on  short  pedicels,  arranged  in  a    long,  thin  spike  or  raceme, 
and  most  beautifully  distinguished  by  the  finely  divided  white  petals.     Seeds 
black  and  shining.     May — Jn.     Fig.  298. 

2  M.  nilda   L.     Lvs.  orbicular-reniform,  doubly  crenate,  with    scattered  haira 
above;   scape  filiform,  few-flowered,  naked  or  with  a  single  leaf;  pet.  pinnatifid 
with,  filiform  segments. — A  very  delicate  species,  growing  in  damp,  rich,  shady 
woodlands,   Wayne  Co.,  N.  Y.  to   northern  N.  Eng.     Lvs.  and  sts.  light  green, 
pellucid.     Scape  4  to  6'  high,  terminating  in  a  thin  raceme  of  white  fls.  with 
finely  pinnatifid  petals.     They  are  erect  or  prostrate  and  send  out  creeping  sto- 
lons from  the  base.     Lvs.  f  long  and  of  nearly  the  same  width.     Jn. 

3.  TIAREL'LA,   L.     BISHOP'S   CAP.     (Lat.   tiara,  a  mitre  or  some 
other  head   dress  ;  from   the  resemblance  of  the   capsule.)     Calyx  5- 
parted,  the  lobes  obtuse ;  petals  5,  entire,  the  claws  inserted  on  the 
calyx ;  stamens  10,  exserted,  inserted  into  the  calyx;  styles  2;   cap- 
sule 1 -celled,  2-valved,  one  valve  much  larger. —  if  Fls.  white, 

T.  cordifolia  L.  Lvs.  cordate,  acutely  lobed,  mucronate-dentate,  pilous ;  scape 
racemous  ;  stolons  creeping. — Rocky  woods,  Can.  to  Macon,  Ga.  and  Eufala,  Ala. 
Common  in  N.  Eng.  and  generally  associated  with  Mitella  diphylla,  which  plant, 
in  its  general  aspect,  it  much  resembles.  The  scape  arises  from  a  creeping  root- 
stock  10  to  20'  high,  often  bearing  a  bract.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  *  as  wide,  hairy, 
and  on  hairy  petioles  4  to  6'  long.  Rac.  1  to  2£'  long;  fls.  wholly  white,  with 
minute  bractlcts.  May,  Jn. 

4.  SAXIF'RAGA,  L.     SAXIFRAGE.     (Lat.  saxum,  a  rock,  frangere,  to 
break;  often  growing  in  the  clefts  of  rocks.)     Sepals  5,  more  or  less 
united,  often  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  petals  5,  entire,  inserted 
on  the  tube  of  the  calyx;  stamens  10;   anthers   2-celled,  with  longi- 
tudinal dehiscence ;  capsule  of  2  connate  carpels,  opening  between  the 
2  diverging,  acuminate  beaks  (styles) ;  seeds  oo.—  if 

£  Loaves  opposite  (small)  on  the  prostrate  stem.    Fls.  purplish No.  1 

§  Leaves  alternate  on  the  ascending  stern.     Fls.  yellow  or  white Nos.  2,  3,  4 

§  Leaves  rosulate  at  the  base  of  the  mostly  leafless  scape,  (a) 

a  Calyx  entirely  free  from  the  ovary  (inferior) I Nos.  5,  6,  7 

a  Calyx  adherent  to  the  baso  of  the  ovary  (half  superior) Nos.  8,  9, 10 

1  S.  oppositifolia  L.     Lvs.  opposite,  rather  crowded,  obovate,  carinate,  ciliate, 
obtuse,  punctate,  persistent ;  fls.  solitary ;  cal.  free  from  the  ova. ;  pet.  large,  ob- 
ovate, 5-veined,  longer  than  the  stam. — In  the  same  locality  as  the  next  species. 
Sts.  purplish,  very  branching,  diffuse.      Lvs.  bluish-green,   1  to  2"  long.     Pis. 
light  purple,  large  and  showy.     May,  Jn.  ? 

2  S.  aizoides   L.     Csspitou?,  leafy;  Ivs.  linear-oblong,  more  or  less  ciliate,  thick, 
flat,  mostly  persistent ;  flowering  sts.  annual ;  fls.  paniculate,  sometimes  solitary ; 
sep.  ovate,  slightly  coherent  with  the  ova ;  pet.   oblong,  longer  than  the  sep. ; 
stig.  depressed  ;  caps  rather  thick,  as  long  as  the  styles. — In  the  clefts  of  rocks, 
at  Willoughby  Lake,  Vt.  (500  feet  above  the  water),  N".  to  the  Arc.  Sea.     Bar- 
ren stems  short,  with  densely  crowded  Ivs. ;  flowering  stems  ascending,  2  to  4' 
long,  with  scattered  Ivs.     Lvs.  4  to  G"  long,  about  2"  wide.     Pedicels  bracteate. 
Fls.  yellow,  dotted. 

3  S.   rivularis  L.     St.   weak,  ascending,   3  to  5-flowered;  radical  Ivs.  petiolate, 
reniform,    crenately  lobed,  cauline,  lanceolate,  subentire ;  cal.  lobes  broad-ovate, 
nearly  as  long    as  the  ovate  petals,  but  much  shorter  than  the  short-beaked  cap- 
sule.— White   Mts.  N.  H.  (Oakes),  N.  to  Arc.  Am.     A  very  small  species,  with 
white,  bracteate  fls.     Sts.  about  2'  high,  annual,  with  alternate  Ivs. 

4  S.  tricruspidata  Retz.    St.  thick,  erect;  lower  Ivs.  crowded,  oblong,  ?> -cuspidate ; 
fla.  few,  large,  somewhat  corymbcd ;  sep.  thick,  ovate,  shorter  than  tho  oblong- 


ORDER  61.— SAXIFRAGACE^E.  371 

obovate,  yellow,  dotted  pet. ;  caps,  ovate,  tipped  with  the  diverging  styles. — Lako 
shores,  Can.  and  northward. 

5  S.  leucanthemifolia  MX.     Viscid-pubescent ;  Ivs.  radical,  spatulate,  cut-den' 
tate,  tapering  to  a  petiole;  scape  diffusely  paniculate,  with   capillary  pedicels; 
calyx  free,  reflexed ;  pet.  unequal.— Mts.  of  Car.  and  Ga.     Scapes  1  to  2f  high, 
bearing  numerous  small  fls.     Lvs.  cut  into  several  largo  teeth.     Petals  white  or 
pink,  the  three  larger  spotted  with  yellow.     Jn. — Sept. 

6  S.    erosa   Ph.     Viscid-pubescent;  Jvs.  radical,  thin,  oblong-lanceolate,    acuto, 
with  erase  teeth ;  panicle  oblong,  loose,  with  leafy  bracts  and  divaricate  branches ; 
cal.  free,  with  reflexed,  obtuse  sepals  as  long  as  the  equal,  obtuse  petals. — Mts. 
Penn.  to  Car.     Scape  12  to  18'  high.    Fls.  scattered,  on  slender  pedicels.    Petals 
small,  white,  yellow  at  base.     Jn.,  Jl. 

7  S.   Careyaiia  Gray.     Lvs.  radical,  long-petlokd,   thin,  glabrous,  round-ovate, 
coarsely  crenate-dentate,  base  truncate  or  subcordate;    scape  slender,   diffusely 
cymous-paniculate ;  pedicels  filiform ;  petals  lance-oblong,  sessile,  twice  longer  than 
the  recurved  sepals ;  carpels  distinct,  turgid,  free. — Mts.  N.  Car.,  on  wet,  shady 
rocks.     A  low  herb  with  small,  white  flowers. 

8  S.  aizodn  Jacq.    Lvs.  mostly  radical,  rosulate,  spatulate,  obtuse,  bordered  with  while 
cartilaginous  teeth  and  a  marginal  row  of  impressed  dots ;  fls.  corymbous  panicu- 
late ;  cal.  (and  ped.  glandular  viscid)  tube  hemispherical,  as  long  as  the  5-toothed 
limb;  pet.  obovate;  sty.  divergent,  longer  than  the   calyx. — Southern  shores  of 
Lake  Superior,  to  Nova  Scotia  and  northward,  on  shady,  moist  rocks.     Sts.  5  to 
10'  high.     Fls.  white.     Jl. 

9  S.  Virgin! eiisis  MX.  EARLY  SAXIFRAGE.  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  spatulate-obovate, 
crenately  toothed,  pubescent,  shorter  than  the  broad  petiole ;  scape  nearly  leaf- 
less, paniculately  branched  above;  fls.  many,  cymous ;  cal.  adherent  to  the  baso 
of  the  ovary ;  pet.  white,  oblong,  much  exceeding  the  calyx. — An  early  and  interest- 
ing plant,  on  rocks  and  dry  hills,  Can.  and  U.  S.    Scape  4  to  12'  high,  pubescent, 
annual.     Lvs.  rather  fleshy,  9  to  13"  by  6  to  12".     Fls.  in  rather  dense  clusters, 
white,  or  tinged  with  purple,  in  early  spring.      Fig.  310. 

10  S.  Fennsylvanica  L.     Lvs.  radical,  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  acute,  taper- 
ing at  base,  denticulate;  scape  nearly  leafless;  branches  alternate,  with  closo 
cymes  forming  a  diffuse  panicle,  fls.  pedicellate ;  pet.  greenish,  linear-lanceolate,  but 
little  longer  than  the  cal. — Larger  than  the  foregoing,  common  in  wet  meadow?, 
Me.  to  Ohio.     Lvs.  fleshy,  palo  green,  5   to  8'  by  1   to  2',  on  a  broad  petiole. 
Scape  2  to  3f  high,  gross,  hollow,  hairy  and  viscid,  branched  into  a  large,  oblong 
panicle  of  yellowish  green  fls.  of  no  beauty.     May.  , 

5.  ASTIL/BE,  Don.     (Gr.  a,  privative  arik{37],  brightness  ;  the  leaves 
are  not  shining.)     Polygamous ;  calyx  adherent  to  the  base  of  the 
ovary,  obconic,  with  4  or  5  erect  segments  ;  petals  4  or  5,  spatulate ; 
stamens  8  or  10,  exserted  ;  ovary  2-celled  ;  carpels  of  the  fruit  separat- 
ing and  dehiscing  lengthwise  inside  ;  seeds  1  to  4  in  each  cell,  covered 
with  a  loose,  membranous  testa. —  If  Coarse  and  weed-like  plants.     Lvs. 
compound,  2  or  3-ternate.     Fls.  small,  yellowish-white,  in  spicate  rac. 
forming  a  compound  panicle. 

A.  decandra  Don.  St.  tall,  angular ;  Ifts.  subcordate,  incisely  lobed,  mucronate- 
serrate;  sterile  fls.  mostly  apetalous;  sta.  10. — Mts.  of  S.  W.  Va.,  E.  Tenn,,  F. 
•  Car.  to  Ga.  Abundant  in  its  localities.  St.  4  to  Gf  high,  with  very  large  pani- 
cles. Its  resemblance  to  Spirea  Aruncus  is  very  striking,  but  its  irregularly  cleft 
Ifts.  and  its  twice  larger  (2''  long),  2-carpeled  fr.  are  positive  marks  of  difference. 
Jn. — Aug. 

6.  BOYKIN'IA,  Nutt.      (Dedicated  to  Dr.  Boykin,  of  Georgia,  a 
pioneer  botanist.)     Calyx  turbinate  adherent,  5-clcft ;  petals  5,  decidu- 
ous ;  stamens  5  ;  ovary  2-celled,  2-beaked  ;  capsule  invested  with  the 
permanent,  urceolate  calyx  tube,  dehiscent  between  the  beaks. —  4  Lvs. 
alternate,  petiolatc,  palmate.     Fls.  cymous,  white. 


372  ORDER  61.— SAXIFRAGACE^E. 

B.  aconitifolia  Nutt.  St.  viscid-glandular;  Ivs.  smoothish,  deeply  5  to  7-lobed 
(like  those  of  Aconitum) ;  cyme  fastigiate,  the  fls.  secund. — Mts.  S.  "VY.  Va.  and 
N.  Car.  (Curtis).  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Fls.  small,  numerous.  JL 

7.  SULLIVANTIA,  Torr.  &  Gray.     (To  Wm.  S.  Sullivant,  the  dis- 
tinguished muscologist.)     Calyx  campanulate,  coherent  with   the  base 
of  the  ovary,  segments  ovate,  acute  ;  petals  oval-spatulate,  unguiculate, 
inserted  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx  tube,  and  twice  as  long  as  its  lobes ; 
stamens  5,  inserted  with  the  petals,  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  capsule  2- 
beaked,  2-celled  ;  seeds  GO,  ascending  ;   testa  wing-margined. —  H  Lvs. 
mostly  radical,  palmate-veined.     Fls.  in  a  loose  panicle,  small,  white. 
S.  Ohionis  Torr.  &  Gr.     A   diffuse,  weak-stemmed   plant,    first   discovered  in 

Highland  Co.,  Ohio,  by  him  whose  name  it  bears.  St.  annual,  very  slender,  8  to 
16'  long,  ascending,  glandular.  Radical  Ivs.  roundish,  cordate,  lobed  and  toothed, 
1  to  2'  diam.,  on  long  petioles.  Cauline  leaves  mostly  very  small,  bract-like, 
cuneate  at  base,  3  to  5 -toothed  at  summit.  May,  Jn. 

8.  HEITCHERA,  L.    ALUM   ROOT.      (To   Prof.    Heuchcr,   botanic 
author,  AVittemberg,  Germany.)     Calyx  5-cleft,  coherent  with  the  ovary 
below,  segments  obtuse ;  corolla  of  5  small,  entire  petals,  inserted  with 
the  5  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx ;  capsule  1-celled,  2-beaked, 
dehiscent  between  the  beaks  ;  seeds  many,  with  a  rough,  close  testa. — 
2{  Lvs.  radical,  long-petioled,  petioles  with  adnate  stipules  at  base. 

§  Fls.  small  (1  to  2"  long),  regular ;  stam.  and  sty.  much  exserted Nos.  1—3 

§  Fls.  larger  (3  to  5"  long),  rather  oblique ;  stain,  and  sty.  short Nos.  4,  5 

1  H.  Americana  Willd.     Viscid-pubescent;  Ivs.  roundish,  cordate,  somewhat  7- 
lobed,  lobes  short  and  roundish,  crenate-dentate,  teeth  mucronate ;  panicle  elon- 
gated, loose ;  pedicels  divaricate ;  cal.  obtuse,  short ;  pst.  spatulate,  about  as  long 
as  the  calyx ;  stam.  much  exserted. — A  neat  plant,  rare  in  the  southern  parts  of 
N.  Eng.  and  X.  Y.,  frequent  at  the  W.  and  S.     Lvs.  2  to  3J'  diam.     Scape  2  to 
4f  high,  paniculate,  nearly  £  this  length.     Ped.  2  to  3-flowered.     Cal.  more  showy 
than  the  purplish-white  petals.     May,  Jn. — Root  astringent,  hence  the  common 
name,  Alum  Root. 

2  H.  villosa  MX.     Villous,  with  rusty,  spreading  hairs;  radical  Ivs.  round-cor- 
date, thin,  glabrous  above,  7  to  9-lobed,  lobes  short,  crenate-mucronate,  ciliate; 
panicle  loose,  with  filiform  branches  and  pedicels ;  fls.   very  small ;  pet.  white, 
about  as  long  and  as  narrow  as  the  filaments. — Mts.  Md.  to  N.  Car.  and  Ky.     Scape 
1  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  6'  diam.,  petioles  sometimes  densely  villous. — The  plant 
varies  much  in  size.     Scape  often  with  one  or  more  Ivs.     Jn.,  Jl. 

3  H.  caul£scens  Ph.     Nearly  glabrous ;  Ivs.  acutely  5  to  7-lobed,  cordate,  lobes 
acutely  toothed,  ciliate ;  panicle  loose,  slender ;  petals  white,  linear-spatulate,  2  or 
3  times  longer  than  the  sepals. — High  Mts.  Car.,  Ky.,  Tenn.     Scape  often  bearing 
a  leaf  or  two  below,  and  with  the  petioles  somewhat  hairy  below.     May,  Jn. 

ft.  Quite  glabrous ;  radical  Ivs.  slightly  lobed ;  cauline  2,  collateral ;  branches 
of  the  panicle  racemous,  elongated,  divaricate. — Buncomb  Co.,  N.  Car.  (H. 
Curtisii  Gray.) 

4  H.  p-abescens  Ph.     Scape  naked,  minutely  pubescent  above,  and  with  the 
long  petiole  glabrous  below;  Ivs.  glabrous,  orbicular-cordate,  7    to  9-lobed,  lobes 
rounded,  and  with  rounded,  mucronate,  ciliate  teeth  ;  ped.  cymous,   dichotomous, 
joints  flexuous,  almost  geniculate ;  fls.  large ;  pet.  longer  than  the  included  stam. ; 
sty.  exserted. — Mts.  Penn.,  Md.,  Va.     Scapa  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  3  to  5'  diam., 
the  veins  beneath  with  a  few  scattered  hairs.     Ms.  5  to  6"  long,  purple.     May, 
Jn.     (H.  grandiflora  Raf.) 

5  H.  hispida  Ph.     Hispid  and  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface  and  margin  of  the 
obtusely  5  to  7-lobed  Ivs.,  the  lobes  broadly  mucronate-toothed,  teeth  very  short, 
almost  retuse ;  branches  of  the  panicle  few-flowered ;  pet.  spatulate,  as  long  as 
the  calyx,  shorter  than  the  somewhat  exserted  stamens. — Mts.  of  Va.  and  N". 
Car.,  and  prairies  of  Ind.  to  Mo.     The  petals  purple.     The  prairie  form  is  less 
hairy,  almost  smooth.     (H.  Richardsoni  R.  Br.) 


ORDER  61.—  SAXIFRAGACEJE.  373 


9.  LEPUROPETALON,  Ell.      (Gr.   Mnvpov,    a   scale,    T 

petal.)     Calyx  5-parted,  lobes  obtuse,  tube  turbinatc,  adherent  to  the 

base  of  the  3-carpeled  ovary  ;  petals  5,  minute,  spatulate,  persistent  ; 

stamens  5,  short  ;  capsule  globous,  1-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded.  — 

A  minute,  succulent  herb,  growing  in  tufts.     Lvs.  entire,  dotted.     Fls. 

terminal. 

Ii.  spatulatum  Ell.     (p  Grows  in  hard  soils,  S.  Car.  (Charleston),  Ga.  to  Tex. 

The  plant  is  less  than  l'  high,  branched  from  the  base,  forming  little  convex  tufts. 

Lvg.  spatulate,  veinless.     Fls.  largo  in  proportion,  white.     Mar.,  Apr. 

10.  FTEA,  L.     (Gr.  name  for  the  willow  ;  for  the  resemblance  of 
the  foliage.)     Calyx  small,  with  5  subulate  segments  ;  petals  5,  lance- 
linear,  inflexed  at  the  apex,  inserted  on  the  calyx  ;  stamens  5,  inserted 
into  the   calyx;  styles  united;  capsule   2-celled,  2-furrowed,  8  to  12- 
seeded.  —  A  shrub  with  alternate,  simple  Ivs.,  and  a  simple,  spicate,  ter- 
minal raceme  of  white  fls. 

I.  Virginica  L.  Margins  of  swamps  and  sluggish  streams,  N.  J.,  Penn.  to  Fla. 
Shrub  about  6f  high.  Lvs.  1^  to  3'  long,  oval-acuminate,  serrulate,  on  short 
petioles.  Rac.  oblong-cylindric,  2  to  3'  long.  Caps,  oblong,  acuminate  with  tho 
style,  its  2  carpels  separating  in  maturity.  May,  Jn. 

11.  ESCALLO'NIA  rubra  and  E.glandulosa  are  handsome  shrubs, 
with  evergreen  leaves  and  scarlet  flowers,  prized  in  greenhouse  cultiva- 
tion. 

12.  HYDRAN'GEA,  L.     HYDRANGEA.     (Gr.  vdup,  water,  ayyeZov,  a 
vessel  ;  requiring  an  abundance  of  water.)     Marginal    flowers,   com- 
monly sterile,  with  a  broad,  rotate,  4  to  5-cleft,  colored  calyx,  and  with 
neither  petals,  stamens,  nor  styles.    Fertile  fls.    Calyx  tube  hemispheri- 
cal, adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  4  to  o-toothed,  persistent  ;  petals  ovate, 
sessile  ;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  ;  capsule  2-beaked,  open- 
ing by  a  foramen  between  the  beaks  ;  seeds  numerous.  —  Shrubs  with 
opposite  Ivs.     Fls.  cymous,  generally  radiant. 

1  H.  arborescena  L.     Lvs.  ovate,  obtuse,  or  cordate  at  base,  acuminate,  serrate- 
dentate,  paler  beneath,  nearly  smooth  ;  fls.  in  fastigiate  cymes.  —  An  elegant  shrub, 
native  in  the  Mid.  and  "West.  States,  cultivated  in  the  Northern,  attaining  the 
height  of  5  or  6f  on  its  native,  shady  banks.     Fertile  fls.,  small,  white,  becoming 
roseate,  very  numerous.     The  sterile  fls.  are  often  reduced  or  wanting.     The  cul- 
tivated varieties  have  either  the  marginal  flowers  radiate,  or  all  sterile  and  radi- 
ate.    (H.  vulgaris  MX.) 

2  H.  quercifolia  Bartram.     Lvs.  deeply  sinuate-lobed,   dentate,  tomentoua  be- 
neath, and  on  the  petioles  and  veins  above  ;  cymes  paniculate,  radiant,  the  ster- 
ile fls.  very  large  and  numerous.  —  A  superb  species,  native  of  Fla.  and  S.  Ga.,  in 
wet,  springy  places,  also  often  cultivated.     Shrub  4  to  8f  high.     Lvs.  nearly  all 
as  broad  as  long  (5  to  10'),  green  above,  hoary  beneath  ;  panicles  dense,  thyrsoid, 
large,  pyramidal,  the  sterile  fls.  18"  broad,  with  orbicular,  white  or  roseate  sepals. 
Often  cultivated.     May,  Jn.     (H.  vulgaris  MX.)     (Fig.  271.) 

3  H.  radiata  "Walt.     Lvs.  ovate,  abrupt  or  cordate  at  base,  acuminate,  serrate, 
silvery'tomentous  beneath  ;   cymes  fastigiate,  radiate.  —  Upper  country  of  Ga.,  Car. 
and  Tenn.  Shrubs  6  to  8f  high.     Sterile  fls.,  white,  smaller  than  in  No.  2,  often  re- 
duced to  3,  2  or  1  sepal.     The  silver  white  of  the  under  leaf-surface  is  a  striking 
character,  f   May,  Jn. 

4  H.  hortensis  L.  CHANGEABLE  HYDRANGEA.  Lvs.  elliptical,  narrowed  at 
each  end,  dentate-serrate,  strongly  veined,  smooth  ;  cymes  radiant  ;  fls.  mostly  ster- 
ile. —  Probably  native  of  China,  where  it  has  long  been  cultivated.  Sts.  1  to  3f 
high.  Lvs.  large.  Barren  fls.,  very  numerous  and  showy,  at  first  green,  passing 
successively  through  straw-color,  sulphur  yellow,  white,  purple,  and  pink.  The 


374  ORDER  62.— IIAMAMELACEJS. 

perfect  fls.  aro  central  and  much  smaller.     It  thrives  in  largo  pots  of  peat  mixed 
with  loam,  abundantly  watered.     The  flowers  endure  several  months,  f 

13.  DECUMA'RIA,  L.     (Lat.  dccem,  ten  ;  from  the  10-parted  flowers.) 
Fls.  all  fertile  ;  calyx  7  to  10-toothed,  tube  adherent  to  the  5  to  10- 
celled  ovary  ;  petals  as  many  as  calyx  teeth,  oblong-spatulate,  valvatc  in 
the  bud  ;  stamens  3  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  in  one  row,  epigynous ; 
stigma  as  many  as  petals,  radiate,  capsule  urn-shaped,  many-ribbed, 
crowned  with  the  style,  oo -seeded. — A  shrub  creeping  or  climbing  by 
rootlets,  with  opposite  Ivs.  and  cymes  of  white,  fragrant  fls. 

D.  barbara  L.  A  beautiful  climber,  in  damp  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  as- 
cending trees  15  to  30f.  Lvs.  ovate  or  oval,  entire  or  obscurely  serrate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  very  smooth, — those  of  the  young  creepers  elliptical,  irregularly 
toothed.  Cymes  terminal  on  the  divergent  branches,  with  numerous  fls.  Caps, 
persistent,  exhibiting  in  winter  their  curious  structure.  May,  Jn. 

14.  PHILADEL'PHUS,  L.     FALSE  SYKINGA.     (To  Philadelphia,  king 
of  Egypt.)     Calyx  4  to  5-parted,  half  superior,  persistent ;  corolla  4  to 
5-petaled ;  style  4-cleft ;  stamens   20   to   40,  shorter  than  the  petals ; 
capsule   4-celled,   4-valved,  with  loculicidal   dehiscence;    seeds  many, 
arilled. — Handsome  flowering  shrubs.     Lvs.  opposite,  exstipulatc. 

1  P.  iiicdorus  L.     Glabrous;  Ivs.  ovate,  acute  or  somewhat  acuminate,  triple- 
veined,  entire,  or  with  few  obscure  teeth;  sep.  acute,  scarcely  longer  than  the  tube; 
sty.  united. — Ya.  to  Ala.  in  the  upper  country  (Buckley).     Fls.  small,  several  at 
the  end  of  each  branchlet,  inodorous.     May,  Jn. 

2  P.  grandiflorus  "Willd.     Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  sharply  denticulate,  3- veined, 
axils  of  the  veins  hairy;  sep.  acuminate,  much  longer  than  the  tube;  stig.  4,  linear; 
sty.  united. — A  very  showy  shrub,  Gf  high,  native  at  the  South,  cultivated  in 
shrubberies.     Branches  smooth,  long  and  slender.     Fls.  large,  in  a  terminal  um- 
bel of  2  or  3,  white,  nearly  inodorous.     Jn. — The  upper  Ivs.  are  often  entire  and 
quite  narrow,  f 

3  P.  coronarius  L.  MOCK  ORANGE.  Lvs.  ovate,  subdentate,  smooth ;  sty. 
distinct. — Native  of  S.  Europe.  A  handsome  shrub,  often  cultivated  in  our  shrub- 
beries. The  fls.  aro  numerous,  cream-colored,  showy,  resembling  those  of  tho 
orange  both  in  form  and  fragrance,  but  are  more  powerful  in  the  latter  respect. 
It  grows  5  to  8f  high,  with  opposite,  smooth,  ovate,  stalked  Ivs.  and  opposite,  red- 
dish twigs  bearing  leafy  clusters  of  flowers,  f 

15.  DEUT'ZIA  gracilis  and  D.  scabra,  are  two  handsome  shrubs 
occasionally  cultivated  in  parks.     The  genus  is  readily  recognized  by 
the  filaments,  which  arc  3-cuspidate  at  the  top,  bearing  the  anther  on 
the  middle  cusp. 

D.  scabra  Thunberg,  has  ovate,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  pilous  leaves,  with 
terminal,  downy  racemes  of  handsome,  bell-shaped,  white  flowers,  each  usually 
with  3  pistils,  f  Eastern  Asia. 

ORDER  LXII.     IIAMAMELACE^E.     WITCHHAZELWORTS. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  alternate,  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  stipules.  Flowers  in 
heads  or  spikes,  often  polygamous  or  monoecious.  Calyx  adherent.  Petals  linear, 
valvate  or  convolute  in  bud  or  wanting.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  petals  (the  op- 
posite sterile  and  scale-like)  or  oo.  Ovary  of  2 -carpels,  2-celled  and  2-styled,  ovules 
1  or  CO  in  each  cell  Fruit  a  woody  capsule,  2-beaked,  2-celled  and  2-seeded. 

Genera  14,  specie*  20,  widely  diffused.  Various  species  of  Liquidatnbar  yield  the  pungent  re- 
sin called  storax.  Otherwise  tho  products  of  this  order  aro  unimportant. 

TRIBES   AND    GENERA. 
7.  HAMAMI:I,F.^:.     Flowers  dichlamydeons.    Ovule  solitary  in  each  cell.   Calyx 

4-paited  ;  petals  ligulate,  long.     Shrub HAMAMELIS 


ORDER  63.— UMBELLIFEILE.  375 

8.  FoTiiERCui.LEJ5.    IHowers  monochlamydeons.    Ovary  solitary  in  each  cell. 

Cal.  5  to  7-parted  ;  petals  0  ;  stamens  OO .     Shrub FOTUERGILLA.       2 

3.  BALSAMIFLU.E.    Flowers  mostly  achhimydeous.     Ovules  several  in  each 

cell.    Calyx  none ;  fls.  monoecious,  iu  globous  aments LIQUIDAVBAK.     8 

1*  HAMAMEVLIS,  L.  WITCH  HAZEL.  (Gr.  a/za,  with,  p/Aov,  fruit; 
i.  e.,  flowers  and  fruit  together  on  the  tree.)  Calyx  4-1  caved  or  cleft, 
with  an  involucel  of  2  to  3  bracts  at  base ;  petals  4,  very  long,  linear ; 
sterile  stamens  scale-like,  opposite  the  petals,  alternating  with  the  4  fer- 
tile ones ;  capsule  nut-like,  2-celled,  2-beaked. — Shrubs  or  small  trees. 
Petals  yellow. 

H.  Virginiana  L.  Lvs.  oval  or  obovate,  acuminate,  crenate -dentate,  obliquely 
cordate  at  base,  on  short  petioles ;  fls.  sessile,  3  to  4  together  iu  an  involucrate,  ax- 
illary, subsessile  glomerule. — U.  S.  and  Can.  A  large  shrub,  consisting  of  several 
crooked,  branching  trunks  from  the  same  root,  as  largo  as  tiie  arm,  and  10  to  12f 
high.  Lvs.  nearly  smooth,  3  to  5'  long,  §  as  wide.  Petioles  £'  long.  Cal.  do\vny. 
Pet.  curled  or  twisted,  9"  long.  Cap.  woody,  containing  2  nuts.  This  curious 
shrub  is  not  unfrcquent  in  our  forests,  and  amidst  the  reigning  desolations  of  win- 
ter puts  forth  its  yellow  blossoms.  The  small  branches  have  been  superstitiously 
used  for  "divining  rods,"  to  indicate  tho  presence  of  the  precious  metals  and  of 
deep  springs  of  water. 

2.  FOTHERGIL'LA,  L.  filius.     (Dedicated  by  the  younger  Linnaeus 
to  Dr.  Father yilll)     Calyx  campanulate,  truncate  and  obscurely  5  to  7- 
toothcd  at  the  margin,  bearing  the  20  to  28  clavate  filaments  in  a  mar- 
ginal row ;  petals  none ;  styles  2,  distinct ;  capsule  adherent  at  base,  2- 
lobed,  2-celled,  cells  2-valved,  1-sceded. — A  shrub  resembling  an  alder 
in  its  leaves  and  a  witch-hazel  in  its  fruit.     Fls.  white,  appearing  before 
the  leaves,  in  a  terminal  dense  spiko  or  ament. 

F.  alnifolia  L.  /.  Shady  margins  of  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.  Shrub  2  to  4f  high, 
with  virgate  blossoms  and  stolons.  Lvs.  oval  or  obovate,  somewhat  crenate,  pu- 
bescent beneath.  Cal.  white,  fringed  with  tho  long  white  or  pink  stamens.  Sty. 
long,  filiform,  recurved.  Mar.,  Apr. 

3.  LIQUIDAM'BAR,  L.     SWEET  GUM  TREE.     (Lat.  liquidam,  fluid, 
ambar,  from  its  ambar-colored  gum.)     Involucre  4-parted,  deciduous ; 

$  ament  conical;  flowers  naked,  poly  and  rous ;  ?  aments  globous ; 
calyx  a  scale  if  any  ;  styles  2,  elongated  ;  fruit  aggregate  (sorosis  §  581), 
globular,  consisting  of  the  hardened  scales  and  woody,  2-celled  capsules 
which  open  between  the  beaks  ;  ovules  many,  but  only  1  or  2  maturing 
into  a  seed. — Trees  with  fragrant  Ivs.  and  exuding  a  balsamic  resin. 

L.  styracifhia  L.  Lvs.  palmate,  with  acuminate,  serrate  lobes;  veins  villous  at 
their  bases. — A  large  and  handsome  tree,  abundant  in  the  swamps  and  higher 
grounds  of  the  South,  extending  K  to  Conn,  and  111.  With  a  diameter  of  5f  it 
arises  to  the  height  of  60.  Trunk  covered  with  a  deeply  farrowed  bark.  Young 
twigs  yellowish,  putting  forth  leaves  of  a  rich  green,  which  are  deeply  divided 
into  5  lobes  more  star-like  than  those  of  the  Rock  Maple.  Fruit  a  globular,  com- 
pact  ball,  suspended  by  a  slender  pedicel,  consisting  of  numerous  capsules,  each 
containing  1  or  2  seeds.  May. 

ORDER  LXIIL     UMBELLIFERJE.     UMBELWORTS. 

Herbs  with  hollow,  striate    stems,   sheathing    petioles   and  flowers  in  umbels. 
Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  limb  entire  or  5-toothed.     Petals  5,  usually  infiected 
at  the  point,  imbricate  in  estivation.    Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals,  and  ii 
serted  with  them  on  the  disk.       Ovaries  2-carpelid,  surmounted  by  the  fleshy 
disk  which  bears  the  petals  and  stamens.     Styles  2,  distinct  or  united  at  their 


376  OBDER  63.— UMBEL-LIFERS. 

thickened  bases.     Stigmas  simple.     Fruit  a  cremocarp  (§  55 7),  consisting  of  2  co- 
herent achenia  called  mericarps  which  separate  along  the  middle  space,  which  is 
called  the  commissure. 
Carpophore,  the   slender,   simple  or  forked  axis  attached  to  and   supporting  the 

mericarps  at  top,  inclosed  between  them  at  the  commissure. 
Ribs — 5  ridges  traversing  each  mericarp  lengthwise,  and  often  4  intermediate  or 

secondary  ones,  some,  all,  or  none  of  them  winged. 
Vittce. — little  tubular  receptacles  of  colored  volatile  oil  imbedded  in  the  substance 

of  the  pericarp,  just  beneath  the  intervals  of  the  ribs,  and  also  sometimes  in  the 

iace  of  the  commissure. 
Embryo  in  the  base  of  abundant,  horny  albumen.     (Illust.  in  figs.  25,  27,  102,  134, 

135,  163,  207,  297,  433.) 

Genera  270,  species  1500  or  more.  A  largo  and  well  defined  natural  order,  native  of  damp 
places,  waysides,  groves,  &c.,  in  the  cool  parts  of  the  world.  Very  few  are  found  in  tropical 
countries,  except  upon  the  mountains. 

Properties,  aromatic,  stimulant  and  carminative,  depending  upon  a  volatile  oil  residing  in  tho 
vittre  of  the  fruit,  in  the  roots,  &c.  The  herbage  is  frequently  pervaded  by  an  acrid,  narcotic 

Srinciple,  rendering  it  very  poisonous.  Of  this  nature  is  the  Conium  maculatum  (Hemlock), 
icuta  virosa,  Jithusa  Cynapiurn  (Fool's  Parsley),  besides  many  others  which  have  at  least  a 
suspicious  character.  But  the  fruit  is  never  poisonous,  and  is  usually  stimulant  and  aromatic, 
as  Caraway,  Anise,  Dill,  Coriander,  &c.  Even  the  roots  and  herbage  of  other  species  arc  whole- 
some and  nutritive,  as  the  Carrot,  Parsnip,  Sweet  Cicely,  Celery,  and  Archangelica.  The  gum 
resin  afwafmtida  exudes  from  incisions  on  the  Ferula  of  Persia.  The  Gum  Galbanum  is  tho 
product  of  Galbunum  officinale,  an  Indian  species.  The  genera  of  the  Umbellifera?  are  often  best 
denned  by  characters  founded  upon  the  number  and  development  of  the  ribs,  the  presence  or 
absence  of  the  vittae,  and  the  form  of  the  albumen,  particularly  at  the  commissure.  Theso 
parts,  therefore,  minute  as  they  are,  will  require  the  especial  attention  of  the  student. 

De  Candolle  subdivided  the  Umbel  worts  into  sections,  depending  upon  the  form  of  the  albu- 
men and  seed,  whether  (1.)  flat  on  the  inner  face,  or  (2.)  convolute  at  the  sides,  or  (3.)  involute 
at  the  ends.  This  arrangement  is  often  impracticable  as  a  step  in  the 

ANALYSIS  OP  TUB   GENERA. 

§  Flowers  in  simple  umbels,  sometimes  spicate.  Leaves  simple,  (a) 
§  Flowers  in  capitate  umbels,  i.  e.,  sessile,  forming  dense  heads,  (b) 
§  Flowers  in  regularly  compound  umbels,  not  sessile  in  heads.  (1) 

1  Fruit  flattened  on  the-  back,  the  margins  only  singly  winged,  (c) 
.1  Fruit  flattened  on  the  back,  the  margin  only  doubly  winged,  (d) 
1  Fruit  terete  or  flattened  on  the-  sides. — Ribs  bristly  cchinate.  (e) 

—Ribs  smooth.    Flowers  xanthic.  (f) 
— Ribs  smooth.    Flowers  cyanic.  (2) 
2  Plants  exotic,  growing  in  gardens,  &c.  (1) 
2  Plants  native  or  naturalized,  growing  wild.  (3) 
3  Fruit  slender,  thrice  longer  than  wide,  often  boaked.  (g) 
3  Fruit  short,  once  to  twice  as  long  as  wide.— Ribs  (6  to  10)-winged.  (h 

— Eibs  not  winged.  (4) 

4  Seed  furrowed  or  excavated  on  the  inner  face,  (i) 
4  Seed  flat  on  the  inner  face.— Involucre  none  or  almost  none,  (j) 
— Involucre  of  2  to  8  bracts,  (k) 

a  Fruit  flat,  orbicular.    Leaves  round  or  roundish HYDROCOTYLE.  1 

a  Fruit  globular.     Leaves  linear,  fleshy  phyllodia CUANTZIA.  2 

b  Flowers  partly  sterile.    Fruit  densely  muricate,  few SANICULA.  3 

b  Flowers  all  fertile.    Fruit  scaly,  many  in  the  head ERYNGIUM.  4 

C  Flowers  yellow.     Fruit  with  a  thick,  corky  margin POLYT^NIA.  5 

C  Flowers  yellow.    Fruit  with  a  thin  margin PASTINACA.  6 

C  Flowers  white, — of  two  sorts, — the  marginal  radiant HEIIACLEUM.  7 

— all  alike. — Lfts.  3  to  9,  mostly  entire ARCHEMORA.  8 

— Lfts.  0,  phyllodia  linear TIEDEMANNIA.  9 

d.  Seed  adherent  to  the  pericarp,  with  6  to  8  vittse ANGELICA.  10 

d.  Seed  not  adherent,  &c.,  all  covered  with  vittaa AIICHANGELICA.  11 

e  Involucre  of  several  pinnatifid  bracts DAUCUS.  12 

f  Involucels  of  ovate,  entire  bracts.     Leaves  simple BITPLUKUM.  13 

f  Involucels  none.    Carpels  with  5  obtuse  ribs ANETIITTM.  14 

f  Involucels  subulate. — Ribs  sharp  or  winged.    Leaflets  toothed TIIASPHTM.  15 

— Ribs  not  at  all  winged.     Leaflets  entire ZIZIA.  10 


ORDER  63.—  UMBELLIFER.E.  377 

g  Beak  slender,  longer  than  the  fruit.    Tittae  none  ............................  SCANDIX.  17 

g  Beak  short  or  none.  —  Fruit  upwardly  hispid  .............................  OSMORHIZA.  IS 

—Fruit  glabrous.—  Carpels  5-ribbed  ..............  CILEROPIIYLLUM.  19 

—Carpels  9-ribbed  ................  TREPOCARPUS.  83 

h.  Marginal  wings  twice  longer  than  the  dorsal  ......................  COXIOSELINUJI.  20 

k  Marginal  and  dorsal  wings  alike.    Leaflets  large  .....................  LIGUSTICUM.  21 

i  Fruit  a  double  globe.    Plant  low,  early  flowering  ................  EUIGENIA.  22 

i  Fruit  ovate,—  with  obscure,  straight  ribs.    Tall  ..................  EULOPIIUB.  £3 

—with  distinct,  crinckled  ribs.    Largo  .................  COXIUM.  24 

j  Fruit  roundish-oblate  (broader  than  long).    "With  involuccls  ..............  CICUTA.  25 

j  Fruit  roundish-oblong.     Involucels  none  or  almost  none  ...........  HELOSCIADI  UM.  20 

j  Fruit  elliptic-oblong.    Leaves  large,  3-foliate,  serrate  ..............  CRVPTOT^NIA.  2T 

j  Fruit  ovate,  —  smooth,  strong-ribbed.     Involucels  drooping  ...............  JErnusA.  23 

—  clothed  with  scales.     Involucels  spreading  ............  LEPTOCAULIS.  29 

k  Calyx  teeth  obsolete.     Leaves  pinnate,  with  serrate  Ifts  ...............  SIUM.  82 

k  Calyx  teeth  persistent.  —  Leaflets  capillaceous.    Tittaa  4  .......  DISCOPLEURA.  CO 

—Leaflets  linear,  entire.—  Vittae  IG^NEUROPHYLLUM.  Gl 
—  Vittae  G  ----  CYNOSCIADICM.  39 

1  Flowers  of  2  sorts,  the  outer  radiant.    Fruit  globous  ................  CORIANDRUM.  S3 

I  Flowers  all  alike.  —  Fruit  terete  (not  compressed),  ovate  ..............  PIMPINELLA.  34 

—  Fruit  compressed  laterally.  —  Vittae  none  ..........  jEGOPODiuM.  35 

—  Vittae  8  to  12  ............  j  APIUM.  86 

{  CARUM.  ST 


T.  HYDROCOT'YLE,  L.  PENNY-WORT.  (Gr.  vdwp,  water,  KorvA?/,  a 
Vessel  ;  the  concave  leaf  often  holds  water.)  Calyx  obsolete  ;  petals 
equal,  ovate,  spreading,  entire,  the  point  not  inflected  ;  style  shorter 
than  stamens  ;  fruit  laterally  flattened,  the  commissure  narrow  ;  car- 
pels 5-ribbed,  without  vittte.  —  Herbaceous,  creeping,  usually  aquatic 
plants.  Umbels  simple.  Invol.  few-leaved. 

*  Leaves  reniform  or  cordate,  the  base  lobes  not  united  ..........................  Nos.  1  —  3 

*  Leaves  peltate,  orbicular,  the  base  lobes  united  .................................  Nos.  4,  5 

1  H.  Americana  L.    Smooth  and  shining;  st.  filiform,  procumbent;  Ivs.  reniform- 
orbicular,  slightly  lobed,  crenate  ;  umbels  sessile,  3  to  5-flowered  ;  fr.  orbicular.  — 
14  A  small,  delicate  plant,  growing  close  to  the  moist  earth  beneath  the  shade 
of  other  vegetables,  Can.  to  S.  Car.     Sts.  branching,  2  to  G'  long.     Lvs.  thin,  1 
to  2'  diam.,  on  petioles  2  to  3'  long.     Ms.  greenish  white,  small,  nearly  sessile, 
in  simple,  capitate,  sessile,  axillary  umbels.     Jn.  —  Aug. 

2  H.  rantmculoides  L.  /.     Lvs.  reniform-orbicular,  deeply  3-lobed,  middle  lobes 
smallest,  all  crenate  ;  ped.  much  shorter  than  the  petioles,  branched  ;  umbel  5  to 
9-flowered,  capitate.  —  14  Waters,  Va.  to  Ga.  and  La.  (Hale).     Sts.  rooting  at  tho 
joints,  or  floating.     Petioles  thick,  4  to  8'  long,  ped.  1  to  2'.    Lvs.  veiny.     Sty. 
spreading  and  incurved.     JI,  Aug. 

3  H.  repanda  Pers.      Lvs.  broad-ovate,  cordate,  very  obtuse,  margin  repand- 
dentate  ;  ped.  simple,  much  shorter  than  the  petioles,  umbels  capitate,  3  or  4- 
flowered.  —  14  Muddy  shores,  S.  Car.  to  Ma.  and  La.  (Hale).     St.  creeping.  Ped. 
radical,  slender,  2  to  3'  high,  the  petioles  3  to  8'.     Fr.  large,  broader  than  long. 
Involucre  2  ovate  bracts.     Jn.  —  Aug. 

4  H.  interrupta  Muhl.     Lvs.  peltate,  orbicular,  crenate:  umbels  capitate,  proli- 
ferous, about  5-flowered]  fr.  acute  at  base.  —  14  In  wet  places,  New  Bedford,  Mass. 
to  Ga.  (Mettauer,  Feay).     Rt.  and  stem  creeping.     Lvs.  almost  centrally  peltate, 
thin,  8  to  13"  diam.     Petioles  2  to  6'  long.     Ped.  longer  than  the  petioles.     Fls. 
subsessile,  in  close  umbels  which  become  whorls  in  interrupted  spikes  by  other 
umbels  being  successively  produced  on  tho  extending  peduncle.     Jn. 

5  H.  Timbellata  L.    Lvs.  peltate,  orbicular,  crenate,  emarginate  at  base,  on  long 
petioles;  scapes  about  as  long  as  the  petioles;  umbels  simple  (rarely  proliferous) 
fis.  20  to  30,  pedicellate.  —  If  In  ponds  and  bogs,  Mass,  to  La.,  rare.     Sts.  creep- 
ing, often  submersed,  several  inches  long.     Lvs.  8  to  12"  diam.,  notched  at  base 
so  as  to  appear  reniform.     Petioles  a  little  eccentric,  and  with  the  scapes,  slender, 
floating  or  erect,  and  4  to  6'  long.    May  —  Jl. 


378  ORDER  63.— UMBELLIFERJE. 

2.  CRANT'ZIA,  Nutt.    (To  Prof.  Crantz,  author  of  a  monograph  of 
the  Umbelliferae.)     Calyx  tube  subglobous,  margin  obsolete  ;  petals  ob- 
tuse ;  fruit  subglobous,  the  commissure  excavated,  with  2  vittae  ;  car- 
pels unequal,  5-ribbed,  with  a  vitta  in  each  interval.— Small,  creeping 
herbs,  with  linear  or  filiform,  entire  Ivs.     Umbels  simple,  involucrate. 
C.  liiieata  Nutt.     Lvs.  cuneate-linear,  sessile,  obtuse  at  apex,  and  with  trans- 
verse veins,  shorter  than  the  peduncles. — 1\.  Muddy  banks  of  rivers,  Mass,  to  La. 
Sts.  several  inches  long,  creeping  and  rooting  in  the  mud.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  1  to 
2",  often  linear  and  appearing  like  petioles  without  laminas.    Umbels  4  to  8-flow- 
ered.     Fed.  £  longer  than  the  leaves.     Involucre  4  to  G-leaved.    Fr.  with  red 
vittse.     May — Jl.  (Hydrocotyle  MX.) 

3.  SANIC'ULA,  Tourn.     SANICLE.     (Lat.  sanarc,  to  cure;   for   its 
reputed  virtues  as  a  vulnerary.)     Flowers  ?  £  $ ;  calyx  tube  echinate, 
segments   acute,   leafy ;    petals  obovate,   erect,  with  a  long,   inflected 
point ;  fruit  subglobous,  armed  with  hooked  prickles  ;  carpels  without 
ribs;    vittse    numerous. —  If.    Umbel   nearly  simple.     Rays    few,  with 
many-flowered,  capitate  ninbellets.     Involucre  of  few,  often  cleft  leaf- 
lets, involucel  of  several  entire. 

1  S.  Marilandica  L.    Lvs.  5  to  7-parted,  digitate,  mostly  radical ;  Ifts.  or  seg- 
ments oblong,  incisely  serrate  ;  sterile  fls.  many,  pedicellate,  fertile  ones  sessile ; 
cal.  segm.  entire ;  sty.  slender,  conspicuous,  recurved. — Thickets,  U.  S.  and  Can., 
common.     St.    1  to  2f  high,   dichotomously  branched  above,   smooth,   furrowed. 
Radical  Ivs.  on  petioles  G  to  12'  long,  3-parted  to  the  base,  with  the  lateral  segm. 
deeply  2-parted  ;  segm.  2  to  4'  long.    Cauline  Ivs.  few,  nearly  sessile.    Involucres 
G-leaved,  serrate.     Umbels  often  proliferous. 

2  S.  Canadensis  L.    Lower  Ivs.  5-parted,  upper  3-parted,   segm.  ovate,  mucro- 
nate-serrate ;  sterile  fls.  few,  much  shorter  than  the  fertile ;  sty.  shorter  than  the 
prickles. — "Woods,  thickets,  N.  States  to  0.  and  Can.,  common.     About  the  size 
of  the  preceding,  or  taller.     Umbels  more  numerous  and  smaller.     Lfts.  thin,  1 
to  3'  long.     Jn. — Aug. 

4.  ERYN'GIUM,  Tourn.     (Gr.  egvyeiv,  to  belch  ;  a  supposed  remedy 
for  flatulence.)     Fls.  sessile,  collected  in  dense  heads ;  cal.  lobes  some- 
what leafy ;  petals  connivent,  oblong,  emarginate  with  a  long,  inflexed 
point;  styles  filiform  ;  fruit  scaly  or  tuberculate,  obovate,  terete,  without 
vittss  or  ribs.  —  Herbaceous  or  suffruticous.    Fls.  blue  or  white,  bracte- 
ate ;  lower  bracts  involucrate,  the  others  smaller  and  paleaceous. 

§  Scales  or  chaff  of  the  heads  entire Nos.  1—3 

§  Scales  or  chatf  of  the  heads  tricuspidntc is'os.  4 — 7 

1  E.  yuccaefolium  MX.    Erect;  Ivs.  broadly  linear,  parallel-veined,   ciliate  with 
remote  soft  spines ;  bracts  tipped  with  spines,  those  of  the  involucels  entire,  shorter 
than  the  ovate-globous  heads. —  2+  Prairies  and  Pine  barrens,  W.  and  S.     A  re- 
markable plant  appearing  like  one  of  the  Endogena3.    Very  glaucous.    St.  simple. 
1  to  5f  high.     Lvs.  often  1  to  2f  long,  %  to  !£'  wide.     Heads  pedunculate,  |  to 
1'  diam.    Fls.  white,  inconspicuous.     JL,  Aug.     (This  name,  if  allowable  as  Dr. 
Gray  suggests,  is  more  appropriate  than  E.  aquaticum  L.  in  part.) 

2  E.  prostratum  Baldw?    Sts.  filiform,  prostrate,   rooting  at  the  joints;  Ivs. 
(small)  of  two  forms  in  the  same   cluster,  some  ovate,  dentate,  petiolate,  others 
Z-deft  with  lanceolate  segments,  middle  segm.  largest ;  heads  on  slender  peduncles, 
axillary,  small,  ovate;  involucre  bracts  4  to  6,  linear,  rather  longer  than  the  head; 
scales  entire,   shorter  than  the  fls. —  U  In  wet  places,  Ga.  and  Fla.  (Mettauer). 
St.  G  to  12'  long,  many  from  one  root.    Lvs.  4  to  7"  long.     Hds.  3"  long,  white, 
the  fls.  blue.     Jn.— Oct.  (E.  gracile  Ell.) 

p.  FOLiosrnr.  Lvs.  larger,  all  3-cleft,  irregularly  toothed ;  bracts  of  the  invol. 
leafy,  twice  longer  than  the  oblong  heads. — La.  (Hale).  (E.  prostratum 
Nutt.) 

3  E.  Baldwfnii  Spreng.    Sts.  filiform,  prostrate,  clustered ;  lowest  Ivs.  oblong, 


ORDER  63.— UMBELLIFEILE.  379 

cuneate,  petiolate,  angular-toothed,  lower  stem  Ivs.  3 -cleft,  with  lance-linear,  cut- 
toothed  segm.,  upper  all  linear  or  filiform,  clustered,  obtuse,  entire ;  ped.  longer 
than  the  Ivs. ;  hds.  very  small,  globular;  invol.  not  distinguishable  from  the  entire 
scales.— Ij.  Tallahassee  (Mettauer)  to  Apalachicola  (Chapman).  St.  10  to  20' 
long.  Hds.  2"  diam.  (E.  gracile  Baldw.) 

4  E.  aromaticum  Baldw.    Lvs.  pinnate  segm.  cuspidate,  entire,  cartilaginous  along 
the  margin,  the  3  upper  more  distant  and  conspicuous;  Ifts.  of  the  invol.  about 
5,  3-cleft;  hds.    globous,    long-pedunculate;  scales  tricuspidate. —  H   In  dry  pine 
barrens,  Fla.     Sts.  9  to  18'  long,  assurgent,  beset  with  the  short  (!')  bristly,  pin- 
nate Ivs.    Hds.  many,  6  to  8"  diam.    Aug. — Nov. 

5  E.  virgattini  Lam.    Lvs.  oval  or  oblong,  thin,  abruptly  petiolate,  dentate-serrate, 
the  upper  cauline,    subsessile ;  invol.  of  6  to  8  linear  Ivs.,  longer  than  the  de- 
pressed, globeus  hds. ;  scales  tricuspidate. — %  Wet  pine  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla. 
and  La.     St.  2  to  4f  high,   simple  or  cymously  branched  with  slender,  virgato 
branches.    Hds.  5''  diam.    Fls.  pale  blue  or  white.    Jl. — Sept.    (E.  ovalifolium  MX.) 

6  E.  Virgin! anum  Lam.    Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  uncinately  serrate,  tapering  to 
both  ends ;  invol.  of  7  to  8  linear  Ifts.,  longer  than  the  hds.,  3-eleft  or  spinous-den- 
tate ;  scales  tricuspidate. — ^  Marshes,  N.  J.  (Rev.  J.  Holton)  to  Ohio  and  La. 
St.  hollow,  3  to  4f  high,  branched  above.     Lvs.  6  to  10'  by  5  to  10",  upper  ones 
much  smaller.     Hds.  numerous,  less  than  1'  in  length.     Fls.  pale  blue,  or  nearly 
white.    Jl.,  Aug.  (E.  aquaticum  MX.) 

7  E.  Mettaiieri.    Tall,  simple,  erect ;  Ivs.  linear,  few,  distinctly  dent-serrate,  con- 
sisting chiefly  of  the  fistular,  inflated,  membranous  midvein,  jointed  by  transverse 
partitions  within  and  narrowly  winged  by  the  lamina ;  bracts  of  the  invol.  8  to 
10,  silvery  above,  longer  than  the  head,  with  long,  cuspidate  teeth ;  scales  tri- 
cuspidate.— r4-  In  wet  places,  Newport,  Fla.  (Mettauer.)     The  tallest  of  our  spe- 
cies, often  6f  high.     Its  characteristic,  hollo w-jointed  Ivs.  are  12  to  20'  long. — 
Allied  to  E.  Yirginianum  Lam. 

5.  POLYTAE'NIA,  DC.     (Gr.  rrokvg,  many,  ratvta,  vittse.)     Calyx 
limb  5-toothed  ;  petals  with  a  long  infiexed  point ;  fruit  oval,  glabrous, 
lenticularly  compressed  on  the  back,  with  a  thickened,  corky  margin ; 
ribs  obscure  or  obsolete ;  commissure  with  4  to  G  vittss ;  seeds  plano- 
convex.— A  smooth  herb,  with  bipinnately  divided  Ivs.     Invol.  0.     In- 
vol ucel  of  setaceous  bracts. 

P.  Nuttallii  DC.  Prairies  and  barrens,  "W.  States,  etc.  St.  furrowed,  scabrous  or 
nearly  smooth.  Lower  Ivs.  on  long  petioles,  segm.  incisely  toothed,  upper  ones 
3-cleft,  lobes  entire  or  with  lateral  teeth.  Umbels  terminal  and  opposite  the  Ivs., 
about  2'  broad.  Fruit  large  (3"  long)  tumid  and  smooth,  with  a  thick,  corky 
pericarp,  and  the  flavor  of  turpentine.  May. 

6.  PASTINA'CA,  Tourn.     PARSNIP.     (Lat.  pastus,  food  or  repast; 
from  tho    nutritive  properties  of  the  root.)     Calyx   limb   5-toothed ; 
petals  broad-lanceolate,  with   a  long  inflexed  point ;  fruit  much  com- 
pressed,  oval,   with   a  broad  margin ;  carpels  with  5  nearly  obsolete 
ribs  ;  intervals  with  single  vittse ;  carpophore  2-parted ;  seeds  flat. — • 
©  Kt.  fusiform.    Invol.  mostly  0;  involucels  0  or  few-leaved.    Fls.  yel- 
low.  (Includes  our  genera  8,  9,  and  31,  according  to  Benth.  &Hook.) 
P.  eativa  L.    Lvs.  pinnate,  downy  beneath,  Ifts.  oblong,  incisely  toothed,  the  upper 

one  3-lobed.— Grows  wild  abundantly  in  fields,  by  fences,  etc.  The  root  is  fusi- 
form, large,  sweet  flavored,  esculent,  as  every  one  knows,  in  its  cultivated  state, 
but  in  its  wild  state  becomes  hard,  acrid  and  poisonous,  and  much  dwindled  ia 
size.  St.  3f  high,  erect,  furrowed,  smooth,  branching.  Umbels  large,  terminal. 
Fls.  yellow,  small.  Fr.  large,  flat.  JL  §  \ 

1,  HERAC'LEUM,  L.  Cow  PARSNIP.  (Named  after  the  hero  Her- 
cules ;  it  being  a  rank,  robust  plant.)  Calyx  limb  of  5  small,  ^  acute 
teeth ;  petals  obcordate,  with  the  point  inflexed,  often  radiant  in  tho 


380  ORDER  63.— UMBELUFERJE. 

exterior  flowers,  and  apparently  deeply  2-cleft ;  fruit  compressed,  flat, 
with  a  broad,  flat  margin,  and  3  obtuse,  dorsal  ribs  to  each  carpel ;  in- 
tervals with  single  vittse  ;  seeds  flat. — Stout  herbs  with  large  umbels, 
Invol.  deciduous.  Involucels  many-leaved. 

H.  lanatum  L.  Lvs.  ternate,  petiolate,  tomentous  beneath,  Ifts.  petioled,  round- 
cordate,  lobed ;  fr.  orbicular. — Penn.  to  Lab.,  W.  to  Oregon.  A  large,  coarse- 
looking  plant,  in  moist  cultivated  grounds.  Sts.  about  4f  high,  thick,  furrowed, 
branching,  with  spreading  hairs.  Lvs.  very  large,  on  channeled  stalks.  Lfts. 
irregularly  cut-lobed  and  serrated.  Its  huge  umbels  are  often  a  foot  broad.  In- 
volucre of  lanceolate,  deciduous  leaflets.  Petals  deeply  heart-shaped,  white,  those 
of  the  outer  fls.  unequally  enlarged  (radiate).  Jn. 

8.  ARCHEMO'RA,  DC.     (A  fanciful  name  from  Archemorus,  who, 
according  to  mythology,   died   from  swallowing  a  bee.)     Calyx  limb 
o-toothed  ;  petals  obcordate  with  an  inflexed  point ;  fruit  oval,  lenticu- 
lar, compressed  on  the  back  ;  carpels  with  5  ribs,  marginal  ones  broadly 
winged ;  intervals  with   single  large    vittse,  commissure  with  4  or  G  ; 
seeds  flat. — 11   Invol.  0  or  few-leaved.     Involucels  many-leaved. 

1  A.  rigida  DC.    WATER  DROPWORT.    COWBANE.    St.  rigid,  striate,  smooth ;  Ivs. 
pinnately  divided,  smooth,  Ifts.  3  to  11,  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate,  entire  or  re- 
motely toothed,  sessile ;  umbels  spreading,  smooth. — Swamps,  Mich,  to  Fla.  and 
La.    St.  2  to  4f  high,  slender,  terete.     Lfts.  2  to  4'  by  3  to  9",  varying  in  outline 
in  the  same  plant.    Umbels   2  to  3,  of  many  slender  rays.    Petals  white.    Fr, 
with  subequal,  greenish  ribs,  and  large  purple  vittas  filling  the  intervals.     Com- 
missure white.     Sept. — Said  to  be  poisonous.     (CEnanthe  Nutt.) 

/?.  AJIBIGUA.    Lfts.  long-linear,  mostly  entire.     (CEnanthe  ambigua  Nutt.) 

2  A.  ternata  Nutt.     Lvs.  ternately  divided,  with  very  long  petioles ;    segm. 
linear. — Margins  of  swamps  in  the  pine  forests,  N.  to  S.  Car.    Near  Newborn 
(Nuttall).    St.  2  to  3f  high,  slender.     Lvs.  and  petioles  2f  long ;  segm.  3"  wide; 
Fruit  as  large  as  that  of  the  parsnip. 

9.  TIEDEMAN'NIA,  DC.     (To  Prof.    Tiedemann,  of  Hiedelburg.) 
Calyx  limb  5-toothcd ;  petals  roundish  ovate  ;  fruit  flattened  dorsal ly, 
obovate ;  carpels  with  5  equal,  filiform  ribs,  the  lateral  coalescing  with 
the  broad,  marginal  wings  ;  intervals  with  single  large  vittaB,  commis- 
sure with  2  ;  seed  flat. —  i£  Smooth,  tall,  slender.     Lvs.  reduced  to  fis- 
tular-jointed  phyllodia.     Involucra  subulate,  5  to  6-lvd.     Fls.  white. 

T.  teretifolia  DC.— Ya.  to  La.  andFla.  St.  3  to  6f  high,  hollow,  round,  striato. 
Phyllodia  6  to  1G'  long,  tapering,  the  joints  1'  apart.  Fr.  as  large  as  in  parsnip, 
disk  dark  brown,  not  wider  than  the  yellowish  wings.  Aug.,  Sept. 

10.  ANGEL'ICA,  L.     (Named  for  its  excellencies.)     Calyx  teeth  ob- 
solete ;  petals  lanceolate,  acuminate ;    fruit  dorsally  compressed  ;  car- 
pels 5-ribbed,  the  3  dorsal  ribs  filiform,  the  2  marginal  winged,  inter- 
vals with  single  vittac ;  carpophore  2-parted  ;  seed  semiterete. — Lvs.  bi. 
or  triternate,  sessile,  umbels  terminal.     Invol.  0  or  few -leaved.     Involu- 
cels many-leaved. 

A.  Curtisii  Buckley.  Lvs.  biternato  or  with  3  quinate  divisions ;  Ifts.  thin,  ovate 
or  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  sharply  and  incisely  toothed ;  bracts  of  the  involucel 
small,  subulate;  wings  of  the  fruit  broad. —  If  Mts.  of  Ashe  Co.,  N.  Car.  (Cur- 
tis.) Cheat  Mt,  Va.  (Buckley.)  Aug. 

11.  ARCHANGEL'ICA,    Hoffm.      ANGELICA.      (Named  for  its  pre- 
eminence in  size  and  virtues.)     Calyx  teeth  short;  petals  elliptical,  en- 
tire, lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  the  point  inflexed  ;  fruit  dorsally  com- 
pressed, with  3  carinate,  thick  ribs  upon  each   carpel,  and  2  marginal 
ones  dilated  into  membranous  wings ;  seed  loose  in  the  ripe  carpel, 


ORDER  63.—UMBELLIFEILE.  381 

covered  with  vittae. —  2H  Petioles  usually  large,  inflated   and   3-parted. 
Umbels  perfect.     Involucels  many-leaved. 

*  Involucels  less  than  half  the  length  of  the  pedicels  ;vo  -j 

*  Involucels  about  as  long  as  pedicels.— Fruit  broadly  winged'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.  '.'.'.'..'.'.'.'.'.Nos  2-^-4 

—Fruit  scarcely  winged. Ko.  5 

1  A.  atropurpftrea  Hoffm.     St.  dark  purple,  furrowed;  petioles   3-parted,  the 
divisions  quinate,  Ills,  mcisely  toothed,  odd  leaflet  of  the  terminal  divisions  rhom- 
boidal,  sessile,  the  others  decurrent ;  involucels  of  short,  setaceous  bracts.— Among 
the  largest  of  the  Umbelliferae,  well  known  for  its  aromatic  properties,  common  in 
fields  and  meadows,  N.  and  W.  States.     St.  4  to  6f  high,  1  to  2V  in   thickness, 
smooth,  hollow,  glaucous.     Petioles  large,  inflated,  channeled  on  the  upper  sido, 
with  inflated  sheaths  at  base.     Terminal  1ft.  sometimes  3-lobed.     Umbels  spheri- 
cal, 6  to  8'  diam.,  mostly  puberulent.     Fr.  3''  long,  winged.     Jn.     Fls.  greenish 
white.    (Angelica  triquinata  MX.) 

2  A.  hirsftta  Torn  &  Gr.  _   St.  striate,  the  summit  with  the  umbels  tomentous-hir- 
sute  ;  Ivs.  bipinnately  divided,  the  divisions  quinate,    segm.  oblong,  acutish,  the 
tipper  pair  connate,  but  not  decurrent  at  base. — Dry  woods,  N.  York  to  Car/  St. 
simple,  erect,  straight,  3  to  5f  high.     Lvs.  on  petioles  from  6  to  10'  long;  Ifts.  1 
to  2  J'  long,  \  as  wide,  mostly  ovate-oblong,  often  tapering  at  base.     Umbels  3  or 
4,  on  long,  velvety  peduncles,  2  to  4'  broad ;  rays  unequal,    spreading,  densely 
tomentous.     Invol.  0.     Involucels  of  4  to  6  bracts,  about  as  long  as  the  rays. 
Jl.,  Aug.     (Angelica  MX.) 

3  A.  officinalis  Hoffm.  GARDEN  ANGELICA.  St.  smooth,  round,  striate; 
Ivs.  pinnately  divided  into  lobate,  subcordate,  acutely  serrate  segments,  the  ter- 
minal one  3-lobed;  sheaths  largo  and  saccate. — Said  to  be  native  in  Labrador. 
Cultivated  in  gardens  occasionally  for  the  sake  of  the  stalks,  which  are  to  be 
blanched  and  eaten  as  celery.  |  (Angelica  Linn.) 

4  A.  dentata  Chapman.     Very  slender,  finely  striate,  with  sknder  petioles ;  lower 
Ivs.  first  ternate,  then  ternate  or  quinate,  with  lance-ovate,  coarsely  and  remotely 
toothed,  veiny  segm.,  more  or  less  confluent;   umbels  few-rayed,  with  scarcely 
any  involucre ;  involucel  4  to  6-leaved,  about  equaling  the  pedicels ;  fr.  broad- 
oval,  broadly  winged. — Bainbridge,  Ga.  (Misses  Keen),  Quincy,  Fla.  (Chapman.) 
Plant  2  to  3f  high.     Fr.  \\"  long.     JL,  Aug. 

5  A.  peregrina  Nutt.     St.  striate,  pubescent  at  summit ;  Ivs.  ternately  divided, 
the  divisions  quinate,  segm.  incisely  serrate:   umbel  with  many  slender  rays;  in- 
vol.  0  ;  involucels  of  many  Ifts.,  as  long  as  the  umbellets ;  fr.  with  obtuse,  subequal, 
scarcely  winged  ribs. — Sea  coast,  Ale.  and  Mass.     (Pickering.) 

12.  DAITCUS,  Tourn.  CARROT.  (Aavicog,  the  ancient  Greek  name 
of  the  carrot.)  Calyx  limb  5-toothed ;  petals  emarginate,  with  an  in- 
flected point,  the  2  outer  often  largest  and  deeply  2-cleft ;  fruit  oblong ; 
carpels  with  5  primary,  bristly  ribs,  and  4  secondary,  the  latter  more 
prominent,  winged,  and  divided  each  into  a  single  row  of  prickles,  and 
having  single  vitta3  beneath ;  carpophore  entire,  free. — @  Invol.  pin- 
natifid.  Involucels  of  entire  or  3-cleft  bracts.  Central  fl.  abortive. 

1  D.  Carota  L.     St.  hispid ;  petioles  veined  beneath ;  Ivs.  tripinnate  or  tripin- 
natifid,   the  segm.  linear,  cuspidate-pointed;  umbels  dense,  concave. — The  word 
kar  in  Celtic  signifies  red,  hence  carrot.     Naturalized  in  fields  and  by  roadsides, 
abundant  in  the  Mid.  States.     Rt.  fusiform.     St.  2  to  3f  high,  branching.     Lvs. 
numerous,  divided  in  a  thrice  pinnatifid  manner,  pale  green.     Umbels  large  and 
very  compact,  with  white  fls.  blooming  all  the  summer.     Cultivation  has  pro- 
duced several  varieties.     Jl. — Sept.  §  | 

2  D.  pusillus  MX.     St.  slender,  retrorsely  scabrous-hispid ;  Ifts.  pubescent,  bipin- 
natifid,  divisions  deeply  lobed  with  linear-oblong,  merely  acute  segm. ;  invol.  bipin- 
natijid;  fr.  muricate  with  barbed  prickles.— Dry  soils,  Savannah  (Pond)  to  S.  Car. 
and  La.     Sts.  6  to  18'  high.     Umbels  small,  an  inch  or  two  broad,  enveloped  in 
the  many-cleft  involucre.     Sds.  smaller  than  in  the  Carrot. 


382  ORDER  63.— UMBELLIFEILE. 

13.  BUPLEITRUM,  Tourn.    MODESTY.    THOROUGH-WAX.     (Gr. 

an  ox,  Trkevpbv,  a  rib  ;  from  the  veined  leaves  of  some  of  the  species.) 
Calyx  margin  obsolete ;  petals  somewhat  orbicular,  entire,  with  a 
broad,  closely  inflexed  point ;  fruit  laterally  compressed ;  carpels  5- 
ribbed,  lateral  ones  marginal;  seed  teretely  convex;  flattish  on  the 
face. — Herbaceous  or  shrubby.  Lvs.  mostly  reduced  to  entire  phyllo- 
dia.  Invol.  various.  Fls.  yellow. 

B.  rotundifolium  L.  Lvs.  (phyllodia)  roundish-ovate,  entire,  perfoliato ;  iavol. 
0 ;  involucels  of  5,  ovate,  mucronate  bracts ;  fr.  with  very  slender  ribs,  intervals 
smooth,  mostly  without  vittae. — (pin  cultivated  grounds  and  fields,  N.  Y.,  Penn.,' 
and  Ind.,  rare.  St.  If  or  more  high,  branching.  Lvs.  1  to  3'  long ;  f  as  wide, 
rounded  at  base,  acute  at  apex,  very  smooth.  Umbels  5  to  9-rayed.  Involucels 
longer  than  the  umbellets.  Fr.  crowned  with  tho  wax-like,  shining  base  of  the 
styles  (stylopodium.)  Jl.,  Aug. 

14.  ANEVTHUM,  Tourn.     DILL.     FENNEL.     (Gr.  aWu,  to  burn  ;  the 
plant  (its  seeds)  is  very  stimulating.)     Calyx  margin   obsolete  ;  petals 
involute,  with  a  broad,  retuse  apex  ;  fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  laterally  sub- 
compressed  ;  carpels  with  5  obtuse  ribs,  the  lateral  ones  marginal ;  in- 
tervals with  single  vitta3,  commissure  with  2. — Umbels  perfect,  with  no 
invol.  or  involucels.     Fls.  yellow. 

1  A.  gravSolens  L.     DILL.     Fr.  elliptical,  compressed,  surrounded  ly  aflat, 
dilated  margin ;  Ivs.  tripinnate,  segm,  capillary;  umbels  on  long  stalks. — Native 
of  S.  Europe.     Tho  oval,  flat,  brown  seeds  are  aromatic,  pungent,  and  medici- 
nal. \ 

2  A.  Fcenicuhim  L.     FENNEL.    Lvs.  biternately  dissected,  segm.  linear-subu- 
late, elongated ;  rays  of  tho  umbel  numerous,  unequal,  spreading ;  carp,  turgid, 
ovate-oblong.-*-NativQ  of  England,  &c.     Cultivated  in  gardens.     St.  3  to  5f  high, 
terete,  branched.     Lvs.  large  and  smooth,  finely  cleft  into  numerous,  very  nar- 
row segments.     JL — The  seeds  are  warmly  aromatic.     \  (Fceniculum  vulgaro 
Gastt.) 

15.  THAS'PIUM,  Nutt.     GOLDEN  ALEXANDERS.     (From  the  Isle  of 
Thaspia,  which  gave  name  to  the  ancient  allied  genus  Thapsia.)     Calyx 
margin  5-toothed  ;  petals  elliptic,  with  an  inflexed  point ;  fruit  ellip- 
tical, compressed  laterally  and  didymous ;  carpels  convex,  with  5  pro- 
minent or  winged   ribs,  the  lateral  margined;    intervals  with  single 
vittae. — 11  Umbels  without  an  invol.     Involucels  3-lcaved,  lateral.    Fls. 
yellow  or  dark  purple. 

§  Leaves  1  or  2-ternate,  the  radical  often  simple Nos.  1,  3 

§  Leaves  thrice  teruate;  stem  often  pubescent  at  the  nodes Nos.  8,  4 

1  T.  aureum  Nutt.    Lvs.  mostly  biternate,  l/ts.  thin,  oval-lanceolate ;  sharply  serrate ; 
umbellets  with  short  rays ;  fr.  oblong-oval,  10- winged. — Hills  and  meadows,  U. 
S.  and  Can.     Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  branching  above,  rather  slender,  erect,  hollow, 
angular-furrowed,  smooth.     Lower  Ivs.  on  long  petioles,  the  Ifts.  with  coarse  ser- 
ratures,  and  sometimes  quinate,  the  very  lowest  one  sometimes  simple.     Umbels 
about  2'  broad,  of  10  to  15  rays,  the  umbellets  dense.     Fls.  numerous,  orange- 
yellow.     Fr.  oval,  brown.     Kt.  black,  tufted.     Jn. 

ft.  APTERUM  Gray.     Fr.  with  sharp  and  prominent  ribs,  not  winged.     (Smyr- 
nium  aureum  L.     Zizia  aureum  Koch.) 

2  T.  cordatum  Nutt.     Radical  Ivs.  simple,  cordate,  crenate,  cauline  ones  ternate, 
stalked,  segm.  acute,  serrate ;  umbels  terminal ;  fr.  roundish  oval,  6- winged. — 
Shady  hills  and  barrens,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  rare  in  N.  Eng.     St.  erect,  slightly 
branched,  smooth,  2  to  3f  high.     Rt.  Ivs.  on  long  stalks,  roundish,  heart-shaped, 
the  rest  teraate,  becoming  only  3-parted  above,  all  light  green.     Umbels  dense, 
with  yellow  fls.     Fr.  black,  oval,  with  3  prominent,  paler,  winged  ridges  on  each 
side.     May,  Jn.     (Smyrnium  cordatum  MX.     Zizia  cordatum  DC.) 


ORDER  63.— UMBELLIFEILE.  383 

/?.  ATROPURPUREUM.      Fls.  dark  purple. — N.  T.  to  Tenn.  (Thapsia  trifoliata  L.) 
y.  APTERUM  Gray.      Fr.  with  prominent  sharp  ribs,  scarcely  winged  (ZizAa 
cordata  Koch). 

3  T.  barbinode  Nutt.  St.  pubescent  at  the  nodes;  lower  Ivs.  triternate,  upper 
biternate,  segm.  cuueate-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  unequally  and  incisely  ser- 
rate, entire  towards  the  base ;  umbels  terminal  and  opposite  the  leaves ;  fr.  ellip- 
tical, large  (3"  long),  6-winged.— River  banks,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  2  to  3f  high, 
angular  and  grooved,  branching  above.     Lvs.  smooth,  upper  ones  sub-opposite; 
segm.  1  to  2'  by  %  to  1^'.     Kays  about  2'  long,  each  about  20  flowered.     Petals 
deep  yellow.     Jn. 

4  T.  pinnatifidum  Gray.     St.  rough  puberulent  above;  Ivs.  thrice  ternate,  the 
upper  biternate  and  ternate,  Ifts.  pinnatifid  with  linear  or  oblong  segm.;  fr.  oblong, 
narrowly  8-winged,  small  (2"  long). — Barrens,  Ky.  to  E.  Tenn.  and  W.  Car.  (Zizia 
pinnatifida  Buckley). 

16.  ZIZ'IA,  Koch.     GOLDEN  ALEXANDERS.     (Dedicated  to  /.  B.  Ziz, 
a  Rhenish  botanist.)      Calyx  margin  obsolete ;   petals  carinate,  apex 
acuminate,  inflcxecl ;  fr.  oval,  contracted  at  the  commissure  and  didy- 
inous ;  carpels  with  5  slightly  prominent  ribs ;  intervals  with  3  vittae, 
commissure  with  4  ;  carpophore  2-parted ;  seeds  terete  or  5-angled. — 
11  Smooth,  erect,  glaucous.     Lvs.  bi  or  tri-ternatc,  Ifts.  entire.    Umbels 
perfect,  with  no  involucre  or  involucels.     Fls.  yellow. 

Z  integerrima  DC.  Rocky  woods,  etc.  Mich.,  N.  T.,  to  Ga.  Plant  1  to  2f  or  more 
high,  readily  recognized  by  its  entire  leaflets,  which  are  oblong  and  ovate,  1'  or 

„•  more  in  length,  petiolate.  Rays  of  the  umbel  very  slender,  2  to  3'  long,  about 
13  in  number,  with  minute  involucels  or  none.  May — JL 

17.  SCAN'DIX,  L.     VENUS'  COMB.     (Gr.  atcsc*),  to  prick;  on  account 
of  its  sharp  seeds :)  Calyx  limb  obsolete ;  petals  obovate  and  oblong, 
undivided,  more  or  less  unequal ;  fruit  laterally  compressed  or  nearly 
terete,  attenuated  into  a  beak  which  is  longer  than  the  seed ;  carpels 
with  5  obtuse,  equal  ribs,  vittse  0,  or  scarcely  any. — ®  or  (D  Lvs.  finely 
dissected.     Invol.  0.     Involucel  5  to  7-leaved.     Fls.  white. 

S.  apiculata  "Willd.  Slender,  with  slender  branches  and  long  petioles  on  inflated 
sheaths ;  the  pinnse  3  or  4  remote  pairs  dichotomously  decompound ;  ultimata 
segm.  acute ;  umbels  about  3-rayed ;  bracts  of  the  involucel  lance-ovate,  2  or  3- 
cuspidato ;  pet.  oblong ;  fr.  beak  long,  slender,  forked  at  apex  with  the  sty. — A 
curious  plant  found  near  Savannah  (Feay),  much  resembling  the  S.  pecten  of 
Europe.  Sts.  12  to  18'  high.  Fr.  9"  long. 

18.  OSMORHPZA,  Raf.  SWEET  CICELY.     (Gr.  ocrpy,  perfume,  f>i£a, 
root ;  from  the  anisate,  aromatic  root.)    Calyx  margin  obsolete ;  petals 
oblong,  nearly  entire,  the  cuspidate  point  inflexcd ;  styles  conical  at 
base ;  fruit  linear,  very  long,  clavate,  attenuate  at  base ;  carpels  with  5 
equal,  acute,  bristly  ribs ;  intervals  without  vittse ;  commissure  with  a 
deep,  bristly  channel. — 14   Lvs.   biternately  divided,  with  the  umbels 
opposite.     Invol.  few-leaved  ;  involucels  4  to  7-leaved.     Fls.  white. 

1  O.  longistylis  DC.     Sty.  filiform,  nearly  as  long  as  the  ovary ;  fr.  clavate. — 
Woods,  Can.  to  Ya.,  1  to  3f  high,  with  inconspicuous  umbels  of  white  flowers. 
Rt.  branching,  fleshy,  of  an  agreeable,  spicy  flavor.     St.  erect,  branching  above, 
nearly  smooth.     Lvs.  many,  decompound,  the  ultimate  divisions  often  pinnate ; 
Ifts.  irregularly  divided,  the  lobes  broadly  ovate,  slightly  pubescent.    Involucres 
of  linear  bracts  longer  than  the  rays.     Fr.  blackish,  an  inch  in  length,  crowned 
with  the  slender  persistent  styles.     May,  Jn.     (Fig.  207.) 

2  O.  brevfstylia  DC.     Sty.  conical,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  breadth  of  the  ovary ; 
fr.  somewhat  tapering  at  the  summit. — Common  in  woods,  Can.  to  Penn.  W.  to 
Or.    Aspect  similar  to  that  of  the  preceding,  but  the  root  is  destitute  of  the  anise- 
like  flavor  of  that  species,  being  disagreeable  to  the  taste.    The  plant  is  more 


884  ORDER  63.— UMBELLIFER^E. 

hairy,  and  with  more  deeply  cleft  divisions  in  the  leaves.  Invol.  deciduous. 
Umbels  with  long,  diverging  rays,  of  which  but  few  prove  fertile.  Fr.  crowned 
with  short,  convergent  (not  spreading)  styles.  May,  Jn. 

19.  CrLEROPHYL'LUM,  L.      Calyx  limb  obsolete;  petals  obovate, 
emarginate,  point  inflexed ;  fruit  laterally  compressed,  contracted  above 
but  scarcely  beaked ;  carpels  with  5  obtuse,  equal  ribs ;  intervals  with 
2   vittse,  commissure  deeply  silicate. — Lvs.    2  to  3-pinnately  divided, 
segm.  incisely  cleft  or  toothed.     Invol.   0,  or   few-leaved;    involucel 
many-leaved.     Fls.  mostly  white. 

1  C.  procumbens  Lam.     Decumbent  or  assurgent,   nearly  glabrous;  segm.  qf 
the  Ivs.  pinnatifid,  with  oblong,  obtuse  lobes;  umbels  diffuse,  few-flowered,  often 
simple,  sessile  or  pedunculate ;  invol.  0 ;  involucels  of  3  or  4  very  small  oval  Ifts ; 
fr.  linear-oblong,  acute ;  ribs  narrower  than  the  intervals. — (T)  or  ®  Moist  woods, 
Ohio,  (Clark)  Ky.  (Short)  to  S.  Ca.     Sts.  1  to  2f  long,  pubescent  when  young,  dif- 
fuse, slender.     Segm.  of  the  Ivs.  rather  open,  about" 4"  by  1".     Rays  1  to  4,  1  to 
4-flowered,  about  2'  long.     Apr.  May.     (Scandix  procumbens  L.) 

2  C.  Tainturieri  Hook  and  Arn.     Decumbent  or  erect;  Ivs.  tripinnate,  segm. 
crowded^  again  pinnatifid  or  bipinnatifid,  ulti  tate  segm.  very  small,  oblong,  acute ; 
fr.  attenuated  to  a  short  beak ;  ribs  terete,  much  broader  than  the  intervals. — E. 
Ga.     (Feay,  Pond)  to  Ala.  and  La.  (Hale).     Plant  10  to  20'  high,  smooth  when 
old.     Lvs.  very  finely  dissected,  ultimate  segm.  only  1"  long.     Fr.  nearly  4" 
long,  brown  and  smooth  when  ripe. 

20.  CONIOSELFNUM,  Fisch.   (Name  compounded  of  Conium  and 
Selinum.)      Calyx  teeth   obsolete ;   petals   obovate,  "with  an  inflected 
point ;  fruit  compressed  on  the  back  ;  carpels  with  5-winged  ribs,  lateral 
ones  marginal   and  much  the  broadest;    intervals  with  1  to  3  vittae, 
commissure  with  4  to  8. — (D  Smooth.     St.  hollow.     Lvs.  on  very  large, 
inflated  petioles.     Invol.  various  ;  involucels  5  to  Y -leaved. 

C.  Canadense  Torr.  and  Gr.  Lvs.  ternately  divided,  divisions  bipinnate,  with 
oblong-linear  lobes ;  invol.  0,  or  2  to  3-leaved ;  fr.  oblong-oval ;  vittse  solitary  iu 
the  dorsal  intervals,  2  to  3  in  the  lateral. — In  wet  woods,  Me.  to  Wis.,  but  not 
common.  St.  3  to  5f  high.  Lvs.  much  compounded,  the  ultimate  segments  pin- 
natifid with  linear-oblong  lobes.  Umbels  compound.  Pet.  white,  spreading. 
Sty.  slender,  diverging.  Fr.  about  2"  long.  Aug.  Sept. 

21.  LIGUS'TICUM,  L.     LOVAGE.     (One  species  was  said  to  be  native 
of  Liguria.)     Calyx  teeth  minute  or  obsolete  ;  petals  obovate,  emargin- 
ate, with  an  inflexed  point ;  fruit  nearly  terete,  or  slightly  compressed 
laterally;  carpels  sharply  5-ribbed,  with  numerous  vitta). —  2£  Lvs.  ter- 
nately divided.     Invol.  many-leaved.     Fls.  white. 

1  L.  Scdticum  L.     SEA  LOVAGE.     Glabrous;  st.  Ivs.  biternate,  the  upper  ones 
ternate;  lateral  Ifts.  oblique,  cut-dentate,  the  terminal  one  rhomboid;  bracts  of 
the  invol.  numerous,  linear. — Fr.  narrowly  oblong. — Sea  coast.    Rt.  thick,  tapering. 
St.  afoot  high,  nearly  simple,  striate,  smooth.    Lvs.  petiolate.    Lfts.  1  to  2^'  long, 
dark  green,  smooth  and  shining,  entire  at  base,  serrate  above.     Fr.  4  to  5"  long. 
Jl.     f.Eur. 

2  L.  actaefolium  MX.  ANGELICO.     Glabrous;   Ivs.  trilernate,  with  ovate,  dent- 
serrate  Ifts. ;  umbels  numerous,  forming  a  whorled  panicle  or  a  triply  compound 
umbel;  invoL  and  involucels  of  about  3  short,  ovate-subulate  Ivs. — Topsfield  and 
Scituate,  Mass.  (Oakes  Russel),  on  Lookout  Mt,  Chattanooga,  Tenn.     Plant  3  to 
6f  high.     Lfts.  2  to  3'  long,  distinct,  abrupt  at  base,  rounded  or  acute  at  apex, 
veiny.    Umbels  on  long,  verticillate  peds.,  terminal  one  abortive.    Fr.  short,  with 
the  ribs  distinctly  winged.     May — Jl. 

22.  ERIGENFA,  Nutt.    PEPPER-AND-SALT.— (Gr.  rjpiyeveia,  daughter 
of  the   early  spring ;  for  its  early  flowering.)     Calyx  limb  obsolete ; 
petals  flat,  entire ;  fruit  contracted  at  the  commissure ;  carpels  3-ribbed, 


ORDER  63.— UMBELLIFER^E.  335 

ovate-reniform. —  2f  Rt.  tuberous.    Radical  If.  triternately  decompound. 

Involucrate  Ivs.  solitary,  biternately  compound.     Involucels  of  3  to  6 

entire,  linear-spatulate  bracts. 

E.  bulbosa  Nutt.  A  small,  early-flowering  herb,  shady  banks,  "Western  N.  T. 
to  Ohio  and  Mo.  Plant  4  to  6'  high,  from  a  round  tuber  deep  in  tho  ground, 
with  2  to  4  Ivs.,  the  lower  one  radical,  numerously  divided,  the  divisions  incisely 
cleft  into  narrow  segments ;  tho  upper  ones  bract-like,  similarly  divided,  each 
subtending  a  3-rayed  umbel  of  white  fls,  with  dark  purple  or  brownish  anthers 
(hence  the  odd  popular  name).  March,  Apr. 

23.  EITLOPHUS,  Nutt.  (Gr.  ev,  true,  /I60o£,  crest ;  application  not  ap- 
parent.)   Calyx  limb  5-toothed,  deciduous;  petals  obovate,  emarginate, 
with  a  long  inflexed  point;  fruit  contracted  laterally,  somewhat  double; 
carpels  surrounded  with  large  vittrc,  4  in  the  commissure,  ribs  obsolete ; 
seed  channelled  on  the  inner  face. —  71  Tall,  slender,  smooth,  with  dis- 
sected Ivs.     Invol.  nearly  0.     Involucel  setaceous. — Fls.  white. 

E.  Americana  Nutt.  Near  Columbus,  Ohio  (Sullivant),  to  Tenn.  St.  round, 
striate,  3  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  biternately  divided,  the  segm.  lance-linear,  1'  long, 
acute;  upper  Ivs.  of  3  long,  enti  )  segm.  Umbels  long-stalked,  8  or  10-rayed. 
Fr.  as  large  as  caraway.  Jl. 

24.  CONFUM,  L.     POISON  HEMLOCK.     (Gr.  Kuveiov,  hemlock,  from 
utivog,  a  top  ;  because  it  causes  dizziness.)     Calyx  margin  obsolete  ;  pet- 
als obcordate,  with  an  acute,  inflected  point ;  fruit  ovate,  laterally  com- 
pressed ;  carpels  with   5,  acute,  equal,  undulate -crenulate  ribs,  lateral 
ones  marginal ;  intervals  without  vite ;    seeds  with  a  deep,   narrow 
groove  on  the  face. — (g)  Poisonous  herb^s.     Lvs.  decompound.     Invol. 
and  involucels  3  to  5-leaved,  the  latter  unilateral.     Fls.  white. 

C.  maculatum  L.  St.  spotted ;  Ivs.  tripinnate ;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  pinnatifid ;  fr. 
smooth. — Grows  in  waste  grounds,  way-sides.  A  well  known  poisonous  plant. 
St.  much  branched,  about  4f  high,  very  smooth,  round,  hollow,  with  purplish 
spots.  Tho  lower  Ivs.  are  very  large,  several  times  pinnate,  bright  green,  on  long, 
sheathing  footstalks.  Umbels  terminal,  the  invol.  of  G  to  8  lanceolate  bracts,  tho 
involucels  with  the  inner  half  wanting.  Fls.  small,  white.  Fr.  with  undulate  or 
wrinkled  ribs.  A  powerful  narcotic,  exhaling  a  disagreeable  odor  when  bruised. 
Used  in  medicine.  JL,  Aug.  §  Eur. 

25.  CICITTA,  L.     WATER  HEMLOCK.     (A  Latin  name  used  by  Vir- 
gil (Eel.  2d  and  5th),  but  of  unknown  application.)     Calyx  margin  of  5 
broad  segments ;  petals  obcordate,  the  points  inflected ;  fruit  subglo- 
bous,  didymous  ;  carpels  with  5  flattish,  equal  ribs,  2  of  them  marginal ; 
intervals  filled  with  single  vittse,  commissure  with  2  vittae  ;  carpophore 
2-parted  ;  seeds  terete. —  If!  Aquatic  poisonous   herbs.      Leaves  com- 
pound.    Stems  hollow.     Umbels  perfect.     Invol.  few  leaved  or  0.     In- 
volucels many  leaved.     Flowers  white. 

1  C.  maculata  L.     St.  streaked  with  purple ;  lower  Ivs.  triternate  and  quinate ; 
upper  biternate;  segments  lanceolate,  mucronately  serrate;  umbels  terminal  and 
axillary. — Common  in  wet  meadows,  U.  S.  and  Can.     St.  3 — 6f  high,  smooth, 
striate,  jointed,  hollow,  glaucous,  branched  above.    Lfts.  or  segm.  1 — 3'  long,  £ — 
£'  wide,  finely  serrate,  the  veins  mostly  running  to  the  notches,  rarely  to  tho 
points ;  umbels  rather  numerous,  naked,  2 — 4'  broad.     Involucels  of  5 — 6  short 
narrow,  acute  bracts.     Fr.  H"  diam.,  10-ribbed,  crowned  with  the  permanent 
calyx  and  styles.     JL,  Aug.— The  thick,  fleshy  root  is  a  dangerous  poison,  but 
sometimes  used  in  medicine. 

2  C.  bulbifera  L.    Axils  of  the  branches  lulbiferous;  Ivs.  biternately  divided;  Ifts. 
linear,  with  remote,  divergent  teeth ;  umbels  terminal  and  axillary. — In  wet  mea- 
dows, Penn.  to  Can.     Stem  3 — if  high,  round,  striate,  hollow,  green,  branching. 

25 


386  ORDER  63.—  UMBELLIFEfLE. 

Leaves  various,  those  of  the  stem  generally  biternate,  of  the  branches  ternate 
Leaflets  or  segments  2  —  4'  long,  1  —  4"  wide,  linear  or  lance-linear,  smooth,  with 
slender  teeth.  Bulblets  often  numerous,  opposite,  and  within  the  axils  of  the 
bracteate  petioles.  Umbels  terminal.  Invol.  0.  Umbellets  of  close,  small,  white, 
fls.,  and  slight  involucels.  Aug. 

26.  HELIOSCIAD'IUM,  Koch.     (Gr.  £lo?,  a  marsh,  aKtddiov,  an  um- 
brella or  umbel.)     Calyx  limb   obscurely  5-toothed  ;  petals  ovate,  en- 
lire;  styles  short;  fruit  laterally  compressed,  oval,  not  scaly;  carpels 
with  5  filiform  ribs,  the  lateral  ribs  marginal  ;  intervals  with  single  vit- 
ta3  ;  carpophore  free,  undivided  ;  seed  plano-convex.  —  Lvs.  various.     In- 
vol. mostly  none.  Umbels  opposite  the  Ivs.,  mostly  sessile.     Fls.  white. 

1  H.  nodiflorum  Koch.     Procumbent,  striate  ;  Ivs.  pinnate,  Ifts.  oblong,  equally 
serrate;  umbels  sessile  or  on  short  peduncles;  invol.  0,  or  of  1,  2  or  3  bracts,  in- 
volucel  6  to  8-leaved,  reflexed.  —  0  Sts.  diffuse,  1  to  2f  long,  in  wet  places  about 
Charleston,  S.  C.     Apr.     §  Eur.     (Sium  L.) 

2  H.  leptoph^llum  DC.     Erect  or  diffusely  branched  ;  Ivs.  ternately  or  somewhat 
pinnately  divided,  with  linear  segm.  ;  umbellets  pedunculate  ;  invol.  and  involucels 
none;  fr.  roundish.  —  0  Savannah  (Feay.  Pond)  to  La.  (Hale).    Sts.  6'  to  2f  high. 
Umbels  many,  sessile,  often  one,  pedunculate.    Fr.  smaller  than  a  mustard  seed. 
Jn.,  Jl. 

27.  CRYPTOT^NIA,  DC.     HONE-WORT.     (Gr.  Kpvirru,  to  conceal, 
Taivia,  a  wreath  or  border,  from  the  obselete  border  of  calyx.)    Margin 
of  the  calyx  obsolete  ;  petals  with  an  indexed  point  ;  fruit  linear-oblong 
or  ovate-oblong,  with  slender  styles;  carpels  with  5  obtuse  ribs;  carpo- 
phore free,  2-parted  ;  vittae  very  narrow,  twice  as  many  as  the  ribs.  — 
2£  Lvs.  3  -parted,  lobed  and  toothed.     Umbels  compound,  with  very 
unequal  rays.     Invol.  0.     Involucels  few-leaved.     Fls.  white. 

C.  Canadeiisis  DC.  Lvs.  smooth  ;  Ifts.  or  segm.  rhomboid-ovate,  distinct,  en- 
tire or  2  to  3-lobed,  doubly  serrate,  lateral  ones  oblique  at  base  ;  umbels  numer- 
ous, irregular,  axillary  and  terminal.  —  Common  in  moist  woods.  St.  erect,  1  to 
2f  high.  Lower  petioles  2  to  6'  long,  clasping.  Lfts.  3,  2  to  3'  long,  1  to  2' 
wide,  petiolulate.  Umbels  paniculate,  of  3  to  5  very  unequal  rays.  Umbellets 
of  4  to  6  unequal  pedicels  and  minute  involucels.  Fls.  small,  white.  Fr.  near  3" 
long,  crowned  with  the  straight  styles  £  as  long.  (Sison,  L.) 

28.  JETHITSA,  L.     FOOL'S  PARSLEY.     (Gr.  aiOu,  to  burn  ;  on  ac- 
count of  its  poisonous  acridity.)     Calyx  margin  obsolete  ;  petals  obcor- 
datc,  with  an  inncxed  point  ;  fruit  globous-ovatc  ;  carpels  with  5  acutely 
carinated  ribs,  lateral  ones  marginal,  broader  ;  intervals  acutely  angled, 
with  single  \ittae,  commissure  with  2.  —  ©  Poisonous  herbs.     Invol.  0. 
Involucels  one-sided.     Fls.  white. 

j3G.  cynapium  L.  Lvs.  bi-  or  tri-pinnately  divided,  segm.  cuneate,  obtuse  ;  invo- 
lucelj  3-leaved,  pendulous,  longer  than  the  partial  umbels.  —  In  waste  grounds, 
N.  Eug.,  not  common.  St.  about  2f  high,  green,  striate.  Lvs.  with  numerous, 
narrow,  wedge-shaped  segm.,  uniform,  dark  green,  flat.  Lfts.  of  the  involucels 
linear,  long,  deflected,  and  situated  on  the  outside.  Jl.,  Aug.  —  The  plant  some- 
what resembles  parsley,  but  is  distinctly  marked  by  the  involucels,  and  by  its  dis- 
agreeable odor.  It  is  said  to  be  poisonous.  §  Eur. 


29.  LEPTOCAITLIS,  Nutt.  (Gr.  AeTrrdf,  slender,  Kavhbq,  stem.) 
Calyx  limb  obsolete  ;  petals  ovate,  entire  ;  fruit  (often  scaly)  laterally 
compressed,  ovate,  crowned  with  the  short  styles  ;  carpels  5-ribbed,  lat- 
eral ribs  marginal  ;  intervals  with  single  vitta3,  commissure  with  2  ;  car- 
pophore 2-cleft  at  the  tip;  seed  plano-convex.  —  (T)  Herbs  slender,  smooth, 


ORDER  63.— UMBELLIFER^S.  387 

erect.     Lvs.  finely  divided.    Umbels  pedunculate,  few-rayed.    Invol.  0  ; 

involucel  few-leaved.     Fls.  minute,  white. 

L.  divaricatus  DC.  Umbels  (very  small)  3  to  5-rayed,  lateral  and  terminal ;  in- 
volucel Ivs.  divided,  shorter  than  the  very  short  pedicels ;  fr.  rnuricated  with  short, 
whitish,  erect  scales.— Dry  sandy  soils,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  Sts.  2  to  8'  high.  An  insig- 
nificant weed.  Mar.,  Apr. 

30.  DISCOPLEUhRA,  DC.     BISHOP-WEED.      (Gr.   dioitog,  the  disk, 
irXevpd,  a  rib  ;  that  is,  the  disk  and  ribs  (of  the  fruit)  united.)     Calyx 
teeth  subulate,  persistent ;  petals  ovate,  entire,  with  a  minute,  inflexed 
point;  fruit  ovate,  often  didymous ;  carpels  5-ribbed,  the  3  dorsal  ribs 
filiform,  subacute,  prominent,  the  2  lateral  united,  with  a  thick,  acces- 
sory margin  ;  intervals  with  single  vittae  ;  seeds  subterete. — (I)  Lvs.  ca- 
pillaceous-dissected.     Umbels  compound.     Bracts  of  the  invol.  cleft. 
Fls.  white. 

1  D.  capillacea  DC.     Erect  or  procumbent;  umbels  3  to  IQ-rayed;  Ifts.  of  the 
invol.  3  to  5,  mostly  3-ckft;  fr.  ovate. — In  swamps  near  the  coast,  Mass,  to  Ga. 
St.  much  branched,  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  very  smooth,  ternately  dissected,  with 
filiform,  spreading  segm.     Umbels  axillary  and  terminal,  pedunculate,  spreading. 
Invol.  Ifts.  about  3,  with  setaceous  segm.     Involucels  filiform,  longer  than  the  um- 
bellets.     Jn. — Sept.     (Ammi,  Spreng.) 

2  D.  costata.     Branched,  erect;  umbels  7  to  lo-rayed;  bracts  of  the  im-ol.  10  to 
12,  2  to  5-parted;  If. -segm.  filiform,  numerous,  apparently  verticillate ;  fr.  with  ribs 
and  vittce  strongly  contrasted. — Swamps,  Ogeechee  R.  to  the  Miss.,  more  common 
than  Xo.  1,  which  prevails  northward.     St.  stouter,  1  to  2f  high.     The  corky  ribs 
and  persistent  sepals  conspicuous  on  tho  ovate  fruit.     Oct.,  Nov.     (Ammi  costa- 
tum  Ell.) 

3  D.  Nuttallii  DC.     Erect,  tall;    umbels  15  to  2Q-rayed;   invol.  few-bracted, 
bracts  entire ;  fr.  as  broad  as  long. — Wet  prairies,  Ky.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Sts.  2  to 
Gf  high,  branched  above.     Lvs.  few,  but  with  numerous  capillaceous  segm.     In- 
vol. not  half  as  long  as  the  rays ;  involucela  minute.     Umbels  near  2'  broad. 

31.  NEUROPHYL'LUM,  Torr.  &  Gray.     (Gr.  vevpav,  a  nerve  (vein), 
(/>i;/l/loi>,  leaf;  leaves  prominently  veined.)     Calyx  limb  of  5  lanceolate, 
persistent  teeth ;  petals  obovate,  joint  inflexed  ;  stylopodium  conical ; 
fruit  laterally  compressed,  ovate  ;  ribs  filiform,  slight ;  intervals  with  3 
vittae,  commissure  with  4  ;  seed  teretely  plano-convex. — 11  Tall,  slen- 
der, smooth.     Lvs.  ternate,  segm.  very  long,  linear,  entire,  3-veined. 
Umbels  perfect.     Invol.  0  to  3-leaved;  involucel  4  to  C-leaved.    Fls. 
white.    (The  same  as  Archemora  ternata  JSTutt.  ?) 

N.  longifolmm  Torr.  &  Gr.  Swamps,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  (Chapman).  St.  3  to  4f 
high,  branched  above,  very  slender.  Rt.  Ivs.  12  to  18'  long,  the  segm.  much 
shorter  than  the  petioles.  Umbel  5  to  7 -rayed,  rays  very  slender.  Bracts  of  in- 
vol. and  involucel  subulate,  very  short.  Sept. 

32.  SrUM,  L.     WATER  PARSNIP.     (Celtic  siw,  water;  that  is,  a 
genus  of  aquatic  plants.)     Calyx  margin  5-toothed  or  obsolete ;  petals 
obcordate,  with  an  inflexed  point ;  fruit  nearly  oval ;  carpels  with  5 
obtusish  ribs,  and  several  vittse  in  each  interval ;  carpophore  2-parted. — 
2£  Aquatic.     Lvs.   pinnately  divided.     Umbels   perfect,  with    partial 
and  general  many-leaved  involucra.     Fls.  white. 

1  S.  latifolium  L.  St.  angular,  sulcate;  Ifts.  oblong-lanceolate,  acutely  and 
coarsely  serrate,  acute;  cal.  teeth  elongated. — A  tall  plant  in  swamps  and  ditches, 
N.  J.  ?  to  Ind.  and  Can.  St.  3  to  4f  high,  smooth,  hollow,  with  deep-furrowed 
and  prominent  angles.  Lfls.  or  segm.  4  to  6'  long,  1  to  2'  broad,  in  3  to  5  pairs, 
with  a  sessile  odd  one,  each  with  about  10  large,  sharp  teeth.  Umbels  very 


388  OBDER  63.— UMBELLIFER^l 

large,  20  to  30-rayed.    Gal.  segm.  acuto,  exceeding  the  broad  5-lobed  stylopodium. 
Ribs  of  fr  not  prominent.     JX,  Aug. 

2  S.  lineare  MX.  St.  angular,  sulcate;  Ifts.  9  to  11,  linear  and  lante-linear, 
finely  serrate,  acute  ;  cal.  teeth  obsolete;  fr.  ribs  winged.— —  More  common  than  the 
last,  in  swarnps,  N.  J.  to  Ind.  and  Can.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  smooth,  with  7  promi- 
nent angles.  Lfts.  2  to  4'  long,  2  to  4"  wide,  the  odd  and  lower  ones  petiolulate, 
middle  pairs  sessile.  Umbels  1£  to  2^'  broad.  Invol.  of  5  or  G  linear  bracts,  \ 
as  long  as  the  15  to  21  rays.  Umbellets  with  numerous,  small,  whito  fls.  Fr. 
roundish,  crowned  with  the  broad,  yellowish  stylopodium.  Jl.,  Aug. 

33.  CORIAN'DRUM,  L.     CORIANDER.     (Gr.  Kopi$,   a  bug;    on  ac- 
count of  the   smell   of  the  leaves.)     Calyx  with  5  conspicuous  teeth  ; 
pelals  obeordate,  inflexed  at  the  point,  outer  ones  radiate,  bifid ;  fruit 
globous ;  carpels  cohering,  with  the  five  depressed,  primary  ribs,  and  4 
secondary  more  prominent  ones,  seeds  concave  on  the  face. — CD  Smooth. 
Invol.  0  or  1-leaved.     Involucels  3-leavcd,  unilateral. 

C.  sativum  L.  Lvs.  bipinnate,  lower  ones  with  broad-cuneato  Ifts.,  upper 
with  linear  ones ;  carp,  hemispherical. — Native  of  Eur.,  etc.  This  well-known 
plant  is  cultivated  chiefly  for  the  seeds  which  are  used  as  a  spice,  as  a  nucleus 
for  sugar-plums,  etc.  St.  2f  high.  Lvs.  numerously  divided,  strong-scented. 
Umbels  with  only  the  partial  involucra.  Fls.  white.  Jl.  J 

34.  PIMPINEL'LA,  L.    ANISE.     Calyx  limb  obsolete  ;  petals  obcor- 
date, a  little  unequal ;  disk  0  ;  flowers  perfect  or  diclinous  ;  styles  capil- 
lary, as  long  as  fruit ;  fruit  ovate,  ribbed,  with  convex  intervals. — Euro- 
pean herbs,  mostly  y,  with  pinnately,  many-parted  Ivs.,  and  white  fls. 
Umbels  compound.     Invol.  0. 

P.  Aiiisum  L.  Radical  Ivs.  incisely  trifid ;  caulino  ones  multifid,  with  narrow, 
linear  segments,  all  glabrous  and  shining;  umbels  largo,  many-rayed. — Native  of 
Egypt.  The  aromatic  and  carminative  properties  of  the  fruit  are  well  known.  \ 

35.  yEGOPO'DIUM,  L.     GOUTWEED.    GOATS-FOOT.     (Gr.  ai%  (alyog\ 
a  goat ;  nodiov,  a  little  foot ;  referring  to  the  form  of  the  leaf.)     Calyx 
limb  obsolete ;    fruit  compressed  laterally,   oblong,  crowned  with  the 
conical  bases  of  the  deflexed  styles ;  carpels  with  5  filiform  ridges,  with- 
out vittae. — 11   Lvs.  1  to  2-ternate.     Involucra  none.     Fls.  white. 

.33.  podagraria  L.  St.  deeply  furrowed,  glabrous ;  Ifcs.  ovato  or  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  unequally  toothed,  upper  merely  3-cleft. — Gardens.  Sts.  12  to  18' 
high,  from  strong,  tenacious,  creeping  roots  hard  to  eradicate.  Umbels  many- 
rayed.  \ 

36.  AVPIUM,  L.     CELERY.     (Celtic  apon,  water;  the  plants  grow  in 
watery  situations.)      Calyx  margin  obsolete ;    petals  roundish,  with  a 
small  inflexed  point ;  fruit  laterally  compressed  nearly  double ;  carpels 
5-ribbed,  the   lateral  ribs  marginal ;  intervals  with  single  vittm. — Eur- 
opean herbs.     Umbels  perfect.     Invol.  0,  or  few-leaved.     Fls.  white. 

1  A.  graveolens  L.     Lower  Ivs.  pinnately  dissected,  on  very  long  petioles, 
segm.  broad-cuneate,  incised;  upper  Ivs.  3-parted,  segm.  cuneate,  lobed,  and  in- 
cisely dentate  at  apex ;  invol  0 ;   fr.  roundish. — -@  Gardens.    St.  2  to  3f  high, 
branching,  furrowed.     Radical  petioles  thick,  juicy,   If  in  length.     Umbels  with 
unequal,  spreading  rays. — The  stems  when  blanched  by  being  buried,  aro  sweet, 
crisp,  and  spicy  in  flavor,  and  used  as  salad    Jn. — Aug.    \  Eur. 

2  A.  petroselinum  Willd.     PARSLEY.     Lvs.  decompound,  segments  of  tho 
lower  ones  cuneate-ovate,  terminal  ones  trifid,  all  incised,  cauline  segm.  lance- 
linear,  subentire ;  involucds  of  3  to  5  subulate  bracts ;  fr.  ovate. — (D  Gardens.    St. 
2  to  4f  high,  branched.     Lvs.  smooth  and  shining,  with  numerous,  narrow  segra. 
Jn. — Cultivation  has  produced  several  varieties.    Esteemed  as  a  potherb,  for  soup, 
etc.     (Petroselinum  sativum  Hoffm.)    \  Sardinia.    Greece. 


ORDER  G4.— ARALIACE^E.  339 

37.  CA^RUM,  L.  CARAWAY.  (From  Caria,  the  native  country  of 
the  plant,  according  to  Pliny.)  Calyx  margin  obsolete ;  petals  obo- 
vate,  emarginate,  tho  point  inflexed ;  styles  dilated  at  base,  spreading; 
fruit  oval,  compressed  laterally  ;  carpels  5-ribbed,  lateral  ribs  marginal ; 
intervals  with  single  vito,  commissure  with  2. — Herbs  with  dissected 
Ivs.  Umbels  perfect.  Involucra  various.  Fls.  white. 

C.  Carvi  L.  Lvs.  somewhat  bipinnatifid,  with  numerous  linear  segm.  invol. 
1-leaved  or  0;  involucels  0.-— St.  about  2f  high,  branched,  smooth,  striate. 
Lower  Ivs.  large,  on  long  petioles,  with  tumid,  clasping  sheaths.  Umbels  on 
long  peduncles ;  involucrate  bracts  when  present  linear-lanceolate.  Jn. Culti- 
vated for  its  fine  aromatic  fruit,  so  well  known  in  domestic  economy,  i  Eur 

38.  TREFOCARFUS  2£thusa  Nutt.     Western  La.  (Hale)! 

39.  CYNOSCIADIUM  digitatum  DC.— Western  La.  (Hale). 

Obx.  These  plants,  of  which  we  have  beautiful  specimens  from  Dr.  Ilale    may  perhaps  be 

found  E.  of  tho  Mississippi. 

ORDER  LXIV,     ARALIACE^E.     ARALIADS. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs  closely  allied  to  the  Umbellifers  in  the  leaves,  inflorescence 
and  flowers,  but  the  styles  and  cells  of  the  OVARY  are  usually  more  than  2  (3  to  5) 
cells  1-ovuled ;  fruit  baccate  or  dry,  3  to  5-celled,  with  1  albuminous  seed  in  each 
cell. 

Genera  22,  species  160.  They  are  natives  of  northern  temperate  climes  of  both  hemispheres. — 
Several  species  are  well  known  in  medicine,  etc.,  as  Ginseu-r,  Spikenard.  Sarsaparilla,  etc.  The 
latter  is  sometimes  substituted  for  the  Sarsaparilla  of  the  shops. 

1.  ARA^LIA,  L.  WILD  SARSAPARILLA,  ETC.  Calyx  tube  adherent 
to  the  ovary,  limb  short,  5-toothed  or  entire  ;  petals  5,  spreading,  apex 
net  inflexed ;  stamens  5,  epigynous ;  styles  and  carpels  5  ;  berry  crowned 
v;ith  the  remains  of  the  calyx  and  styles,  mostly  5-celled  and  5-seeded. — 
Lvs.  compound.  Fls.  in  simple,  solitary,  or  racemous  umbels. 

§  Plants  wholly  herbaceous  and  unarmed Nos.  1,  2 

§  Plants  shrubby  at  base  or  wholly  shrubby,  prickly Nos.  8,  4 

1  A.  nudicaulis  L.     Nearly  stemless;    If.   solitary,  decompound;  scape-  naked 
shorter  than  the.  If.,  bearing  tfie  few  umbels. — 2^  A  well-known  plant,  found  in 
woods,  most  abundant  in  rich  arid  rocky  soil.  Can.  to  Car.  and  Tenn.     It  Iras  a 
large,  fleshy  root,  from  which  arise  a,  leaf-stalk  and  a  scape,  but  no  proper  stem. 
The  former  is  long,   supporting  a  single,  large,  compound  leaf,  which  is  either 
3-ternate  or  3-quinate.     Lfts.  oval  and  obovate,  acuminate,  finely  serrate.     Tho 
scape  is  about  a  foot  high,  bearing  3  simple  umbels  of  greenish  fls.    Jn.,  Jl. 

2  A.  racemosa  L.     PETTYMOHIIEL,    SPIKENARD.    St.  herbaceous,  smooth;  Irs. 
decompound ;  umbels  numerous,  small,  arranged  in  a  decompound  panicle. — %  In 
rocky  woods,  Can.  to  the  S.  States.     St.  3  to  4f  high,  dark  green  or  reddish, 
arising  from  a  thick,  aromatic  root.  The  If. -stalks  divide  into  3  partitions,  each  of 
which  bears  3  or  5   large,  ovate,  serrate  Ifts.     Umbels  numerous,  arranged  in 
branching  racemes  from  the  axils  of  the  Ivs.  or  branches.     The  root  is  pleasant  to 
the  taste,  and  highly  esteemed  aa  an  ingredient  in  small  beer,  etc.    Jl. 

3  A.  hispida  L.    WILD  ELDER.     BRISTLY  ARALIA.     St.  shrubby  at  base,  hispid, 
with  prickles,  herbaceous  above  ;  Ivs.  bipinnate,  Ifts.  ovate,  cut-serrate ;   umbels  on 
long  ped.,  forming  a  terminal  corymb. — If  Common  in  fields  about  stumps  and 
stoneheaps,  K  Eng.  to  Va.     St.  1  to  2f  high,  the^ower  part  woody  and  thickly 
beset  with  sharp,  stiff  bristles,  the  upper  part  branching,  herbaceous.     Lfls.  many, 
ending  in  a  long  point,  smooth.     Umbels  many,  simple,  globous,  forming  bunches 
of  dark-colored,  nauseous  berries.     Plant  ill  scented.    Jl.,  Aug. 

4  A.  spinosa  L.     ANGELICA  TREE.     Arborescent;  st.  and  petioles  prickly;  Ivs. 
bi-  and  tripinnate,  Ifts.  ovate,  acuminate,  sessile,  glaucous  beneath ;  umbels  nu- 
merous, forming  a  very  large  panicle;  invol.  small,  few-leaved. — Damp  woods, 
Penn.  and  Ohio  to  Fla.  and  La.     Shrub  8  to  12f  high,  with  tho  Ivs.  all  crowded 


390  ORDER  65.— CORNACEJS. 

near  the  summit.  In  the  South  it  attains  the  height  of  20  to  30f,  usually  -with" 
out  a  branch,  imitating  the  form  of  the  palm  (as  Elliott  remarks)  more  nearly 
than  any  other  tree.  Its  leaves  are  there  4  to  6f  in  length.  Fls.  white.  Aug.— 
Properties  emetic  and  cathartic. 

2.  PA^NAX,  L.     GINSENG.     (Gr.  7rav,  all,  aitoc;,  a  remedy  ;  i.  e.,  a 
panacea,   or  universal  remedy.)      Dioeciously    polygamous.      $  Calyx 
adnate  to  the  ovary,  limb  short,  obsoletely  5-toothed  ;  petals  5  ;  stamens 
5,  alternate  with  the  petals ;  styles  and  carpels  2  to  3  ;  fruit  baccate, 
2  to  3-celled ;  cells  1-seeded.       $  Calyx   limb   nearly    entire  ;    petals 
and  stamens  5. — Herbs  or  shrubs.     Lvs.  3  (in  the  herbaceous  species), 
palmately  compound.     Fls.  in  a  solitary,  simple  umbel. 

3.  P.  trifolium  L.     GROUND-NUT.     DWARF  GINSENG.     Rt.  globous,  tuberous ;  Ivs. 

3,  verticillate,  3  to  5-foliate,  l/ts.  wedge-lanceolate,  serrate  subsessile ;  sty.  3 ;  ber- 
ries 3-seeded. — Common  in  low  woods.  Can.  to  S.  States.     The  globular  root  is 
deep  in  the  ground,  nearly  •£'  diam.,  connected  with  the  stem  by  a  short,  screw- 
like  ligament.     The  st.  arises  3  to  6'  above  tha  surface,  smooth,  slender  and 
simple.     At  the  summit  is  a  whorl  of  3  compound  Ivs.  with  a  central  ped.  ter- 
minating in  a  little  umbel  of  pure  white  fls.     Lfts.  generally  3,  nearly  or  quite 
smooth.     Barren  and  fertile  fls.  on  different  plants,  the  latter  without  stamens, 
succeeded  by  green  berries,  the  former  with  a  single  abortive  style.     May. 

2  P.  quinquefolium  L.  lit.  fusiform ;  Ivs.  3,  verticillate,  5-foliate ;  Ifts.  oval, 
acuminate,  serrate,  petiolate;  ped.  of  the  umbel  rather  shorter  than  the  common 
petiole. — Not  uncommon  in  rocky  or  mountainous  woods.  Can.  to  S.  States. 
Et.  whitish,  thick  and  fleshy.  St.  round,  smooth,  If  high,  with  a  terminal  whorl 
of  3  compound  Ivs.  and  a  C3ntral  ped.  bearing  a  simple  umbel.  Fls.  small,  yel- 
lowish, on  short  pedicels,  the  barren  ones  borne  on  separate  plants  have  larger 
petals  and  an  entire  calyx.  Berries  bright  scarlet.  Jn. — Aug.  The  root  is  in 
some  estimation  as  a  drug. 

3.  HED'ERA,  L.  EUROPEAN  IVY.  (Celtic  hedra,  a  cord ;  from  the 
vine-like  habit.)  Calyx  5-toothed  ;  petals  5,  dilated  at  the  base  ;  berry 
5-soeded,  surrounded  by  the  permanent  calyx. — European  shrubby 
plants,  climbing  or  erect,  with  simple,  evergreen  Ivs.  and  green  fis. 

H.  Helix  L.  St.  and  branches  long  and  flexible,  attached  to  the  earth  or 
trees  or  wall  by  numerous  radicating  fibres ;  Ivs.  dark  green,  smooth,  with  white 
veins,  petiolate,  lower  ones  5-lobed,  upper  ovato;  fls.  in  numerous  umbels,  form- 
ing a  corymb;  berry  black,  with  a  mealy  pulp. — Native  of  Britain.  There  are 
several  varieties  in  gardens,  f 

ORDER  LXV.     CORNACE^E.     CORNELS. 

Trees  and  shrubs,  seldom  herbs,  without  stipules.  Leaves  opposite  (alternate  in 
one  species),  simple,  with  pinna!  e  vcinlets.  Flowers  4-merous.  Sepals  adherent  to 
the  ovary,  the  limb  minute,  4-toothed  or  lobed.  Petals  4,  disti  ct,  alternate  with 
the  calyx  teeth,  valvato  in  the  bud.  Stamens  same  number  as  petals,  inserted  on 
the  margin  of  tho  cpigynous  disk.  Ovary  1  or  2 -celled.  Fruit  a  baccate  drupe 
crowned  with  the  calyx. 

Genera  {),  species  40.  They  nrf  natives  throncrhotit  tho  temperate  zone  of  both  continents. 
The  Order  is  distinguished  for  its  bitter  and  astringent  bark.  That  of  Cornus  florida  is  an  ex. 
cellent  tonic  similar  in  its  action  to  the  Peruvian  bark.  Many  arc  beautiful  shrubs  in  cul- 
tivation. 

1.  COR'NUS,  L.  DOGWOOD.  (Lat.  cornu,  a  horn ;  from  the  hard- 
ness of  the  wood  of  some  species.)  Calyx  limb  of  4  minute  segments  ; 
petals  4,  oblong,  sessile;  stamens  4;  style  somewhat  clubshaped; 
drupe  baccate,  with  a  2  or  3-celled  nut. — Trees,  shrubs,  or  perennial 


ORDER  65.— CORN  ACE  M.  391 

herbs.     Lvs.  (mostly  opposite)  entire.     Fls.  in  cymes,  often  involucrate. 
Floral  envelops  valvate  in  aestivation.     Bark  bitter,  tonic. 

§  Cymes  subtended  by  a  4-leaved,  white  involucre Nos.  1 ,  2 

|  Cymes  naked.— Leaves  alternate No.  3 

— Leaves  opposite. — Twigs  and  cymes  pubescent No.  4 

— Twigs,  «fec.,  glabrous. — Drupes  white Nos.  5,  0 

—Drupes  blue Nos.  7,  8 

1  C.  Canadensis.  L.     Low  CORNEL  OR  DOG-WOOD.     Herbaceous,  low ;  upper 
Ivs.  whorled,  veiny,  on  short  petioles ;  st.  simple. — A  small,  pretty  plant,  in  woods, 
nearly  throughout  N.  Am.,  N.  of  lat.  39°.     Rhizome  creeping,  woody.     The- 
flowering  stems  erect  4  to  8'  high,  bearing  2  small  bracts  in  the  middle,  and  a 
whorl  of  6  leaves  at  the  top,  two  of  which  are  larger,  placed  a  little  lower  and 
opposite.     An  umbellate  cyme  of  flowers  arises  from  the  center  of  the  whorl, 
and  with  its  large,  showy  involucre  of  4  white  leaves,  might  easily  be  taken  for 
a  single  flower.     A  bunch  of  red  berries  succeeds.     The  barren  st.  supports  a 
whorl  of  4  equal  leaves.     May,  Jn. 

2  C.  florida  L.     FLOWERING  DOGWOOD.     Arboreous ;  Ivs.  opposite,  ovate,  acu- 
minate, entire ;  fls.  small,  in  a  close,  cymous  umbel  or  head,  surrounded  by  a 
very  large,  4  leaved,  obcordate  involucre. — A  tree  from  20  to  30f  in  height,  very 
ornamental  when  in  flower.     Woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Wood  hard  and  compact, 
covered  with  a  rough,  extremely  bitter  bark,  used  in  medicine  as  a  tonic.     Lvs. 
(partially  expanded  at  flowering)  nearly  smooth,  veiny,  pale  beneath.     The  true 
ns.  are  inconspicuous,  greenish  yellow,  but  the  involucre  is  very  large  and  showy, 
of  veiny,  white  obovate  Ivs.  ending  in  a  callous  point,  which  is  turned  up  or 
down  so  abruptly  as  to  appear  emarginate.     Drupes  red.     May. 

3  C.  alternifolia   L.      Lvs.   alternate,  oval,   acute,  hoary  beneath;   branches 
alternate,  verrucous ;  drupes  purple,  globous. — A  small  tree,  N.  and  W.  States 
and  Can.,  about  twice  the  height  of  the  last,  in  moist  woods.     The  branches  are 
smooth,  even,  spreading  from  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  and  forming  a  depressed 
summit     Bark  greenish,  marked  with  warty  streaks.     Lvs.  irregularly  scattered 
along  the  branches,  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  entire  veined,  whitish  underneath,  on 
rather  long  stalks.     Fls.  pale  buff  color,  in  a  loose  cyme.     Jn. 

4  C.  sericea   L.     Branches  spreading,  purplish,   Iranchlets  woolly;    Ivs.   ovate, 
rounded  at  base,  acuminate,  silky -pubescent  beneath;   cymes  depressed,  woolly; 
drupes  bright  blue. — U.   S.  and  Can.     A  variety  has  Ivs.  tapering  at  base.     A 
shrub  about  8f  high,  with  opposite,  dusky  purple  branches,  and  dark  red  shoots. 
Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  %  as  wide,  varying  from  ovate  and  oval  to  lanceolate,  nearly 
smooth  above,  with  rather  prominent  veins;  petioles  J  to  1'  long.     Fls.  yellowish 
white,  appearing  in  June. 

5  C.  paniculata  L'Her.     Brandies  erect,  grayish,  smooth;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  roughish  above,  hoary  beneath ;  cymes  paniculate ;  drupes  white. — A 
handsome  shrub  lOf  high,   profusely  flowering,  common  in  low  woodlands  and 
thickets,  N.  and  W.  States  and  Can.     It  has  numerous  and  very  branching  sts. 
covered  with  grayish  bark,  the  shoots  chestnut-colored.    Lvs.  1  to  3'  long.    Fls. 
small,  white  in  all  their  parts,  in  many  small,  conical  cymes,  succeeded  by  drupes 
as  large  as  peas.     May,  Jn. 

6  C.  stolonifera   MX.     RED  OSIER.     St.  often  stoloniferous;  branches  smooth ; 
shoots  virgate,  reddish  purple  ;  Ivs.  broad-ovate,  acute,  pubescent,  hoary  beneath ; 
cymes  naked,  flat ;  berries  white. — A  small  tree,  N.  and  W.  States,  and  Can., 
8  to  lOf  in.  height,  with  smooth,  slender,  spreading  branches,  which  are  commonly 
red,  especially  in  winter.     It  often  sends  out  from  its  base  prostrate  and  rooting 
stems,  with  erect   shoots.     Fls.  in  terminal  cymes,  white,  followed  by  bluMi- 
white  drupes.     May,  Jn. 

7  C.  stricta  Lam.     Branches  erect,  brown,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  elliptical  or  lance-ovate, 
nearly   glabrous  and  green  both  sides;  acute  at  base,  long-acuminate  at  apex; 
petioles  very  short;  cymes  loose,  umbel-like,  fastigiate,  glabrous;  cal.  teeth  sub- 
ulate, half  as  long  as  ovary;  pet.  ovate-lanceolate,  rather  acute;  anthers  and 
drupes  pale  blue.— Swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.     Shrub  8  to  12fhigh,  readily  known 
by  its  slender-pointed,  short-stalked  Ivs.    Apr. 


392  ORDER  65.— CORNACE^E. 

J3.  ASPERIFOLIA  Feay.  Lvs.  scabrous-pubescent  above,  downy  beneath, 
rather  inclined  to  elliptical;  cymes  scabrous. — S.  and  W.  "States.  (C. 
asperi  folia  MX.) 

8  C.  circinata  L.  Branches  verrucous;  Ivs.  orbicular  or  very  broadly  oval,  white 
tomentous  beneath;  cymes  spreading,  depressed;  drupes  light  blue. — A  shrub 
some  6f  high,  Can.  to  Md.,  W.  to  Ind.  St.  grayish,  upright,  with  opposite,  cylin- 
drical, green,  spotted  or  warty  branches.  Lvs.  large,  about  as  broad  as  long, 
opposite,  acuminate,  crowned  with  a  white,  thick  down  on  the  under  side.  Fls. 
white.  Berries  hollowed  at  base,  soft,  crowned  with  the  remains  of  the  style.  Jn. 

2.  NYSSA,  L.  (The  name  of  a  nymph  or  naiad,  says  Linnaeus.) 
TULEPO,  GUM-TREE.  Fls.  dioecious  or  polygamous.  $  Calyx  tube  very 
short,  limb  truncate;  petals  5,  oblong;  stam.  5 — 12,  mostly  10,  inserted 
outside  a  glandular  disk  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx ;  ovary  0.  $  Calyx- 
tube  oblong,  adherent  to  the  1-celled  ovary,  limb  truncate,  a  mere  rim 
as  in  $  ;  petals  2 — 5,  oblong,  often  0  or  soon  deciduous ;  stam.  mostly 
abortive;  style  large,  stigmatic  on  one  side;  drupe  oval,  1 -seeded.— 
Trees  with  small  green,  fls.  clustered  on  axillary  peduncles,  the  sterile 
more  numerous. 

1  N".  multiflora  "Wang.    Lvs.  oblong-obovate,  acutish  or  obtuse  at  each  end,  entire ; 
the  petiole,  midvein  and  margin  villous  ;  fertile  peduncles  3  (2 — ^-flowered ;  style 
revolute ;  nut  short,  obovate,  striate,  obtuse. — Woodlands  dry  or  damp.    U.  S.    A 
large  tree,  30  to  7 Of  in  hight,  trunk  1— 3f  diam.  with  a  light  gray  hexagonally 
broken  bark.     Lvs.  of  a  firm  texture,  2 — 5'  long,  half  as  wide.      $  Peduncles 
5 — 9-flowered,  fil.  at  length  slender.     Drupe  often  solitary,  blackish  blue,  5 — 6" 
long.    Wood  soft,  but  hard  to  split.     Apr. — Jn.    (N.  aquatica  and  biflora,  auth.) 

2  N.  uniflora  Walt.  SWAMP  TULEPO.    Lvs.  green,  oblong-ovate  or  ovate,  long- 
petiolate,  entire  or  denticulate,  pubescent  or  smoothish  beneath;  fertile  flowers 
solitary,  3-bractcd;  on  slender  peduncles ;  style  nearly  straight ;  sterile  fls.  5 — 10; 
drupe  large,  oblong. — Swamps,  S.  States,  common.     A  tree  of  large  size,  50 — 
80f  high.     Leaves  when  young  thin,  mostly  acute  at  each  end,  when  full  grown 
large,  abrupt  or  cordate  at  base,  thickish,  3 — 9'  long,  the  petioles  1 — 2'.     Fruit 
blue,  as  large  as  a  plum.     Wood  soft  and  white.     Apr.  May.     (N.  denticulata, 
tomentosa,  angulizans  MX.,  etc.) 

3  N.  capitata  Walt.  OGEECHEE  LIME.     Lvs.  oval  or  oblong,  sJiort-petiolaie,  entire, 
whitened  beneath,  midvein  subvillous,  obtuse  at  apex,  acute  at  base ;  fertile  fls. 
solitary,  on  short  peduncles,  downy,  3 — 4-bracted,  with  5  petals  and  10  stamens; 
sterile  fls.  20 — 30  in  each  dense  globular  head ;  fruit  large,  oblong. — On  river  banks 
(especially  the  Ogeechee !)  S.  States.    Tree  20 — 3 Of  high.    Lvs.  ample,  5 — 9'  long, 
2 — 3'  broad,  usually-mucronate;  petiole  2 — 6"  long.     Fruit  "dark  red"  as  large 
as  a  small  plum,  acid.     May,  Jn,  (1ST.  candicans  Ph.) 


648.  Symmetrical  flower  of  Scdum  acre.    4,  of  Sempcrvivum. 


ORDER  66.-— CAP-RIFOLIACE-^J.  393 


COHORT  2,  GAMOPETAL^S, 

OR  MONOPETALOUS  EXOGENS. — Plants  having  a  double  peri- 
anth, consisting  of  both  calyx  and  corolla,  the  latter  composed 
of  petals  partially  or  wholly  united. 

ORDER  LXVI.  CAPRIFOLIACE^E.  HONEYSUCKLES. 
Shrubs,  rarely  herbs,  often  twining  with  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules  ;  flowers  clus- 
tered and  often  fragrant,  5-parted  and  often  irregular ;  corolla  monopetalous,  tubular 
or  rotate;  stamens  inserted  on  corolla  tube,  rarely  one  less  than  the  lobes;  ovary 
adherent  to  the  calyx;  style  1,  stigmas  3  to  5 ;  fruit  a  berry,  drupe  or  capsule. 
Embryo  small,  in  fleshy  albumen. 

General,  species  220,  chiefly  natives  of  tha  northern  temperate  regions,  and  occasionally 
found  in  the  alpine  parts  of  the  tropical  zone. 

Properties.  The  fever-root  (Triosteum  perfoliaturn)  is  a  mild  cathartic,  and  in  largo  doses 
«rnetic ;  the  dried  and  roasted  berries  are  sometimes  substituted  for  coffee.  The  leaves  and 
bark  of  the  Elder  are  both  emetic  and  cathartic ;  the  flowers  are  sudorific,  and  tho  berries 
laxative.  The  beauty  and  fragrance  of  the  Honeysuckle  in  cultivation  is  well  known. 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 

1.  LONICERE^E.    Corolla  tubular,  with  a  filiform  style  (a). 

a  Herbs. — Corolla  5-lobed,  the  stamens  but  4 LINN.SA.  1 

— Corolla  5-lobed,  the  stamens  5 TBIOSTEUM.  2 

a  Shrubs. — Corolla  bell-shaped,  regular.  Berry  4-celled,  2-seeded SYMPIIORICARPUS.  8 

— Corolla  tubular,  lobes  unequal.  Berry  2  to  3-celled LONICEBA.  4 

— Corolla  funnel-form.  Capsule  2-celled,  oo-seeded DIEBVILLA.  5 

2.  SAMBUCE^E.    Corolla  rotate,  deeply'5-lobed.    Stigmas  sessile  (b). 

b  Shrubs  with  pinnate  leaves.    Berry  3-seeded SAMBUCUS.  6 

b  Shrubs  with  simple  leaves.    Drupel-seeded VIBURNUM.  7 

1.  LINN£\A,    Gron.      TWIN-FLOWER.      (Dedicated    to    Carl    Von 
Linne,  the  most  renowned  of  naturalists.)     Calyx  tube  ovate,  limb  5- 
parted,  deciduous ;  bractlets  at  base  2  ;  corolla  campanulate,  limb  sub- 
equal,   5-lobed ;  stamens  4,   2  longer  than  the  other ;  berry  dry,  3- 
celled,  indehiscent,  1-seedcd  (2  cells  abortive). —  14  A  trailing,  evergreen 
herb,  widely  disseminated  throughout  the  northern   temperate  zone. 
Fed.  2 -flowered. 

L.  bore  alls  Gron.  The  only  species,  native  of  moist,  shady,  rocky  soils,  gener- 
ally in  evergreen  woods,  from  lat.  39°  to  the  Arc.  Sea.  It  has  long,  creeping, 
filiform,  brownish  sts.,  rooting  and  branching  their  whole  length,  and  covering 
the  ground  in  large  patches.  Lvs.  small,  opposite,  petiolate,  roundish,  with  ob- 
tuse lobes  or  teeth,  and  scattered  hairs.  Fed.  filiform,  slightly  hairy,  about  3' 
high  (the  only  erect  part  of  the  plant),  the  lower  part  leafy,  the  upper  furnished 
with  a  pair  of  minute,  linear,  opposite  bracts,  and  terminating  with  2  pedicellate, 
nodding  flowers.  The  corolla  is  rose-colored  and  very  fragrant.  Jn. 

2.  TRIOSTEUM,  L.     FEVER-WORT.      (Gr.  rpei^  three,   OOTKOV,  a 
Done ;  from  the  three  bony  seeds.)     Calyx  tube  ovoid,  limb  5-parted, 
segments  linear,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  corolla  tubular,  gibbous 
at  base,  limb  5-lobed,  subequal ;  stamens  5,  included ;  stigma  capitate, 
lobed  ;  fruit  drupaceous,  crowned  with  the  calyx,  3-celled,  3-sceded ; 


394  OHDER  66.— CAPRIFOLIACE^E. 

seeds   ribbed,  bony. —  H  Herbs   coarse,   hairy.     Lvs.   large,    connate. 
FJs.  axillary. 

1  T.  perfoliatum  L.     Hirsute ;  Ivs.  oval,  acuminate ;  fls.  verticillato  or  clustered, 
sessile,  brownish-purple. — Rocky  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Wise.  S.  along  the  Mts.     St. 
stout,   3  to  4f  high,  covered  with    soft,   clammy  hairs.     Lvs.  6'  by  3',  entire, 
abruptly  contracted  at  base,  pubescent  beneath.     Fls.  in  clusters  of  5  or  6.     Cor. 
limb  in  5  rounded  lobes.     Fr.  a  rather  dry  drupe,  crowned  with  the  long,  leafy, 
spreading  calyx  segm.,  orange-colored  when  mature.     Jn. — Root  large,  fleshy, 
in  much  repute,  having  many  of  the  properties  of  Ipecacuanha. 

2  T.  angustifolium  L.     Hispid;   Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scarcely  connate: 
fls.  mostly  solitary,  short-stalked,  yellowish  or  straw-colored. — S.  States  to  111.  and 
Glen  Cove,  L.  I.  (Mr.  J.  Coles).     Plant  2  to  3f  high,  more  slender  and  rougher 
than  the  other.     Lvs.  about  4  or  5'  by  1',  contracted  to  a  narrow  base,  roughest 
on  the  upper  surface.     May. 

3.  SYMPHORICAR'PUS,   Dill.     SNOW-BEERY.      (Gr.  ovv,  together, 
0spw,  to  bear,  Kapno^  fruit ;  bearing  fruit  in  close  clusters.)     Calyx 
tube  globous,  limb  4  to  5-toothed  ;  corolla  funnel-shaped  or  bell-shaped, 
the  limb  in  4  to  5  subequal  lobes  ;  stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla,  and 
as  many  as  its  lobes  ;  stigma  capitate  ;  berry  globous,  4-celled,  2-seeded 
(2  opposite   cells  abortive). — Small  shrubs,  with  entire,  oval  Ivs.,  and 
small,  rose-colored  fls. 

1  S.  racemosus  MX.     Fls.  in  terminal,  loose,  interrupted,  often  leafy  rac.;  cor. 
campanulate,  densely  bearded  within ;  sty.  and  sta.  included ;  berries  snow-white. 
— A  smooth,  handsome  shrub,  2  to  3  f  high,  common  in  cultivation,  and  native  in 
W.  N.  York,  Can.,  &c.     Lvs.  oval  or  oblong,  the  margin  often  wavy,  nearly  or 
quite  smooth,  paler  beneath,  on  short  petioles.     Cor.  rose-color,  the  throat  filled 
with  hairs.     Berries  large,  round  or  ovoid,  and  very  ornamental  when  mature. 
JL,  Aug. 

2  S.  occidentalis  R.  Br.    "WOLF-BERRY.     Lvs.  ovate,  obtusish ;  spikes  dense, 
axillary  and  terminal,  nodding ;  cor.  somewhat  funnel-form,  densely  bearded  in- 
side; sta.  and  bearded  style  exserted;  berries  white. — Woods,  Mich,  to  Wis.  and 
Can.     Shrub  2  to  4f  high.     Lvs.  1  to  3'  by  §  to  2' ;  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous, 
paler  beneath.     Cor.  rather  larger  and  more  expanded  than  in  the  last,  purplish 
white.     Jl. 

3  S.  vulgaris  MX.     Lvs.  roundish-oval ;  spikes  axillary,  subsessile,  capitate  and 
crowded;  cor.   campanulate,   lobes  nearly  glabrous;  sta.  and  bearded  style  in- 
cluded ;   berries  dark  red. — River  banks,  Penn.  to  Iowa  (Cousens),  and  S.  States. 
Shrub  2  to  3f  high.     Branches  purplish  and  often  pubescent.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  £ 
to  !£-',   somewhat  pubescent.      Cor.   greenish -red.      Jl.      (Lonicera   Symphori- 
carpus  L.) 

4.  LONICE'RA,  L.     HONEYSUCKLE.       WOODBINE.      (In   honor   of 
Adam  Lonicer,  a  physician  of  Frankfort,  in  the  sixteenth  century.) 
Calyx  5-toothed,  tube  subglobous  ;  corolla  infundibuliform  or  campanu- 
late, limb  5-cleft,  often   labiate ;  stamens  5,   exserted ;  ovaries   2  to  3- 
celled  ;    berry  few-seeded  ;    stigma   capitate. — A  beautiful    genus   of 
climbing  or  erect  shrubs,  with  opposite  and  often  connate  Ivs. 

§  XYLOSTEON.    Shrubs  erect.    Leaves  never  connate.    Flowers  in  pairs  (a). 

0,  Corolla  gibbous  at  base,  lobes  somewhat  irregular Nos.  1 — 5 

a  Corolla  not  gibbous,  lobes  spreading,  equal,  roseate No.  4 

§  CAPRIFOLIUM.     Shrubs  climbing.     Fls.  sessile,  mostly  whorled  (b). 

b  Leaves  all  distinct.     Corolla  ringent.     Cultivated  exotics .Jos.  5,  6 

b  Leaves  (the  upper  pair)  connate-perfoliate  (c). 

C  Corolla  subequal,  both  tube  and  limb  scarlet No.  7 

C  Corolla  limb  ringent, — tube  equal  (not  gibbous)  at  base Nos.  8 — 10 

—tube  gibbous  at  the  base Nos.  11, 12 


ORDER  66.— CAPRIFOLIACK^E.  395 

1  L.  ciliata  Mulil.     FLY  HONEYSUCKLE.     Lvs.  ovate,  subcordate,  ciliate;  cor. 
limb  with  short  and  subequal  lobes ;  tube  saccate  at  base ;  sty.  exserted ;  berries 
distinct,  red. — A  branching,   erect  shrub,  3  to  4f  high,  found  in  woods,  Me.  to 
Ohio  and  Can.     Lvs.  thin,  oblong-ovate,  often  cordate  at  the  base,  somewhat  cili- 
ate on  the  margin,  and  villous  beneath  when  young.     Fls.  pale  straw-yellow,  ia 
pairs  at  the  top  of  the  peduncle,  with  an  obtuse  spur  turned  outwards  at  the  base. 
Berries  ovoid,  red,  in  pairs,  but  not  connate,  3  to  5-seeded.    May,  JD. 

2  L.  oblongifolia  Hook.     Lvs.  oblong  or  oval,  velvety-pubescent  beneath,  cor. 
limb  deeply  bilabiate ;  tube  gibbous  at  base ;  ped.  long,  filiform,  erect ;  berries 
connate  or  united  into  one,  globous,  purple,  bi-umbilicate. — A  shrub,  3  to  4f  high, 
in  swamps,  Can.  and  N.  Y.     Lvs.  almost  sessile,  1  to  2'  long,  ped.  of  equal  length. 
Cor.  hairy,  greenish-yellow  outside,  purplish  inside,  the  lower  lip  nearly  entire, 
the  upper  one  4-lobed,   erect.     Berries  marked  with  the  remains  of  the  two 
calyces.     Jn. 

3  L.  ccerulea  L.     Lvs.  oval-oblong,  ciliate,  obtuse,  villous  both  sides,  at  length 
smoothish ;  ped.  short,  reflexed  in  fruit ;  bracts  longer  than  the  ovaries ;  cor.  gib- 
bous at  base,  lobes  short,  subequal ;  berries  connate  or  united  into  one,  deep  blue. — 
A  low  shrub  in  rocky  woods,  Mass,  and  N.  Y.  north  to  Hudson's  Bay.     St.  2f 
high,  with  small  Ivs.  and  pairs  of  small,  yellow  fls.,  which  are  longer  than  their 
peduncles.     Lvs.  ovate,  oval,  obovate  and  oblong,  ending  abruptly.     May,  Jn. 

4  L.  Tartarica  L.     TARTARIAN  HONEYSUCKLE.    Sts.  erect,  much  branched ; 
Ivs.  ovate,  cordate,  obtuse,  smooth,  shining,  and  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath, 
entire,  on  short  petioles;  ped.  axillary,  solitary,  2-flowered;  segm.  of  the  cor.  ob- 
long, obtuse,  equal. — An  elegant  and  much  admired  shrub,  from  Russia.     Grows 
from  4  to  lOf  high.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  f  to  1J',  coriaceous.     Fls.  small,  pale  purple, 
varying  to  pure  white,  fragrant.     Apr. — Jn.  f 

5  L.  Japonica  L.     CHINESE  HONEYSUCKLE.     Sts.  soft-pubescent ;  Ivs.  ovate 
and  oblong,  minutely  pointed,  all  distinct,  petiolate ;  ped.  axillary,  2-bracted  and 
2-flowered ;  cor.  limb,  ringent,  tube  equal  at  base,  slender,  downy ;  stam.  and 
sty.  exserted. — From  China.     Sts.  flexuous,  climbing  15f  high,  bearing  a  profusion 
of  orange-colored  fls.     f  South. 

6  L.  Periclymemim  Tourn.     WOODBINE.     Lvs.  deciduous,   all  distinct, 
elliptical,  rather  acute,  on  short  petioles ;  fls.  in  dense,  imbricate,  terminal  heads ; 
cor.  ringent. — A.  woody  climber,  native  of  Europe,  cultivated  and  nearly  natur- 
alized.    Fls.  yellow  and  red,  fragrant,  succeeded  by  red  berries.     Variety  querci- 
folium  has  sinuate  Ivs.     May — Jl.  f 

7  L.  sempervireiis  Ait.    TRUMPET  HONEYSUCKLE.     Lvs.  oblong,  evergreen,  tho 
tipper  ones  counate-perfoliate ;    fls.  in   nearly  naked  spikes  of  distant  whorls; 
cor.  trumpet-shaped,  nearly  regular,  ventricous  above. — In  moist  groves  and  bor- 
ders of  swamps,  M".  Y.  (near  the  city),  to  Fla.  and  La.     St.  woody,  twining  with 
the  sun.     The  distinct  Ivs.  in  the  wild  plant  are  elliptical  or  almost  linear ;  tho 
connate,  but  1  or  2  pairs.     Cor.  nearly  2'  long,  of  a  lino  scarlet  without  and  yel- 
low within.     Mar,  Apr.  (S.)— May— -Jl  (N.)  f. 

8  L.  flava  Sim.     YELLOW  HONEYSUCKLE.     Lvs.  ovate,  glaucous  both  sides,  upper 
pair   connate-perfoliate ;    spikes  terminal,  of  about  2   close  whorls ;  cor.  smooth, 

'  tube  slender,  not  gibbous  at  base,  limb  somewhat  ringent;  stam.  exserted, 
smooth. — Shrub  scarcely  twining,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Wise.  Lva.  deciduous, 
abruptly  contracted  at  base,  except  the  upper  perfoliate  pair.  Fls.  in  heads  ol 
about  10,  fragrant.  Cor.  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  the  tube  much  longer  than 
the  lips,  bright  yellow  ;  upper  lip  much  broader  than  the  lower,  in  4  segm.  May, 
Jl.f 

9  L.  grata  Ait.     EVERGREEN  HONEYSUCKLE.     Lvs.  evergreen,  obovate,  smooth, 
glaucous  beneath,  the  upper  pair  connate-perfoliate ;  fils.  in  sessile,  terminal  and 
axillary  whorls ;  cor.  riugent,  tube   long,  slender,  not  gibbous  at  base. — Damp 
woodlands,  N.  Y.,  Penn.,  and  W.  States.     St.  climbing  many  feet.     Lvs.  oppo- 
site or  in  3s,  margin  revolute.     Fls.  large  and  very  fragrant,  5  or  G  in  each  whorl. 
Cor.  whitish,  becoming  yellowish  within,  reddish  without.     Sta.  exserted.     Ber- 
ries red.     Jn.  f 

10  L.  Caprifolium  L.  COMMON  OR  ITALIAN  HONEYSUCKLE.     Lvs.  decidu- 
ous, the  upper  pair  porfoliate-connatc ;  fls.  in  a  single  terminal  verticil ;  cor.  rin- 


396  ORDER  66.— CAPRIFOLIACE^E 

gent,  lips  a  third  the  length  of  the  tube,  strongly  revolute.— Native  of  Europe 
Greatly  admired  in  cultivation  for  its  beauty  and  fragrance.  Pis.  of  various 
hues,  red,  yellow  and  white.  Jn. — Aug.  f 

11  L.  parviflora  Lara.  Lvs.  smooth,  shining  above,  glaucous  beneath,  oblong  all 
sessile  or  connate,  the  upper  pair  perfoliate ;  flg.  in  lids,  of  1  or  more  approxi- 
mate whorls;  cor.  ringent,  tube  glabrous,  short,  gibbous  at  base;  fil.  bearded  — 
A  small,  smooth,  shrubby  climber,  in  rocky  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St  8  to  10f 
long.  Lvs.  wavy  and  revolute  on  the  margin,  very  glaucous  on 'the  underside 
Fls.  rather  small.  Cor.  1  in  length,  yellow,  tinged  with  dull  red.  gibbous  at 
base,  the  short  limb  in  curved  segments.  Sta.  and  sty.  exserted.  Berries 
orange-colored.  May,  Jn. 

/?.  Lvs.  large,  pubescent  beneath,  all  except  the  upper  pair  distinct,  the  lower 

petiolate ;  fls.  pubescent. — Ohio  (Sullivant)  and  westward.  (L.  Douglasii,  DC.) 

12.  L.  hirsuta  Eaton.     Lvs.  hairy  above,  soft-villous   beneath,   veiny,  broad-oval, 

abruptly  acuminate,  the  upper  pair  connate-perfoliate ;  fls.  in  vertidlMe  spikes; 

cor.  ringent;  fil.  bearded. — A  climber  of  coarser  aspect,  in  woods  N.   Eng.  to 

Mich,  and  Can.,  twining  about  trees  to  the  height  of  15  to  2 Of.     The  whole  plant 

is  more  or  less  hairy.     Lvs.  pale  green,  not  shining,  the  edges  and  the  upper  side 

ciliate  with  scattered   hairs,  fls.  large,  numerous,  greenish   yellow,  in  whorled, 

axillary  and  terminal  clusters.     Limb  of  cor.  spreading.     Sty.  and  sta.  exserted, 

Jn.     (C.  pubescens  Goldie.) 

5.  DIERVIl'LA,  Tourn.     BUSH  HONEYSUCKLE.     (In  honor  of  Dier- 
ville,  a  French  surgeon,  discoverer  of  the  original  species.)     Calyx  tube 
oblong,  limb  5-cleft;  corolla  twice  as  long,  funnel-shaped,  limb  5-cleft 
and  nearly   regular ;    stamens  5 ;    capsular   fruit   2-celled   (apparently 
4-celled  from   the   projecting  placenta),   many-seeded. — Shrubs,  with 
opposite,  serrate,  deciduous  Ivs. 

1  D.  trifida  Moench.     Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  on  short  petioles  ;  ped.  axillary  and 
terminal,  1  to  3-flowercd ;  caps,  attenuate  above. — A  low  shrub  not  uncommon  in 
hedges  and  thickets,  Can.  to  Car.     St.  about  2f  high,  branching.     Lvs.  2  to  4'  by 

1  to  1}',  finely  serrate,  ending  in  a  long,  narrow  point.     Ova.  slender,  4  to  5" 
long,  about  half  the  length  of  the  greenish  yellow  corolla.     Sta.  and  sty.  much 
exserted.     Stig.  capitate. '  Jn. 

2  D.  sessilifolia  Buckley.     Lvs.  glabrous,  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, sessile  or  subampkxicaul ;  peduncles  3  to  5-jlowered,  crowded  in  the  axils 
above ;  caps,  cylindric-oblong,  short-beaked,  crowned  with  the  subulate-setaceous 
calyx  teeth. — High  mountains  of  N.  Car.  (Buckley).     Shrub  2  to  4f  high.     Leaves 

2  to  4'  long.     Flowers  sessile  or  pedicillate.     Jn.,  Jl. 

6.  SAM'BUCUS,  L.    ELDER.  (Lat.  sambuca,  musical  instrument,  said 
to  have  been  made  of  the  elder.)  Calyx  small,  5-parted  ;  corolla  5-cleft, 
segments  obtuse ;  stamens  5  ;  stigma  obtuse,  small,  sessile  ;  berry  glob- 
ous,  pulpy,  3-seeded. — Shrubs  or  perennial  herbs,  with  odd-pinnate  or 
bipinnate  Ivs.     Fls.  in  cymes. 

1  S.  Canadensis  L.     St.  shrubby ;  cymes  fastigiate,  5-rayed ;  Ifts.  3  to  5  pairs 
with  an  odd  one,  oblong-oval,  acuminate,  smooth. — A   common  shrub  6  to  lOf 
high,  in  thickets  and  waste  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Can.     St.  filled  with  a  light  and 
porous  pith,  especially  when  young.     Lfls.  serrate,  the  lower  ones  often  binate  or 
trifoliate.     Petioles  smooth.     Fls.  numerous,  in  very  large  (2f  broad  in  Ind.)  level- 
topped  cymes,  white,  with  a  heavy  odor.     Berries  dark  purple.     May — Jl. 

2  S.  pubens   MX.     St.   shrubby;  cymes  paniculate  and  pyramidal;  Ifts.  oval- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  in  2  or  3  pairs,  with  an  odd  one,  and  with  the  petiole  pubes- 
cent beneath. — A  common  shrub,  in  hilly  pastures  and  woods,  Hudson's  Bay  to 
Car.,  growing  6f  high,  more  or  less.     Lvs.  simply  antl  unequally  pinnate.;  Ifts. 
sharply  serrate,  very  pubescent  when  young.     Fls.  in  a  cl®se,  ovoid  thyrsus  or 
panicle.     Cor.  white.     Berries  scarlet,  small.    May,  Jn. 

p.  LEUCOCARPA  T.  &  G.     Berries  white.     Catskill  Mountains.     (Mr.  J.  Hogg, 
fide  T.  &  G.) 


ORDER  66.— CAPRIFOLIACE^E.  397 

7.  YIBUR'NUM,  L.  (Lat.  vierc,  to  tic ;  for  the  pliancy  of  tho  twigs  ?) 
Calyx  small,  5-toothed,  persistent ;  corolla  rotate,  limb  5-lobed,  seg- 
ments obtuse ;  stamens  5,  equal,  longer  than  the  corolla ;  stigmas  ses- 
sile ;  ovary  1  to  3-celled,  1-ovuled ;  drupe,  1-seeded. — Shrubs  or  small 
trees,  with  simple,  petiolate  Ivs.,  white  fls.  in  cymes  which  are  some- 
times radiant. 

a  Cymes  radiant, — the  outer  flowers  sterile  and  showy Nos.  1,  2 . 

a  Cymes  not  radiant,  the  flowers  all  alike,     (b) 

b  Leaves  8-lobed,  palrnately  8  to  5- veined Nos.  ",  4 

b  Leaves  not  lobed,— coarsely  toothed.    Cymes  stalked Nos.  5,  G 

— sharply  serrate.    Cymes  sessile Nos.  7,  8 

—entire  or  nearly  so.— Species  native Nos.  9,  1 » 

— Species  exotic Nos.  11, 12 

1  V.  lantanoides  L.    HOBBLE-BUSH.     Lvs.  orbicular,  cordate,  abruptly  acumi- 
nate, unequally  serrate  ;  petioles  and  veins  covered  with  a  ferruginous  down ;  cyme 
sessile;  fr.  ovate. — A  shrub  very  ornamental  when  in  flower,  common  in  tho 
rocky  woods  of  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.  and  Can.     Height  about  5f.     Branches  long  and 
crooked,  often  trailing  and  rooting.     Lvs.  very  large,  covered  with  a  rusty  pubes- 
cence when  young,  at  length  becoming  green,  the  dust  and  down  remaining  only 
upon  the  stalk  and  veins.     The  radiant  sterilo  fls.  of  the  cyme  aro  near  1'  diam.. 
from  a  greenish  color  becoming  white,  flat,  with  5-rounded  lobes.     Inner  fls. 
much  smaller,  fertile.     May. 

2  V.  Opulus  L.    HIGH  CRANBERRY.    Smooth;  Ivs.  3-lobed,  3-veined,  broader  than 
long,  rounded  at   base,  lobes  divaricate,  acuminate,  crenately  toothed;  petioles 
glandular;  cymes  pedunculate. — A  handsome  shrub,  8  to  12f  high,  in  woods  and 
borders  of  fields,  N.  States  and   Brit.  Am.     Sts.  several  from  the  same  root, 
branched  above.     Lvs.  with  large,  remote  blunt  teeth,  the  stalks  with  2  or  moro 
glands  at  base,  channeled  above.     Cymes  radiate  like  the  preceding  species.     Fr. 
resembles  the  common  cranberry  in  flavor,  and  is  sometimes  substituted  for  it.    It 
is  red,  very  acid,   ripens  late,  remaining  upon  the  bush  after  tho  leaves  have 
fallen.     Jn.     (V.  Oxycoccus  Ph.) 

(3.  ROSEUM.  GUELDER  ROSE.  SNOW-BALL.  Lvs.  rather  acute  at  base,  longer 
than  broad,  lobes  acuminate,  with  acuminate  teeth ;  petioles  glandular ;  fls. 
all  neutral,  in  globous  cymes. — This  variety  is  the  popular  shrub  so  generally 
admired  and  cultivated  as  a  companion  of  tho  Lilac,  Snowberry,  Philadelphus, 
&c.  Its  dense  spherical  cymes  are  wholly  made  up  of  barren  flowers. 

3  V.  acerifolium  L.  DOCKMACKIE.  Lvs.  subcordate,  acuminate,  B-veined,  3-lobed, 
acutely  dentate ;  petioles  without  glands,  cymes  on  long  peduncles ;  stam.  ex- 
serted. — A  shrub  4  to  6f  high,   with  yellowish  green  bark,  growing  in  woods, 
Can.  and  U.  S.     Lvs.  broad,  rounded  and  sometimes  cordato  at  base,  divided  into 
3  acuminate  lobes,  with  a  form  not  very  unlike  that  of  the  maple  leaf,  tho  under 
surface  as  well  as  the  younger  branches  a  little  downy.     Branches  straight,  slen- 
der, very  flexible,  ending  with  a  pair  of  Ivs.  and  a  long  stemmed,  cymous  umbel 
of  white  fls.     Fr.  oval,  compressed.     Jn. 

4  V.  pauciflorum  Pylaie.     Nearly  smooth  in  all  its  parts ;  Ivs.  roundish,  with  3 
short  lobes  at  summit,  serrate,  mostly  5-veined  from  the  base ;  cymes  small  and 
pedunculate,  terminating  the  very  short  lateral  branches ;  stam.  much  shorter 
than  the  cor.— A  small  shrub  with  white  fls.,  Mansfield,  Mt,  Vt.,  (Macrae),  White 
Mts.,  N.  H.  (Bobbins),  N.  to  Newfoundland. 

5  V.  dentatum  L.  ARROW- WOOD.     Nearly  smooth ;  Ivs.  roundish-ovate,  coarsely 
dentate-serrate,  petiolate,  straight- veined ;  cymes  pedunculate. — A  shrub  8  to  12f 
high,  not  uncommon  in  damp  woods  and  thickets,  Can.  to  Ga.    It  is  called  arrow- 
wood  from  the  long,  straight,  slender  branches  or  young  shoots.     Lvs.  roundish, 
2  to  3'  diam.,  tho  upper  pair  oval,  the  veins  beneath  prominent,  parallel  and  pu- 
bescent in  their  axils.     Fls.  white,  succeeded  by  small,  roundish,  dark  blue  ber- 
ries.    Jn. — Hardly  distinct  from  the  next. 

6  V.  pnbesc.ens  Ph.     Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  dentate-serrate,  straight 
veined,  villous  beneath  and  somewhat  hairy  above,  on  short  stalks;  slip.  2,  subulate; 
cymes  pedunculate,  smoothish ;  fr.  oblong.— In  dry,  rocky  woods  and  thickets, 
Can.  to  Ga.     A  shrub  about  Gf  high.     Lvs.  each  with  a  pair  of  short,  hairy,  sub- 


398  ORDER  GT.— RUBIACE^E. 

nlate  appendages  (stipular  ?)  at  tho  base  of  the  very  short  petiole.  Cymes  small, 
few-flowered.  Fls.  rather  larger  than  those  of  the  foregoing  species,  white.  Fr. 
nearly  black.  Jn. 

13.  JIOLLE.     POISON  HAW.     Soft,  rusty,  tomentous  throughout  the  stalks,  Ivs. 

and  cymes ;  Ivs.  rather  acute ;  fls.  large. — Tenn.  to  Ga.  (Misses  Keen)  and 

La.  (Hale).     (V.  molle  MX.) 

7  V.  Lentago  L.    SWEET  VIBURNUM.    Lvs.  ovate  and  oval,  long -acuminate,  acutely 
and  finely  uncinate-serrate ;  petiole  with  undulate  margins. — A  common  tree-like 
shrub,  in  rocky  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.    Height  10  to  lof.     Lvs.  smooth, 
conspicuously  acuminate,  about  3'  long  and  £  as  wide,  their  petioles  with  a  curled 
or  wavy  dilated  border  on  each  side.     Fls.  white,  in  broad,  spreading  cymes,  suc- 
ceeded by  well-flavored,  sweetish  berries  of  a  glaucous  black.     Ju. 

8  V.  prunifolium  L.     BLACK  HAW.     SLOE.     Lvs.  smooth,  shining  above,  round- 
ish obovate  or  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  acutely  serrulate,  with  uncinate  teeth  ;  petioles 
slightly  and  evenly  margined ;  cymes  mostly  sessile. — In  woods  and  thickets,  N. 
Y.  to  Ga.     A  shrub  or  small  tree,  10  to  20f  high,  with  handsome,  glossy  Ivs.  and 
large  cymes.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  \  to  §  as  wide,  on  short  petioles,  slightly  mar- 
gined.    Cymes  terminal.     Fls.  white,  succeeded  by  oval,  blackish  berries  which 
are  sweet  and  eatable.     Jn. 

/?.  FERRUGIXEUM.  T.  &  G.  Veins  and  petiole  beneath  covered  with  reddish 
brown  wool ;  Ivs.  narrower. — S.  W.  Ga.  and  Mid.  Fla.  Called  possum  haw, 
the  black  drupes  being  insipid. 

9  V.  nudum  L.     Smooth ;  Ivs.  oval-oblong,  or  lance-oval,  subrevolute  at  edge,  entire 
or  subcrenulate,  not  shining,  veiny  and  dotted  beneath ;  petioles  not  winged ;  cymes 
on  short  stalks. — Shrub  or  small  tree,  10  to  2 Of  high,  U.  S.     Lvs.  thick,  and  when 
fully  grown  3  to  4'  long,  mostly  acute  or  even  short  acuminate.      Cymes  large,  on 
peduncles  1  to  2'  in  length,  naked  after  losing  their  caducous  bracts.     Fls.  white, 
berries  dark  blue,  covered  with  bloom,  sweetish.     Apr. — Jn. — Very  variable. 

/?.  ANGUSTIFOLIUM.  T.  &  G.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
each  end,  margin  obscurely  repand-denticulate. — South  (Pond,  £c.) 

y.  CASSINOIDES  T.  &  G.  Lvs.  oval,  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  acute  or  short- 
acuminate,  margin  nearly  entire,  veins  not  prominent. — North  and  South 
(V.  cassinoides  L.). — Another  variety  (d.  ovale)  has  smaller,  oval,  obtuse,  very 
entire  Ivs.  (South),  &c. 

10  V.  obovatum  Walt.     Lvs.  small,  obovate,  obtuse,  entire  or  nearly  so,  subses- 
sile,  dotted  beneath;  cymes  small,  numerous,  sessile. — Shrub  8  to  15f  high,  swampy 
river  banks,  Va.  to  Ga.     Branches  straggling,  some  virgate  ones,  all  covered  with 
a  profusion  of  white  cymes  about  1|-'  diam.     Lvs.  at  flowering  time  G  to  8"  long, 
finally  10  to  18".     Fr.  black,  shining,  sweet.     Apr.,  May. 

11  V.  Tinus  L.      LAURESTINE.      Lvs.  coriaceous,  lance-ovate,   entire,  their 
veins  with  hairy  tufts  beneath. — A  fine  evergreen  shrub,  from  Europe.     Height 
4  to  5f.     Lvs.  acute,  thick  but  veiny,  dark,  shining  green  above,  paler  beneath. 
Fls.  white,  tinged  with  red,  very  showy.     Degrees  of  pubescence  variable. 

12  V.  odoratissimum  Ker.     Smooth;    Ivs.  coriaceous,  evergreen,  elliptic- 
oblong,  remotely  repand-dentate ;  fls.  in  paniculate  cymes,  white,  very  fragrant. — 
f  From  China. 

ORDER  LXYII.     KUBIACE^E.     MADDERWORTS. 

Trees,  shrubs  and  herbs.  Lvs.  opposite,  somewhat  verticillate,  entire.  Stipules 
between  the  petioles,  sometimes  resembling  the  leaves.  Calyx  tube  more  or  less  ad- 
herent to  the  ovary ;  limb  4  to  5-cleft.  Corolla  regular,  inserted  upon  the  calyx 
tube,  and  of  the  same  number  of  divisions.  Stamens  inserted  upon  the  tube  of  tho 
corolla,  equal  in  number  and  alternate  with  its  segments.  Ovaries  2  (rarely  more)- 
celled.  Style  single  or  partly  divided.  Fr.  various.  Seeds  one,  few,  or  many  in  each 
cell.  (Fig.  183.) 

Genera  330,  species  2800.  It  is  generally  divided  into  two  suborders,  viz..  Stellate®  and  Cin- 
chonese,  to  which  a  third,  Loganieae  (which  has  few  representatives  at  tho  North)  is  appended  by 


ORDER  67.— RTJBIACE.E.  399 

Torrey  and  Gray.    The  species  of  the  first  suborder,  Stellate*,  are  common  in  the  northern  parts 
of  both  continents;  the  other  suborder  prevails  chiefly  in  warm  or  torrid  regions. 

Properties.— A  very  important  family,  furnishing  rnuny  useful  products.  The  madder  one 
of  the  most  important  ot  dyes,  is  lurnished  by  the  root  of  liubia  tinctoria.  A  similar  coloring 
matter  is  possessed  by  several  species  of  Galium.  Peruvian  bark,  a  powerful  febrifuce  is  th 
product  of  several  species  of  Cinchona,  viz.,  <J.  micranthia,  C.  condaminea,  C.  lanceolata,  C.  maff- 
mfolia,  &c ,  all  natives  of  Peru.  Their  febrifugal  properties  depend  upon  the  presence  of  two 
alkalies,  Cinchoma  and  Quima,  both  combined  with  Kinic  acid.  Ipecacuanha,  the  prince  of 
emetics,  is  the  product  ol  the  root  of  Cephselis  Ipecacuanha,  a  little  shrubby  plant  with  creeping 
roots,  in  the  damp  forests  ot  Brazil.  Several  other  species  of  Cinchonese  afford  substitutes  for 
the  true  Ipecac. 

Coffee  is  the  hard  albumen  of  the  seeds  of  Coffea  Arabica,  a  tree  of  moderate  size,  with  a  licht 
brown  trunk,  and  a  conical  shaped  head.  Leaves  shining,  light  green.  Flowers  white  fragrant 
The  berries  are  black  when  ripe.  Coffee  is  said  to  have  been  used  in  Ethiopia  from  time  imme- 
uiorial.  In  Paris  and  London  it  seems  not  to  have  been  in  general  use  earlier  than  the  year  1700. 

SUBORDERS  AND   GENERA. 
1  STELLATED.    Leaves  (and  leaf-like  stipules  ?)  whorled.    Ovary  entirely  adherent,  (a) 

a  Flowers  4-parted.    Fruit  twin.    Slender  herbs  with  square  stems GALICM.  1 

a  Flowers  5-parted.    Fruit  twin,  fleshy  and  baccate.    Stems  square RUBIA.  2 

2.  CINCHONE^E.    Leaves  opposite,  with  stipules  between  the  petioles.    Ovary 
adherent,  at  least  the  lower  half,  (b) 

b  Tree.    Flowers  5-parted,  in  involucrate  cymes PINKNEYA.  3 

b  Shrub.    Flowers  4-parted,  in  globular  heads CEPHALANTHUS.    4 

b  Herbs.    Flowers  habitually  4-parted  (5-parted  in  O.  Halei).  (c) 

C  Flowers  twin  (2  corollas  on  one  (double)  ovary) MITCHELLA.  5 

C  Flowers  not  twin.— Carpels  2, 1-seeded,  both  indehiscent DIODIA.  6 

—Carpels  2, 1-seeded,  one  indehiscent SPERM  ACOCE.         7 

— Carpels  2,  few-seeded.    Corolla  much  exserted.HocsTONiA.  8 

— Carpels  2,   CO  -seeded.      Corolla   scarcely  ex- 

serted OLDENLANDI  A       9 

1.  GALLIUM,  L.  CLEAVERS.  BEDSTRAW.  (Gr.  yaAa,  milk;  the 
/lowers  of  G.  verum  are  used  in  coagulating  milk.)  Calyx  limb  minutely 
4-toothcd ;  corolla  rotate,  4-cleft ;  stamens  4,  short ;  styles  2  ;  carpels 
2,  united,  separating  into  2,  1-seeded,  indehiscent  nutlets. — Herbs  with 
slender,  4  angled  sts.  Verticels  of  4,  6  or  8  Ivs.,  rarely  of  5. 

a  Flowers  yellow.    Leaves  in  whorls  of  about  8.    Fruit  smooth No.  1 

a  Flowers  dull  purple.    Leaves  (large)  in  whorls  of  4.     Fruit  hispid  or  not Nos.  2 — 4 

a  Flowers  white. — Leaves  in  4s  only.    Fruit  dry.     Panicle  terminal No.  5 

— Leaves  in  4s  only.    Fruit  smooth,  purple  berries Nos.  6,  T 

—Leaves  in  4s  and  6s.— Fruit  hispid  with  hooked  hairs , No.  8 

— Fruit  smooth  or  nearly  so,  dry Nos.  9 — 11 

— Leaves  in  8s,  long  and  narrow.    Fruit  hispid No.  12 

1  G.  verum  L.    YELLOW  BEDSTRAW.    Erect ;  Ivs.  in  8s}  grooved,  entire,  rough, 
linear;  fls.  densely  paniculate. — 11  Found  in  dry,  open  grounds,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Boston,  probably  introduced  (Bigelow).    Root  long,  fibrous.    St.  slender,  erect, 
1  to  2f  high,  with  short,  opposite,  leafy,  unequal  branches.    Lvs.  deflexed,  linear, 
with  rolled  edges.     Fls.  numerous,  small  yellow,  in  small,  dense,  terminal  pani- 
cles.    Jn. — The  roots  dye  red.     The  flowers  aro  used  in  England  to  curdle  milk. 
§Eur. 

2  G.  pilosum  Ait.     St.  ascending,  hirsute  on  the  angles ;  Ivs.  in  4s,  oval,  indis- 
tinctly veined,   hirsute  loth  sides  and  punctate  with  pellucid  dots ;  ped.  several 
times  forked,  each  division  2  to  3-flowered ;  fls.  pedicellate,  densely  hispid. — A  tall 
species  found  in  dry  woods  and  sterile  soils,  Mass,  to  Ind.,  S.  to  the  Gul£     St.  1 
to  2f  high,  acutely  4-angled,  mostly  with  few,  short,  spreading  branches,  some- 
times much  branched.     Lvs.  9  to  12"  by  4  to  8",  obtusish,  very  hairy  as  well  as 
the  stem  and  fruit.     Fls.  purplish.   Jn.    (G-.  puncticulosum  MX.) 

3  G.  circae'zans  MX.     St.  erect  or  ascending,  smooth;  Ivs.  in  4s,  oval  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  3-veined,  smoothish,  ciliate  on  the  margins  and  veins ;  ped.  di- 
varicate, few-flowered ;  fr.  subsessile,  nodding,  hispid.— Grows  in  woods,  U.  S. 
and  Can.     St.  about  If  in  height ;    with  a  few  short  branches  near  the  top,  or 
simple.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  4  to  8".     Fls.  on  very  short,  reflexed  pedicels,  scattered 
along  the  (usually  2)  branches  of  the  dichotomous  peduncle.     Fr.  covered  with 

-  little  hooks  as  in  Circaa.     Jl. — The  leaves  have  a  sweet  taste  like  liquorice. 


400  ORDER  67 — RUBIACEJE. 

(3.  LANCEOLATUM  Torr.  Very  smooth ;  Ivs.  lanceolate ;  fr.  sessile.— A  fmo  va- 
riety with  larger  leaves  (2'  or  more  in  iengtyi).  Fls.  purple.  (G.  Torreyi  Bw.) 

y.  MONTANUM  T.  &  G.  Dwarf;  Ivs.  obovate. — "White  Mts.  (Oakes.)  (G.  Lit- 
telfi  Oakes.) 

4  G.  latifolium  MX.     St.  erect,    smooth;    Ivs.   in  4s,   lanceolate,  3-veined,  very 
acute. ;  ped.  axillary  (leafy)  and  terminal,  about  twico  trichotomous ;  purple  fls. 
and  smooth  fruit  on  filiform  pedicels. — Mts.  E.  Tenn.  and  Va.  to  Ga.     An  elegant 
species.     St.  about  2f  high.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long.     Pis.  very  small,  pedicels  2  to  6" 
long,  divaricate.    Jl. 

5  G.  boreale  L.    St.   erect,  smooth ;  Ivs.  in  4s,  linear-lanceolate,  rather  acute, 
3-veined,  smooth ;  fls.  in  a  terminal  pyramidal  panicle. — Grows  in  rocky,  shady 
places,  N.  States  and  Brit.  Am.     Sts.  If  or  more  high,  several  together,  branched 
above.     Lvs.  12  to  20"  by  2  to  0'',  tapering  to  an  obtusish  point     Fls.  numer- 
ous, small,  white,  in  a  thyrse-like  panicle  at  top  of  tho  stern.     Fr.  small.    Jl.    (G. 
septentrionale  Bw.) 

6  G.  hispiclulum  MX.     Diffuse,  minutely  hispid ;  Ivs.  in  4s,  oval,  thickish,  mostly 
acute  or  mucronate ;  ped.  axillary,  1  to  3-flowered ;  fr.  fleshy  and  berry-like,  large, 
bluish-purplo. — S.  Car  to  Fla.  and  La.     Sts.  sharply  4-angled.     Lvs.  5  to  7"  by  2 
to  3",  margin  somewhat  revolute.     Pedicels  of  the  fr.  about  G"  long.    May — Oct. 

7  G.  unifldrum.  MX.     Glabrous ;  sis.  ccespitous,  slender,  many,  ascending ;  Ivs.  in 
4s.  linear,  acute;  ped.  axillary,  solitary,  bearing  2  to  4  bracts,  mostly  1-flowered ; 
fr.  oblong,   fleshy,   smooth,   purple. — Damp  woods,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     St. 
straight,  nearly  simple,  about  If  high,  tho  Ivs.  about  1'  by  1'',  and  1-veined.     Fr. 
smaller  than  in  No.  6.    May. 

8  G.  trifldruni  MX.    St.  weak,  often  procumbent,  smoothish,  shining ;  Ivs.  in  5s 
and  6s,  elliptic  and  lanceolate,  acuminate-cuspidate,  1-veined,  scarcely  ciliate  on 
the  margin ;  ped.  elongated,  axillary,  3  (rarely  2)-flowered  at  the  extremity,  often 
twico  di-  or  trichotomous ;    fls.   pedicellate ;   fr.  hispid  with  hooked  hairs. — Moist 
woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.     St.  1  to  3f  long,  slightly  branched.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  £ 
as  broad,  often  obovate.     Fl.  greenish  white,  small.    Fr.  whitish,  with  its  uncinato 
clothing.    Jl. 

9  G.  asprellum  MX.     ROUGH  CLEAVERS  or  CLIVERS.     St.  diffuse,  very  branch- 
ing, rough  backwards ;  Ivs.  in  6s,  5s,  or  4s,  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  cuspidate,  mar- 
gin and  midvein  retrorsely  aculeate  ;  ped.  short,  in  2s  or  3s. — Common  in  thickets 
and  low  grounds,  Can.  and  N".  States.     St.  weak,  2  to  5f  long,  leaning  on  other 
plants,   and  closely  adhering  to  them  by  its  minute,  retrorse  prickles.     Lvs.  5  to 
8"  by  2   to  3  '.     Fls.  white,   small  and  numerous.     Fr.  minute,  smooth,  often 
slightly  hispid  when  young.     Jl. 

10  G.   trifidum   L.     DYER'S   CLEAVERS.     GOOSE-GRASS.     St.   decumbent,   very 
branching,  roughish  with  retrorse  prickles  ;  Ivs.  in  5s  and  4s,  linear-oblong  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,   rough-edged;  parts  of  tho  fls.  mostly  in  3s. — If  In  low,  wet 
grounds,  Can.  and  U.  S.     It  is  ono  of  tho  smallest  of  tho  species.     Lvs.  3  to  6" 
by  1  to  2",  often  cuneato  at  base.     Ped.  mostly  in  3s,  and  axillary.     Fls.  small, 
white.    Jl. 

ft.  TINCTORIUII  Torr.  St.  nearly  smootli ;  Ivs.  of  tho  st.  in  6s,  of  tho  branches 
in  4s ;  ped.  2  or  3-flowered ;  parts  of  the  fl.  in  4s. — A  somewhat  less  slen- 
der variety  than  the  first.  The  root  is  said  to  dye  a  permanent  red.  (G.  tinc- 
torium  L.) 

•y.  LATIFOLIUM  Torr.  Lvs.  in  4s,  oblanccolate,  obtuse ;  ped.  3-flowered ;  parts 
of  the  fl.  in  4s. 

11  G.  concmnum  Torr.  &  Gr.     St.  decumbent,   diffusely  branched,  retrorsely 
scabrous  on  the  angles ;  Ivs.  in  6s.  linear,  glabrous,  l-veined,  scabrous  upwards  on 
the  margins;  ped.  filiform,  twico  or  thrice  trichotomous,   with   short  pedicels; 
lobes  of  tho  corolla  acute. — Dry  woods  and  hills,   Mich.,  Ky.,  Ind.     Sts.  very 
slender,  10  to  15'  high.     Lvs  in  numerous  whorls,  5  to  8"  by  1",  slightly  broader 
in  the  middle.     Fls.  minute  and  numerous,  white.     Ju. 

12  G.  Apariiie  L.     St.  weak,  procumbent,  retrorsely  prickly ;  Ivs.  in  Ss,  7s,  or  6s, 
linear- oblanceolate,  mucronate,  rough  on  tho  midvein  and  margin ;  ped.  axillary, 
1  to  2-flowered.— (D  In  wet  thickets,  Can.  and  N.  States  to  Ind.  (Plummer.)    Sts. 
several  feet  long,  leaning  oa  other  plants  and  closely  adhering  by  their  hooked 


ORDER  67.— RUBIACEJ3.  401 

prickles  to  every  thing  in  their  way.  Lvs.  12  to  20"  by  2  to  3".  Fls.  numerous, 
small,  white.  Fr.  rather  large,  armed  with  hooked  prickles.  Jn. — The  root  will 
dye  red.  The  herbage  is  valued  as  a  domestic  remedy.  §  ? 

2.  RITBIA,  Tourn.     MADDER.     (Lat,  rubra,  red  ;  from  the  coloring 
matter  of  its  roots.)     Calyx  tube  ovoid,   limb  5-toothed  or  obsolete ; 
corolla  rotate,  5-parted  ;  stamens  short ;  styles  2,  united  at  base ;  fruit 
twin,  roundish,  baccate,  smooth. — Herbaceous  or  shrubby.   St.  4-anglcd, 
diffuse. 

R.  tinctorum  L.  St.  weak,  its  angles  retrorsely  aculeate  ;  Ivs.  in  whorls  of  G, 
lanceolate,  the  margins  and  midveins  aculeate;  ped.  axillary  and  terminal, 
3-forked;  cor.  5-parted,  brownish  yellow,  with  a  callous  point. — From  Europe. 
Cultivated  for  its  roots  which  yield  that  valuable  coloring  matter,  madder.  JL 

3.  PINCKNE'YA,    MX.     (Dedicated    to    Gen.   C.   C.  Pinckney,  of  S. 
Carolina.)     Calyx  tube  campanulate,   limb   5-parted,  one  segment  of 
several  of  the  flowers  dilated  into  a  large  rose-colored  bract ;  corolla 
tube   cylindrical,   limb  5-lobed,  somewhat  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  sta- 
mens 5,  from  the  base  of  the  corolla,  exserted  ;  style  slender ;  stigma 
2-lobed  ;  capsule  roundish,  thinly  coriaceous,  2-valved,  many-seeded. — 
A  small  tree  (or  large  shrub).     Stip.  caducous,  leaving  a  strong  ridge 
between  the  petioles. 

P.  pubens  MX.  Swamps  and  along  creeks,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.,  common.  It  is  a  sin- 
gularly beautiful  tree,  15  to.25f  high  in  its  native  woods,  with  a  straight  and  slen- 
der trunk.  In  cultivation  it  has  more  the  character  of  a  shrub,  branching  from 
the  base  and  flowering  when  but  lOf  high.  Lvs.  large,  ovate,  acute  or  sub- 
acuminate  at  each  end.  Young  branches  and  cymes  downy.  Cor.  purple  within, 
canescent  without.  Cymes  splendidly  radiant  by  the  largely  expanded  marginal 
calyxes.  Capsules  as  large  as  an  ounce  bullet.  May,  Jn. — Properties  similar  to 
the  Peruvian  bark.  (Fig.  183.) 

4.  CEPHALANTHUS,    L.     BUTTON   BUSH.     (Gr.  Ke^aM],  a  head, 
avOoq,  a  flower ;  flowers  in  heads.)     Calyx  limb  4-toothed ;    corolla 
tubular,    slender,    4-cleft ;    stamens  4  ;    style  much   exserted. — Shruba 
with  opposite  Ivs.  and  short  stip.     Fls.  in  globous  heads,  without  an 
involucre. 

C.  occidentalis  L.  Lvs.  opposite  and  in  3s,  oval,  acuminate,  entire,  smooth  ; 
lids,  pedunculata — A  handsome  shrub,  frequenting  the  margins  of  rivers,  ponds 
and  brooks,  U.  S.  and  Can.  It  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  spherical  heads  of 
flowers,  which  are  near  1'  diam.,  resembling  the  globular  inflorescence  of  the 
Sycamore.  Height  about  6f.  Lvs.  spreading,  entire,  3  to  5'  by  2  to  3'.  The 
fls.  are  tubular,  with  long,  projecting  styles,  and  are  inserted  on  all  sides  of  the 
round  receptacle.  Jl. 

5.  MITCHEL'LA,  L.    PARTRIDGE  BERRY.     (In  honor  of  Dr.  John 
Mitchell,  an  English  resident  in  Virginia.)     Flowers  2  on  each  double 
ovary  ;  calyx  4-parted ;  corolla  funnel-shaped,  hairy  within  ;  stamens  4, 
short,  inserted  on  the   corolla ;  stigmas  4  ;  berry  composed   of  the  2 
united   ovaries. — Evergreen   herbs  smooth  and  creeping,  with  oppo- 
site Ivs. 

M.  repeiis  L.  St.  creeping;  Ivs.  roundish-ovate,  petiolate. — A  little  prostrate 
plant  found  in  woods,  throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  furnished  with  flat, 
coriaceous,  dark  green  Ivs.,  and  producing  small,  bright  red  berries,  remarkably 
distinguished  by  their  double  structure,  and  remaining  on  the  plant  through  the 
winter.  The  corollas  are  white  or  tinged  with  red,  very  fragrant,  sometimes  5  or 
even  G-parted  (Mr.  Shriter).  Fr.  well-flavored  but  dry  and  full  of  stony  seods. 
June. 

26 


402  ORDER  67.—  RUBIACE^E. 

6.  DIO'DIA  L.  (Gr.  &$•,  twice,  odovg,  tooth,  alluding  to  the  two 
calyx  teeth  crowning  the  ovary.)  Calyx,  corolla,  stamens,  style  and 
fruit  as  in  the  next  genus  (Spermacoce)  except  that  the  (2  or  3)  1  -seeded, 
separable  carpels  are  in  both  indehiscent  ;  seeds  oval,  peltate.  —  American, 
chiefly  tropical  herbs.  Stip.  fringed  with  bristles.  Fls.  small,  white, 
axillary,  sessile,  solitary  or  few. 

1  D.  Virginiana  L.     Procumbent,  nearly  glabrous  or  hirsute  ;  sts.  squarish  ;  Ivs- 
lanceolate,  sessile,  entire  ;  bristles  of  the  stip.  longer  than  the  sheaths  ;  fls.  soli- 
tary, opposite  ;  cor.  salver  form,  tube  very  slender,  thrice  larger  than  the  cal.  ; 
stem,  exserted;  style  deeply  2-cleft,  lobes  filiform.  —  if  Damp  places,  111.  to  Ga. 
and  La.     St.  1  to  2f  long,  somewhat  4-sided.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  3  to  5",  1-veined, 
often  with  smaller  ones  fascicled  in  the  axils.     Cor.  6"  long,  hairy  inside.     May- 
September. 

(3.  has  ovate-lanceolate  Irs.     (D.  tetragona  TValt.) 

y.  has  lance-linear,  hairy  Ivs,  ;  cor.  6"  long.     May  —  Sept.     (D.  hirsuta  Ph.) 

2  D.  terea  "Walt.     Erect  or  ascending,  hairy  or  scabrous  ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate, 
sessile,  rough-edged,  acute,  much  longer  than  the  sheaths  or  fruit  ;  fls.  solitary,  or 
several  in  each  axil  ;  cor.  funnel-form,  with  a  wide  tube,  twice  longer  than  the  cal.  ; 
fl.  somewhat  hairy  and  4-sided.  —  Sandy  fields,  N.  J.  to  111.  (Mead)  and  S.  States. 
Sts.  rather  rigid,  simple,  or  branched,  5  to  18'  long,  brownish.     Lvs.  about  1'  by 
2".     Cor.  reddish  white,  shorter  than  the  reddish  brown  bristles.     Aug.,  Sept 
(Spermacoce  diodina  MX.) 


7.  SPERMACOVCE,  L.     (Gr.  OTreppa,  seed,  a/cw/c?/,  a  point  ;  alluding 
to  the  pointed  seeds.)    Calyx  tube  ovoid,  limb  2  to  4-parted  ;  corolla 
tubular,  limb  spreading,  4-lobed  ;  stamens  4  ;  stigma  2-cleft  ;  fruit  dry, 
2-celled,  crowned  with  the  calyx,  separating  into  1  open  and  1  indehis- 
cent carpel  ;  seeds  2,  peltate,  furrowed  on  the  face.  —  Mostly  herbaceous 
and  tropical.     Fls.  small,  in  dense,  axillary,  sessile  whorls,  or  clusters. 

1  S.  glabra  MX.     Glabrous,  procumbent  at  base  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire  ;  whorls 
many-flowered  ;  cal.  4-toothed  (rarely  5)  ;  cor.    funnel-form,    short,  hairy  in  the 
throat  ;  anth.  included  in  the  tube  ;  stig.  subsessile.     If  River  banks,  TV.  States. 
St.  1  to  2f  long,  terete,  with  4  prominent  lines,  branched.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  £  to  1', 
tapering  to  each  end.     Fls.  white,  9  to  20  in  a  whorl,  subtended  by  the  subulate 
bracts  of  the  stipules.     Jl,  Aug.  —  Resembles  some  of  the  Labiata3. 

2  S.  Chapmanii  Torr.  &  Gr.     Nearly  glabrous  ;  st.  slightly  4-angled  ;  Ivs.  ob- 
long-lanceolate, attenuate  to  a  petiole  ;  whorls  dense-flowered  ;  cor.  funnel-form, 
thrice  longer  than  tho  cal.  ;  stain,  and  slender  sty.  exserted.  —  River  banks,  Mid. 
Fla.     (Chapman.) 

8.  HOUSTCTNIA,  L.     BLUETS.     (Dedicated  to  Dr.    Wm.  Houston, 
the  friend  and  correspondent  of  Miller.)     Calyx  tube  ovoid-globous, 
limb  4-toothed  or  cleft,  persistent  ;  corolla  tubular,  much  exceeding  the 
calyx  ;  limb  4-lobed,  spreading  ;  filaments  4,  inserted   on  the  corolla  ; 
style  1  ;  anthers  and  stigmas  dimorphous,  that  is,  in  some  plants,  the 
former  exserted  and  the  latter  included,  in  others  the  style  exserted  and 
anthers  included  ;  capsule  2-lobed,  the  upper  half  free,  cells  few  (8  to 
20)-seeded.  —  Herbs.     Stip.  connate  with  the  petiole,  entire.     Fls.  soli- 
tary or  in  cymes,  white,  purplish,  or  bluish. 

§  Corolla  salver-form,  glabrous.     Peduncles  1-floweretl  —  terminal  .................  Nos.  1,2 

—axillary  ..................  -Nos  3,  4 

§  Corolla  funnel-form.     Peduncles  00  -flowered,  cymous.  —  Leaves  lance-ovate  .........  No.  5 

—Leaves  lance-linear  .....  Nos.  6,  1 

1  H.  ccerulea  L.  DWARF  PINK.  INXOCEVCE.  Caespitous;  radical  Ivs.  ovate- 
spatulate,  petiolate  ;  sts.  erect,  numerous,  dichotomous  L  pod.  filiform,  1  to  2  -flow- 
ered.— (g)  An  elegant  little  plant  found  in  moist  grounds,  fields,  and  road-sides, 
Canada  and  U.  S.,  often  in  patches.  Caulino  Ivs.  very  small,  opposite,  lance- 


ORDER  67.— RUBIACE^E.  403 

ovate.  Sts.  very  slender,  forked,  3  to  5'  high,  each  branch  bearing  a  flower.  Cor. 
pale  blue,  yellowish  at  the  center,  about  6"  wide.  May— Aug.  (Hedyotis  Hook. 
Oldenlandia,  Gray.) 

/?.  MIVNOR  MX.     Branches  and  ped.  spreading  with  a  wide  angle ;  fls.  smaller 
•  (3  to  4''  wide).— The  more  common  form  in  the  S.  States.     Mar.,  April.     (H 
patens  Ell.) 

2  H.  serpyllifolia   MX.     Casspitous;    sis.  filiform,  procumbent;   Ivs.  roundish- 
ovate,  abrupt  or  subcordate  at  base,  petiolate,  ciliolate  ;  ped.  terminal,  very  long  ; 
cor.  lobes  broad- oval. —  if  ?  Springy  places  among  the  mts.  of  Car.  and  Tenn. 
Sts.  very  slender,  weak,  6  to  12'  long.     Lvs.  no  larger  than  in  No.  1  (of  which 
this  may  be  but  another  variety).     May — Jl. 

3  H.  minima  Beck.     Glabrous,  simple  or  dichotomously  branching ;  Ivs.  linear- 
spatulate,  much  attenuated  to  the  base  ;  ped.  at  first  nearly  radical,  at  length  ax- 
illary, often  not  longer  than  the  leaves;  sds.  10  to  15  in  each  cell,  oval,  smooth, 
concave  on  the  face. — (£)  Prairies,  etc.     Mo.,  Tenn.  to  La.     Very  small  and  deli- 
cate, 1  to  3'  high.     Lvs.  about  5"  by  1".     Fls.  rose  color,  nearly  as  large  as  in 
No.  1,  a.     Mar. — May.     (Hedyotis  T.  &  G.) 

4  H.  rotundifolia  MX.     Procumbent,  creeping,  leafy ;  Ivs.  roundish- oval,  abrupt 
at  base,  petiolate ;  fls.  axillary,  solitary,  ped.  mostly  longer  than  the  Ivs. ;  caps, 
emarginate,  few-seeded. — 1£  Sandy,  damp  places,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Forms 
small  patches.     Sts.  much  branched,  2  to  5'  long.     Lvs.  generally  longer  than 
the  internodes,  3  to  4"  diam.     Fls.  white,  about  as  largo  as  in  No.  1.   Mar. — Dec. 

5  H.  purpurea  L.     St.   ascending,  clustered,  branching,  4-angled;   Ivs.  ovate- 
lanceolate,  3  to  5 -reined,  closely  sessile;  cymes  3  to  7 -flowered,  often  clustered; 
cal.  segm.  lance-linear,  longer  than  the  capsule. — Mid.  and  "W.  States  S.  to  Ala. 
(Bufala),  in  woods  and  on  river  banks.     A  very  delicate  floAver,  about  If  high. 
Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  £  as  wide.     Cor.  white,  often  tinged  with  purple.     May — Jl. 
(Hedyotis  Hook.) 

6  H.  longifolia  Gaert.     Radical  Ivs.  oval-elliptic,  narrowed  to  each  end  ;  cauline 
linear  or  lance-linear,    1-veined;  fls.  in  small,  paniculate  cymes. — If  Dry  hills, 
Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ark.     Much  more  slender  than  the  last.     Sts.  erect,  5  to  12' 
high,  4-angled,  smooth  or  ciliolate  on  the  angles.     Lvs.  9  to  15"  by  2  to  3",  caul- 
ine sessile,  rather  acute  at  each  end,  all  smooth.     Fls.  2  or  3  together  on  very 
short  pedicels,   pale-purple,  with  deeper  colored  stria}  in  the  throat.     Jn.,  Jl. 
(Hedyotis  Hook.) 

/?.  TENUIFOLIA.  St.  very  branching ;  Ivs.  very  narrow ;  ped.  filiform ;  fls. 
smaller.  (H.  tenuifolia  Nutt.) 

7  CILIOLATA.  Lvs.  oblong-linear,  rather  obtuse,  often  ciliato ;  branches  mostly 
erect. — Banks  of  rivers  and  lakes,  N.  Y.  to  Ohio  and  Ky.  Varies  imper- 
ceptibly into  a.  (H.  oiliolata  Torr.) 

7  H.  angustifolia  MX.      Slender,   tall,  strictly  erect;   Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  1- 
veined ;  fls.  very  numerous,  short-pedicelled,  in  compact,  terminal  cymules ;  cal. 
lobes  subulate ;  caps,  obovoid  or  top-shaped. — 2£  Prairies  and  bottoms,  111.  to  La. 
Sts.  slightly  4-angled,  nearly  terete,  10'  to  2f  high,  branching.      Lvs.   12  to  18" 
long,  acute,  attenuate  at  base,  1"  v/ide.     Cor.  white,  hairy  inside,  2"  long.    Jn,, 
Jl.     (Hedyotis  stenophylla  T.  &  G.) 

9.  OLDEN  LAN  'DI  A,  L.  In  memory  of  Oldenland,  a  German  physi- 
cian and  botanist,  who  died  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.)  Calyx  4  or 
5-lobed,  persistent ;  corolla  funnel-form,  with  a  short  tube,  little  longer 
than  the  calyx,  4  to  5-lobed ;  stamens  4  to  5  ;  style  short  or  0,  stigmas 
2  ;  capsule  wholly  adherent  to  and  inclosed  in  the  calyx  tube  ;  seeds 
very  numerous  and  minute  (40  to  60  in  each  cell.) — Herbs  erect  or 
prostrate.  Stip.  with  2  to  4  subulate  points  each  side.  Fls.  small, 
axillary,  white. 
1  O.  glomerata  MX.  CREEPING  GREEN-HEAD.  St.  assurgent,  branching ;  Iva. 

ovate-lanceolate,  pubescent,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a  short  petiole,  or  sessile ; 

fls.  glomerate  in  the  axils  and  terminal,  cor.  shorter  than  thcdeafy  cal.  teeth. — A 


404  ORDER  68.— YALERIAN'ACE^. 

plant  varying  in  size  from  1  to  2'  to  as  many  feet,  found  in  swamps,  &c.,  N.  Y.  to 
La.  Lvs,  £'  in  length,  apparently  connate  from  the  stipules  adhering  to  each 
Bide  of  the  "petiole.  Stip.  2-cleft  into  narrow,  subulate  divisions.  Cal.  in  4  deep, 
leafy  divisions,  which  are  much  longer  than  the  white,  rotate  corolla.  Stam. 
nearly  exserted.  Sty.  very  short.  Caps,  opening  crosswise.  Jn. — Sept.  (Hed- 
yotis  Ell.) 

2  O.  Boscii.     St.  erect,  diffusely  branched;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  acute,   attenuated 
to  a  petiole,  1-veined ;  stip.  2-pointed  each  side ;  fls.  axillary,  sessile,  1  to  3  to- 
gether; cor.  shorter  than  the  triangular- subulate  calyx  teeth,  which  are  shorter 
than  the  roundish  capsule. —  2|  Borders  of  ponds,  <fec.,  Car.  to  La.     Sts.  6  to  10' 
high.     Lvs.  1'  by  1  to  2".     Cor.  purplish.     JL— Sept.     (Hedyotis  DC.) 

3  O.  Halaei,  with  pentamerous  fls.,  a  prostrate,  succulent  perennial,  found  by  Dr. 
Hale  on  the  Eed  River,  La.,  may  yet  be  found  E.  of  the  Miss. 

ORDER  LXVIII.— YALERIANACE^E.     VALERIANS. 

Herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules.  Calyx  adherent,  the  limb  either  mem- 
branous or  resembling  a  pappus..  Corolla  tubular  or  funnel-form,  4  to  5-lobed, 
sometimes  spurred  at  base.  Stamens  distinct,  inserted  into  the  corolla  tube,  alter- 
nate with,  and  generally  fewer  than  its  lobes.  Ovary  inferior,  with  one  perfect 
cell  and  two  abortive  ones.  Seeds  solitary,  pendulous,  in  a  'dry,  indehiscent 
pericarp. 

Genera  12,  species  185,  widely  diffused  in  temperate  climates.  Tho  true  valerian  of  tho 
shops,  used  in  hysteria,  epilepsy,  «fcc.,  is  a  product  of  Valeriana  officinalis.  The  roots  of  several 
other  species  possess  a  heavy  odor,  and  are  tonic,  antispasmodic,  febrifugal,  &c.  The  spikenard 
(John  xii.  3,  «fec).  of  old,  valued  as  a  perfume  and  a  stimulant,  is  from  the  root  of  Nardostachys 
Jatumansi. 

1.  VALERIANA,  L.  VALERIAN.  (To  King  Valerius,  a  patron  and 
friend  of  botanists.)  Calyx  limb  at  first  very  small,  involute,  at  length 
evolving  a  plumous  pappus ;  corolla  funnel-form,  regular,  5-cleft ;  stam- 
ens 3  ;  fruit  1 -celled,  1 -seeded. —  2£  Lvs.  opposite,  mostly  pinnately 
divided.  Fls.  in  close  cymes. 

*  Leaves  and  leaflets  broad,  somewhat  ovate Nos.  1 ,  2 

*  Leaves  and  leaflets  narrow  and  nearly  linear Nos.  3,  4 

1  V.  pauciflora  MX.     Glabrous,  erect  or  decumbent,  often  stoloniferous  at  base, 
radical  Ivs.   ovate,  cordate,  slightly  acuminate,    on  long  petioles,  crenate-serrate, 
cauline,  3  to  7-parted ;  Ifts.  ovate,  terminal  one  much  the  largest ;  cymules  few- 
flowered,  corymbous;  corolla  tube  long  (7  to  8"),  and  slender. — Ohio  to  Ya.  and 
Tenn.     St.  mostly  simple,  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  of  the  succors  mostly  undivided, 
1  to  If  by  f  to  1^',  petioles  1  to  4'  long.     Fls.  pale  purple  or  white.     Jn.,  JL 

2  V.  sylvatica  L.     St.  erect,  striate,  simple;  radical  Ivs.  ovate  or  subspatulate 
(never  cordate),  undivided ;  cauline  one  pinnately  divided ;  segm.  ovate-lanceolate, 
entire  or  subserrate,  the  terminal  one  often  dentate ;  cor.  short  (3  to  4") ;  fr. 
ovate,  compressed,  smooth. — St.  1  to  2f  high.     Swamps,  Vt.  to  Mich.,  very  rare. 
Lvs.  ciliate  with  scattered  hairs,  those  of  the  root  petioled,  sometimes  auriculato 
at  base,  those  of  the  stem  with  4  to  8  lateral  segm.  and  a  large  terminal  one. 
Fls.  numerous,  rose-colored,  appearing  in  July. 

3  V.  edtilis  Nutt.     Simple,  smooth,  and  somewhat  fleshy ;  rt.  Ivs.  linear,  spatu- 
late,  entire,  the  cauline  pinnately  cleft  into  3  to  7  lance-linear,  acute  segm.,  mar- 
gins densely  and  minutely  ciliate,  mostly  attenuated  to  the  base,  panicle  com- 
pound ;  cor.  short  (2  to  3") ;  fr.  compressed,  4-ribbed,  crowned  with  the  late  cal. 
limb  of  10  or  12  plumous  setae. — Low  grounds,  Can.,  Wis.,  Ohio.     Rt.  yellowish, 
fusiform.     St.  1  to  3f  high.     Rt.  Ivs.  many,  3  to   8'  long,  segm.  2  to  4"  wide. 
Fls.  white,  in  a  dense  panicle  which  is  greatly  expanded  in  fruit.     Jn. — Tho 
fleshy  root  is  said  to  be  cooked  and  eaten  by  the  Indians.     (V.  ciliata  T.  &  G.) 

4  V.  officinalis  L.  VALERIAN.  Lvs.  all  pinnate;  Ifts.  lance-linear  or  lan- 
ceolate, the  lateral  and  terminal  similar,  nearly  entire;  cor.  small,  short  (2"),  in 
a  crowded,  compound  cyme. — From  Europe.  It  yields  the  valerian  of  the  shops. 


OBEER  69. — DIPSACE^E.  405 

2.  YALERIANEL'LA,  Moench.  DC.  (Lat.  diminutive  of  Valeriano.) 
Calyx  limb  obsolete;  corolla  tube  short,  not  spurred,  limb  5-lobed, 
regular ;  stamens  3  ;  stigmas  3-cleft  or  entire ;  fruit  3-celled,  2  of  them' 
empty  and  more  or  less  inflated,  the  other  with  one  seed. — ©  Stems 
forked  above.  Lvs.  opposite,  oblong  or  linear,  entire  or  toothed,  ses- 
sile. Fls.  in  dense,  terminal  cymelets.  The  specific  characters  are 
afforded  mainly  by  the  fruit. 

*  Fruit  ovate  in  outline,  glabrous  or  pubescent.    Flowers  white.. .  Nos  1  2 

*  Fruit  orbicular,  glabrous,— compressed  dorsally.    Flowers  white "  Nos'  3  4 

—compressed  laterally.    Flowers  blue ............... .No.'  5 

1  V.  Fagop$Tiim.     Lvs.  oblong-spatulate,  subentire ;  Jr.  smooth,  ovoid-triangu- 
lar, the  empty  cell's  converging  to  the  obtuse  angle,  with  no  groove  between  them  • 
fls.  large  (!£"  broad).— West  N.  Y.  to  Ohio.     St.  8  to  18'  in  height.     Bracts  lan- 
ceolate, acute.     Fr.  resembling  that  of  Buckwheat   (Polygonum  Fagopyrum,)  in 
form,  containing  one  large  seed  and  two  empty  cells.     Fls.  thrice  larger  than  in 
the  next.     Fr.  1J"  long.    Jn.     (Fedia,T.  &  G.) 

2  V.  radiata  Dufr.     Lvs.  mostly  toothed  towards  the  base,  linear-oblong,  obtuse; 
fr.  pubescent,  ovoid,  somewhat  k-angled,  1-toothed  at  apex ;  empty  cells  not  con- 
vergent, but  with  a  groove  between  them ;  futile  cell  flattish,  broader  than  the 
other  2;  fls.  small  (%"  wide). — Low  grounds,  Mich.,  Ohio,  to  Ala.     St.  6  to  12' 
high,  dichotomous  like  the  other  species,  smooth.    Lvs.  oblong,  more  or  less  taper- 
ing to  the  base,  1  to  2'  by  2  to  4".     Fr.  less  than  1"  long,  at  length  nearly 
smooth.     (Fedia,  MX.) 

3  V.  umbilicata  (Sull.)     Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  toothed  or  incised  at  the  base ; 
fr.  subglobous,   inflated,. apex  1-toothed,  the  anterior  face  deeply  umbilicate  and 
perforated  into  the  sterile  cells  which  are  much  larger  than  the  fertile  one. — Moist 
grounds,  Columbus,  Ohio,  (Sullivant).     Plant  smooth,  1  to  2f  high,  many  times 
dichotomous.     Fls.  in  numerous  cymules,  corymbously  arranged.     Fr.  nearly  1" 

.   diam.,  with  1  rib  at  the  back  produced  into  a  tooth  at  apex.     (Fedia,  Sull.) 

4  V.  patellaria  (Sull.)     Lvs.  toothed  at  base ;  fr.  obicular,  much  flattened,  con- 
cave, notched  at  both  ends,  the  sterile  cells  widely  divergent,  at  length  forming  a 
winged  margin  to  the  fertile  cells. — "Wet  grounds  near  Columbus,  Ohio,  (Sullivant). 
Resembles  the  last  except  in  its  fruit.     (Fedia,  Sull.) 

5  V.  olitoria  Mcench.    LAMB  LETTUCE.    Lvs.  spatulate-obtuse,  radical  one  petio- 
late ;  fr.  compressed  laterally  as  to  the  seed,  oblique,  at  length  broader  than  long, 
not  toothed  at  (fpex ;  fertile  cell  longer  than  both  the  others,  with  a  corky  back ; 
empty  cells  united,  but  with  a  groove  (in  the  circumference)  between ;  fts.  pale 
Hue. — Naturalized  in  some   portions   of  the  U.  S.     St.   smooth,  8  to  12'  high, 
dichotomous.     Lvs.  mostly  entire.     Fls.  in  dense  cymules.    Fr.  1'  diam.    Jn.  f 
§Eur. 

ORDER  LXIX.     DIPSACEJE.     TEASELWORTS. 

Herbs  with  whorled  or  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules.  Flowers  in  dense  heads 
surrounded  by  an  involucre  as  in  Compositse.  Calyx  adherent,  pappus-like,  sur- 
rounded by  a  special  scarious  involucel,  corolla  tubular,  somewhat  irregular,  the  limb 
,4  to  5-parted.  Stamens  4,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  corolla,  often  unequal.  An- 
*thers  distinct.  Ovary  inferior,  one-celled,  one-ovuled.  Style  one,  simple.  Fruit 
dry,  indehiscent,  with  a  single  suspended  seed.  (Fig.  206.) 

Genera  6,  *pecie*  150.  The  order  is  nearly  allied  to  the  Compositse.  The  species  are  all  na- 
tives of  the  temperate  regions  of  the  eastern  continent,  none  of  them  American,  Iheir  proper- 
ties are  unimportant.  One  of  the  species  below  is  useful  in  dressing  cloth. 

i.  DIP'SACUS,  L.  TEASEL.  (Gr.  diipdu,  to  thirst;  water  is  held  in 
tho  axils  of  the  leaves.)  Flowers  in  heads;  involucre  many-leaved; 
involucel  4-sided,  closely  investing  the  calyx  and  fruit ;  calyx  superior  ; 
corolla  tubular,  4-cleft,  lobes  erect ;  fruit  1-seeded,  crowned  with  the 


406  ORDER  69. — DIPSACE^E. 

calyx.—®  Plants  stout,  prickly.  Lvs.  opposite,  connate  (sometimes 
distinct)  at  base.  Heads  oblong,  the  middle  zone  of  florets  first  ex- 
panding. (Fig.  206.) 

1  D.  sylvestris  Mill.  WILD  TEASEL.  Lvs.  connate,  sinuate  or  jagged;  lids, 
cylindrical;  bracts  of  the  involucre  longer  than  the  heads  of  fls.,  slender  and 
pungent,  bent  inwards ;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  pungent,  not  hooked. — A  tall,  this- 
tle-like plant,  growing  in  hedges  and  by  roadsides,  Mass,  to  Ind.  St.  about  4f 
high,  angled  and  pricky,  with  the  opposite,  lance-shaped  Ivs.  united  around  it. 
Fls.  bluish,  in  a  large  oval,  or  cylindrical  head  whose  bracts  are  not  hooked,  as 
in  the  next  species,  but  straight.  Jl.  §  Eur. 

,  2  D.  Fullonum  L.  FULLER'S  TEASEL.  Lvs.  connate,  entire  or  serrate ;  hd. 
cylindrical;  bracts  hooked ;  invol.  spreading. — Gardens.  Rt.  fleshy,  tapering.  St 
erect,  farrowed,  prickly,  hollow,  about  5f  high.  Lvs.  2  at  each  node,  united  at 
their  bases  around  the  stem  in  such  a  way  as  to  hold  a  quantity  of  water.  Fls. 
whitish,  in  large  oval  or  ovoid  heads.  Cultivated  for  the  use  of  the  clothiers 
(fullonum)  who  employ  the  heads  with  their  hard,  hooked  scales  to  raise  the  nap 
upon  woolen  cloths.  Jl.  \  Eur. 

2.  SCABIO'SA,  L.  SCABTSH.  (Lat.  scabies,  leprosy  ;  plants  said  to 
cure  cutaneous  diseases.)  Flowers  in  heads  ;  involucre  many-leaved  ; 
involucel  nearly  cylindrical,  with  8  little  excavations  ;  calyx  limb  con- 
sisting of  5  setae,  sometimes  partially  abortive. —  2£  Large,  mostly  Euro- 
pean herbs  with  opposite  Ivs. 

1  S.  succisa  L.  DEVILS' -BIT.     Rt.  premorse ;  st.  Ivs.  remotely  toothed,  hds. 
of  fls.  nearly  globous ;  cor.  in  4  equal  segments. — In  gardens,  though  rarely  cul- 
tivated.    The  stem  is  about  If  high.     Corolla  violet,     f  •  Eur. 

2  S.  atropurptirea  L.  MOURNING  BRIDE.     Lvs.  pinnatifid  and  incised,  hds. 
of  fls.  radiant ;  receptacle  cylindric ;  outer  crown  of  the  seed  short,  lobed  and 
crenate. — A  beautiful  species,  2   to  4f  high,  with  dense  heads  of  purple  fls.  f 
Native  country  unknown. 

ORDER  LXX.     COMPOSITE.     ASTERWORTS. 

Plants  herbaceous  or  shrubby,  with  compound  flowers  (of  the  old  botanists)  i.  c., 
the  flowers  in  dense  heads  (capitula)  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  many  bracts  (scales), 
with  5  united  anthers  and  if ic  fruit  an  achenium  (cypsela).  Leaves  alternate  or  oppo- 
site, exstipulate,  simple,  yet  often  much  divided.  Fls.  (florets)  oo,  crowded,  sessile, 
on  the  receptacle  with  or  without  pales  (chaff).  Cal.  adherent,  the  limb  wanting  or 
divided  into  bristles,  hairs,  etc.  (pappus).  Cor.  tubular,  of  5  lobes  with  a  marginal 
vein,  often  ligulate  or  bilabiate.  Stam.  5,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla, 
anthers  cohering  into  a  tube.  Ov.  1-celled,  with  1  erect  ovule ;  style  single  with  2 
stigmas  at  summit.  Ft:  a  cypsela  (§  557),  dry,  indehiscent,  1-seeded,  often  crowned 
with  a  pappus. 

Illustrated  in  flzs.  55.  118, 141. 142,  145, 146, 170, 192, 193,  211,  212,  213,  214,  215,  824,  328,  329, 
330,  831,  332,  333,  364,  879,  416,  434. 

Genera  1000  or  more,  species  9000?  the  most  extensive  and  the  most  natural  of  all  tho  Phacn- 
pamous  Orders,  always  distinguished  at  sight  by  the  capitate  flowers  and  the  united  anthers. 
It  comprehends  nearly  one-ninth  of  all  the  species  of  flowering  plants.  The  general  inflores- 
cence is  centrifugal,  that  is,  the  central  or  terminal  heads  are  first  developed,  while  the  inflor- 
escence of  the  heads  is  centripetal,  the  outer  flowers  first,  expanding.  In  color  the  flowers  are 
various;  sometimes  those  of  the  disk  and  ray  are  of  different  colors,  again  they  are  all  of  tho 
the  same,  bat  in  the  former  case  the  disk  florets  are  almost  always  yellow. 

This  immense  order  is  diffused  throughout  all  countries  of  the  globe,  but  in  very  different 
proportions.  According  to  Hurnbolt,  they  constitute  about  one-seventh  of  the  Phajnogamous 
Flora  of  Germany,  one-eighth,  of  France,  one-fifteenth,  of  Lapland,  one-sixth,  of  North  America 
(north  of  Mexico),  and  one-half,  of  Tropical  America.  In  New  Holland  they  are  in  the  propor- 
tion of  about  one-sixteenth,  according  to  Brown,  while  in  the  island  of  Sicily  they  are  one-half. 
The  Liguliflorae  are  said  to  be  most  abundant  in  cold  regions,  and  the  Tnbulifloras  in  hot  regions. 
The  Labiatiflone  are  almost  exclusively  confined  to  South  America.  In  the  northern  parts  of 
the  world  the  Composite  are  universally  herbaceous,  but  towards  the  tropics  they  gradually 
become  frutescent  and  even  trees.  In  Chili  they  are  generally  shrubs,  and  on  the  island  of  St. 
Helena  they  aie  trees. 

Properties,  &K. — The  Composite  furnish  comparatively  few  useful  products.  A  bitter  prin- 
ciple pervades  the  whole,  which,  when  combined  wit.h  resin  and  astringent  mucilage,  becomes 


ORDBR  70.— COMPOSITE. 


407 


tonic  and  febrifugal,  as  in  the  chamomilo,  colt's-foot,  thoroughwort  golden  rod,  etc.  Somo  are 
onthelmintics  from  the  prevalence  of  the  resinous  principle,  as  tansey,  Artemisia,  Vernonia. 
Others  are  aromatic  and  extremely  bitter,  as  wormwood  and  all  the  species  of  Artemisia.  Other 
species  are  very  acrid,  as  mayweed.  The  Jerusalem  artichoke  (Helianthus  tuberosus)  the  vege- 
table oyster  (Tragopogon),  the  true  artichoke  (Cynara),  lettuce,  dandelion  and  a  few  others,  am 
the  only  species  useful  for  food.  The  order  abounds  in  ornamental  plants. 


C41,  bis.  1.  Helianthus  head  radiate.  2.  Vertical  section  of  the  head,  showing  the  scales  of  the  involucre 
and  a  single  disk-flower  remaining  upon  the  convex  receptacle.  i<.  A  perfect  disk -flower  showing  every 
part.  4.  Head  (radiate)  of  Solidago.  5.  A  pistillate,  ligulate  flower  of  the  ray.  6.  A  perfect  disk  fl.  7.  A 
(radiant)  head  of  Taraxacum.  8.  A  perfect,  ligulate  fl.  9.  Achenium,  with  its  long  beak  and  plnmous 

Eappus.     10.  A  (radiant)  head  of  Nabalus  altissimus.    11.  A  flower.    12.  Lappa  major,  head  discoid.    13.  A 
ower.    1-1.  One  of  the  hooked   scales.    15.  A  (discoid)  head  of  Enpatorium  purpureum.    16.  A  flower. 
17.  Ambrosia  (Pigweed).    IS.  Staminate  head  enlarged.    19.  Pistillate  involucre  enlarged.    20.  The  fertile 
flower. 

The  following  (not  conveniently  used  in  Analysis)  are  De  Candolle's 
SUBORDERS  AND   TRIBES. 

I.  TUBTJLIFLOE^E.— Corolla  of  the  perfect  fls.  tubular,  5-lobed.  (A) 

TRIBE  1,  VERNONIACEJB.  Branches  of  the  style  long,  slender,  terete,  and  hispid 
all  over.  Heads  discoid  ;  flowers  all  alike  perfect Nos.  1 — 3 

TRIIJK  2,  EUPATORIACE.E.  Branches  of  the  style  clavate,  obtuse,  flattened, 

minutely  pubescent.  lids,  discoid.  Fls.  all  alike,  perfect Nos.  4 — 15 

TRIBE  3 ,  ASTEROIDE^:.  Branches  of  the  style  flat,  linear,  downy  above  and 
opposite  the  distinct,  stigmatic  lines,  appendaged  at  top.  Heads  discoid 
*  or  radiate Nos.  16—85 

TRIBE  4,  SENECIONID<£.  Branches  of  the  style  linear,  fringed  at  the  top,  truncate 
or  extended  into  a  conical,  hispid  appendage Nos.  86 — 87 

TRIBK  5,  CYNARE^E.  Stylo  thickened  or  node-like  at  top  ;  branches  not  appen- 
daged, the  stigmatic  lines  not  prominent,  reaching  the  apex Nos.  S3 — 97 

II.  LIGULI FLORAE.— Corollas  all  lignlate  (radiant),  the  flowers  all  perfect.  (B) 
TRIBE  6,  CICIIORACE.E.    Branches  of  the  style  long,  obtuse,  pubescent  all  over ; 

'      stigmatic  lines  commencing  below  their  middle.    Juice  milky Nos.  93—114 

III.  LABIATIFLORJ2.— Corolla  of  the  perfect  flowers  bilabiate.  (Q 

TRIBK  7,  MITLISIACE.E.    Style  nearly  as  in  Cynarea),  the  branches  obtuse,  very 

convex  outside,  minutely  downy  .>t  the  top .No.  115 


408  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

ARTIFICIAL  ANALYSIS  OF  THE  GENERA. 
A.  SUBORDER,  TUBULIFLORJE. 

§  Heads  discoid,  that  is,  without  rays.  (1) 

1  Receptacle  naked,  i.  e.,  with  no  pales  or  bristles  among  the  flowers.  (2) 
2  Pappus  a  circle  of  5— 20  chaffy  scales,  (a) 
2  Pappus  none,  or  a  short,  toothed  margin,  (b) 
2  Pappus  composed  of  many  capillary  bristles.  (3) 
3  Leaves  opposite.     (Heads  homogamous.)  (d) 
3  Leaves  alternate.  (4) 

4  Heads  homogamous, — fls.  all  perfect,  (c) 
4  Heads  heterogamous,  fls.  not  all  perfect.  (5) 
5  Scales  herbaceous,  often  deciduous,  (e) 
5  Scales  scarious,  persistent,  often  colored,  (f) 
1  Receptacle,  chaffy  bearing  pales  among  the  flowers.  (6) 
6  Leaves  alternate,  (g) 

6  Leaves  opposite,  (h) 

1  Receptacle  bearing  bristles,  or  deeply  alveolate  (honey-combed).  (7) 

7  Pappus  none,  or  consisting  of  scales,  (i) 
7  Pappus  composed  of  many  bristles,  (j) 

§  Heads  radiate,  i.  c.,  the  outer  flowers  ligulate.  (8) 

8  Receptacle  naked  (not  chaffy),  or  (in  No.  67)  deeply  honeycomb-celled,  (9) 
9  Pappus  of  5-12  scales  which  are  1-awned  or  (in  No.  61)  cleft-bristly,  (k) 
9  Pappus  none,  or  of  a  few  short  awns.  (1) 
9  Pappus  of  many  capillary  bristles.  (10) 
10  Hays  cyanic,  in  a  single  row.  (m) 
10  Rays  cyanic,  in  several  rows,  (n) 
10  Rays  yellow,  in  about  one  row.  (11) 

11  Pappus  double,  or  of  very  unequal  bristles,  (o) 
11  Pappus  simple,  the  bristles  all  similar.  (12) 

12  Involucre  scales  imbricated,  the  outer  shorter,  (p) 
12  Involucre  scales  equal,  not  imbricated,  (r) 
8  Receptacle  chaffy,  with  pales  among  the  flowers.  (13) 

13  Disk  and  ray  flowers  both  fertile,  the  latter  pistillate.  (14) 
14  Rays  yellow  (s) 
14  Rays  cyanic,  (t) 

13  Disk  flowers  sterile,  ray  flowers  fertile,  (u) 
13  Disk  flowers  fertile,  ray  flowers  sterile.  (15) 

15  Achenia  obcompressed,  often  beaked,  (v) 

15  Achenia  compressed  laterally,  or  not  at  all.  (x) 

a  Corolla  lobes  one-sided.    Head  large,  many-flowered STOKESIA.  2 

a  Corolla  lobes  one-sided.    Heads  4 — 5-flowered,  aggregated ELEPHANTOPUS.  3 

a  Corolla  lobes  equal — Leaves  opposite.     Pappus  awned AGERATUM.  4 

— Leaves  whorled.     Pappus  obtuse SCLEROLEPIS.  5 

— Leaves  alternate. — Pappus  scales  8 — 10 POLYPTERIS.  63 

—Pappus  scales  12—20 HYMENOPAPPUS.  64 

b  Leaves  opposite.    Flowers  dicccious,  obscure AMBROSIA.  45 

b  Leaves  alternate. — Flowers  yellow.    Disk  conical ! MATRICARIA.  73 

— Flowers  yellow.    Disk  convex TANACETUM.  75 

—Flowers  whitish.— Erect,  leafless  above . .  ADENOCAULON.  15 

— Erect,  leafy ARTEMISIA.  76 

— Low  and  depressed SOLIVA.  77 

C  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  one  row.    Flowers  cyanic CACALIA.  84 

C  Scales  of  the  involucre  in  one  row.    Flowers  yellow SENECIO.  88 

c  Scales  imbricated. — Flowers  yellow. BIGELOVIA.  27 

—Flowers  whitish.     EUPATORICM  1 0,  and  KUHNIA.  S 

— Flowers"  purple. — Pappus  simple LIATRIS.  7 

— Pappus  double VERNONIA.  1 

d  Achenia  10-striate.     Flowers  purple BKICKELLIA.  9 

d  Achenia  5-angled. — Receptacle  conical.    Flowers  blue CONOCLINIUM.  12 

— Receptacle  flat. — Scales  4  or  5 MIKANIA.  11 

—Scales  8—20 . .  .EVPATOKIUM.  10 


ORDEB  70.— COMPOSITE.  409 

e  Shrubs.    Flower  dioecious,  the  ?  and  $  in  different  heads BACCHARB.  85 

e  Herbs. — Stem  winged.    Heads  spicato PTEROCAULON.  86 

— Stem  wingless. — Heads  corymbons,  purplish i  .PLUCHKA.  34 

—Heads  paniculate.— Pappus  reddish CONYZA.  82 

—Pappus  white ERECHTITES.  83 

f  Receptacle  chaffy  except  in  the  center FILAGO.  80 

f  Ileceptacle  naked. — Heads  dioecious ANTENNARIA.  79 

— Heads  heterogamous.— Involucre  erect GNAPIIALIUM.  73 

—Involucre  radiate HELICHRYSUM.  82 

g  Scales  dry,  fadeless.    Pappus  of  scale-like  awns XERANTHEMUM.  81 

g  Scales  herbaceous.— Flowers  dioecious.    Fruit  a  burr. XANTHIUM.  48 

— Fls.  all  perfect.— Pappus  of  5  or  6  scales MARSHALLIA.  G3 

— Papp.  of  many  bristles CABPIIEPIIOBUS.  6 

li  Flowers  yellow.    Pappus  2  inversely  hispid  awns BIDENS.  53 

h  Flowers  yellow.    Pappus  2  erectly  hispid  awns COREOPSIS.  57 

h  Flowers  whitish,— dioecious.    Anthers  yellowish '. AMBROSIA.  45 

—monoecious.    Anthers  yellow IVA.  44 

— all  perfect.     Anthers  black MELANTHERA.  47 

i  Outer  scales  of  the  invol.  leafy.     Pappus  none CARTHAMUS.  93 

i  Outer  scales  pectinate  or  ciliate-fringed CENTAUREA.  91 

i  Outer  and  inner  scales  obtuse,  entire AMBERBOA.  92 

j  Pappus  plumous.     Achenia  obovate CYNARA.  83 

J  Pappus  plumous.     Achenia  oblong CIRSIUM.  95 

j  Pappus  scabrous, — triple,  each  "row  by  10s CNICUS.  94 

— simple. — Scales  spinescent ONOPORDON.  95 

— Scales  hooked LAPP  A.  97 

k  Leaves  opposite.    Papp.  scales  deeply  cleft  into  bristles DYSODIA.  Cl 

k  Leaves  alternate.— Rays  fertile HELENIUM.  65 

—Kays  sterile.— Receptacle  naked  or  fimbriate GAILLARDIA.  62 

— Receptacle  areolate, LEPTOPODA.  66 

— Receptacle  deeply-celled BALDWIXIA.  67 

1  Leaves  opposite.    Involucre  double,  outer  8  united DAHLIA.  23 

1  Leaves  opposite.    Involucre  single  ;  scales  united TAGETES.  89 

1  Leaves  alternate. — Pappus  of  a  few  short  awns  or  bristles BOLTONIA.  24 

— Pappus  a  membranous  margin MATRICARIA.  73 

— Pappus  0. — Rays  fertile,  disk  sterile CALENDULA.  90 

— Fls.  all  fert. — Invol.  scales  equal BELLIS.  22 

— Invol.  broad,  flat LEUCANTIIEMUM.  72 

— Invol.  hemispherical CHRYSANTHEMUM.  74 

m  Rays  neutral  sterile,  3—12  ;  Pappus  simple GALATELLA.  16 

m  Rays  pistillate,  fertile, — about  5.     Achenia  very  silky SKRICOCARPUS.  17 

—  8—12.     Pappus  double DIPLOPAPPUS.  19 

— 5 — 75.    Pappus  simple ASTER.  18 

— 4C— 200,  white.    Scales  equal ERIGERON.  20 

n  Flowers  dioecious,  purplish.    Leaves  all  radical NARDOSMIA.  14_, 

n  Fls.  all  fertile.— Outer  pappus  0  or  very  short  bristles ERIGERON.  20 

— Outer  pappus  a  crown  of  short,  pointed  scales CALLISTEPHUS.  21 

o  Flowers  of  the  disk  mostly  sterile.     Rays  30 — JO PRIONOPSIS.  29 

O  Fls.  all  fertile.— Pappus  double  in  the  disk,  none  in  the  ray HETEROTHECA.  30 

—Pappus  double  in  both  disk  and  ray CHRYSOPSIS.  81 

p  Heads  large,  about  20-rayed.     Pappus  in  one  row INULA.  83 

p  Heads  very  small,  1 — 15-rayed. — Pappus  1  row,  shorter  than  achenia..  .BRACIIYCH.ETA.  25 
— Pappus  1  row,  tawny,  longer  than  achenia.. ISOPAPPUS.  28 

— Pappus  irregularly  2-rowed,  white SOLIDAGO.  26 

r  Head  solitary,  on  a  scape  with  alternate  bracts TUSSILAGO.  13 

r  Heads  corymbed,  &c.— Leaves  .ilternate SENECIO.  86 

—Leaves  opposite ARNICA.  87 

s  Shrubby.    Pappus  4- toothed,  obscure BORRICHIA.  37 

8  Herbaceous.— Scales  (the  4  outer)  united  into  a  cup TETRAGONOTHECA.  50 

—Scales  distinct.— Achenia  4-angled.    Pappus  0 HELIOPSIS.  49 

—Achenia  flattened.     Pappus  0 ACMELJLA.  59 

— Ach.  flat,  with  a  2-awned  pappus VEBBESINA.  60 


410  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

t  Leaves  alternate.     Pappus  none.    Achenia  terete ANTHEMIS.  60 

t  Leaves  alternate.     Pappus  none.    Achenia  obcompressed ACIIILLEA.  71 

t  Leaves  opposite.— Pappus  none ECLIPTA.  38 

—Pappus  of  fringed  scales  Hds.sm.  Eays  5,  sm.  white.  §Eur.  GALINSOGA. 

— Papp.  of  the  disk  a  single  awn  of  the  ray  0 ZINNIA.  48 

u  Leaves  opposite.     Eays  yellow.     Pappus  none POLYMNTA.  39 

u  Leaves  opposite.    Eays  yellow.     Papp.  a  2  or  3-toothed  crown CHRYSOGONUM.  40 

u  Leaves  alternate. — Eays  whitish,  very  short,  5  only PAKTIIENIU.M.  48 

— Eays  yellow. — Achenia  winged SILPIIIUM.  41 

— Achenia  wingless BEKL ANDIERA.  42 

v  Achenia  with  erectly  hispid  awns,  or  awnless ;  never  rostrate COREOPSIS.  57 

v  Achenia  with  retrorsely  hispid  awns,  often  attenuated  above BIPENS.  58 

x  Eays  white,  spreading.     Pappus  none MAKUTA.  70 

x  Eays  purple,  pendant.    Pales  sharp,  elongated ECHINACEA.  51 

x  Eays  yellow. — Pappus  none.    Achenia  quadrangular EUDBECKIA.  52 

— Pappus  none.    Achenia  compressed LEPACHIS.  53 

— Pappus  of  2  deciduous  awns.    Ach.  wingless HELIANTHUS.  54 

— Pappus  of  2  persistent  teeth.    Ach.  winged.: .HELIANTHELLA.  55 

— Papp.  of  2  persistent  awns.    Ach.  broad-winged ACTINOMERIS.  56 

B.  SUBORDER,  LIGULIFLOIUE. 
§§  Pappus  none,  or  consisting  of  little  scales,  (a) 
§§  Pappus  double  (of  scales  and  bristles),  or  simple  and  plumous.  (b) 
§§  Pappus  composed  of  capillary  bristles,  not  plurnous.  (*) 

*  Achenia  terete  or  angular,  not  flattened,  (c) 

*  Achenia  evidently  flattened,  (d) 

a  Flowers  yellow.    Pappus  none.    Heads  paniculate LAMPSANA.  93 

a  Flowers  yellow.     Pappus  none.     Heads  solitary  or  umbellate APOGON.  99 

a  Flowers  blue. — Pappus  of  many  little  scales.    Eecept.  naked , CICIIOKICM.  100 

— Pappus  of  5  scales.    Eeceptaclc  chaffy CATANANCHE.  106 

b  Flowers  purple.     Feathery  pappus  on  a  long  filiform  beak TRAGOPOGON.  104 

b  Flowers  white.    Feathery  pappus  on  a  short  beak  or  sessile LEONTODON.  103 

b  Flowers  yellow.— Pappus  of  many  bristles  with  the  scales CYNTIIIA.  102 

—Pappus  of  5  bristles  and  5  scales KRIGIA.  101 

C  Flowers  whitish  or  purplish,  mostly  nodding.     Stem  leafy NABALUS.  10T 

C  Flowers  rose-purple,  erect.    (Stem  almost  leafless.) LYGODESMIA.  Ill " 

C  Flowers  yellow.— Achenia  long-beaked.     Pappus  white TARAXACUM.  109 

— Achenia  long-beaked.     Pappus  reddish PYRROPAPPUS.  110 

— Achenia  not  beaked. — Pappus  dull  white  or  tawny HIERACIUM.  105 

— Pappus  bright  white TROXIMON.  108 

d  Achenia  contracted  into  a  slender  beak.    FIs.  mostly  yellow  ^ L ACTUCA.  112 

d  Achenia  scarcely  beaked.— Flowers  mostly  blue MULGEDIUM.  1 13 

—Flowers  yellow.     Papp.  silky SONCIIUS.  114 

C.  SUBORDER,  LABIATIFLOR^E. 
§§§  Head  radiate,  solitary,  nodding  in  bud.    Pappus  capillary CIIAPTALIA.  115 

SUBORDER  I.     T  UBTJL IFL  O  RJ2. 
TRIBE  1.     VERNONIACEJE. 

1.  VERNOXNIA,  Schreb.  IRON  WEED.  (Named  for  William  Vernon, 
an  English  botanist  who  traveled  in  America  in  search  of  plants.) 
Flowers  all  tubular,  perfect ;  involucre  of  ovate,  imbricated  scales,  the' 
inner  longest ;  receptacle  naked ;  pappus  double,  the  exterior  chaffy, 
the  interior  capillary.  2£  Herbs  or  shrubs.  Lvs.  alternate.  Fls.  pur- 
ple (in  our  species.) 

§  Scales  of  the  involucre  all  obtuse  and  closely  approssed No.  1 

§  Scales  of  the  invol.  (usually  all) — with  slender,  flexuous  points Nos.  2,  8 

— with  acute  or  mucronate  points ,..Nos.  4,  5,  6 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE.  4H 

1  V.  fasciculata  MX.   St.  tall,  striato  or  grooved,  tomentous ;  Ivs.  narrow-lanceo- 
late, tapering  to  each  end,  serrulate,  lower  ones  petiolate ;  hds.  numerous,  in  a 
somewhat  fastigiate  cyme ,  invol.  ovoid-campanulate ;  scales  appressed,  mucro- 
nate  or  obtuse. — Woods  and  prairies,  W.  States,  very  common.     A  coarse  pur- 
plish-green weed  3  to  lOf  high.     Lvs.  4  to  8'  by  1  to  2',  smooth  above.     Cymes 
compact  or  loose.    Heads  large  or  small.     Cor.  showy,  dark  purple,  twice  longer 
than  the  involucre.     Jl. — Aug.    Variable. 

2  V.  Noveborac6nsis  Willd.     Lvs.  numerous,  lanceolate,  serrulate,  rough,  cymo 
fastigiate;  scales  of  invol.  filiform  at  the  ends.— A  taU,  showy  plant  with  numer- 
ous large,  dark  purple  flowers,  found  in  meadows  and  other  moist  situations,  U.  S. 
St.  branching  at  top,  reddish,  3  to  6f  high.     Lvs.  crowded,  paler  beneath,  radical 
ones  often  lobed.     Cymes  terminal,  flat-topped,  compound.     Scales  and  corolla 
deep  purple,  the  former  ending  in  long,  threadlike  appendages,  or  in  one  variety 
(V.  prsealta  Less.)  partly  cuspidate.     In  another  variety  (V.  tomentosa  Ell.)  the 
plant  becomes  tomentous  in  the  corymbs  and  under  surface  of  the  leaves.     Sept. 

3  V.  scaberrima  Nutt.     St.  simple,  corymbed  above ;  Ivs.  crowded  below,  sessile, 
lanceolate  and  lance-linear,  scabrous  above,  margins  revolute,  subentire;  hds.  20  to 
30-flowered;    scales  lanceolate,  ciliate,    protracted  into  long,  flexuous  points; 

,pappus  whitish,  exserted  but  shorter  than  the  appendaged  scales.— In  pine  bar- 
rens.    Height  2  to  3f.     Invol.  usually  green  ;  cor.  purple.     Jn. — Aug. 

4  V.  angustifolia  MX,    Slender,    many-leaved;  Ivs.  linear  or  lance-linear,  the 
lowest  serrulate,  upper  entire  with   revoluto  margins ;    cymes  corymbous,  with 
very  slender  peduncles ;  hds.  10  to  15  flowered;  scales  acute  or  mucronate,  the 
lower  spreading  and  more  or  less  filiform-pointed;  pappus  purplish,  twice  longer 
than  the  invol. — N.  Car.  to  Fla.   and  La.,  in  the  pine  barrens.    About  2f  high. 
Sept.,  Oct. 

5  V.  ovalifolia  Torr.  &  Gr.     Lvs.  lance-oval  or  lance-oblong,  acute,  sessile,  sharply 
serrate,  veiny ;  cyme  loose,  fastigiate  ;  hds.  rather  large,  scales  appressed,  acute  or 
mucronate,  much  shorter  than  the  pappus. — Mid.  Fla.  (Chapman).     St.  3  to  4f 
high.     Hds.  about  20-flowered,  with  a  purplish  pappus. 

6  V.  oligophylla  MX.     St.  nearly  leafless,  slender ;  Ivs.  mostly  radical,  oblong- 
obovate,  dentate-serrate,  the  2  or  3  cauline  Ivs..  bract-like,  lanceolate,  serrulate ; 
cyme  loose,  somewhat  dichotomous,   with  few  heads;    scales  with   spreading, 
acuminate  tips. — Swampy  pine  woods,  N.  Car.    to  Fla.      Sts.  about  2f  high. 
Jn.,  Jl. 

2.  STOKE'SIA,  L'Her.     (In  honor  of  Jonathan  Stokes,  M.  D.,  an 
English  botanist.)     Flowers  all  tubular,  the  marginal  larger,  ray-like, 
irregular ;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  in  several  rows,  the  outer 
spinulous  and  leaf-like ;  receptacle  naked;  fruit  4-angled  ;  pappus  of  4 

-    or  5  awn-like,  rigid,  deciduous   scales. —  H  Erect,  with  a  downy  stem, 
alternate  Ivs.,  and  terminal,  large  heads  of  showy  blue  fls. 

S.  c^ama  L'Her.  A  rare  and  ornamental  plant,  found  in  S.  Car.,  Ga.,  and  La , 
rarely  in  gardens.  It  resembles  a  Centaurea.  Height  about  2f.  Lvs.  sessile,  en- 
tire, glabrous,  tho  bracts  spinulous  at  base,  gradually  passing  into  the  scales. 
Outer  corollas  with  the  innercleft  deeper,  limb  spreading,  palmate,  imitating 
rays. 

3.  ELEPHANTOPUS,  L.     ELEPHANT'S-FOOT.     (Gr.  IXtycu;,  elephant, 
-ovg,  foot ;  alluding  to  the  form  of  the  leaves  in  some  species.)     Heads 
3  to  5-flowered,  glomerate   into  a  compound  head   with  leafy  bracts; 
flowers  all  equal ;  involucre  compressed,  the  scales  about  8,  oblong,  dry, 
in  2  series  ;  corolla  5-cleft,  one  of  the  clefts  deeper  than  the  others,  seg- 
ments acuminate;  achenia  ribbed,  hairy;  pappus  chaffy-setaceous. —  2£ 
Erect,  with  alternate  subsessile  Ivs.     Cor.  violet  purple. 

1  E.  Carolinianus  Willd.  St.  much  branched,  leafy,  hairy ;  Ivs.  scabrous  and 
somewhat  hairy,  ovate  or  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  crenate-serrate,  lower  ones  on 
petioles,  upper  one  subsessile ;  hdi.  terminal  and  subterminal. — Dry  soils,  Penn., 


412  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

Ohio  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  20  to  30'  high,  flexuous,  the  branches  divaricate.  Lower 
stem  Ivs.  5  to  7'  by  3  to  5 ,  upper  about  2'  by  1^-',  the  highest  oblong,  smaller, 
subtending  the  glomerules  in  the  form  of  an  in  vol.  Scales  3"  long.  Jl. — Sept. 
2  E.  tomentosus  L.  St.  hirsute,  nearly  leafless,  simple  or  dichotomous  above; 
radical  Ivs.  large,  hirsute-tomentous,  oblong-spatulate  or  obovate,  crenate,  nar- 
rowed to  a  winged  petiole,  cauline  small  and  bract-like  at  the  forks,  or  none  ; 
bracts  thick,  broad-ovate,  scales  rigid. — S.  Car.,  Ga.,  Fla.,  to  La.,  common  in  the 
pine  woods.  St.  1  to  2f,  often  quite  simple,  with  a  single,  large  glomerule  at  top. 
The  stiff,  acute  scales  are  5"  long.  Jl. — Sept. — Varies  with  more  branches  and 
leaves,  towards  No.  1. 

TRIBE  2.     EUPATORIACE^E. 

4.  AGERA^TUM  L.    (Gr.  a  (privative)  and  j7]pa^,  old  age  ;  i.  e.,  fade- 
less ;  misapplied  in  this  case.)     Heads   oo-flowered,   $  ,  discoid  ;  scales 
linear,   imbricated,   pointed ;    receptacle  naked ;  corollas  all  tubular ; 
fruit  (cypsela)   5-angled,   narrowed   at  base ;  pappus  5   to   10   chaffy, 
awned   scales. — d)(D  Mostly  tropical,  with  opposite,   petioled  Ivs.  and 
corymbed  heads. 

A.  conyzoides  L.  Branching;  Ivs.  ovate,  tooth-crenate,  acute  or  cordate  at 
base,  somewhat  rugous ;  pappus  of  5  subulate,  denticulate  scales  as  long  as  the 
cor.  but  much  shorter  than  the  conspicuous  branches  of  the  style.  Near  Sa- 
vannah (Pond).  Sts.  12  to  18'  high,  downy.  Lower  petioles  half  as  long  as  the 
leaves.  Fls.  blue  or  white.  Apr.,  Jn.  §  The  cultivated  variety  called  A.  Mexi- 
caiia  has  nearly  all  its  leaves  cordate,  and  flowers  always  ?  blue. 

5.  SCLEROL'EPIS,  Cass.    (Gr.  GK^po^  hard,  Aem'?,  scale.)    Head 
ao-flowered,   £ ,  discoid ;  scales  equal,   linear,  in  2  series ;  receptacle 

naked ;  corolla  5-toothed,  enlarged  at  the  throat ;  branches  of  the 
style  much  exerted;  achenia  5-anglcd,  crowned  with  a  cup-shaped 
pappus  of  5  obtuse,  horny  scales. —  2£  Aquatic,  glabrous,  simple,  with  1 
to  3  terminal  hds.  Lvs.  verticillate  ;  fls.  purple. 

S.  verticillata  Cass.  In  shallow  water,  K  J.  to  Fla.  St.  decumbent  at  base,  1 
to  2f  high.  Lvs.  in  numerous  whorls  of  about  G'  linear-setaceous,  entire,  1'  in 
length.  Head  commonly  solitary  at  the  top  of  the  stem.  Jl. — Sept.  (Sparga- 
nophorus  MX.) 

6.  CARPHEPH'ORUS,  Cass.     (Gr.  ndpcjiog,  chaff,  ^pw,  to  bear;  for 
its  chaffy  receptacle.)     Heads  (about    20-flowered),  involucre,  flowers 
and  fruit  as  in  Liatris  ;  receptacle  chaffy  ;  pales  narrow,  3-veined,  rigid, 
shorter  than  the  flowers. —  2£  Sts.  simple,  leafy,  coryrnbous  at  top,  with 
middle  sized  heads  of  purple  flowers.     (Liatris,  MX.  Ell.) 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  acute,  downy-tomentous. Nos.  1,2 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  rounded-obtuse,  nearly  glabrous Nos.  8,  4 

1  C.  pseudo-liatris   Cass.      Slender,    erect,   tomentous-pubescent ;    Ivs.  nearly 
glabrous,  linear-subulate,  rigid,  the  cauline  gradually  shorter,  closely  appressed  to 
and  covering  the  stem  ;  hds.  few  in  a  racemous  cyme :  scales  rigid,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, appressed. — Gadsden  Co.,  FJa.  to  Ala.  and  La.     Plant  strictly  erect,  2f  high, 
its  tomentum  grayish.     Hds.  15  to  20-flo\vered.     (L.  squamosa  Nutt.) 

2  C.  tomentosus  Torr.  &  Gr.    Erect,  downy  and  corymbous  above  ;  rt.  Ivs.  lanceo- 
late, petiolate;  cauline  lance-ovate,  sessile,  erect,  the  upper  pubescent;  scales  lance, 
ovate,  acute,  mostly  appressed,  glandular   tomentous. — Swamps,  Va.  to  Ga.     St 
2f  high,  bearing  a   loose,  spreading  corymb.      Pales  linear,    pappus  purplish, 
Sept.,  Oct.     (L.  Walter!,  Ell.) 

3  C.  bellidifolius  Torr.  &  Gr.     Low,  nearly  glabrous,  tufted;  root-lvs.  spatulate, 
petiolate,  obtuse,  3-veined,  cauline  mostly  linear ;  branches  with   1  to  5  heads ; 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE.  413 

scales  herbaceous,  glabrous,  oblong  and  obtuse. — Sand  hills  about  Wilmington,  N. 
Car.  Sts.  numerous  and  much  branched,  8  to  12'  high.  Scales  leafy,  green, 
pappus  rather  plumous  than  barbellate.  Sept.  (L.  bellidifolia  MX.) 
4  C.  corymbosus  Torn  &  Gr.  St.  single,  stout,  erect,  hairy  ;  Ivs.  nearly  smooth, 
oblanceolate,  obtuse,  tapering  to  the  base,  the  upper  small,  oblong,  sessile ;  hds. 
about  20,  20-flowered,  in  a  dense  corymbous  cyme ;  scales  smooth,  oblong-oval, 
very  obtuse,  with  a  broad,  scarious  margin. — Swamp  margins,  N.  Car.  to  Fla. 
St.  about  3f  high.  Fls.  pale  purple.  Sept.,  Oct.  (L.  corymbosa  Nult) 

7.  LIA^TRIS,  L.  (Gr.  /U,  an  emphatic  prefix,  arpw<;,  invulnerable; 
used  as  a  vulnerary.)  Heads  few  to  many  (5  to  60)-flowcred  ;  flowers 
all  $  ,  tubular ;  involucre  oblong,  imbricate  ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus 
of  oo  capillary  bristles,  mostly  plumous  ;  achenia  tapering  to  the  slen- 
der base,  10-striate  ;  styles  much  exserted. —  2£  Herbs  with  simple,  erect 
stems,  alternate,  entire  l\7s.,  and  handsome  rose-purple  Us.  in  spicate, 
racemed,  or  paniculate  lids.,  blooming  from  Aug.  to  Nov. 

§  Heads  in  a  corymb  or  thyrse-likc  panicle.    Root  fibrous Nos.  1,  2 

§  Heads  in  a  spike  or  a  simple  raceme.     Root  a  roundish  tuber  (a). 

a  Scales  of  the  involucre  colored  and  petaloid  at  their  lengthened  ends No.  3 

a  Scales  not  petaloid,  green  or  slightly  tinged  at  the  end  (b). 

b  Pappus  evidently  plumous.    Corollas  (13  to  GO)  hairy  within Nos.  4,  5 

b  Pappus  evidently  plumous.     Corollas  (3  to  5)  smooth  within Nos.  G,  7 

b  Pappus  only  bafbellate  (smooth  to  the  naked  eye)  (c). 

C  Heads  3  to  7-flowcrcd, — in  one-sided  spikes  or  racemes . , Nos.  8,  9 

— in  a  regular  spike,  raceme  (or  panicle) Nos.  10, 11 

C  Heads  20  to  40-flowered,  roundish,  with  rounded  scales No.  13 

C  Heads  7  to  15-flowered. — Scales  all  similar,  obtuse Nos.  13,  14 

— Scales  all,  or  the  inner  only  acute Nos.  15,  16 

1  L.  odoratissima  Willd.    YANILLA-PLANT.    DEER'S-TONGUE.     Glabrous;   rt- 
Ivs.  obovate -spatula te,  obtuse,  5  to  7 -veined,  tapering  to  the  base,  caulino  oblong, 
clasping;    hds.    about   8-flo\vered,  in   many  cymss,  constituting  a  large,   loose 
corymb ;  scales  all  obtuse ;  fr.  smoothish. — Pine  barrens  (Va.  ?)  to  Fla.  and  La., 
abundant.     Sts.  1  to  3f  high.     Corymbs  leafless.     Els.  bright  purple.     Sept.,  Oct. 
— The  fleshy  leaves  exhale  a  rich  fragrance  (compared  to  Vanilla)  even  for  years 
after  they  are  dry,  and  are  therefore  by  the  southern  planters  largely  mixed  with 
their  cared  tobacco,  to  impart  its  fragrance  to  that  nauseous  weed. 

2  L.  paniculata  "VVilld.    St.  simple,  virgate,  viscid-tomentous ;  rt.-lvs.  spatnlate- 
lanceolate,  acute,  tapering  to  a  petiole,  cauline  small,  appressed,  lanceolate-acu- 
minate ;  hds.  about  5-flowered,  in  art  oblong,  dsnse,  tlnjrsoid  panicle. — Damp  pina 
barrens,  Ga.,  Fla.     St.  2  to  3f  high.     Scales  few,  all  obtuse.     Fls.  pale  purple  or 
white.     Sept.,  Oct. 

3  L.  elegans  Willd.     Villous-canescent  above ;  Ivs.  glabrous,  the  radical  oblan- 
ceolate, 3  to  5- veined,  cauline  linear,  the  upper  bract-like,  spreading;  spike  or 
raceme  dense ;  hds.  oblong-cylindrical,  4  to  5-flowered ;  scales  lance-linear,  pro- 
longed into  a  colored,  petaloid  appendage  longer  than  the  flowers ;  pappus  evi- 
dently plumous. — A  remarkable  species,  in  pine  barrens,  Ya.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 
St.  3  or  4f  high,  ending  in  a  spike  G  to  16'  long.     The  purple  appendaged  scales 
more  showy  than  the  florets.     Aug.,  Sept. 

4  L.  squarrosa  "Willd.     BLAZING  STAR.     Smooth  or  scabrous-pubescent  f   Ivs. 
linear,  lower  ones  attenuated  at  base;  rac.  flexuous,  leafy;  hds.  few,  20  to  40- 
flowered,   sessile   or   nearly  so;  invol.    ovate-cylindric;  scales  large,   squarrous- 
spreading,  outer  larger,   leafy,  inner  mucronate-acuminate,  scarcely  colored;  fls. 
numerous;  pappus  plumous. — A  splendid  plant,  native  NT.  Y.  (Eaton)  Penn.  to 
Fla,  and  W.  States.     Sts.  2  to  3f  high,  thickly  beset  with  long,  linear  leaves. 
Hds.  5  to  20,  with  large,  brilliant  purple  florets.     Aug.  f     It  varies  with  the 
heads  only  12  to  15-flowered  (Georgia,  Feay),  smooth  or  hairy,  &c. 

5  L.  cylindracea  MX.     St.  low,  slender,  and  very  leafy,  smooth  and  somewhat 
hirsute,  Ivs.  rigid,  linear,  mostly  1 -veined;  hds.  few,  sessile  or  pedicellate,  cylin- 
drical, 15  to  20-flowered;  scales  short,  ciliate,  dose,  rounded  or  obtuse,  and  abruptly 
mucronate  at  apex ;  pappus  plumous. — Prairies  and  barrens,  Mich,  to  Iowa  (Cou- 
eens)  and  Mo.     St.  G  to  18'  high.     Lvs.  2  to  5'  by  2  to  4".     Heads  1'  long, 


414  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE 

rarely  solitary,  sometimes  10  or  12,  mostly  about  5.  Fls.  bright-purple.  Jl. 

Sept. 

G  L.  Boykinii  Torn  and  Gr.  Slender,  erect ;  Ivs.  linear,  punctate,  elongated,  the 
upper  short  and  setaceous;  hds.  3  to  5-fiowered,  sessile,  or  with  short  appressed 
ped.  in  a  close  virgate  spike ;  scales  few,  the  outer  subulate,  short,  the  inner 
lance-linear,  margins  scarious,  tips  acuminate,  spreading,  as  long  as  the  plumous 
pappus. — W.  Ga.  Plant  nearly  smooth,  1  to  2f  high,  with  pale  purple  florets. 
Aug.,  Sept. 

V  L.  tenuifolia  Nutt.  Smooth,  slender,  simple;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear  or  filiform, 
the  lower  crowded,  very  long,  diminishing  upwards  to  setaceous  bracts ;  hds.  5- 
fiowered,  crowded,  on  scaly,  filiform  ped.  forming  a  long  raceme  ;  scales  oblong, 
obtuse,  mucronulate,  outer  very  short ;  pappus  plumous,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
villous  fruit. — Pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  Very  elegant,  2  to  4f  high.  Rt.  Ivs. 
resembling  those  of  the  long-leaved  pine,  in  a  crowded  tuft.  Rac.  of  purple  fls. 

1  to  2f,  ped.  1'.     Aug.— Oct. 

8  L.  secunda  Ell.     Slender,  ascending  and  recurved  ;  Ivs.  linear,  short;  the  radi- 
cal linear-lanceolate;  rac.  recurved,  long,  slender,  with  the  heads  all  turned  to  the 
upper  side  (secund);  invoL    about    10-scaled   and   5-fiowered;  pappus  plumous 
(under  a  lens). — Dry  sand  hills,  Mid.  Car.  and  Ga.     Sts.  1  to  3f  high.     Beautifully 
distinguished  by  its  long  (6  to  12')  secund  racemes.     Aug.,  Sept. 

9  L.  pauciflora  Ph.     St.  simple,  glabrous;    Ivs.  linear;  pan.  (composed  of  simple 
racemes  ?)  virgate,  leafy,  branches  short,  with  few  hds. ;  hds.  subsessile,  secund, 
3  to  5-flowered ;  scales  erect,  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous. — Ga.  (Bartram,  Pursh.) 
A  species  at  present  unknown.     Probably  a  var.  of  the  last. 

10  L.  gracilis  Ph.     Pubescent,  slender,  simple;  Ivs.  linear,  1-veined,  short,  the 
lower  lanceolate,  obtuse,  all  glabrous,  ciliate   at  base ;   hds.  3  to  5  to  7-flowered, 
on  divaricate,  slender,  hairy  pedicels,  in  a  long  virgate  raceme,  rarely  paniculate ; 
scales  few,  appressed,  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  purple  barbellate  pappus. 
Dry  pine  barrens,  Ga.,  Ma.,  Ala.     Plant  grayish,  2  to  3f  high.     lids,  small.     Fr. 
villous.     Sept.,  Oct 

11  L.  pycnostachya  MX.     Simple,  more  or  less  hirsute,  very  leafy ;  Ivs.  rigid, 
ascending,  straight,  lower  ones  long,  lanceolate,  veined,  obtuse,  upper  short,  nar- 
row-linear ;  spike  dense  and  thick,  long  and  bracted  below ;  hds.  numerous,  cylin- 
drical, sessile,  5-flowered ;    scales   appressed,   with   acute,   scarious  and  colored 
squarrous  tips. — Prairies,   111.  to   Tex.     A  stout  species,  distinguished  from  L. 
spicata,  chiefly  by  its  acute,  squarrous  scales,  and  few-flowered  heads.    St.  3  to  5f 
high.     Spikes  cylindrical,  10  to  20'  long.     Aug.     Varies  with  stem  and  invol. 
nearly  glabrous  (L.  brachystachya  Nutt.) 

12  L.  scariosa  L.     GAY  FEATHER.     Scabrous-pubescent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  lower 
on  long  petioles,  upper  linear  and  much  smaller  ;   hds.  remotely  racemed,  20  to  40- 
flowered,  globous  hemispherical ;   scales  obovate,  very  obtuse,  purplish ;  fls.  numer- 
ous ;  pappus  scabrous. — A  beautiful  plant,  4  to  5f  high,  in  woods  and  sandy  fields, 
Can.,  Mass.  (Ricard)  to  Ga.  and  La.      St.  rather  stout,  whitish  above.      Lvs. 
numerous,  entire,  lower  3  to  9'  long,  upper   1  to  3'  by  1  to  3'',  rough-edged. 
Hds.  5  to  20,  1'  diam.,  in  a  long  raceme,  each    20  to  40-flowered.     Cor.  purple. 
Aug.  f 

13  L.  spicata  Willd.     Lvs.  lance-linear,  smoothish,  punctate,  ciliate,  lower  ones 
narrowed  at  base  ;  hds.  in  a  long,  terminal  spike,  sessile  ;  scales  of  the  invol.  oblong, 
obtuse ;  fls.  about  8 ;  pappus  scabrous-plumous. — Native  from  N.  J.  and  Mich,  to 
Fla.  and  La.     Abundant  in  prairies.     A  beautiful  species,  often  cultivated.     St. 

2  to  5f  high.     Hds.  numerous,  with  bright  purple  fls.     Aug.  f — Varies  with 
smaller,  5  to  7-flowered  heads.     (L.  resinosa  Nutt.) 

14  L.  gramiiiifolia  Willd.     Glabrous  or  with  scattered  hairs ;  st.  slender  and 
simple;  Ivs.  linear,  1-veined;  hds.  1  to  12-flo\vered,  mostly  pedicellate,  spikes  or 
racemes  sometimes  paniculate  below;  invol.  acute  at  base;  scales  many  (12  to 
18),  obovate-spatulate,  very  oUvse,  appressed,  outer  row  shorter ;  ach.  hairy. — N. 
J.  to  Ga.  and  Ala.     St.  2  to  3f  high.    The  lower  Ivs.  are  lance-linear,  3  to  4" 
wide,  upper  subulate.     Hds.  generally  pedicellate,  pedicels  4  to  12"  long.     Fr. 
hairy,  shorter  than  the  scabrous  pappus.     Sept.,  Oct. 

ft.  DUBIA.     Inflorescence  sometimes  compound  below,  or  partly  paniculate 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE.  415 

hds.  on  short  pedicels,  7  to  10-flowered;  scales  somewhat  narrower,  ciliate. 
— Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  (Miss  Keen.)  Approaches  L.  spicata.  (L. 
dubia  Bart.) 

15  L.  pilosa    Willd.      St.   simple,    pubescent;    Ivs.    linear,    pilous-ciliate ;    hds. 
loosely  racemed  ;  scales  linear-oblong,  rather  obtuse ;  peduncles  bracteolate. — In 
pine  barrens  and  sandy  fields,  N.  J.  to  Car.  (Pursh.)     Seven-mile  Mt.,  Va.  (Read.) 
Very  rare  and  obscure. 

16  L.  heterophy-lla  R.  Br.     St.  simple,  glabrous;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  smooth  and 
glabrous ;  upper  linear-lanceolate,  many  times  smaller ;  hds.  spicate,  very  short- 
pedunculate  ;  invol.  subsquarrous,  scales  lanceolate,  acute,  naked  (not  ciliate). — S. 
Car.  and  Ga.  (Bartram.)     A  doubtful  species,  variety  of  L.  scariosa  ? 

1 8.  KUH'NIA,  L.  (To  Dr.  Adam  Kulm,  of  Pennsylvania,  a  pupil  of 
Linnaeus.)  Heads  10  to  25-flowered,  £  \  scales  of  the  involucre  lance- 
olate, loosely  imbricated  ;  receptacle  naked  ;  corolla  slender,  5-toothed  ; 
pappus  in  a  single  series,  plumous ;  achenia  cylindrical,  striate,  pubes- 
cent.—  If  Herb  with  alternate,  resinous-dotted  Jvs.,  and  corymbed  hds. 
of  pale  yellow  florets. 

K.  eupatoroides  L.  Lvs.  lanceolate  and  lance-ovate,  varying  to  lance-linear, 
usually  serrate,  petiolate,  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots,  especially  beneath ; 
corymb  few  or  many-flowered. — Shady  soils,  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Iowa  (Cousens),  to 
Fla.  and  La.  Sts.  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  thin,  1  to  4'  long,  often  coarsely  and  un- 
evenly toothed,  lower  3-veined,  upper  1-veined,  and  very  small.  Hds.  few,  ter- 
minal. Pappus  very  plumous,  white  or  tawny.  Aug.,  Sept. 

(3.  Lvs.  lance-linear,  mostly  entire,  sessile ;  pan.  spreading,  many-flowered ;  fls. 
and  fr.  unchanged. — With  the  other  varieties  (K.  Critonia  "Willd.) 

9.  BRICKEL'LIA,    Ell.     (To  Dr.  BricMl,  of  Savannah.)     Heads 
many-flowered,  £;  scales  imbricated,  lanceolate  or  linear,  striate ;  re- 
ceptacle naked,  flat ;  corolla  tube  slightly  expanded  above,  5-toothcd ; 
branches  of  the  style  clavate  ;  fr.  10-striate,  contracted  above  ;  pappus 
setaceous,  in  one  series. — 11  Herbs  with  tripli-veined  leaves  and  large 
heads  of  purple  florets  in  corymbs. 

B.  cordifolia  Ell.  Pubescent ;  Ivs.  all  opposite,  triangular,  truncate  or  cordate  at 
base,  crenate,  petiolate;  corymbs  dense,  few-flowered;  hds.  30  to  40-flowered; 
scales  obtuse,  conspicuously  striate,  the  inner  as  long  as  the  purple  pappus  and 
corollas. — W.  Ga.  (Pond)  and  Fla.  A  plant  of  fine  appearance,  2  to  4f  high. 
Lvs.  large,  sprinkled  with  shining  dots  beneath,  3-veined,  the  lateral  veins  mar- 
ginal just  at  the  base.  Sds.  brown,  longer  than  the  purple  pappus.  Aug.,  Sept. 

10.  EUPATCTRIUM,  Tourn.     BONESET.     (To  Eupator,  King  of  Pon- 
tus,  who  first  used  the  plant  in  medicine.)    Flowers  all  tubular,  $  ;  in- 
volucre imbricate,  oblong ;  style  much  exserted,  deeply  cleft ;  anthers 
included  ;  receptacle  naked,  flat ;  pappus  capillary,  simple,  scabrous ; 
achenia  5-angled. —  2£  Herbs,  generally  with  opposite,  simple  Ivs.  and 
corymbous  hds.     Fls.  of  the  cyanic  series,  that  is  white,  blue,  red,  etc., 
never  yellow. 

|  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  pinnately  dissected.    Heads  paniculate Nos.  1,  2 

§  Leaves  mostly  opposite  or  verticiliate, — pinnately  dissected No.  8 

—undivided.  (*) 

*  Scales  imbricated  in  several  rows,  the  outer  gradually  shorter,  (a) 

a  Flowers  bluish.     Leaves  opposite.    Scales  strongly  striate No.  4 

a  Flowers  purplish.     Lvs.  whorled.     Scales  streaked  and  flesh  colored Nos.  6— T 

a  Flowers  white, — 5  only  in  each  head.     Leaves  snbsessile.  (b) 

b  Leaves  acute  at  base.     Scales  with  acute  white  points Nos.  8,  9 

b  Leaves  acute  at  base.    Scales  obtuse,  short,  downy Nos.  10—13 

b  Leaves  obtuse,  roundish  or  truncate  at  tlie  base Nos.  14— 16 

a  Flowers  white,  1  to  15  in  each  head.    Leaves  various Nos.  1 1— 20 

*  Scales  all  of  equal  length,  in  about  1  row.    Leaves  petiolate Nos.  21—23 

1  B.  foeniculaceum  Willd.     DOG  FENNEL.     Very  branching,  nearly  glabrous; 

Ivs.  all  alternate,  the  lower  compoundly  pinnate  with  linear  filiform  segments,  the 


416  ORDER  TO.— COMPOSITE. 

upper  setaceous,  simple,  fascicled;  hds.  small,  very  numerous,  3  to  5-fiowered,  on 
short  pedicels ;  scales  8  to  10,  mucronate. — A  common  weed,  in  fields  and  damp 
soils,  Ya.  to  Fla.  St.  3  to  1  Of  high,  bearing  innumerable  fine  cut  Ivs.  and  a  com- 
pound pyramidal  panicle  of  innumerable  hds.  Fls.  yellowish-white,  little  more 
than  1"  long.  Lvs.  often  channeled  on  the  upper  side.  Sept.,  Oct. 

2  E.  coronopifolium  Willd.     Much  branched,  pubescent;  Ivs.  mostly  alternate 
(the  lower  opposite),  the  lower  twice  pinnatiftd  with  lance-linear  lobes  and  segments ; 
upper  Ivs.  linear,  fascicled;  hds.   small,  very  numerous,  5-flowered;  scales  10, 
with  scarious  margins  and  cuspidate  points. — In  dry,  thin  soils,  N.  Car.,  G-a.  to 
Fla.,  common.     St.  3  to  5f  high.     Lvs.  and  fls.  immensely  numerous,  as  in  No.  1. 
Fls.  white,  about  2"  long.    Panicle  often  2f  long.     Sept.,  Oct. — Distinct  from. 
No.  1  ? 

3  E.  pinnatifidum  Ell.    Pubescent ;  Ivs.  laciniate-pinnatifid,  segm.  linear,  toothed 
or  entire,  the  lower  whorled  in  4s,  middle  opposite,  upper  alternate ;  hds.  small, 
numerous,  5  to  9-flowered,  in  a  fastigiato  corymb ;  scales  oblong,  mucronate. — 
Pine  barrens,  Car.  to  Fla.    Height  3  to  4f.    Hds.  about  the  size  of  No.  2,  to  which 
this  species  is  evidently  related. 

4  E.  ivaefclium  L.     St.  terete,  branched ;  Ivs.  opposite,  lanceolate,  tapering  to 
each  end,   subsessile,   subserrate,  3-veined;  hds.  pedicellate,  15  to  20-fiowered ; 
scales  20,  imbricated,  the  outer  gradually  shorter,  all  erect,  obtuse,  with  3  to  5  dis- 
tinct strice. — Woods,  near  N.  Orleans.     Herb  3  to  5f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long. 
Florets  light  blue,  in  a  few  large,  corymbed  hds.     Aug.,  Sept. 

5  E.  purpuretim  L.  (not  of  "Willd.,  Ph.,  nor  DC.)     St.  solid,  green,  or  sometimes 
purplish,  with  a  purple  band  at  the  joints  about  1'  wide;  Ivs.  feather-veined,  in 
whorls  of  3s,  4s  and  5s  (rarely  in  2s),  ovate,  smooth  above,  downy  on  the  veins 
beneath,  coarsely  serrate" — Dry  woods  and  meadows,  common.     St.  3  to  Gf  high. 
Lvs.  large,  thin,  8  to  10'  by  4  to  5'.    Corymb  lax,  pale  purple,  varying  to  whitish. 
Aug.,  Sept.    (E.  trifoliatum  Darl.) 

p.  TERNIFOLIUM.     St.  solid,   slender,  green,  with  a  purple  blush ;  Ivs.  in  3s, 
very  thin,  lanceolate. — Mountain  woods,  etc.     Height  about  3f. 

6  E.  maculatum  L.     PURPLE  BONESET.     St.  solid,  striate,  hispid  or  pubescent, 
greenish  and  purple,  with  numerous  glands  and  purple  lines,  the  glands  on  the 
stems  and  leaves  give  out  an  acrid  effluvium  in  flowering  time ;  Ivs.  tripli-veined, 
3   to  5   in  a  whorl,   ovate. — Low  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Herb  4  to  6f  high. 
Lvs.  petiolate,  6  to  T'  by  3  to  4',  usually  pointed,  strongly  serrate.     Fls.  purple. 
Jl.,  Sept.    (E.  purpureum  (3.  Darl.) 

(3.  URTICIFOLIUM  Barratt.    Slender ;  Ivs.  thin,  much  elongated, — height  4  to  5f. 

7  E.  fistulosum  Barratt.     TRUMPET  WEED.     St.  fistuloiLS,  glabrous,   glaucous- 
purple,  striate  or  fluted ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  in  whorls  of  5s  or  6s,  largest  in  tho 
middle  of  the  stem,  rather  finely  glandular  serrate,  midvein  and  veinlets  livid- 
purple;  corymb  globous,  with  whorled  peduncles. — A  majestic  herb,  thickets, 
U.  S.  and  Can.     Height  6  to  lOfj  hollow  its  whole  length.     Lvs.  including  the  1' 
petioles,  8'  by  2'.     Corymb  often  If  diam.     It  does  not  appear  to  posses  tho  acrid 
properties  of  E.  maculatum.    Jl. — Sept.    (E.  purpureum  Willd.  in  part.     ft.  an- 
gustifolium  T.  &  Gr.) — Intermediate  forms  occur,   rendering  the  distinctions  of 
this  species  and  the  two  preceding  numbers  a  gravo  question. 

8  E.  dlbum  L.     Scabrous-pubescent ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  strongly  serrate,  ses- 
sile, rather  acute,  obscurely  3-veined ;  corymb  fastigiate ;  hds.  clustered,  oblong, 
5-flowered;  scales  8  to  14,  lance-linear,  tipped  with  a  white,  scarious  acumination, 
longer  than  the  fls. ;   cyps.   glandular. — Sandy  soils,   Penn.  to  La.     St.  about  2f 
high,  corymbously  divided  above.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  J  to  1',  upper  ones  entire  and 
alternate.     Invol.  concealing  the  fls.,   and  with  them  copiously  sprinkled  with 
resinous  dots,  whitish.     Aug. — Oct.  (E.  glandulosum  MX.) — A  variety  has  the 
leaves  rather  obtuse  and  crenate.    (Tenn.) 

9  E.  leucolepis  Torr.  &  Gr.     Nearly  glabrous ;  st.  simple ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate, 
obtuse,  closely  sessile,  serrate,  lower  ones  obscurely  tripli-veined ;  corymb  fasti- 
giate, canescent;  hds.  5-flowered;  scales  8  to  10,  scarious  and  white  at  tho  sum- 
mit, as  long  as  the  fls.— Sandy  fields,  N.  J.  to  La.     St.  2  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  1^  to 
to  2^'  by  J  to  f ,  glaucous-green  both  sides,  divaricate  with  the  stems,  upper  ones 


ORDER  TO.— COMPOSITE.  417 

linear  and  entire.    Cor.  dilated  at  mouth,  with  short^  obtuse  lobes,  white.    Aug. 

Oct.     (E.  glaucescens  p.  leucolepis  DC.) 

10  E.  hyssopifplium  L.     Los.  opposite,  often  verticillate,  linear -lanceolate,  ob- 
scurely tripli-veined.  punctate,  lower  ones  subserratc,  upper  ones  entire;  scales  short, 
oval,  grayish  pubescent,  very  obtuse.— A  more  delicate  species,  smooth,  or  minutely 
pubescent,  in  dry  fields,  Mass,  to  Iowa  and  La,     St.  about  2f  high,  branching 
into  a  spreading  corymb.     Hds.  5-flowered,  very  small,  in  dense  clusters,  and  3" 
long,  scales  half  as  long.     Aug.,  Sept.    /3.  linearifolium  is  more  pubescent  with 
the  lower  Ivs.  serrate. — South. 

11  E.  cuneifolitim  Willd.     Pubescent ;  Ivs.  small,  glaucous  both  sides,  broadly 
oblanceolate  or  oblong,  obtuse  at  apex,  acute  at  the  subsessile  base,  slightly  serrate 
above  the  middle;  lids,  small,  in  a  loose  corymb,  5-flowered;  scales  (2''  long) 
soft-villous,  obtuse,  much  shorter  than  the  fls. — Rich  shady  soils,  S.  Car.  Ga.  to 
Ala,    St.  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  8  to  18"  long.     Fls,  white.    Aug.,  Sept. 

12  3.  parviflorum  Ell.     Soft-puberulent,  diffusely  branched ;  Ivs.  mostly  oppo- 
site (in  3s  below),  lanceolate,  acute,  acutely  serrate  above  the  middle,  entire  be- 
low, and  tapering  to  the  sessile  base,  3-veined ;  lids,  small  and  crowded ;  scales 
pubescent,  glandular  (like  the  3  preceding),  outer  very  short,  inner  linear,  obtuse. — 
Low  grounds,  Ya.  to  Ma.  and  La.    Height  1  to  3f.    Pan.  compound,  loose.    Lvs. 
1  to  3'  long,  the  upper  scattered.     Hds.  about  2''  long,  scales  If.     Aug. — Oct. 

13  E.  'altissimum  L.     St.  pubescent  tomentous,  tall,  corymbous  at  the  summit ; 
Ivs.  lanceolate,  remotely  and  acutely  serrate  above  the  middle,  pubescent,  tapering 
to  each  end,  subsessile,  conspicuously  3-vcined ;  hds.  5-flowered;  scales  8  to  12r 
elliptical,  obtuse,  pubescent. — Woods  and  sandy  soils,  Penn.  and  W.  States  (Plum- 
mer).     St.  round,  striate,  3  to  7f  high.     Lvs.  3  to  4'  long,  much  resembling  those 
of  Solidago  Canadensis ;  small  ones  often  fascicled  in  the  axils.     Corymb  com- 
pound.     Cor.  whitish,  nearly  twice   as  long    (5")    as  the  scales.     Sept.,  Oct. 
(Kuhnia  glutinosa  DC.) 

14  E.  teucrifolrum  Willd.     Lvs.  opposite,  sessile,  ovate,  rough,  veiny,  the  lower 
ones  doubly  serrate,  upper  ones  subserrate  or  entire ;  st.  paniculate,  pubescent, 
with  fastigiate,  corymbous  branches  above;  scales  elliptical,  faintly  striate,  rather 
acute. — Mass,  to  La.     Plant  hairy,  2  to  3f  high,  with  a  somewhat  panicled  co- 
rymb of  white  flowers.     The  upper  ivs.  are  often  entire.     Invol.  5-flowered,  with 
twice  as  many  scales  in  2  rows.     Closely  allied  to  the  following,  but  is  much 
more  rough.     Aug.  (E.  verbenasfolium  MX.     E.  pubescens  Pers.) 

15  E.  scssilifolitim  L.     Lvs.  opposite,  amplexicaul,  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  at 
the  base,  very  smooth,  serrate;  st.  smooth;  inner  scales  oblong-obovate,  obtuse. — 
Plant  2  to  4f  high,  in  rocky  woods,  Mass,  to  Ind.  and  Ga. — St.  slender,  erect, 
branching  at  top  into  a  corymb  with  white  fls.     Lvs.  large,  tapering  regularly 
from  the  somewhat  truncate  base  to  a  long  point,  with  small  serratures,  paler  be- 
neath.    Flower-stalks  downy.     Hds.  5-flowered,  with  twice  as  many  scales  in  2 
rows.     Sept 

16  E.  rotuiidifolium  Willd.     HOARHOUND.     Lvs.  opposite,  sessile,  roundish- 
ovate,  subcordate  at  base,  3-veined  and  veinleted,  coarsely  serrate,  scabrous  above, 
pubescent  beneath ;  hds.  about  5-flowered ;  inner  scales  acuminate,  as  long  as  the 
flowers. — A  bushy,  compact  species,  in  dry  fields,  N".  J.  and  S.  States.     St.  2  to  3f 
high,  roughish.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  9  to  20",  obtuse  or  broadly  acute.     Hds.  fastigi- 
ate-corymbous.     Invol.  very  pubescent,  concealing  the  white  florets.    Pappus 
longer  than  cor.     Sty.  much  exserted.     Aug.  Sept. 

17  E.  pubescens  Muhl.     St.  hirsute ;  Ivs.  opposite,  sessile,  distinct,  ovate,  acute, 
obtusely  dentate,  rough-pubescent;  corymb  fastigiate;  invol.  about  8-flowered; 
scales  lanceolate,  acute,  rather  shorter  than  the  flowers. — A  large,  rough  plant,  3  to 
4f  high,  growing  on  dry  grounds,  K  H.  to  Penn.     Distinguished  from  No.  16  by 
its  larger  Ivs.  (2  to  3'  by  1^  to  2'),  hds.,  and  proportionately  shorter  scales,  which 
are  about  12,  the  outer  much  the  shortest     Aug.     (E.  ovatum  Bw.) 

18  E.  perfoliatum   L.     THOROUGH- WORT.     BONESET.     Lvs.  connate-perfoliate, 
very  pubescent. — A  common,  well-known  plant,  on  low  grounds,  meadows,  U.  S. 
and  Can.,  abundant     St.  1  to  5f  high,  round,  rough,  and  hairy.     Each  pair  of 
Ivs.  are  so  united  at  the  base  as  to  constitute  a  single  lamina,  centrally  perforated 
by  the  stem,  and  placed  at  right  angles  to  it ;  they  are  rough,  rugose,  serrate, 

27 


418  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

tapering  to  a  long  point,  and  both  combined,  aro  8  to  14'  in  length.  Hds.  about 
12-flowered,  clustered  in  large,  terminal  corymbs.  Cor.  white.  Aug. — The  plant 
is  bitter,  and  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  tonic. 

19  E.  resinosum.  Torr.     St.  minutely  tomentous;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  closely 
sessik,  distinct,  tapering  to  a  long  acumination,  divaricate  with  the  stem,  slightly 
viscidly  resinous-glandular  both  sides ;  corymb  fastigiate,  compound;   hds.  10  to 
15-flowered;  scales  obtuse,  hoary-tomentous. — Wet,  sandy  soils,  N.  J.,  Penn.    St. 
2  to  3f  high,  growing  in  tufts.     Lvs.  3  to  6'  by  3  to  6".     Aug.,  Sept. — This  sin- 
gular species  appears  to  be  nearly  confined  to  the  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.,  where  it 
was  first  found  by  Dr.  Torrey. 

20  E.  serotinum  MX.      St.   soft-puberulent,   diffusely  branched;    Ivs.  pctiolate, 
lance-ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  triple-veined,  nearly  glabrous; 
corymbs  compound;  hds.  12  to  15-flowered;  scales  9  to  11,  nearly  alike,  scarious- 
edged,  very  pubescent. — Ind.  to  Iowa  (Cousens),  and  Ga.  (Miss  Keen).     St.  4  to 
6f  high,  somewhat  paniculate  above.     Lvs.  4  to  G'  by  J  to  1-V,  upper  ones  nearly 
entire,  scattered ;  lower  ones  opposite,  with  large  irregular  serratures.    Sept.,  Oct. 

21  E.  ageratoides  L.     Si.  smooth,  branched;  Ivs.  on  long  petioles,  subcordate, 
ovate,  acuminate,  dentate,   3-veined,   nearly  smooth;   corymbs  compound;  invol. 
simple,  smooth. — Rocky  hills  and  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.     St.  round,  2  to  4f  high, 
and  with  the  whole  plant  nearly  smooth.     Lvs.  large,  3  to  G'  long,  2  to  4'  broad 
at  base,  coarsely  toothed,  petioles  1  to  2'  long.     Hds.  numerous,  in  small  clusters, 
constituting  a  compound  corymb.     Invol.  scales  mostly  in  a  row,  containing  12 
or  more  flowers  of  a  pure  white.     Aug.,  Sept. 

22  E.  aroniciticum  L.     St.  rough,  pubescent,  corymbous  at  summit;  Ivs.  petio- 
late,  opposite,  subcordate,  lance-ovate,  acute,  3-veined,  obtusely  serrate,  smoothish ; 
invol.  simple,  of  about  12  lance-linear  pubescent  scales. — A  handsome  species,  in 
low  woods,  Mass,  to  La.     Whole  plant  slightly  pubescent,  about  2f  high.     Lvs.  2 
to  4'  long,  \  as  wide,  on  petioles  less  than  an  inch  long.     Hds.  of  the  fls.  largo, 
10  to  15-flowered,  whito  and  aromatic,  in  small  corymbs.     Scales  about  equal. 
Aug.,  Sept. 

23  E.  incarnatum  Walt.     Minutely  scabrous,  diffusely  branched;  Ivs.  deltoid- 
ovate,  long-petioled,  pointed,  coarsely   crenate-toothed.  truncate  or  cordate;  hds. 
on  slender  ped.,  about  20-flowered;   scales   12  to  15,  linear- acuminate,  faintly  2- 
striate,  glabrous;  cor.  lobes  pale-purple. — Damp  soils,   N.  Car.  (Shriver)  to  Fla. 
(Chapman)  and  Tex.     Height  2  to  3f.     Corymbs  very  loose,  paniculate.     Sept., 
Nov.    Approaches  Conoclinium,  but  readily  distinguished  by  its  short,  blunt  styles. 

11.  MIKA'NIA,  Willd.      CLIMBING  BONESET.      (In  honor  of  Prof. 
Mikan,  of  Prague.)     Flowers  all  tabular,  g  ;  involucre  4-1  cared,  4-flow- 
ered ;  receptacle   naked ;   pappus   capillary,  simple,  scabrous ;   anthers 
partly  cxsertcd ;  aclicnia  angled. — Mostly  climbing  herbs.     Lvs.  oppo- 
site. 

M.  scandens  Willd.  St.  smooth  ;  Ivs.  cordate,  repand-toothed,  acuminate,  Iho 
lobes  divaricate,  rather  unequal ;  hds.  in  pedunculate,  axillary  corymbs. — A  beau- 
tiful climber  of  wet  thicket-?,  Mass,  to  Ga.  (Miss  Keen)  and  La.,  rather  rare.  Every 
part  smooth.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  1  to  2',  on  petioles  1  to  2'  long,  apex  tapering  to  a 
long  point.  Branches  short,  nearly  naked,  each  bearing  a  small  corymb  of  white 
or  pink  colored  fls.,  almost  always  4  in  a  head.  Aug.,  Sept. 

12.  CONOCLIN'IUM,  DC.     (Gr.  K.&VCH;.  a  cone,  KMvrj,  bed  or  recepta- 
cle.)    Heads  many-flowered ;  receptacle  conical,  character  otherwise  as 
in  Eupatorium. — 1[  Herbaceous  or  suffruticous.     Lvs.  opposite,  petio- 
late,  serrate.     Fls.  blue  or  purple,  in  crowded  corymbs. 

•C.  ccelestimim  DC.  Herbaceous,  nearly  glabrous,  much-branched,  Ivs.  deltoid- 
ovate,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  base,  tapering  to  an  obtusish  apex,  crenate-ser- 
rate,  3-veined,  petiole  slender,  about  half  as  long  as  the  lamina;  'corymbs  numer- 
ous, subumbellate ;  scales  numerous,  linear. — Hedges,  thickets,  roadsides,  &c., 
Penn.,  Southern  and  W.  States.  St  1  to  2Jf  high,  terete,  with  opposite  branches. 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE.  419 

\ 

Lvs.  1  to  2J;  long,  §  03  wide.     Fla.  20  to  50  in  a  head,  of  a  beautiful  sky  blue, 
reddish  in  fading.     Aug.,  Sept. 

13.  TUSSILA'GO,    Tourn.      COLT'S-FOOT.       (Altered  from   the   Lat. 
tussi-Sj  cough ;  considered  a  good  expectorant.)     Head  radiate,  many- 
flowered  ;  flowers  of  the  ray  $  ,  those  of  the  disk  <$  ;  involucre  simple ; 
receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  capillary. —  2£  Lvs.  radical.     Fls.  yellow,  with 
very  narrow  rays. 

T.  farfara  L.  A  low  plant  in  wet  places,  brooksides,  27.  and  M.  States,  and  is  a 
certain  indication  of  a  clayey  soil.  Scapo  scaly,  about  5'  high,  simple,  appearing 
with  its  single,  terminal,  many-rayed,  yellow  head  in  March  and  Apr.,  long  beforo 
a  loaf  is  to  bo  seen.  Lvs.  arising  after  tho  flower  is  withered,  5  to  8'  by  3  to  6', 
cordate,  angular,  dentate,  dark  green  above,  covered  with  a  cotton-liko  down  be- 
neath, and  on  downy  petioles.  §  ? 

14.  KARDQS'MIA,  Cass.     (Gr.  vdpdog,  spikenard,  ocr/z?/,  smell ;  from 
the  fragrance.)     Heads  radiate,  many-flowered,  somewhat  $  $  ;  flowers 
of  the  ray  $  ,  of  the  disk  $  ,  but  abortive  in  the  sterile  plant;  involucre 
simple  ;  receptacle  flat,  naked  ;  pappus  capillary. — 2£  Lvs.  radical.    Fls. 
cyanic.     The  ray  flowers  of  the  sterile  heads  arc  in  a  single  row  ;  of  the 
fertile  heads  in.  several,  but  very  narrow. 

N.  palmata  Hook.  Scapo  with  a  fastigiate  thyrse  or  corymb;  Ivs.  roundish-cor- 
date, 5 — 7-lobed,  tomentous  beneath,  the  lobes  coarsely  dentate. — In  swamps, 
Fairhaven,  Yt.  (Robbins),  Suriderland,  Mass.  (Hitchcock)  W.  to  R.  Mts.  Very 
rare.  A  coarse,  acaulescent  plant,  with  large,  deeply  and  palmately-lobed  leaves, 
and  a  stout  scape  covered  with  leaf-scales  and  1 — 2f  high.  The  heads  are  frag- 
rant, numerous,  with  obscure  rays,  those  of  the  barren  plants  almost  inconspicu- 
ous. May. 

15.  ADENOCAITLON,  Hook.     (Gr.  ddrjv,  a  gland,  /cavAoc,  a  stem ; 
i.  e.,  glands  stipitate.)     Heads  discoid,  few-flowered ;  corollas  all  simi- 
lar, tubular;  flowers  of  the  margin  $,  of  the  disk  $;  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre equal,  in  one  series;  receptacle  naked;  cypsela  clavate,  bearing 
stalked  glands  above  ;  pappus  none. —  2£  Nearly  acaulescent,  with  alter- 
nate Ivs.  and  small,  paniculate  hds.,  also  gland  bearing. 

A.  bicolor  Hook.  St.  leafy  below,  nearly  naked  above ;  Ivs.  deltoid,  cordate,  an- 
gular-toothed, decurrent  on  the  petioles,  glabrous  above,  arachnoid-pubescent  be- 
neath.—Shores  of  L.  Superior  (Dr.  Pitcher,  fido  T.  &  G-.),  to  Oreg.  (Hook).  Sts. 
1  to  2f  high,  slender.  Fls.  white. 

TRIBE  3.     ASTEROIDE^E. 

16.  GALATEL'LA,  Cass.     (Lat.  diminutive  of  Galatea,  from  which 
genus  this  was  taken.)     Heads  many-flowered;  rays  few  (3  to  12)  ster- 
ile, ligulate ;  disk-flowers  £  ,  tubular ;  scales  closely  imbricated,  without 
green  tips ;  receptacle  alveolate,  toothed  ;  corollas  of  the  disk  deeply  5- 
cleft;  achenia  silky-villous ;  pappus  simple,  copious,  capillary,  that  of 
the  ray  similar. —  2JC  Herbs  corymbcd,  with  alternate  Ivs.     Rays  cyanic. 
G.  hyssopifolia  Nees.     Glabrous,  erect,  Ivs.  lance-linear,  acute,  3-veined,  en- 
tire ;  invol.  ovoid,  half  as  long  as  tho  disk ;  interior  scales  obtuse,  membranous, 
outer  acute,  fleshy;  rays  3  to  9,  longer  than  the  disk. — "  Md.  Car.  and  Ga.  com- 
mon." (Darby.)     Height  1  to  2f.     Rays,  pale  purple.     Aug. — Oct. 

17.  SERICOCAR'PUS,  Nees.     WHITE-TIPPED  ASTER.     (Gr.  orjpiKdg. 
silken,  Kapirog,  fruit.)     Heads  few-flowered  ;  ray  flowers  4  to  G,  ?  ;  disk- 
flowers  6   to  10,  £;    involucre  oblong,  imbricated;    scales  appressed, 
white,  with  green  spreading  tips ;  receptacle  alveolate ;  acheniuin  obconic, 


420  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

very  silky;  pappus  simple. —  2£  Herbs  with   alternate  Ivs.  and  close 
corymbs. "   Rays  white. 

"  S.  Bolidagineus  Nees.  Smooth;  Ivs.  linear-ollanceolate,  obtuse,  entire,  sessile, 
obsoletely  3-veined,  rough  on  the  margin ;  corymb  fastigiate  ;  hds.  aggregate, 
subsessile,  5-rayecl ;  scales  obtuse,  white,  with  green  tips ;  pappus  white. — In 
woods,  Can  to  La.  Very  elegant.  Sts.  clustered,  slender,  simple,  about  2f  high. 
Lvs.  smooth,  1  to  2'  by  3  to  5".  Hds.  small  (3"  long).  InvoT.  oblong.  Scales  with 
conspicuous  green  tips.  Rays  long,  white.  Jl.,  Aug.  (Aster  solidaginoidee  MX.) 

2  L.  coiryzoides  Nees.     St.  somewhat  pubescent,  simple,  corymbus  at  top;  Ivs- 
oval-lanceolate,  smooth  beneath,   slightly  3-veined,    narrowed  at  base,  acute,  the 
upper  ones  sessile,  nearly  entire,  the  lower  narrowed  into  the  petiole,  serrate  ;  in- 
vol.  cylindrical,  the  scales  oval,  obtuse,  appressed,  slightly  reflexed  at  summit ; 
rays  5,  short,  pappus  rusty. — Common  in  woods  and  thickets,   Mass  to  Flor. 
Stems  somewhat  5-angled,  1 — 2f  high.     Leaves  somewhat   fleshy.     Ray  short, 
but  longer  than  the   disk,  white.     July,  Aug.     (Aster  Willd.     Conyza  aster- 
oides  L.) 

3  S.  tortifolius  Noes.      Grayish-pubescent,    roughish,   corymbous  above ;    Ivs. 
short,  oblong-obovate,  sessile,   twisted  to  a  vertical  position,  and  both  sides  alike 
minutely  scabrous ;    scales  regularly  imbricated  in  many  rows,   the  green  tips 
slightly  spreading ;  pappus  white. — Dry  woods  and  barrens,  Ya.  to  Fla.   and  La. 
Height  about  2f,  often  branched  below.    Lvs.  8  to  12"  long,  obtuse  or  acute.    Hds, 
larger  than  in  the  others,  about  5"  long.     Sept.,  Oct. 

18.  ASVTER,  L.  (Gr.  acrrr/p,  a  star ;  from  the  radiated  flowers.)  Hds. 
radiato ;  involucre  oblong,  imbricate ;  scales  loose,  often  with  green 
tips,  the  outer  spreading;  disk  flowers  tubular,  £  ;  ray  flowers  $  ,  in  one 
row,  generally  few  (6 — 100),  ligulate,  oblong,  3-tootlicd  at  apex,  finally 
revolutc ;  receptacle  flat,  alveolate  ;  pappus  simple,  capillary,  scabrous ; 
achenium  usually  compressed. — A  large  genus  of  2£  herbs,  very  abun- 
dant in  the  U.  S.,  flowering  in  late  summer  and  autumn.  Lvs.  alter- 
nate. Disk  fls.  yellow,  changing  to  purple,  ray  flowers  blue,  purple  or 
white,  never  yellow. 

§  BIOTIA,  DC.  Scales  closely  imbricated,  slightly  tipped  with  green,     lids,  corymbous, 

rays  6  to  15,  white  or  roseate.     Lvs.  cordate,  petiolate,  serrate,  large Nos.  1,  2 

§  CALLIASTRUM,  T.  &  G.     Scales  loosely  imbricated,  with  green  spreading  tips.     Heads 
corymbous  or  few,  large,  rays  12  to  30,  violet.     Leaves  never  cordate,  rigid  ;  pappus 

unequal,  rigid,  the  inner  slightly  club-shaped. — Leaves  all  or  the  lower  serrate Nos.  3 — 5 

— Leaves  entire Nos.  C,  7 

§  ASTER  proper.     Scales  (variously)  imbricated,  with  green  tips  or  wholly  green.    Hds. 
paniculate  or  racemous.     Pappus  soft,  equal  (none  club-shaped),     (a) 
a  Leaves  clasping  with  a  cordate  or  auriculate  bnse.     (b) 
a  Leaves  sessile  or  pctiolate,  none  of  them  cordate  or  auricnlate.  (c) 

a  Leaves  petiolate,  the  lower  cordate,— evidently  serrate ..Nos.  8,  9 

— entire  or  obscurely  serrate Nos.  10 — 12 

b  Leaves  entire,— very  small  (1  to  8"  Ions),  erect  or  reflexed Nos.  13,  14 

—middle  size  (I  to  8'  long),— Achenia  silky Nos.  15— IT 

— Achenia  smooth Nos.  20,  35 

b  Leaves  serrate  (more  or  less). — Scales  spreading,  equal,  in  2  rows No.  IS 

—Scales  imbricated,  in  3  to  5  rows Nos.  19—21 

C  Leaves  silky  on  both  sides  alike.     Pappus  tawny ". Nos.  22,  23 

C  Leaves  not  silky. — Involucre  closely  imbricated,  (d) 

— Involucre  squarrous,  the  scales  spreading,  (e) 

d  Leaves  all  entire.— Scales  of  the  involucre  obtuse Nos.  24,  25 

— Scales  acute  or  mncronate Nos.  2C — 28 

d  Leaves  (lower)  sharply  serrate.— Heads  larger  (4  to  6"  long) Nos.  29,  30 

—Heads  small  (2  to  3"  long) Nos.  81,  82 

e  Scales  obtuse,  in  several  rows,  unequal.     Leaves  also  obtuse.  .Nos.  33,  34 

e  Scales  acute,  in  several  rows,  unequal. — Pappus  tawny Nos.  35 — 37 

—Pappus  bright Nos.  88—40 

e  Scales  acute,  in  one  row,  equal.    Leaves  linear.     Heads  solitary..  -No.  41 
§  SCARIOS^E.    Scales  (variously)  imbricated,  with  scarious  margins  and  destitute  of 

f  Leaves  lanceolate  broadly  or  narrowly.    Scales  rather  obtuse Nos.  42 — 44 

Leaves  subulate  or  linear.    Scales  very  acute  —Heads  large,  few Nos.  45,  46 

— Heads  small,  many Nos.  47,  48 


ORDER  70.-— COMPOSITE.  421 

§  1.  BIOTIA,  DC.    CORYHBED  ASTERS. 

1  A.  corymbosus  Ait.     SL  corymbous-fastigiate,  nearly  smooth,  branches  pu- 
bescent ;  Ivs.  thin,  ovate-acuminate,  serrate,  with  sharp  spreading  teeth,  the  lower 
cordate,    peticlate,    the  petioles  wingless;  invol  oblong,   6  to  9-rayzd,   imbricate 
with  .close-pressed,  acute  scales. — Common  in  dry  woods,  N.  and  Mid.  States. 
St.  2f  high,  often  reddish,  mors  or  less  flexuous,     Lvs.  large,  mostly  smooth,  the 
upper  becoming  lanceolate,  sessile.     Hds,  4"  long,  in  a  broad,  flat,  open  corymb, 
with  about  6  oblong,  white  or  roseate  rays.     Aug.    (Eurybia  corymbosa  Cass.) 

2  A.  macropliyllus  Willd.     St  rough-pubescent,  widely  branched ;  Ivs.  ovate, 
petiolxte,  serrate  wfth  short,  depressed  teeth-,  rough,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate, 
sessile,  lower  cordate,  petiolate,  petioks  somewhat  winged;  invoL  cylindric,  closely 
imbricate  with  oblong,  acute  scales;  rays  8  to  15. — Woods  N.  States  and  Can. 
St.  furrowed,  1  to  21'  high,     Lvs,  often  very  large  (6  to  10'  by  3  to  €r).     Rays 
white  or  pale  blue.     Hds.  6"  long.    Sept.     (Eurybia  corymbosa  Cass.) 

§  2.  CALTJ  A  STRUM,  Torr,  &  Gr.     YIOLET-FLOWERED  ASTERS. 

3  A.  mirabilis  Torr.  &  Gr.      Scabrous,  simple  below;    Ivs.  ovate,  serrate,   the 
lowest  $  etiolate,   the  others  sessile,  those  of  the  branches  roundish,  small;    iuvoL 
hemispherical,  shorter  than  the  disk,  scales  imbricated,  in  4  or  5  series  succes- 
sively shorter,  with  obtuse,  green,  recurved  tips;  rays  about  20. — Columbia,  S.  Car. 
(ProC  Gibbs  in  JS",  Am.  .Flora  IL,  165).     We  have  not  met  with  tliis  species. 

4  A.  radula  Ait     Erect,  simple  below,  angular;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  nar- 
rowed to  the  sessile  base,  sharply  serrate,  rugous  and  rough ;  invoL  imbricate, 
squarrous  with  the  short  spreading  green  tips  of  the  scales. — Moist  groves  and 
hedges,  Me.  to  Penn,     Height  1  to  3fJ  remarkable  for  its  straight,  smooth  stem, 
stiQ,  sharply  serrate  Ivs.     Branches  nearly  leafless,  simple,  each  bearing  a  singlo 
large  head,  rarely  more,  with  20  pale  violet  rays  spreading  IV.     Aug.,  Sept 

5  A.  spectabilis  Ait     Erect,  rough-puberulent  above;  Ivs.  roughish,  oblong- 
lanceoiata,  sessile,  entire,  the  lower  obscurely  serrate;  branches  corymbed ;  invol. 
hemispherical,  with  sqi&arrous,  spreading,  ciliate  scales. — A  low,  handsome  Aster, 
of'piae  barrens,  Mass,  to  N.  J,  and  Ky.     £t  1  to  2f  high,  branching  above  into  a 
nearly  simple  corymb  of  10 — 15  largo  and  showy  heads,  each  with  about  20  long 
violet  blu'3  rays.     Sept. — Nov. 

6  A.  STirculosiis  MX.    Sts.  arising  from  a  knotted  creeping  rhizome,  low,  slender, 
simple  or  corymfoous  at  top;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  subserrate,  upper 
linear,  clasping;  lids.  I  to  5 ;  scales  linear-oblong,  ciliate,  inner  obtuse,  outer  with 
green  spreading  tips;   rays  about  20. — Wet  pino  barrens,  N.  J.  to  N".  Car.  and 
Tenn.     Sts.  smoothish,  12  to  18'  hi^h,     Rt-lvs,  spatulate,  4  to  C'  long.     Hds. 
large,  obconic,  with  violet-purple  vays.     Sept 

{3.  GKACILIS  Gray.     Hds,  smaller  and  more  numerous  (3  to  12),  with  the  invol- 
ucre moro  close,  and  the  rays  about  12  (A.  gracilis  Nutt). 

7  A  paludosnis  L.     Slender,  glabrous;  Ivs.  long,  linear,  rigid,  margins  scarcely 
rough,  clasping  at  base;  hds.  1  to  6,  hemispherical;  scales  green,  lance-linear, 
so-mewhat  spreading;  rays  about  30,  longer  than  the  (6f/)  involucre. — Swamps  in 
pioe  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.    Sts,  2  to  3f  high.     Hds.  very  large,  with 
vk>let-blae  rays  spreading  1 J  to  2'.     Pappus  tawny.     Aug. — Oct 

§  3.  ASTER  proper.     PANICLED  ASTERS. 

8  A.  cordifolius   L.      St  paniculate,   emoothish;    lower    Ivs.   cordate,   hairy 
beneath,  j-harply  serrate,   acuminate,   petiolato;    petioles   winged;    invoL  closely 
imbricate,  the  scales  with  short,  green  tips. — Common  in  rocky  woods,  N.  and  W. 
States.     Stem  with  a  handsome  panicle  of  racemes  at  top  of  numerous,  rather 
small  flowers.     Rays  10 — 15,  pale  blue  varying  to  white.     Lower  leaves  large. 
Petioles  more  or  less  winged,  hairy.     Above,  the  leaves  aro  gradually  reduced 
to  small  or  minute  bracts.     Sept. 

9  A.  sagittifdlins  Wiild.    ARROW-LEAVED  ASTER.    St  with  racemous  branches 
above,  smooth ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile,  serrato  in  the  middle, 
radical  ones   ovate,   oblong,   cordate-sagittate,   serrato,   pctiolato;    invcL    loosely 
intricate,  scales  linear-subulate. — Low  woods,  N.  aud  W.  States  and  Can.     Stem 


42-J  OxiDKa  70.-— COMPOSITE. 

2 — if  high,  dividing  into  many  ascending,  rigid  branches,  with  numerous  and 
crowded'heads,  forming  a  compound  panicle  of  leafy  racemes.  Heads  small,  each 
•with  about  1*2  rays,  which  are  white  or  with  various  shades  of  blue.  Leaves 
becoming  smaller  above,  lanceolate  and  even  linear,  bept. 

10  A.  undulatus  L.     St.  paniculate,  puberulent;  branches  bracted,  1  (or  few)- 
flowered ;   Ivs.  oblong-cordate,  ainplexicaul,  entire,  hairy,  somewhat  undulate  or 
crenate-serrate,  lower  ones  ovate,    cordate,   subserrate,   with  winged  petioles; 
invol.  closely  imbricate. — Dry  woods,  U.  S.     Plant  rough,  about  2f  high,  with 
slender  branches.    Lewer  Ivs.  on  winged  petioles,  cordate,  acuminate,  upper  oneii 
becoming  narrow-ovate  and  clasping.     Fla  pale  blue,  solitary  or  somewhat  clus- 
tered, forming  a  loose,  racemous  panicle.     Aug.,  Sept. 

3.  DIVERSIFOLIUS.  Very  slender;  Ivs.  shorter  in  proportion,  ovate  and  oblong; 
branches  slender,  1-flowered. — South  (Pond.)  (A  diversifolius,  MX.) 

11  A.  azureus  Lindl.     Scabrous;  st.  and  racemous-paniculate  branches  slender 
but  rigid ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  cordate,  slightly  serrate,  on  slender  petioles,  middle  and 
upper  ones  lanceolate  and  linear,  acute  at  each  end,  sessile,  entire,  highest  subulate  ; 
hds.  broadly  obconic ;  scales  oblong-linear,  acute,  appressed. — Woods  and  prairies, 
W.  States.     St.  about  2f  high.    Lvs.  of  several  forms  between  the  lowest  cordate 
to  the  small,  subulate,  numerous,  floral  ones  of  the  slender  branches.     Rac.  pani- 
cled,  with  middle  sized  heads,  sometimes  reduced  to  a  single  raceme  or  head/ 

11£  A.  anomalus  Eng.    Lvs.  as  in  No.  11.    Invol.  with  loose  recurved  scales. — 
Limestone  cliffs.    111.  (J.  Wolf),  Iowa  (Dr.  Cousins),  and  Mo.  Hds.  large,  handsome. 

12  A.  Shortii  Hook.   Slender  and  nearly  glabrous,  simple  or  somewhat  branched 
above;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  deeply  cordate,  petiolate,  long-acuminate,  entire,  upper 
ones  sessila  and  obtuse  at  base ;  lids,  middle-size,  racemous  or  racemous-panicu- 
late,  rather  numerous ;   invol.  broad-campanulato ;  scales  scarious,  close,  green- 
iipped,  shorter  than  the  disk  flowers.— A  distinct  and  beautiful  species,  on  rocky 
banks  of  streams,  Ohio  to  Ark.    Stem  a  little  flexuous,  2 — 4f  high.    Lower  leaves 
about  5'  by  1  J',  tha  others  successively  diminished  upwards  to  the  flowers  whero 
they  are  minuto.     Rays  violet  blue. 

13  A.  squarrostis  Walt.     Yery  slender,  scabrous,  with  long,  simple  branches ; 
Ivs.  very  small,  triangular,  cordate-amplexicaul,  reflexed-squarrous ;  lids,  terminal; 
invol.  obconic,  scales  imbricated  with  ovate,  green,  squarrous  points;    aehenia 
pubescent. — X.  Car.  to  Fla.  in  dry  soil.     A  very  singular  Aster,  2f  or  more  high, 
rigid,  shrubby  at  base.     Lower  Ivs.  remote,  1'  long,  middle  and  upper  crowded, 
stiff,  mucronate,  1  to  2"  long.     Hds.  middle  size,  with  near  20  showy  bluo  rays. 
Pappus  rather  tawny.     Sept. — Nov. 

14  A.  adnatus  Nult.     Scabrous ;  stems  and  branches  ascending,  very  slender ; 
Ivs.  oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate,  approximate,  erect,  and  adherent  to  the  stem  by  the 
midcein,  the  summit  being  free. — A  still  more  curious  species,  found  in  Fla.  to 
La.     Sts.  shrubby  at  base,  1  to  4f  high.     Lvs.  as  small  as  in  the  last,  Ms.  and 
fls.  also  similar.     Sept. — Nov. 

15  A.  patens  L.     St.  simple,  paniculate  above,  pubescent;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong, 
acute,  cordate-clasping,  scabrous  on  the  margin  pubescent ;  pan.  loose ;  hds.  ter- 
minal on  the  branchlets ;  scales  imbricate,  lanceolate,  lax,  only  the  points  herba- 
ceous.— Grows  in  moist  grounds,  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  to  Ga.  (Feay,  Pond.)     St.  2  to  3f 
high,  slender,  branching  above  into  a  loose  spreading  panicle.     Lvs.  1  to  3'  long, 
^  to  |  as  wide.     Hds.  largo,  with  20  to  30  violet-colored  rays.     Pappus  tawny. 
Aug. — Nov. — Variable.    (A.  amplexcaulis  Willd.) 

8.  PHLOGIFOLIUS.  Simple  or  racemous-paniculate ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,  cordate- 
auriculate,  very  acute,  edges  ciliatc;  hds.  large,  spreading  16".  Pappus 
deeply  tawny.— N.  Y.  to  Ohio. 

16  A.  NovcC  Anglieo  L.    lids,  terminal,  crowded,  somewhat  fastigiate  ;  st.  hispid, 
paniculate;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  amplexicaul,  auriculate  at  base;  scales  equal 
lax,  linear-lanceolate,  rather  longer  than  the  disk,  green  their  whole  length. — A 
large  and  beautiful  Aster,  in  fields,  meadows  and  shades,  more  common  in  the  M. 
and  W.  States  than  in  N.  Eng.     St.  4  to  Gf  high,  straight,  erect,  viscidly  hairy, 
colored.     Lvs.  very  numerous,  entire,  with  2  auricular  appendages  at  base.     Fls. 
large,  in  a  kind  of  loose,  paniculate  corymb.     Ray-fls.   deep  purple,  numerous 
(15  to  100).     Pappus  deeply  tawny.     Ach.  hairy.     Sept.  f 


ORDER  70.—  CO M  1'OSIT^fl.  423 

17  A.  ameth^stinus  Nutt.  ?     Clothed   with  a  minute  hoary  tomentum  ;  st 
racemous-paniculate ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  rough,  acute,  with  somewhat 
auriculate  appendages  at  the  clasping  base;    invol.    broad-bell-shaped;    scales 
hispid-pubescent,  imbricated,  erect,  with  acute  squarrous,  green  tips;   ach.  silky  — 
Moist  soils,  Ms.  (Dr.  Robbins,  etc.)  to  111.  (Mr.  J.  Wolf.)     Hds.  with  showy  blue 
rays,  expending  1'.     Differs  from  NuttalTs  descr.  ia  its  scales  which  are  not  of 
equal  length.     Sept 

18  A.  puniceus  L.     St.  hispid,  paniculate ;  Ivs.  amplexicaul  and  more  or  less 
auriculate  at  base,  appressed  serrate,  roughish  above;   invol.  loose,  longer  than  the 
disk,  the  scaks  linear-lanceolate,  long  and  revolute,  nearly  equal  and  2-rowed. — A 
large,  handsome  aster,  common  in  swamps  and  ditches,  sometimes  in  dry  soils, 
N.  States  and  Can.     St.  4  to  6f  high,  generally  red  (at  least  on  the  South  &ide\ 
furrowed,  hispid.     Lvs.  rough-edged  and  rough  beneath,  acuminate,  and  some  nar- 
rowed at  base.    Rays  30 — 60,  long  (5")  narrow,  pale-purple,  showy.   Aug. — Sept. 

/?.  VIMINEUS.     Tall,  slender,  smoothish  ;  hds.  few,  very  large ;  Ivs.  narrow. 
>'.  FIRMUS.     Low  (2 — 3 f.)  scabrous,  stout;  Ivs.  thick,  subentire.     Hds.  many. 
<S.  GLABER.     Low  (2f.)  simple,  smoothish  ;  Ivs.  narrow,  erect,  entire;  sc.  loose 
but  not  recurved  ;  rays  large,  20 — 30,  pale.    Swampy  thickets,    111.  (J.  Wolf.) 
E,  CANDIDUS.    The  common  form  (a)  with  white  rays.    N".  Y.  (Mr.  Hankenson.) 

19  A.  prenanthoides  Muhl.     St.  hairy  or  pubescent  above,  corymbous-panicti- 
late ;  Ivs.  oval- lanceolate,  serrate,   acuminate,  attenuate  at  base  into  a  long  winged 
petiole  which  is  auriculate  at  the  insertion ;  invol.  imbricated  with  several  rows  of 
linear,  green-tipped,  spreading  scales. — Grows  in  low  woods,  X.  Y.  to  Ky.    Stem 
2 — 3f  high,  with  a  terminal,  corymbous  panicle  of  largo  heads  on  short  pedun- 
cles.    Rays  showy,  pale  blue.    Leaves  with  tho  petiolo  5  to  10'  long.     Branch 
leaves  smaller,  nearly  entire.     Sept. — Nov. 

20  A.  laevis  L.      Very  smooth;   st.  angular;    branches  simply   \-fiowered;   Ivs. 
half-clasping,  oblong,   entire,  shining,  radical  subserrate,  lanceolate,  upper  auri- 
clcd  at  base;  invol.  closely  imbricate,  the  scales  broadly  linear,  rigid,  thickened 
and  herbaceous  at  tho  apex ;  ach.  glabrous. — A.  very  smooth  and  beautiful  species, 
2  to  3f  high,  growing  in  low  grounds.     St.  polished,  green,    often   somewhat 
glaucous;  Ivs.  rather  fleshy,  tho  lowest  tapering  to  a  winged  petiole.     Fls.  large 
and  showy,  with  numerous  rays  of  a  fino  bluo  becoming  purple.     Sept. — Nov. 
(A.  nmtabilis  L.  A.  amplexicaulis  Muhl.) 

ft.  L.EVIGATUS.     Lvs.  long,  linear-lanceolate.     (A.  Isevigatus  Willd.) 
y.  CYANEUS.     St  and  Ivs.  conspicuously  glaucous.     (A.  cyaneus  Ph.)     Beau- 
tiful varieties,  especially  the  latter. 

21  A  concinnus  Willd.  not  of  Necs.     St.  simple,  paniculate  or  racemous,  pubes- 
cent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  and  lanes-linear,  narrowed  and  clasping  at  the  base,  remotely 
serrate,  upper  ones  entire.     Invol.  closely  imbricate,  scales  green  at  the  tip. — 
Woods,   N.  States.     A  slender  species  1  to  2f  high.     Branches  of  the  panicle 
rather  short  and  romoto.     Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  acuminate,  varying  from  £  to  1',  in 
width,  smooth  except  tho  midvein  beneath,  branch  Ivs.  few  and  much  smaller. 
Hds.  middle  size,  with  10  to  15  bluish-purplo  rays.     Sept — Nov. 

22  A.  sericeus  Vent.     Sts.  slender,  clustered,  glabrous  below,  silky,  pubescent, 
branched  above ;  Ivs.  clothed  on  both  sides  with  a  dense,  appressed,  silky-canes- 
cent  tomentum,  lance-oblong,  entire,  acute  and  mucronate,    sessile;   hds.  large, 
^mostly  solitary,  terminal  on  the  slwrt,   leafy  branchlets;  scales  lanceolate,  silky- 
canescent  like  the  Ivs.,   spreading  at  tip;  ach.  smooth. — A   singularly  elegant 
Aster,  with  shining,  silvery  foliage,  prairies  and  river  banks,  Wise,  and  Iowa  to 
Miss.     St  1  to  2f  high.     Lower  Ivs.  2  to  3'  by  9  to  16",  the  upper  much  smaller. 
Rays  deep  violet-blue.     Pappus  fulvous.     Aug. — Oct.  f     (A.  argenteus  MX.) 

23  A.  concolor  L.     St  subsimplc,  erect,  pubescent;  Ivs    lance-oblong,  entire, 
mucronate,  grayish,  with  a  minute,  silky  pubescence  both  sides,  upper  ones  cus- 
pidate-acuminate; rac.  terminal,  virgate,  simple  or  somewhat  compound,  elon- 
gated; scales  lanceolate,  silky,  acute,  appressed;  ach.  vittous. — Pine  barrens,  N. 
J.  to  Fla.     A  slender  and  virgato  plant,  1  to  3f  high,  sometimes  branched  below. 
Rt.  often  tuberous.     Lvs.  l£'  by  £'t  reduced  in  size  upwards.     Hds.  in  a  long 
rac.,  with  purple  rays  and  a  rust-colored  pappus.    Aug. — .Nov. — Resembles  a 
Liatris. 


424  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

24  A.  turbin£llus  Lindl.     Smooth  or  slightly  scabrous;  branches  and  branchlcts 
very  slender ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  taperiny  to  each  end,  acute,  slightly  clasping,  entire  ; 
in  vol.  clavate-turbinate,  acute  at  base,  as  long  as  the  disk  fls.  (6") ;  scales  im- 
bricated  in   many  rows,  linear,  obtuse,  with  short  green  tips. — "Woods  and  river 
bottoms,    111.    (Mead.),    Mo.,    etc.,   to  La.     Sts.   2f  high,    somewhat   corymbou.s. 
Lower  Ivs.  3  to  5'  by  £  to  1-J-',  the  others  gradually  reduced  upwards  to  the  scales, 
Hds.  middb  size,  with  blue  rays  and  brownish  pappus.     Sept. 

25  A.  dtimosus  L.     Smooth  or  puberulent;    branches  racemous-panicled,  Ivs. 
numerous,    smooth,    linear,   sessile,  entire  or  the  lowest  subserrate,  those  of  tho 
branches  very  short ;  invol.  obtuse  at  lose,    closely  imbricate ;  scales  obtusn. — 
About  2f  high,  in  dry  shades  and  borders  of  woods,  U.  S.     St.  much  branched, 
very  leafy,  the  lower  Ivs.  2  to  3'  long,  tho  upper  smaller  and  becoming  very  minute. 
HJs.  small,  with  about  24  purplish- white  rays.     Quito  variable  in  respect  to  tho 
extent  of  its  branching  inflorescence,  tho  acuteness  and  size  of  its  Ivs.,  the  obtuse- 
ness  of  its  scales,  etc.     Rt.  Ivs.  1  to  3'  long,  st.  arid  branch  Ivs.  2  to  12''long.    Sept- 

/3.  CORIDIFOLIUS  is  a  starved,  attenuate  form,  very  slender  every  way. 

26  A.  carneus  L.     Smooth ;  st.  dividing  into  many  straight,  paniculate,  leafy 
branches;  Ivs.  uniform,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminato,  entire,  the  lower  ones  taper- 
ing to  a  sessile  base,  the  upper  amplexicaul ;  scales  rather  acute^  close,  much 
shorter  than  the  disk. — Moist  fields,  E.  and  TV.    St.  2 — 3f.,  often  purple,    Lvs.  5' 
to  57.     Hds.  many,  middle  size.     Rays  20 — 30,  purple  to  rose-colored.    Sept. — 
Oct. 

26|  A.  mutabilis  Willd.  St.  smooth,  paniculate-branched  from  base,  dense- 
flowered  ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  serrulate,  thickish,  all  clasping,  upper  lance- 
oblong,  entire ;  lids,  medium ;  scales  loose,  lanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the 
disk ;  rays  pale.  "Wet  soils.  III.  2 — 3f.  Varies,  with  Ivs.  serrate,  hds.  few,  etc. 

27  A.  ericoides  L.  Smoothish;  branches  virgate,  branchlets  secund,  1  -headed; 
lv?.  spatulate,  and  linear,  and  subulate:  hds.  small;  sc.  as  long  as  the  disk,  with 
subulate,  mucronate,  spreading  tips. — Rocky  fields.  Stem  1 — 3f.  high. 

28  A.  racemosus  Ell.     Rough-pubescent,  with  many  erect  branches;  Ivs.  linear 
and  linear-subulate,    very  acute,  margins  very  scabrous;   hds.  spicate-raccmcd 
and  crowded  on  the  upper  part  of  the  branches  ;  scales  very  acute,  as  long  as  tho 
disk,  somewhat  spreading,  rays  very  short. — S.  Car.  to  Ma.  on  tho  islands  and 
coast.     St.  2  to  3f  high.      Tho  very  small  heads  (2"  long)  are  almost  raylcss. 
Sept.,  Oct. 

29  A.  simplex  Willd.     Glabrous;  st.  cvnjmbous-panic^ate  abovo ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,, 
acuminate,  entire,  the  margins  scabrous,  lower  ones  S3rrato;  scales  loosely  imbri- 
cated, linear-subulate. — Another  variable  species  in  low  grounds,  U.  S,  and  Can, 
St.  1  to  5f  high,  somewhat  corymbous.     Lvs.  2  to  4T  by  5  to  10",  very  smooth 
both  sides,  tapering  to  a  slender  point;   those  of  the  branches  and  branchleta 
proportionately  smaller.     Hds.  rather  few,  middle  size  (4  to  5"  long)T  on  tho 
short  branchlets.     Sept.     Sometimes  low  with  smaller  hds.,  again  tall  with  larger. 

j3.  DIVERGEUS.  Branches  difluse,  loosely  racemous,  pubescent  in  lines ;  4 — Gf. 
29^  A.  subasper  Liudl.  ?  Pubescent  above,  racemous  branched,  branches 
short,  dense-flowered;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  attenuate  to  a  short  petiole, 
rough,  appressed-serrate,  the  upper  reduced,  entire,  sessile ;  invol.  closely  imbri- 
cated ;  rays  purple. — Dry,  poor  soils,  111.,  scarce,  (Mr.  J.  Wolf.)  2 — 3f.  high, 
strict.  Lvs.  6'— 6".  Differs  from  Lindley's  in  its  broader  leaves.  Sept. 

30  A.  tenuifolius  L.     St.  smooth,   erect,  paniculate-branching,  with  \-flowcred 
branchlsts ;  Ivs.  linear  and  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end,  long-acuminate, 
entire,  with  roughish  margins,  the  lower  ones  often  serrate  in  the  middle ;  invol. 
scales  very  slender,   erect,  acute,  slightly  longer  than  the  disk. — Grows  in  moist 
fields,  E.  and  W.   2— 6f.     Lvs.  5' — 1'.     Rays  20 — 30,   long,  pale  pnrple.    Sept. 

ft.  BELLI  DIFLORUS.     Lvs.  scabrous,  subclasping ;  scales  rather  loose.    Western, 
y.  DISTICHUS.  Lvs.  and  strict  branches  in  2  rows.  Lvs.  serrulate.  111.  (Mr.J.Wolf.) 

31  A.  Tradescanti  L.     Smooth  or  smoothish;   branches  virgate,  paniculate; 
Ivs.  lance-linear,  the  lower  remotely  serrate,   sessile ;  invol.   closely  imbricate ; 
scales  linear-filiform,  scarcely  equaling  the  disk. — A  fine  species,  with  numerous 


ORDEB  70. — COMPOSITES.  425 

Ivs.,  growing  ia  fields,  Mass,  to  La.  St.  rigid,  brownish,  2  to  3f  high,  terete, 
with  numerous  small  lids,  densely  racemed  and  somewhat  1-sided  on  the  erect- 
spreading,  slender  branches.  Lower  st.  Ivs.  4'  long,  gradually  reduced  ia  size 
upwards.  Rays  pale  purple.  Aug. — Oct 

/?.  'FRAGiLis.     Caulino  ivs.  serrulate  or  entire,  short;  hds.  much  scattered  on 
the  branches.     (A.  fragilis  Willd.) 

32  A.  miser  Ait.     T.  &  G.     STARVED  ASTER.     Si.  racemous-paniculate,  hairy 
or  pubescent ;  Ivs.  sessile,  lanceolate,  sharply  serrate  in  the  middle;  invol.  imbri- 
cated with  lance-linear,  acutish  scales ;  rays  short — A  very  variable  species,  com- 
mon ia  old  fields,  hedges,  U.  S.  and  Can.     In  height  it  varies  from  G  to  30',  and 
in  luxuriance  proportionately  to  the  moisture  or  fertility  of  the  soil     The  st.  is 
very  branching  or  nearly  simple,  bearing  a  large,  compound,  racemous  panicle,  or 
a  few  simple  racemes.     Lvs.  narrow-lanceolate,  or  broad-lanceolate,  always  ser- 
rate, 1  to  5'  in  length,     lids,  usually  numerous,  small,  with  small,  white  or  pur- 
plish rays.     Aug. — Oct.     (A.  miser,  divergens,  ditfusus  and  pendulus  Ait.) 

P.  DIFFUSUS.      Branches  spreading,  diifuso ;  Ivs.  elliptic-lanceolate,  more  or 

less  narrowly  so,  midvein  hairy  beneath ;  hds.  often  sessile,  forming  short, 

crowded  spikes,  or  long,  virgate  ones, 
y.  niRSUTiCAULiS.     St.  hirsute ;  Ivs.  long  and  narrow,  midvein  hirsute ;  hds. 

racemous  or  spicate,  upper  ones  in  short,  denso  branches;  scales  linear.     (A. 

hirsuticaulis  Lindl.) 

33  A.  multifldruis  L.     Grayish,  pubescent;   st.  di/usely  branched;  Ivs,  linear, 
entire,  sessile,  obtusc-mucronate,  margins  subciliate ;  hds.  small ;  invol.  imbricate, 
squarrous,  linear  or  spatulate,  with  oblong,  obtuse,  ciliate  scales. — A  very  bushy  As- 
ter, 1£    with  very  numerous,  small  fls.  crowded  on  the  racemous  branches,  —  each, 
with  about  1 2  white  rays  spreading  5  to  6".     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  obtuse,  very  narrow, 
diminishing  upwards  to  the  scales.     Rocks  and  dry  fields,  U.  S.    Variable.    Sept 

34  A.  graiidifidrus  L.     Rough  with  stiff  hairs;  st.  rigid,   branched,  branches 
somewhat  corymbed  and  \-flowered;  Ivs.  linear-spatulate  or  linear-oblong,  small, 
obtuse,  rigid,  subclasping ;  hds.  very  large ;  invol.  squarrous,  of  numerous,  obtuse, 
reflexed  scales,  the  outer  leafy. — Dry,  rocky  places,  Ya.  to  Ga.     About  2f  high. 
Lvs.  below  1  to  2'  long,  diminishing  upwards.    Rays  showy,  spreading  18  to  20", 
blue-purple.     Sept. — Nov. 

35  A.   Caroliniamis    "Walt      Rough-pubescent,   divaricately  branched;    Ivs. 
lanco-ovate  or  oblong,  acute,  entire,  clasping,  the  base  abruptly  produced  into 
small,  auriculate  lobes;  hds.  very  large,  scattered;  scales  imbricate,  with  squar- 
rous, spreading,  green  tips. — A  showy  Aster,  very  tall,  but  slender,  6  to  13f  high, 
in  damp  thickets,  S.  Car.  to  Fla,     Lvs.  1  to  3'  long,  3  to  9"  wide.     Rays  rose- 
purple,  numerous,  spreading  15".     Sept.,  Oct. 

36  A.  oblongifolius   Nutt      St.   rigid,   diffusely  branched,    hairy;   branches 
spreading,  with  loose  and  irregular  branchlets ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  mu- 
cronate,  partly  clasping,  entire,  rough-edged,  or  the   branches  and  branchlets 
gradually  passing  into  ihs  Isafy,  lanceolate,  subequal,  spreading  scales. — Prairies,  &c., 
W.  States.     Plant  1  to  2f  high,  often  glandular- viscid.     Caulino  Ivs.  12  to  20''  by 
3  to  5";  those  of  tho  branches  6"  by  2",  of  the  branchlets  3"  by  £",  indistin- 
guishable from  tho  scales.     Ra_ys  purple.     Pappus  brownish.     Sept.,  Oct.     (A. 
oblougifolius  and  A.  graveolens  Nutt.) 

37  A.  Blliottii  Torr.  &  Gr.     Glabrous,  stout;  st  angular;  Ivs.  ampk,  lanceolate, 
subclasping  (not  auricled),  serrate,  with   remote,  small,  appressed  teeth;  hds. 
middle  size,  corymbous-paniculatc;  ped.  naked;  scales  somewhat  equal,  linear-at- 
t2nuate,  with  spreading  or  recurved  greenish  tips. — River-swamps,  N.  Car.  to  Ga. 
A  very  stout  Aster,  2  to  4f  high.     Lower  Ivs.  6'  to  8'  long,  narrowed  to  a  winged 
petiole.     Rays  narrow,  bright  purple.     Pappus  tawny-white.     Oct,  Nov. 

38  A.  virgatus  E1L     Glabrous;  st.  and  branches  virgate,  strict,  racemed;  Ivs. 
linear-lanceolate,    entire,  half-clasping,  margins  ciliolate-serrulato,  the  upper  re- 
duced, becoming  subulate,  erect,  numerous  on  the  branches  and  peduncles;  scales 

.  lance-acuminate,  the  outer  loose-spreading,  graduating  into  tho  bracts ;  ach.  glab- 
rous.— Ga.  to  La.  Sts.  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  below,  3  to  6'  by  3  to  6",  firm  and 
shining.  Sept,  Oct. — Probably  passes  into  the  next 

39  A  Novi  Belgii  L.     NEW  YORK  ASTER.    St  terete,  stout,  often  glaucous, 


426  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

the  branches  pubescent  in  lines  ;  Ivs.  subclasping,  lanceolate  and  lance-linear,  taper- 
pointed  or  very  acute,  coriaceous,  rough-edged,  the  lower  subserrate ;  hds.  largo, 
racemed  or  subcorymbed;  scales  about  3  rows,  subequal.  acute,  erect,  shorter 
than  the  disk  ;  ach.  pubescent. — X.  Eng.  to  Va.  (Pursh),  more  common  westward 
to  Wis.  and  Iowa.  Comprehends  many  smooth  and  elegant  varieties,  which  \vo 
vainly  try  to  separate.  Bt  2  to  4f  high.  Lower  Ivs.  3  to  5'  long.  Rays  blue, 
expanding  9  to  12".  Aug. — Oct.  (A.  laxifolius  Xees.  A.  sestivus  Ait.) 

j3.  I^ETIFLORUS.     Slender ;  branches  divergent ;  Ivs.   rigid,  long  and  narrow, 

scabrous;  rac.  loose,  tho  ped.  nearly  leafless. — Ohio,  Wis.      Beautiful,  with 

long,  pale  purple  rays.     (A.  salicifolius  Willd.) 
y.  PRJ2ALTUS.     Strict,  with  erect  brandies,  bearing  the  leafy  clusters  near  tho 

summit ;  Ivs.  very  narrow,  elongated,  cilio-serrulato  on  the  margin. — N.  H. 

to  Wis.     Height  3  to  4f.     Hds.  somewhat  smaller.     (A.  prsealtus  Poir.) 

40  A.  longifolius  Lam.      Glabrous;    sfc.  very  branching,  branches  spreading, 
many-flowered;  Ivs.  subamplexicaul,  linear-lanceolate,  entire  (the  lowest  rarely 
subserrate),  very  smooth ;  scales  lancaolato,  nearly  equaling  the  disk,  the  outer 
loosely  squarrous-spreading ;  ach.  smooth. — Fields  and  thickets,  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  to 
Car.     St.  3f  high.     Lvs.  pale  below,  shining  above,  smooth  both  sides,  the  lower 
ones  4  to  6'  long.     Hds.  numerous,  showy,  with  25  to  30,  light-blue  rays.     Ach. 
twice  longer  than  in  the  last.     Oct.,  Nov.— -Some  specimens  are  minutely  pubes- 
cent at  the  tops  of  the  branches.     Others  have  the  outer  scales  quite  leaf-like. 
(A.  Ia3vigatus  Ph.     A.  laxus  Willd.     A.  clodes  T.  &  G.) 

41  A.  graminifoliua  Ph.     Subpubescent;  st.   slender,  branches  filiform,  erect; 
lower  Ivs.  very  numerous,  narrow-linear ;  ped.  slender,  1 -flowered  ;  scales  linear- 
subulate,  loose,  in  one  or  two  rows,  equal,  finally  refiexed. — N.  H.  (Eddy.)    High 
cliffs,  Willoughby  Lake,  Vt. ;  also  on  an  island  in  Wait's   River,  Bradford,  Vt.r 
1860.     Branches  simple,  leafy,  naked  at  the  end,  1-flowered,  somewhat  corymb- 
ous.     Kays  15  to  25,  much  longer  than  the  disk,  purple  or  rose-colored.     Jn.,  JL 
— Rare  and  interesting,  very  different  in  aspect  from  any  of  the  foregoing. 

§  4.  SCARIOSI.    WHITE-SCALED  ASTERS. 

42  A.  acuminatus  MX.     St.  simple,  flexuous,  angular,  branching  into  a  corymb- 
ous panicle  above;  Ivs.  broad-lanceolate,  narrowed  and  entire  at  the  base,  serrate 
and  acuminate ;  invol  scales  lax,  linear. — Mts.  woods,  Can.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.    Stem 
a  foot  high,  rough,  downy.     Leaves  large,  unequally  and  remotely  serrate  above, 
and  ending  in  a  long,  acuminate  point.      Panicle   coryrnbous,    terminal,  few- 
flowered,  nearly  or  quite  naked.     Tho  leaves  aro  mostly  situated  just  below  the 
corymb,  sometimes  scattered.     Heads  rathor  large,  with  about  15  long,  white 
rays.     Aug. 

43  A.  nemoralia  Ait.     Branches  corymbed  or  0;  ped.  1-flowered,  nearly  naked, 
filiform  ;    Ivs.  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,   veinless,   subentive ;    scales 
very  acute,  loose,  shorter  than  the  disk;  rays  long,  about  20. — A  handsome  plant, 
in  swampy  woods,  N.  H.,  Mass,  to  N.  J.     Rather  rare.     Stem  slender,  10 — 20' 
high.     Leaves  numerous,    10 — 18"  by  2 — 4",  rarely  subdentate.     Heads  large, 
few,  often  but  one,  terminating  the  simple  axis  or  branches.     Rays  large,  white 
or  pale  purple.     Sept.,  Oct. 

44  A.  ptarmicoides  T.  &  G-.     St.  corymbous-fastigiate  above  ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceo- 
late, acute,  rough-margi»ed,  entire,  lower  ones  dentate,   attenuated  into  a  short, 
petiole ;  rays  short. — A  very  distinct  Aster,  low  and   leafy,  found  in  rocky  soils, 
by  streams  and  lakes,  Vt.  (Robbins)  to  Mo.     Rare.     Stems  clustered,  simple,  each 
bearing  a  spreading  panicle  of  heads,  which  are  below  the   middle  size,  and  fur- 
nished with  snow-white  rays.     July — Sept.     (Heliastrum,  DC.) 

45  A.  flexttosus  Nutt.     St.  branching,  slender,  flexuous,  very  smooth;  Ivs.  long 
and  succulent,  the  lower  ones  sublanceolate-linear,  upper  ones  subulate ;  branches 
leafy,  1-flowered ;  invol  scales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  appressed ;  rays  numerous, 
shorter  than  the  involucre ;  ach.  subpubescent. — Grows  in  salt  marshes,  Mass,  to 
Flor.     The  whole  plant  very  smooth,  If  high,  with  large,  purple  flowers;  disk 
yellow.     Aug. — Oct. 

46  A.  Chapmanii  Torr.  &  Gr.     Glabrous ;  st.  strict,  slender,  corymbous  at  sum- 
mit; branches  filiform,   1-flowered;  Ivs.  linear-subulate,   appressed,  numerous; 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE.  427 

scales  in  5  or  6  series,  closely  imbricated ;  rays  longer  than  the  invol. ;  e.ch.  glab- 
rous.— Swamps,  Fla.  (Chapman.)  A  curious  Aster,  very  slender,  with  large  lids., 
20  to  30-rayed,  spreading  2',  purple. 

47  A-  linifolius  L.     SEA  ASTER.    St.  paniculate,  much  branched  from  tho  base ; 
ivs.  long,  linear,  very  acute,  the  uppermost  subulate ;  invol.  cylindric,  with  subu- 
late scales  in  about  3  rows ;  rays  minute,  in  two  series,  scarcely  exserted. — An 
annual  species,  found   in  salt  marshes,  Mass,  to  Car.     St.   12  to  18'  high,  very- 
smooth,  thick,  reddish.     Lvs.  smooth,  sessile.     The  plant  is  very  branching,  with 
numerous  small  lids.,  almost  discoid  from  the  shortness  of  the  rays.     Aug. 

48  A.  subtilatus  MX.     Annual ;  slender,  much  branched,  glabrous ;  branches- 
corymbed,  slender  •  Ivs.  linear-subulate,  scabrous,  long-linear  below ;  scales  lance- 
linear,  acute,  in  2  or  3  series ;  rays  numerous,  narrow,  longer  than  the  disk,  in  one 
row. — Damp  grounds,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.     Sts.  1  to  of  high.     Hds.  small,  with  about 
20  blue  rays  longer  than  the  disk.     Sept.,  Oct.     (A.  d'tvaricatus  Nutt.) 

<?.  EXILIS.     Taller,  with  fewer  branches,  corymbed ;  lids,  racemed  or  solitary. 
Rays  pale  purple. — Columbus,  Ga.     (A.  exilis  Ell.)     Height  2  to  4f. 

19.  DIPLOPAP'PUS,  Cass.    DOUBLE-BRISTLED  ASTER.     (Gr.  dt-rrXoo^. 
double,   Trdnnog,  pappus.)     Heads  many-flowered ;    ray-flowers  about 
12,  ?;  disk-flowers  £;  involucre  imbricate,  scales  narrow,  destitute  of 
green  tips ;  receptacle  flat,  subalveolate ;  pappus  double,  the  exterior 
very  short  (about  i"  long),  interior  copious,  capillary;  achenia  com- 
pressed.—  2£  Lvs.  entire,  alternate.     Rays    cyanic.     Disk  yellow. 

§  Rays  violet,    Achenia  silky.     Bristles  of  the  inner  pappus  alike No.  1 

§  Jiuys  whitish.     Some  of  the  longer  bristles  clavellate. — Ach.  smoothish Nos.  2,  8 

— Ach.  villous So.  4 

1  D.  linariifolius  Hook.      St.  straight,  roughish;  "branches  1-flowered,  fastigi- 
ate ;  scales  imbricate,  carinate,  as  long  as  the  disk ;  Ivs.  linear,  entire,  1-veined, 
mucronate,  carinate,  rough,  rigid,  those  of  the  branches  recurved. — A  handsome 
species,  in  dry  woods,  along  streams,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Stems  subsimple,  purplish, 
about  a  foot  high.    Leaves  numerous,  obtuse,  with  a  small,  mucronate  point,  shin- 
ing above.     Branchlets  near  the  top,  leafy,  each  with  one  rather  large  and  showy, 
violet-colored  head.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Aster,  L.) 

2  D.  umbellatus  Hook.     St.  smooth,  straight,  simple ;  hds.  numerous,  in  a  level 
corymb ;  Ivs.  long,  lanceolate,  smooth,  acuminate  at  each  end,  rough  on  tho  mar- 
gin; invol.  scales  obtusely  lanceolate;  ach. pubescent  in  lines. — Low  grounds,  river 
banks,   fields,  K  Eng.  to  La.        St.  3  to  4f  high  (in  dry  fields  but  1  to  2f)  pur- 
plish, channeled,  branching  at  top  into  a  large,  level-topped,  compound  corymb. 
Lvs.  narrow,  entire,  4  to  G'  in  length,  those  of  the  branchlets  smaller.    Rays  about 
12,  white.    Disk  yellow.    Aug.,  Sept.    (A.  amygdalinus  MX.    A.  umbellatus  Ait.) 

£.  AMYGDALiNua     St.  roughish  above,  green ;  branches  of  the  corymb  divari- 
cate ;  Ivs.  broader. — Lower  and  less  elegant  than  variety  a.    Common. 

3  D.  cornifolius  Less.      St.  smooth  below,    scabrous  and  slightly  paniculate 
above,  few-flowered ;  Ivs.  elliptical,  thin,  long-acuminate  at  both  ends,  entire,  with 

»  scattered  hairs,  rough-edged,  invol.  scales  imbricate,  shorter  than  the  disk,  obtuse  ; 
ach.  glabrous. — Grows  in  woods  N.  and  M.  States.  Whole  plant  nearly  smooth, 
erect,  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  paler  beneath,  on  very  short  stalks  or  sessile.  Fls.  few, 
large ;  outer  scales  very  short  Rays  about  10,  white.  Jl.,  Aug.  (Aster,  Muhl.) 

4  D.  obovatus  Torr.  &  Gr.  Cinereous-pubescent,  corymbous  above ;  Ivs.  oblong- 
obovate  or  elliptical,  acute,  sessile  or  the  lower  or  short  petioles,  tomentous  be- 
neath; scales  loose,  linear-subulate,  acute,  in  about  3  rows,  downy,  rusty  yellow; 
ach.  silky- villous. —Damp  shades,   S.  Car.  to  Fla.     Height  2  to  3f.     Lvs.  longer 
than  the  internodes  (2  to  3'),  rarely  with  a  few  teeth.     Invol.  broadly  obconic. 
Rays  narrow,  white,  spreading  1 J'.    Pappus  rusty  white.    Sept.,  Oct.  (Aster,  Ell.) 

20.  ERIG'ERON,  L.    FLEA-BANE.    WHITE-WEED.     (Gr.  r/p,  the  spring, 
yepuv,  old  man  ;  because  it  is  soon  hoary.)    Heads  many-flowered,  sub- 
hemispherical  ;  ray-flowers  2 ,  very  numerous  (40  to  200),  narrow,  lin- 
ear; flowers  of  the  disk  $  ;  receptacle  flat,  naked  ;  scales  of  tho  invo- 


428  ORDER  10. — COMPOSITE. 

lucre  nearly  in  one  row  and  equal ;  pappus  generally  simple. — Herbs 
with  alternate  Ivs.     Rays  cyanic.     Disk  yellow. 

§  Rays  minute,  shorter  than  tho  cylindrical  involucre.     Pappus  simple Xos.  1,  2 

|  IJays  loriir,  showy,  30  to  4  >.     Pappus  simple.     Leaves  all  radical No.  3 

§  Rays  long-,  showy,  50  to  200. — Pappus  simple.     Leaves  clasping Nos.  4 — 1> 

—Pappus  double.    Leaves  sessile,  &c Nos.  7 — 9 

1  B.  Canadense  L.     Invol.  oblong;  rays  numerous  (40 — 50),  crowded,  minute; 
pappus  simple ;  st.  hairy,  paniculate ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  lower  ones  subserrate. — A 
very  common  annual  plant  of  no  beauty,  growing  by  roadsides  and  in  fields, 
throughout  N.  Am.     Stem  ^ — 9fl  high,  branching,  hairy  and  furrowed.     Leaves 
very  narrow,  with  rough  edges.     Flowers  white,  very  numerous,  small,  of  mean 
appearance,  irregularly  racemous  upon  tho  branches,  and  constituting  a  large,  ob- 
long panicle.     The  plant  varies  greatly  in  size,  according  to  the  soil. — A  starved 
form  is  E.  pusillum  ISTutt. 

2  E.  divaricatum  MX.     Decumbent  and  diffusely  branched,  hirsute ;  Ivs.  linear 
and  subulate ;  lids,  very  small,  loosely  corymbous ;  rays  minute. — Dry  soil,  "W. 
States  S.  to  La.     Plant  of  a  greyish  or  bluish  aspect,  3 — G'  high,  but  at  length 
spreading  1 — 2f.     Leaves  4 — 12"  by  -J — 1".     Rays  purplish.     Juno — Aug. 

3  E.  midicaule  MX.     Glabrous ;  Ivs.  obovate-  or  spatulate,  radical,  rosulate,  en- 
tire ;  one  or  two  sessile,  bract-like  on  the  simple  stem  or  scape ;  lids,  fow,  corymb- 
ous; invol.  hemispherical;  rays  narrow,  30  or  more,  conspicuous. — Pine  barrens, 
Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Lvs.  about  2'  long.     Scape  IS"  high,  very  slender.     Kays 
white.     May,  Jn. 

4  E.  bellidifolium  Muhlenb.     ROBINS'  PLANTAIN.    Hirsute  ;   radical  Ivs.  obo- 
vate, obtuse,  subserrate ;  st.  Ivs*  remote,  mostly  entire,  lance-oblong,  acute,  clasping ; 
hds.  3 — 7,  in  a  close,  terminal  corymb;  rays  50  to  GO,  nearly  twice  longer  than  tho 
involucre,  linear-spatulate. — Dry  fields  and  thickets,  IT.  S.  and  Can.     Stem  erect, 
simple,  sometimes  stoloniferous,   1 — 2f  high.     Leaves  2 — 3'   by  6 — 9",  mostly 
broadest  above  the  middle.    Rays  bluish  (rarely  reddish)-purple.    This  is  our  ear- 
liest species,  flowering  in  May  and  June.     Resembles  tho  following.    •  (E.  pulchel- 
lum  MX.) 

5  E.  Philadelpliicuxn  L.     Pubescent  or  hirsute;  Ivs.  tftin,  lower  spatulate,  ere- 
note-dentate,  upper  oblong-oblanceolate,  narrowed  to  the  clasping  (sometimes  cor- 
date-auriculate)  base,  subserrate;  hds.  few,  on  long,    slender  ped. ;  rays- 150  to 
200,  filiform,  more  than,  twice  longer  than  the  invol. — Woods    and   pastures 
throughout  K    Am.     St.   slender,  1  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  4'  by  G  to  9",  lower 
much  attenuated  at  base,  upper  acute.     Rays  reddish-purple  or  flesh-colored, 
nearly  as  slender  as  hairs.     Jn. — Aug. 

/?.  RICARDI.     Cauline  Ivs.  cordate- ovate.     Meriden,  N".  H.  (Ricard). 
y.  St.  stout,  with  coarsely  serrate  Ivs.,  approaching  the  next. 

6  E.  qiiercifolium  Lam.     Pubescent;  rL  Ivs.  oblong-obovate,  lyrate-pinnatifid,  or 
deeply  sinuate-toothed,  tho  cauline  sharply  serrate,  clasping;  upper  entire;  hds,. 
small,  numerous,  corymbous,  with  innumerable  filiform  rays,  twice  longer  than, 
the  invol. — S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Differs  from  the  preceding  in  its  smaller  and 
more  numerous  hds.  as  well  as  its  Ivs.     Rays  pale  purple,     Mar.  Jn. 

7  E.  annuum  Pers.    COMMON  FLEABAXE.    WHITE-WEED.     Hirsute,  with  scat- 
tered hairs,  branching;  Ivs.  coarsely  serrate,  the  lowest  ovate,  contracted   at  base 
into  a  winged  petiole,  stem  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  acute,  the  highest  lan- 
ceolate ;  rays  very  numerous  and  narrow ;  pappus  double. — A  common  weed,  ia 
fields  and  waste  grounds,  Can.  to  Penn.  and  Ky.     Stem  thick,  2 — 4f  high,  striate, 
terminating  in  a  large,  diffuse,  corymbous  panicle  of  large  heads.     Rays  white  or 
purplish,  100  or  more,  short.     Jn. — Aug.     (E.  heterophyllum  Muhl.) 

8  E.  strigosum  L.    Plant,  rough,  with  short,  appressed  hairs,  or  nearly  smooth ; 
Ivs.  lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  entire,  or  with  a  few  large  teeth  in  the  middle, 
lower  ones  3-veined  and  petiolate ;  pan.  corymbous ;  pappus  double. — A  rough 
weed,  in  grassy  fields,  Can.  and  U.  S.     St.  about  2f  high,  slen'der,  furrowed,  with 
close,  short,  stiff  hairs,  and  bearing  a  largo,  loose  corymb.     Lvs.  also  with  close- 
pressed  bristles,  sessile.     Rays  very  narrow,  white.     Jn. — Oct. 

)3.  St.  simple,  smooth;  Ivs.  entire,  pubescent;  Ms.  corymbed;  rays  100  to  150, 
(E.  integrifolium  Bw.) 


ORDER  70.—  COMPOSITE.  429 

9  E.  glabellum  Nutt.  Lvs.  smooth,  entire,  spatulate,  long-tapering  at  base,  upper 
lanceolate  and  lauce-linear,  sessile,  acuminate  ;  lids.  4  to  6,  corymbed  ;  iiivol. 
hemispherical,  pubescent  as  well  as  the  peduncles;  rays  very  numerous,  pale 
blue,  —  Wis.  to  Nebr.  12  to  18'  high.  Lvs.  long  and  narrow.  Kays  100  or 
more.  Jl.,  Aug. 


21.  CALLIS'TEPHUS,  Cass.    CHINA  ASTER.     (Gr.  KdMo?,  beauty, 
cFTt'^o^,  a  crown  ;  characteristic  of  the  pappus.)    Ray-flowers  $  ,  numer- 
ous ;  disk-flowers  £  ;  involucre  hemispherical  ;    receptacle    subconvex  ; 
pappus  double,  each  in  1  series,  outer  series  short,  chaffy  -setaceous,  with 
the  seta3  united  into  a  crown  ;  inner  series  of  long,  filiform,  scabrous, 
deciduous  bristles.  —  (D  Exotics.     Lvs.  alternate. 

C.  Chinensis  Ness.  St.  hispid  ;  branches  divergent,  1-flowered  ;  Ivs.  ovate, 
coarsely  dentate,  petiolate,  cauline  ones  sessile,  cuneate  at  base.  —  Said  to  be  orig- 
inally from  China.  Stem  about  18'  high,  with  long  branches,  each  terminated  by 
a  single,  large  head.  Rays  dark  purple.  Disk  yellow.  July  —  Sept.  —  Cultiva- 
tion lias  produced  many  beautiful  and  even  splendid  varieties,  double  and  semi- 
double,  with  white,  blue,  red,  flaked  and  mottled  rays,  f  (Aster  Chinensis  L.) 

22.  BEL'LIS,  L.      GARDEN  DAISY.      (Lat.  bellus,   pretty  ;    a  term 
quite  appropriate  to  the  genus.)     Heads  .many-flowered  ;  rays  $  ;  disk 

£  ;  involucre  hemispherical,  of  equal   scales  ;  receptacle  subalveolate, 

conical  ;  pappus  none.  —  Low  herbs,  either  ®  and  caulescent  or  11  and 

acaulescent.     Hds.  solitary. 

1  B.  integrifolia  MX.  Annual,  diffusely  branched;  Ivs.  entire,  spatulate-ofcovale, 
upper  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile;  scales  lance-ovate,  setaceous-  acuminate,  with 
scarious  margins.  —  "Wet  prairies,  Ky.  to  Tex.  Sts.  6  to  12'.  Rays  violet-pur- 
ple, in  hds.  similar  to  the  next.  Mar.  —  May. 

2  B.  perennis  L.  Perennial  ;  root  creeping  ;  scape  naked,  single-flowered  ; 
Ivs.  obovale,  crenate.  —  If  Native  of  England  and  other  parts  of  Europe,  nearly 
naturalized  in  some  parts  of  N.  England  in  cultivated  grounds.  Scape  3  or  4' 
high,  with  a  single  white  haai  which  is  single,  double-  or  quilled  in  the  differ- 
ent varieties.  Blossoms  in  the  spring  and  summer  months. 

23.  DArTLIA,  L,     (In  honor  of  Andrew  Dalil,  a  Swedish  botanist, 
pupil  of  Linnaeus.)     Heads  many-flowered,  rays  $  ,  disk  £  ;  involucre 
double,  the  outer  series  of  many  distinct  scales,  the  inner  of  8  scales 
united  at  base  ;  receptacle  chaffy  ;  pappus  none.  —  2£  Splendid  Mexican 
herbs.     Lvs.  pinnate,  opposite. 

1  D.  variabilis  Desf.    St.  green  ;  racliis  of  the  Ivs.  winged;  Z/fe.  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, serrate,  puberulent  or  nearly  smooth  ;  outer  invol.  reflexed  ;  ray  fls.  §  ,  sterile 
or  fertile.  —  These  superb  and  fashionable  plants  are  natives  cf  sandy  meadows 
in  Mexico.     They  have  coarse  and  roughish  Ivs.  resembling  those  of  the  com- 
mon elder,  but  the  flowers  are  large  and  beautiful,  sporting   into    innumerable 
varieties,  single  and  double,  of  every  conceivable  shade  of  scarlet,  crimson,  purple, 
red,  rarely  yellow,  blooming  from  July  until  arrested  by  frost. 

2  D.  coccfnea  Cav.     St.  frosty,  or  hoary,  hollow  ;  Ivs.  with  the  rachis  naked; 
Ifts.  roughish  beneath  ;  outer  invol.  spreading;  rays  neuter.—  Stems  about  41  high. 
Foliage  rather  glaucous.     Rays  scarlet,  saffron-color  or  yellow,  never  purple  or 
white.—  The  Dahlias  are  generally  cultivated  by  the  divisions  of  the  tuberous  r« 
which,  as  soon  as  the  frost  blackens  the  tops,  are  to  be  taken  up  and  preserved 
through  the  winter  in  a  dry  place,  free  from  frost. 

24.  BOLTOWA,  L'Her.     (To  J.  B.  Bolton,  author  of  "Ferns  of 
Great  Britain,"  &c.,  1788.)     Hds,  many-flowered;  ray-flowers  $,  ma 
single  series,  those  of  the  disk  tubular,  $  ;  scales  in  2  series,  appressed, 
with  membranous  margins  ;  receptacle  conic,  punctate  ;  achenia  flat,  2 
or  3-winged  ;  pappus  of  minute  scta3,  2  (to  4)  of  them  usually  length- 


430  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

ened  into  awns. —  It  Glabrous,  branching  herbs.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  en- 
tire, sessile.     Hds.  loosely  corymbous.     Rays  purplish-white. 

1  B.  glastifolia  L'Her.     Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  narrowed  to  the  base,  the  lowest 
serrate;  lids,  in  a  loose  paniculate  corymb;  fr.  obovate,  with  2  awns,  and  several 
minute  setae  between. — Prairies,  &c.     West  and  South.     Very  slender,  3 — 7f. 
high,  strict.     Lvs.  3 — 5'  long.     Rays  pale,  spreading  7 — 9".     Jl. — Aug. 

2  B.  decurrens.     Lvs.  oblong,   margins  decurrent  on  the  winged  stout  stem  ; 
hds.  corymbous,  globular  in  fruit ;    ach.  as  in  No.  1  j  rays  purple.     Bottoms  W. 

3  B.  diffdsa  Ell.      Lvs.  linear-lanceolate  and  linear-subulate,    all  entire ;   hds. 
small,  hi   a  diffuse   panicle   with  very   numerous   and   slender  branchlets:  ach. 
obovate,  narrowly  winged,  with  2  awns  less  than  half  its  length,  and  several  very 
minute  seta3   between. — G-a.   to  La.,    common.     A   very   slender  and  diffusely 
branched  plant,  3  to  7f  high.     Eays  spreading  about  5".     Aug. — Oct. 

4  B.  asteroides  L'Her.     Lvs.  lanceolate,    all  entire;  hds.  in  a  somewhat  con- 
densed corymb,  on  long  peduncles;  branches  leafy;  ach.  broadly  oval,  smooth, 
with  4  to  5  minute  seta?,  none  of  them  produced  into  awns. — Margins  of  swamps, 
Penn.  to  Ga.     Plant  1   to   3f  high.     Kays   13  to  20,  spreading  6  to  7".     Aug., 
Sept. 

25.  BRACHYCH/E'TA,  Torr.  &  Gr.     FALSE  SOLID  AGO.     (Gr.  Ppaxw, 
short,  xaiTij,  hair ;  in  reference  to  the  pappus.)     Heads  few-flowered  ; 
rays  4  or  5,   $ ,  ligulatc  ;  disk-flowers  4  or  5,   $ ,  tubular ;  involucre 
cylindric,  imbricate  ;  receptacle  naked ;  pappus   a  single  row  of  scale- 
like  bristles  shorter  than  the  obconic  achenium. —  2£   Habit  that  of  a 
Solidago.     The  golden  yellow  heads  arranged  in  little  clusters,  forming- 
one  or  several  unilateral,  recurved  racemes. 

B.  cordata  Torr.  &  Gr.,  "Woods,  E.  Ky.  (near  Cumberland  Gap)  to  Ga.,  along  the 
mts.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  simple  or  with  several  branches  above,  pubescent.  Lvs. 
alternate,  cordate,  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  lower  petiolate,  more  or  less  cor- 
date, serrate,  the  upper  entire,  sessile.  Heads  small  (3"  long),  in  1  (or  more) 
long,  recurved,  nearly  leafless,  interrupted  rac.  Aug. — Oct. 

26.  SOLIDAVGO,  L.  GOLDENROD.     (Lat.  solidary  to  unite  ;  from  the 
vulnerary  qualities  of  the  plants.)     Flowers  of  the  ray  about  5,   $  ,  re- 
mote ;  of  the  disk  g  ;  involucre  oblong,  imbricate,  with  apprcssed  scales  ; 
receptacle  punctate,  narrow  ;  pappus   simple,  capillary,   scabrous. —  2£ 
Herbs,  very  abundant  in  the  IT.  S.     St.  erect,  branching  near  the  top. 
Lvs.  alternate.     Hds.  small,  with   1  to  15  (very  rarely  0)  small  rays. 
Fls.  yellow  (one  species  whitish),  expanding  in  the  autumnal  months. 

a  Shrub  1  to  3f  high.     Eays  1  to  3.     Southern No.  1 

a  Herbaceous;  heads  without  rays, — discoid Nos.  2,  3 

a  Herbaceous  ;  heads  radiate,  rays,  1  to  15,  usually  small,    (b) 

b  Scales  of  the  involucre  with  recurved,  herbaceous  tips Nos.  4,  5 

b  Scales  imbricated,  erect,  scarious,  seldom  herbaceous,    (c) 

C  Kays  white  or  cream-colored.     Clusters  axillary  and  terminal No.  G 

O  Eays  golden  yellow,    (d) 

d  Inflorescence  axillary  (chiefly),  in  clusters  or  short  racemes,    (e) 

e  Stems  pubescent Nos.  7,  8,  y 

e  Stems  glabrous Nos.  8,  9 

d  Inflorescence  terminal,  virgate  or  paniculate,     (f ) 

f  Clusters  or  rac.  erect,  not  secund.      Lvs.  feather-veined,     (g) 

g  Heads  large,  with  loose  scales.    Alpine  plants Nos.  10 — 12 

g  Heads  not  large.     Plants  glabrous.    Eays  4  to  7 Nos.  18 — 15 

g  Heads  not  large.     Plants  soft-downy.     Kays  9  to  12 Nos.  16,  17 

f  Clusters  or  racemes  recurved  and  secund  (one-sided),     (h) 

h.  Leaves  3  (or  1)- veined.     Very  smooth,  salt-marsh  herbs Nos.  18,  19 

ll  Leaves  evidently  3-veined.     Herbs  inland,  &c.     (k) 

k  Leaves  entire  or  very  nearly  so Nos.  20,  21 

k  Leaves  serrate.     Stem  smooth  and  glabrous Nos.  22-24 

k  Leaves  serrate.     Stem  roughish-pubescent Nos.  25,26 

h  Leaves  not  veiny,  thick,  subentire.     Herbs  inland Nos.  27 — 29 

b.  Leaves  evidently  feather-reined,  mostly  serrate,     (m) 

m  Stem  hairy  or  downy.     Leaves  rough  or  not Nos.  80 — 82 

m  Stem  glabrous.    Leaves  glabrous  or  not.     Eays  2  to  5  Nos.  33 — 86 
•m  Stem  glabrous.    Lvs.  glabrous  or  not.    Eays  G  to  12.    (EL> 


ORDER  7  0.— COMPOSITE.  4  3 1 

n  Racemes  distant,  loosely  if  at  all  panicled Nos.  36,  37 

n  Racemes  close,  forming  compact  panicles Nos.  3S — 40 

d  Inflorescence  terminal,  in  afastijjiate  corymb,     (o) 

O  Leaves  lanceolate,  ample.     Stem  smooth,  glabrous Nos.  41,  42 

o  Leaves  lanceolate,  ample.    Stein  rough,  pubescent Nos.  45 46 

O  Leaves  linear.    Heads  small,  scales  close-pressed Nos.  47,  48 

1  S.  pauciflosculosa   MX.    Shrub,  much  branched,   glabrous,    glaucous   and 
somewhat  viscid;  Ivs.  somewhat  lanceolate  and  linear,  obscurely  3-veined,  obtuse, 
sessile,  entire ;  panicle  compound,  of  erect  racemes ;  hds.  5  to  7 -flowered,  with  1 
to  3  large  rays. — S.  Cur.  to  Ma.,  barrens  near  the  coast.    A  low  bush,  about  2f 
high,  remarkably  distinguished  among  our  Solidagos  as  a  shrub.     Lvs.  1  to  2' 
long,  leathery.     Bay,  usually  solitary.     Aug. — Oct. 

2  S.  discoidea  (Ell.)    Villous-pubescent,  hoary ;  Ivs.  ovate,  petiolate,  coarsely 
serrate,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate ;  rac.  erect,  in  a  virgate  or  thyrsoid  pan. ;  hds. 
discoid,  about  12-flowered ;    scales  downy-canescent,  the  acute  herbaceous  tips 
squarrous-spreading. — Ga.  and  Fla.  (uplands),  to  La.     Plant  3  to  4f  high,  remark- 
able for  its  rayless  fls.  and  squarrous  aster-like  involucre.    Lower  Ivs.  3  to  4'  long, 
gradually  reduced  upwards.     Sept.,  Oct. 

3  S.  brachypkylla  Chapm.     Rough-pubescent;    Ivs.  numerous,  appressed-ser- 
rate,  spatulate,  oval  and  ovate,  glabrous ;  rac.  secund,  in  virgate  panicles ;  scales 
erect  (not  spreading),  obtuse,  smooth;  hds.  discoid;  disk-flowers  5  to  6.     Mid.  Fla., 
uplands  (Chapman).     Tall  (4  to  Gf ),  with  erect  leafy  branches.     St.  Ivs.  1'  Jong, 
diminishing  upwards.     (Allied  to  S.  altissima.) 

4  S.  squarrosa  Muhl.     St.  stout,  simple,  densely  pubescent  above ;  Ivs.  smooth, 
lower  very  broad,  oval-spatulate,  serrate,  acute,  upper  lanceolate-elliptic,  highest, 
entire;  rac.  glomerate,  rigid  and  pubescent;  scales  rigid,  oblong,  squarrous  with 
spreading  green  tips;  hds.  many  flowered;  rays  10 — 12,  elongated. — A  handsome 
species,   found  on   rocky  hills,  Can.  to   Penn.     Stem  2 — 5f  high.     Heads  very 
large,  forming  a  large  terminal  spike  of  short,  dense,  axillary  fascicles  or  racemes. 
Sept. 

5  S.  squarrulosa  (T.  &  G.)     Pubescent,  striate ;    Ivs.  rough,  numerous,  oval  or 
lanceolate,  the  upper  entire,  the  lower  serrate,  all  abruptly  contracted  at  base  but 
scarcely  petiolato ;  hds.  large  (20  to   25-flowered),  in  a  terminal,  virgate  raceme  ; 
rays  6  to  10  ;  scales  linear  or  lance-subulate,  with  loose  herbaceous  tips,  the  outer 
spreading,  bract-like. — Uplands,  K  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     St.  2  to  3i  high,  often 
branched  above.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long.    Aug.,  Sept.     (S.  squarrosa  Nutt.     S.  petio- 
Jaris  Ait.  ?) 

6  S.  bicolor  L.    Hairy ;  st.  simple ;  Ivs.  elliptical  entire,  acute  at  each  end,  lower 
serrate,  short-stalked;  rac.  short,  dense,  axillary,  paniculate- virgate  above;  invoL 
scales  obtuse ;  rays  about  8,  whitish. — Woods  and  dry  hills,  Can.,  N.  Mid.,  &  ~W. 
States.      Remarkably  distinguished  among  the  solidagos  by  having  white  or 
cream-colored  rays.     St.  2f  high,  a  little  hairy.     Lvs.  hairy  on  both  sides,  mostly 
entire,  gradually  reduced  in  size  upwards.    Axillary  clusters  approximating  above 
into  a  terminal,  interrupted  spike.     Rays  short  and  obscure,  Jl,  Aug.     (Aster 
bicola  ISTees.) 

ft.  HIRSUTA.     Fls.  all  yellow. — Penn.  (S.  hirsuta,  Nutt.) 

7.  S.  Buckley!  Torr.  &  Gr.  Villous-pubescent ;  Ivs.  oblong,  serrate,  acute  at 
each  end,  subsessile ;  clusters  axillary,  loose,  much  shorter  than  the  Ivs. ;  ped. 
villous ;  scales  glabrous,  acutish,  rays  4  to  6,  disk-flowers  9  to  12 ;  ach.  compressed, 
glabrous. — Interior  of  Ala.  (Buckley).  St.  2  to  3f  high  ?  Lvs.  as  large  as  in 
No.  8,  the  hds.  larger.  Oct. 

8  S.  latifolia  Muhl.  St.  somewhat  flexuous,  angular,  smooth  below,  pubescent 
above;  Ivs.  broadly  ovate,  acuminate  at  each  end,  deeply  serrate,  pubescent  be- 
neath ;  petioles  margined ;  rac.  axillary  and  terminal ;  ach.  silky  pubescent. — A 
singular  and  well-marked  species  common  in  dry  woods  and  by  rocky  streams, 
U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  slender,  simple,  about  2f  high.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  2  to  4',  with 
acute,  often  long-acuminate  serratures.  Clusters  very  short,  axillary,  the  stem 
ending  with  a  long  terminal  one.  Hds.  few.  Sept. — Variable.  The  clusters  are 
often  long  and  loose,  and  exceeding  the  Ivs.  (S.  ambigua  Ait.  S.  macrophylla 
B\v.) 

P.  PUBENS.     Pubescent,  becoming  densaly  so  above,  especially  the  scales. — 
Mts.  of  K  Car.  (Curtis)— (S.  pubens  Curtis.) 


432  OBDEII  70,— COMPOSITE. 

9  S.  cassia  Ait.     St.  erect,  round,  smooth  and   glaucous,   often  flexuous ;    Ivs. 
smooth,   linear-lanceolate,  lower  ones  serrate ;  roc.  axillary,  erect,   ach.   minutely 
pubescent. — A  very  elegant  species,  in  thickets  and   dry  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S. 
Stem  2  to  4f  high,  of  a  bluish-purple  color,  terete  and  slender,  somewhat  flcxu- 
ous,  simple  or  branched.      Leaves  2 — 5'  long,  ending  in   a  long   point,  sessile, 
glaucous  beneath.     Racemes  axillary,  numerous,  short.     Flowers  of  a  deep,  rich 
yellow.     Rays  3 — 5,  once  and  a  half  the  length  of  the  involucre.     Aug.     (S. 
axillaris,  Ph.) 

/?.  FLEXICAULIS.  St.  flexuous,  angular ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  longer  than  the 
subcapitate  racemes. — Leaves  about  2'  by  ii-'.  Rays  pale  yellow.  (S.  flexi- 
caulis,  Ph.  not  of  L.) 

y.  CURTISII.  St.  tall,  strict,  striate-angular. — Mts.  N.  Car.  Ilcioiit  3  to  Of.  (S 
Curtisii,  T.  &  G.) 

10  S.  thyrsoidea  Meyer.     St.  simple,  flexuous,  very  smooth,  pubescent  above ; 
Ivs.  smooth,  ovate,  coarsely  and  sharply  serrate,  acute,  the  lower  on  long  petioles,  the 
upper  subsessile,   lanceolate;    rac.   mostly  simple,  short;  has.   large,  with  con- 
spicuous rays. — A  coarse  showy  golden  rod,  in  woods,  White  Mts.,  N.  H.f  Wil- 
loughby  and  Green  Mts.,  Yt.     It  is  remarkable  for  the  long  slender  stalks  of  tho 
lower  ovate  leaves,  and  for  the  large  hds.  which  exceed  in  size  most  other  spe- 
cies.    St.  1  to  3f  high,  racemes  axillary   and  terminal,  usually  in  a  thyrse-like 
panicle.     Aug.     (S.  virgaurea,  Bw.) 

11  S.  Virgaurea  L.     /?.  ALPINA  (Bw.)    St.  flexuous,  furrowed,  pubescent  at  top ; 
st.  Ivs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  lower  ones    oval ;   contracted  to  a  petiole,  rac.  erect, 
ray  elongated;  hds.  large,  about  ^-flowered;  scales  very  thin,  acute.      This  is  tho 
only  species  common  to  the  two  continents.     One  of  its  numerous  varieties  is 
seen  scattered  here  and  there  on  tho  lower  summits  of  the  White  Mts.,  N.  II., 
Essex  Mts.,  N.  Y.,  L.  Superior,  C.  W.,  also  ?  Mts.  of  N.  Car.     Tho  hds.  are  few, 
sometimes  one  only,  but  larger  than  thoso  of  most  other  species,  and  of  a  rich, 
golden  3rellow.     St.  often  purple,  2  to  3'  high,  simple,  with  axillary  and  ter- 
minal flowers.     Aug. — (S.  glomerata  MX.  whoso  description  answers  well  to  tho 
larger  specimens  of  S.  virgaurea.) 

12  S.  humilis  Ph.      Glabrous;    st.   simple,    erect;    radical  Ivs.    oblanceolate, 
petiolate,  obtuse  and  crenate-serrato  at  apex;  the  cauline  oblanceolate.  and  lan- 
ceolate, acute;  rac.  simple  or  paniculate;  hds.  middle  size,  about  \2-flowcred; 
scales  oblong,  oUuse;  rays  short. — Rocks  along  mountain  streams,  Yt.,  N".  II.,  to 
Newfoundland.     St.  G  to  12'  high,   somewhat  glutinous.     Rac.    slender,   strict. 
Lvs.  of  the  stem  about  2'  by  3  to  4",  serrulate,     lids.  G  to  8  rayed.     Aug.,  Sept. 

(3.  Taller ;  hds.  more  numerous,  in  short,  glomerate  clusters,  forming  a  dense, 
slender,  interrupted  rac. — Near  tho  Willey  House,  White  Mts. 

13  S.  virgata  MX.     Glabrous,  strict,  virgate.  tall,  simply  racemous  at  top;  Ivs. 
entire,  thickish,   oblong-lanceolate,  and  oblanceolate,  rough  edged,   the  lowest 
subserrate,  petiolate;    hds.  about  15-flowzred ;    rays  5  to   7  ;  ach.  pubescent. — 
Damp  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.     St.  3   to  5f  high.     Lower  Ivs.  3  to  4'  long, 
gradually  reduced  above  to  the  bracts  of  tho  peduncles  3  or  4"  in  length.     Rac. 
6'  to  If  long,  composed  of  small  clusters.     Sept.,  Oct. 

14  S.  stricta  Ait.     Smooth ;  st.  strict,  erect,  simple  ;  cauline  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
very  entire,  rough-edged,  radical  Ivs.  serrate,  very  long ;  rac.  paniculate,  erect; 
ped.  smooth ;  hds.  about  IQ-flowered. — In  wet  woods,  N.  States.     St.  (and  every 
other  part)  very  smooth,  about  2f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  4  to  8'  by  £  to  i  to  l'»  lower 
attenuated  at  base  into  a  long,  winged  petiole.     Pan.  terminal,  close,  composed 
of  short,  dense,  appressed  racemes.    Aug. 

15  S.  speciosa  Nutt.     St.  smooth,  simple ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire,  and  scabrous, 
on  the  margin,  thick,  tho  radical  and  lower  Ivs.,  subserrate,  very  broad;  rac.  erect., 
numerous,  forming  a  terminal,  thyrsoid  panicle ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  invol, 
pubescent;  rays  Iarg3,  6  to  8. — Woods,  Mass,  to  Ohio  and  Ga.     A  noble  species, 
2  to  Gf  high.     St.  stout,  often  purple,  furrowed.     Lvs.  ample,  some  of  them  G'  by 
3'.     Hds.  exceedingly  numerous,  about  15-flowered,  with  conspicuous  rays  of  a 
rich  yellow,  in  a  large,  showy,  pyramidal  panicle.     Aug. — Oct. 

/?.  ERECTA.  Panicle  slender,  spicate. — With  tho  other;  merely  a  reduced  form. 
(S.  erecta  DC.) 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE.  433 

16  S.  verna  Curtis.     Hoary  pubescent;  st.  few-leaved,  branched  nearly  naked, 
loosely  pauicled  ;  lower  Ivs.  finely  serrate,  ovate,  veiny,  on  margined  petioles,  the 
upper  lance-ovate   or  oblong,  entire;   scales  lance-linear,  smoothish ;  rays  10  to 
12,  disk  Us.   16  to  20;  ach.  pubescent. — An  early  flowering  Solida-go,  in  pino 
barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.,  rare.     St.  2  to  3f  high,  erect  or  sometimes  inclined  and 
the' racemes  a  little  recurved.     Lowest  Ivs.  3'  by  2',  5- veined,  the  others  partly 
3- veined.     Way,  Jn. 

17  S.  puberula  Nutt.  Dusty  puberulent,  simple  strict;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  entire,  atten- 
uate at  base,  the  lower  oblanceolate,  subserrate;  pan.  spicate,  erect,  dense  but  com- 
pound; pad.  pubescent;  scales  linear-lanceolate,  acute;  rays  about  10.  elongated; 
disk  fls.  about  13. — Woods,  Me.  to  Ga.     St.  straight,  purplish,  2  to  3f  high,  ter- 
minating in   a  long,    thyrsoid  spike  of  dense,  appressed  racemes.      Lvs.  very 
minutely  pubescent  both  sides,  the  lowest  on  close,  winged  stalks.     Hds.  rather 
large,  bright  yellow.     Aug. — Oct.     (Also  S.  pulverulenta  Nutt.) 

18  S.   sempervirens   L.      St.   smooth;    Ivs.   lanceolate,   somewhat   succulent, 
smooth,  entire,  and  scabrous  on  the  margin,  subamplexicaul,  obscurely  3-veined  ; 
rac.  secund,  paniculate;  pedicels  scabrous-pubescent;  rays  elongated  8  to  10,  disk- 
fls.  15  to  20. — Marshes  along  the  coast,  and  river  banks,  within  the  influence  of 
the  brackish  water.     St.  3  to  6f  high,  purplish,  somewhat  glaucous,  with  nu- 
merous long  and  narrow  leaves.     lids,  large.     Eays  showy.     Sept.     (3.  lasvi- 
gata  Ait.) 

19  S.  angustifolia  Ell.     St.  smooth,  strict,  branched  or  simple :  Ivs.  lance-linear. 
thick,  smooth,  entire,  sessile,  short  and  erect,  l-veined,  the  lower  lanceolate,  taper- 
ing at  base;  pan.  dense,  erect,  virgate;  pedicels  glabrous,  slender;  hds.  small,  15 
to  20-flowered ;  rays  about  7. — Brackish  swamps,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Sts. 
2  to  4f  high.     Lvs.  diminishing  upwards,  the  highest  subulate.     Hds.  very  nu- 
merous, partly  inclined  to  one  side.     Scales  acute.     Sept.,  Oct. 

20  S.  nemdralis  Ait.      Dusty-subtomentous ;  Ivs.  roughish,   acute,  obscurely  3- 
veined,  attenuate  at  base,  sub-entire  the  lower  petiolate ;  rac.  secund,  paniculate  ; 
hds.  small ;  rays  5  to  6,  disk-fls.  5  to  7. — Dry  fields  and  roadsides,  Can.  and  U. 
S.     A  common,  starved-looking  species,  with  a  grayish,  dusty  aspect.     Height  1 
to  2f.     Lvs.   often  fascicled  in  the  axils.     Hds.  with  conspicuous  rays.     Pan. 
dense,  composed  of  many  short  racemes,  inclining  to  one  side,  or  often  of  a 
single,  terminal  recurved  one.    Again,  the  stem  divides  into  branches,  each  bear- 
ing a  panicle.     Sept. 

/?.  Very  slender,  minutely  puberulent,  terminated  by  a  slender  spicato  (re- 
curved) panicle.— In  woods.     Lvs.  as  long  as  in  S.  cassia. 

21  S.  rupestris  Raf.     Smooth,  slender ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  -attenuate  at  both 
ends,  plainly   3-veined,  entire,  or  the  lower  subserrulate ;  hds.  small,  about  15- 
flowered,  in  a  simple,  sknder  panicle ;  rays  very  short. — Ind.,  Ky.,  on  river  banks. 
St.  2  to  3f  high,  often  branched.   Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  veins  whitish  beneath.    Aug., 
Sept.     Too  near  the  next. 

22  S.  Missouriensis  Nutt.     Glabrous,  low,  simple,  slender ;  Ivs.  lance-linear, 
tapering  to  each  end,  plainly  3-veined,  very  acute  and  rough-edged,  lower  ones 
with  acute,  slender  serratures,  radical,  oblanceolato,  petiolate ;  rac.  small,  in  a 
denss,  pyramidal,  or  somewhat  corymbous pan. ;  ped.  glabrous',  scales  with  greenish 
tips;  hds.  small,    12    to   15-flowered. — A   delicate  species,  1    to   2f  high,  in  dry 
prairies,  111.  and  Mo.     Lvs..  smooth   and  shining,  lower  3  to  4'  by  3  to  5",  the 
others  gradually  reduced  upwards  to  minute  bracts.     Kays  about  8.     Jl.,  Aug. 

23  S.  serotina  TV'illd.     St.  round,  striate,  smooth ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, slightly  serrate,  obscurely  3-veined,  veins  beneath  pubescent ;  rac.  secund,  re- 
curved,  paniculate;  ped.  pubescent;    hds.  small,  15   to  2Q-flowered. — A  smooth 
species  in  meadows  and  thickets,  U.  S.  and  Can.     St.  3  to  6f  high,  very  smooth, 
often  glaucous   or  purple.     Lvs.  3  to  5  to  7'  long,  smooth;  margin  scabrous, 
upper  entire.     Fls.  numerous,  forming  a  more  or  less  compact  panicle,  inclined  at 
summit.     Rays  less  than  I"  long.     Sept.— Variable  and  scarcely  distinct  from 
the  next. 

24  S.  gigantea  Ait.      St.  smooth,  striate;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  serrate  with  sharp, 
spreading  teeth,  margins  rough-ciliate,  strongly  3-veined ;  rac.  axillary  and  loosely 
panicled;  branches  pubescent ;  ped.  and  pedicels  hairy;  hds.  15  to  20  flowered.—, 

28 


434  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

A  large,  showy  species,  in  low,  open  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  green,  some- 
times purplish,  4  to  7f  high,  often  much  branched  above.  Lvs.  2  to  4  to  7'  long, 
acuminate  at  each  end,  otten  with  divergent  teeth.  Pan.  often  diffuse,  on  spread- 
ing, leafy  branches.  Aug. — Oct. — Rays  twice  longer  than  the  last. 

25  S.  Canadensis  L.     St.  downy;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  3-veined,  acuminate, 
rough ;  rac.  paniculate,  secuud,  recurved ;  rays  short,  about  8,  disk-fls.  about  7  ; 
scales  linear. — (Fig.  118.)  Fields,  hedges,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.,  common.   From  18'  to 
5f  high.     Stem  furrowed,  terminated  by  a  copious  panicle  which  inclines  to  ono 
side.     Lvs.  sessile,  3'  long,  sometimes  nearly  entire,  and  perhaps  a  little  downy. 
Heads  almost  innumerable,  very  small,  with  very  obscure,  yellow  rays.    Aug. — Oct. 

/?.  PROCERA.  St.  villous ;  Ivs.  rough,  villous  beneath ;  hds.  larger,  and  with 
larger  rays. — In  low  grounds,  4 — if  high.  Leaves  distinctly  3-veined.  (S. 
procera  Ait.) 

26  S.  Shortii  Torr.  &  Gr.     St.  minutely  rough-downy;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate, 
sharply  serrate,  strongly  3-veined,  acute,  very  smooth ;  rac.  secund,  dense ;  pan. 
contracted,  elongated;  scales  linear-oblong,  with  greenish  tips]  rays  5  to  7,  disk-fls. 
5  to  7.-— Banks  of  the  Ohio  River,  Ind.  and  Ky.     Sts.  1  to  2f  high.     Readily  dis- 
tinguished from  the  last.     Jl.,  Aug. 

27  S.  pilosa  Walt.     Hirsute,  tall,  stout;  Ivs.  lance-oblong,   remotely  serrulate, 
rough,  thick,  obsoletely  veined,  midvein  hairy  beneath,  upper  lance-ovate,  sessile, 
entire ;  pan.  pyramidal ;  rays  7  to  10,  minute,  disk-fls.  5  or  G. — Pine  barrens,  N. 
J.  to  Fla.,  in  damp  places.     St.  4  to  7f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  4'  long  below,  reduced 
upwards,  very  numerous,  yellowish-green.     Pedicels  with  subulate  bracts,  simi- 
lar to  the  outer  scales.     Sept.,  Oct. 

28  S.  odora  Ait.    St.  round,  pubescent  in  lines,  slender;  Ivs.  linear  lanceolate,  acute, 
abrupt  and  sessile  at  base,  very  entire,  smooth,  punctate,  with  pellucid  dots,  rough- 
edged  ;  rac.  paniculate ;  rays  2  to  4,  disk-fls.  3  or  4. — In  dry,  fertile  woodlands 
and  sunny  hills,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Stem  2 — 3f  high,  yellowish-green.      Leaves 
1£ — 3'  by  3 — 5",  with  a  strong,  yellowish  midvein,  but  no  veinlets.     Panicle  in- 
clined.    Racemes  2 — 3'  long,  spreading,  each  generally  with  a  leaf  at  base,  and 
a  simple  row  of  small  heads  on  the  upper  side.     Jl. — Sept. — The  only  species  of 
Solidago  which  has  properties  generally  considered  either  agreeable  or  useful. 
The  leaves  are  aromatic  and  yield  by  distillation  a  fragrant  volatile  oil. 

/?.  RETRORSA.'  Lvs.  linear  below,  subulate  above,  often  twisted;  rays  1,  2  or 
3 ;  st.  pubescent  all  over.  S.  "W.  Ga.  (Miss  Keen).  Punctate  Ivs.  acute. 
Scales,  &c.,  as  in  a.  (S.  retrorsa  MX.) 

29  S.  tortifolia  Ell.      St.  rough,  pubescent;  Ivs.  numerous,  linear,   subentire, 
often  twisted  at  the  base,  small,  scabrous  above,  not  punctate;  ra"c.  recurved,  in  a 
pyramidal  panicle;  scales  obtuse;  ray  and  disk-fis.  each  3  to  5. — N".  Car.  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.,  in  dry  fields.     St.  2  to  3f  high,  often  much  branched.     Lower  Ivs.  2  to 
3'  long,  reduced  upwards  to  subulate  bracts.    (Elliott.)     Aug. — Oct. — Is  this  the 
same  as  our  /?.  No.  28  ? 

30  S.  altissima  L.     St.  hairy,  tall ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  very  veiny,  lower  ones  deeply 
serrate,  rough  and  wrinkled.     Scales  acute  ;  rays  G  to  8. — A  variable  species,  tho 
tall,  rough  varieties  of  which  are  common  about  the  borders  of  fields,  in  hedges, 
U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.     Stem  rough  with  hairs,  erect,  3 — Sf  high,  much  branched 
at  top.     Leaves  variously  toothed  or  serrate,  numerous  both  upon  the  stem  and 
branches.     Branches  widely  spreading,  each  terminating  in  a  recurved  panicle 
with  the  flowers  turning  upwards.     Scarcely  two  of  the  plants  look  alike.     Tho 
branches  are  very  widely  spread,  or  but  little  diverging,  with  few  and  scattered 
heads,  or  with  numerous  heads ;  tho  leaves  are  equally  or  unequally  serrate, 
hairy  or  woolly.    Aug. — Oct.     (S.  rugosa  Willd.) 

31  S.  Dnimmondii  Torr.  &  Gr.     St.  velvety ;  Ivs.  ovate  or  broadly  oval,  acuto  at 
each  end,  sharply  serrate,  smooth  above,  velvety  beneath,  veiny  ;  scales  oblong,  ob- 
tuse ;  rays  4  or  5. — 111.  near  St.  Louis.     (Drummond  in  JT.  Am.  Fl.)     St.  1  to  2f 
high. 

32  S.  Radula  £Tutt.     St.  rough-downy,  simple ;  Ivs.  oblong-spatulaie,  tapering  to 
the  sessile  base,  serrate  above,  very  rough,  rigid,  the  lowest  petiolate ;  pan.  con- 
tracted ;  disk-fis.  3  to  G,  rays  5,  very  short. — 111.  near  St.  Louis  (Engelman),  to 
La.     Plant  slender,  1  to  2f  high.     lids.  s:nall,  crowded,  in  short,  secund  racemes, 
Sept. 


ORDER   70.— COMPOSITE. 


435 


33  B.  ulmifolia  Muhl.   St.  glabrous,  with  fairy  branches;  Ivs.  thin,  elliptic-ovate 
serrate,  acuminate,  sessile,  tapering  to  the  base,  smooth  above,  villous  beneath  ; 
rac.  paniculate,  recurved-spreading ;  pad.  villous;  hds.  small;  scales  acute;  rays 
3  or  4,  disk-fls.  3  or  4. — In  woods  and  low  grounds,  N.  and  W.  States.    A  species, 
of  striking  form,  like  Brachychaeta,  with  the  slender,  arched  branches  of  the  Elm. 
St.  striate,  about  3f  high,  rarely  with  scattered  hairs.     Radical  Ivs.  tapering  to 
winged  petioles,  and  hairy  both  sides,  with  coarse  and  unequal  serratures,  upper 
ones  entire,  middle  ones  about  3'  by  1^'.     Rays  de.ip  yellow.     Aug.,  Sept. 

34  S.  Boottii  Hook.    St.  glabrous^  with  liairy  branches ;  Ivs.  ovate  or  lance-ovate, 
serrate,  lower  contracted  to  marginal  petioles,  upper  sessile,  acuminate  at  both 
ends ;  rac.  long,  recurved,  loosely  panicled ;  Mi.   middle  size ;  scales  oblong,  ob- 
tuse ;  rays  2  to  5,  disk-fls.  8  to  12. — Sandy  soils,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Plant 
2  to  Sf'high,  variable,  with  the  stem  smooth,  or  more  or  less  rough-downy.    Aug. 

'  — Oct. 

35  S.  linoides  Solander.     Smooth  throughout ;  st.  slender,  simple;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
finely  serrate  and  scabrous  on  the  margin,  radical  ones  petiolate,  upper  entire  • 
hds.  small,  in  short,  secund,  at  length  spreading  racemes ;  scales  oblong-linear, 
obtuse,  appressed ;  rays  1  to  4,  short,  disk-fls.  4  to  5,  short. — A  small  species) 
near  Boston  (Greene  in  N.  Am.  Flo.)  to  N.  J.     St.  12  to  20'  high.    Lvs.  1  to  5' 
by  3  to  6".     Pan.  small,  usually  turned  to  ono  side.     Sept.,  Oct. 

36  S.  Muhlenbergii  Torr.  &  Gr.     St.  furrowed,  glabrous  ;  Ivs.  smooth  both  sides, 
strongly  and  sharply  serrate,  the  radical  ovate,  petiolate,  cauline,  elliptical-lanceo- 
late, acuminate  at  each  end ;  rac.  secund,   short,  remote,   axillary,  spreading ; 
pedicels  pubescent ;  hds.  15 — 20-flowered;  scales  linear,  obtuse. — In  damp  woods 
and  thickets,  N.  H.  to  Penn.     Stem  2 — 3f  high,  generally  simple,  bearing  a  long, 
open  panicle.     Leaves  large,  notched  with  very  acute  or  acuminate  teeth,  feather- 
veined.     Heads  middle  size,  with  G — 3  rather  large  rays.     Aug. — Oct.     (S.  ar- 
guta  Muhl.) 

37  S.  patula.  Muhl.     St.  smooth,  angular-striate ;  Ivs.  elliptic,  acute,  serrate,  very 
scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath,  lower  ones  oblong-spatulato ;  rac.   paniculate, 
loosely  spreading ;  pedicels  pubescent;  hds.  about  12  to  \5-flowered;  scales  much 
imbricated,  oblong,  very  obtuse. — In  wet  places,  Can.,  N".  and  W.  States,  not  com- 
mon.   St.  2  to  4f  high,  virgate,  ofcen  purple,  strongly  angled,  with  leafy  branches 
at  the  top.    St.  Ivs.  1  to  2'  long,  ^  as  wide,  radical  ones  2  or  3  times  larger.    Rac. 
short,  on  the  ends  of  the  spreading  branches.     Sept. 

38  S.  elliptica  Ait.     Erect,  glabrous  throughout,  leafy;  Ivs.  elliptical,  acute  at 
each  end,  obscurely  serrate,  uppar  ones  sessile,  entire ;  rac.  short,  recurved,  in  a 
dense  pyramidal  panick ;  hds.  middle  sizo  ;  rays  5  to  8,  very  short,  disk-fls.  6  or 
7  ;  scales  linear-oblong,  obtuse. — Salt  marshes,  R.  Isl.  (Olney),  near  N.  Y.  (T.  & 
G.),  to  Ga.     St.  3  to  5f  high,  bearing  a  close,  somewhat  leafy  pyramidal  panicle. 
Lvs.  2  to  4'  by  %  to  !£',  rough-edged,  the  serratures  appressed  and  rather  remote. 
Rays  oblong,  rather  large,  pale  yellow.     Oct. 

(3.  ELLIOTTIL     Pan.  more  widely  spreading. — South.     (S.  Elliottii  T.  &  G.) 

39  S.  arguta  Ait.     St.  strict,  smooth  ;  Ivs.  smooth,  acutely  and  unequally  serrate, 
•with  diverging  teeth,  cauline,  elliptical,  sessile,  highest  entire  and  small,  radical 
oblong-ovate,  attenuate  at  base  into  winged  petioles ;  rac.  secund,   dense,  in  a 
spreading,  corymbous panicle ;  lids,  middle  size;  rays  about  10,  disk-fls.  9  or  10; 
ach.  smooth. — In  meadows  and  woods,  U.  S.  (from  lat.  38°),  K  to  the  Arc.  circle. 
A  smooth,  shining  plant  3f  high,  with  a  large,  dense,  corymbous  panicle.     Rac. 
recurved,  a  finger's  length,  the  compound  pedicels  roughish,  bracted.   Aug.,  Sept. 

B.  JUNCEA.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  subserrate,  upper  entire ;  st.  brownish,  striate ; 
rays  twice  as  long  as  tho  invol. ;  pan.  less  dense. — Open  fields.  (S.  juncea 
Ait.  S.  ciliaris  Muhl.) 

40  S.  neglecta  Torr.  &  Gr.     St.  smooth,  striate ;  Ivs.  smooth,  acute,  serrate,  with 
divergent  teeth,   cauline  linear-lanceolate,  subentire  highest  linear,  sessile,  lowest 
lanceolate  (large),  tapering  to  a  long  petiole ;  rac.  secund,  erect,  at  length  recurved, 
in  an  abrupt  or  oblique  panicle ;  lids,  middle  size;  rays  6  to  10,  disk-fls.  7  to  12  ; 
ach.  smooth. — Swamps   Hanover,   N".  H.  (Ricard,  &c.)  to  Ind.   and  southward. 
St.  3  to  4fhigh,  terete.     Rt.  Ivs.  6  to  12'  long,  feather-veined;  upper  obscurely 
3-veined.    Aug.,  Sept.— A  handsome  Solidago,  beat  known,  by  its  peculiar  panicle, 


436  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

41  S.  OMens.'s  Riddcll.       Glabrous  throughout;  lower  Ivs.  lanceolate,  obtuse, 
entire  or  serrulate  above,  tapering  to  long   petioles,  upper  oblong -lanceolate,  ab- 
ruptly acute,  sessile,   entire;  hds.  numerous,  15 — 20-flowered,  rather  large,  in  a 
dense,  fastigiate  corymb. — Meadows  and  prairies,  western  N.  Y.  to  Ind.     A  per- 
fectly smooth  Solidago,  2 — 3f  high.     Stem  simple,  reddish,  leafy.     Leaves  of  a 
firm  texture,  the  radical  6 — 8'  by  1 — 1J',  on  petioles  of  equal  length,  middle  caul- 
ine,  about  2'  by  5".     Heads  about  6-rayed.     Sept.,  Oct. 

42  S.  Riddellii  Frank.    Stout  and  nearly  glabrous,  corymbously  branched ;  radi- 
cal Ivs.  very  long,   lance-linear,  long-pointed  entire,   on  long,   margined,   carinate 
petioles,  cauline  Ivs.  clasping  at  base,    arcuate,  carinate,  narrow,  acute,  entire ; 
branches  leafy;  hds.  20 — 24-flowered,  densely  clustered  in  a  compound,  fastigiate 
corymb. — Wet  prairies  Ohio,  "Wis.  to  Mo.     A  well  marked  species,  15 — 30'  high. 
Radical  leaves  12 — 18'  long-,  almost  grass-like,  cauline  3 — 6'  by  £',  with  a  strong 
midvein,  and  generally  much  recurved.     Kays  small,  6 — 9.     Sept.     (S.  Mexicana 
ft.  Hook.) 

43  S.  corymbosa  Ell.     Stout,  glabrous;  with  the  corymbous  branches  hirsute; 
Ivs.  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  thick,  rigid,  smooth,  the  lower  and  radical  subden- 
tate,  upper  entire,  rough-ciliate ;  hds.  large,  in  loose  racemes,  the  outer  secund, 
forming  a  fastigiato  corymb ;  scales  pubescent,  oblong,  obtuse ;  rays  about  10, 
disk-fls.  about  20 ;  ach.  glabrous. — Middle  Ga.     Plant  4  to  Gf  high,  differing  from 
S.  rigida  in  its  smooth  stem  and  leaves,  smaller  hds.,  &c.     Sept.,  Oct. 

44  S.  Houghtoiiii  Torr.  &  Gr.     Like  S.  Ohiensis,  but  smaller,  with  a  few  very 
large  hds., — found  in  Northern  Mich,  in  the  State  Survey.     Aug. 

45  S.  rigida  L.     Stout,  rough-hairy ;  Ivs.  rigid,  ovate-oblong,  rough  with  minute 
hairs,  the  upper  very  entire,  the  lower  serrate ;  branches  corymbous- paniculate, 
with  close,  short  racemes,  the  lower  somewhat  secund ;  hds.  very  large ;  scales 
obtuse;  rays  large,  7  to  10,  disk-fls.  25  or  more;  ach.  glabrous. — A  rough  plant 
in  dry  fields  and  rocky  woods,  Ct.  to  Mo.  and  Tex.     Abundant  in  western  prai- 
ries.    St.  3  to  5f  high,  round,  striate,  with  rigid  Ivs.,  of  which  the  radical  ones  are 
sometimes  near  a  foot  long.     Hds.  4  to  5"  long  and  wide.     Rays  about  3"  by  1", 
deep-yellow.     Aug.,  Sept. 

43  S.  spitham&a  Curt.  Yillous;  Ivs.  lance-oval  or  oblong;  thin,  smoothish, 
sharply  serrate,  margin  ciliate ;  hds.  middle  size,  corymbous ;  scales  lanceolate, 
acute;  rays  6  to  8,  disk-fls,  15  to  20;  ach.  pubescent. — High  Mts.  of  N.  Car. 
(Curtis).  A  low  plant,  growing  in  tufts,  with  hairy  stems,  branches  and  corymbs, 
and  inconspicuous  rays.  Aug.,  Sept. 

47  S.  lanceolata  Ait.     St.  angular,  hairy,  much  branched ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate, 
entire,  3-veined,  rough-margined,  slightly  hispid  on  the  veins  beneath ;  corymbs 
terminal,  fastigiate  ;  rays  minute,  about  17,  disk-fls.  10. — In  woods  and  meadows, 
Can.  and  TJ.  S.    St.  2  to  4f  high,  with  numerous,  very  long  and  narrow  Ivs.  which 
are  distinctly  3-veined  and  acutely  pointed,  smaller  ones  often  fascicled  in  the 
axils.     Fls.  in  terminal,  crowded,  corymbed  clusters.     Invol.  ovate.     The  whole 
plant  is  fragrant.     Sept. 

48  S.  teiTuifolia  Ph.     St.  angular,  smooth,  with  many  fastigiate  branches ;  Ivs. 
narrowly  linear,  spreading,  mostly  1-veined,  scabrous  on  the  margin,   the  axils 
leafy;  corymb  terminal,  consisting  of  clustered  hds.  ;  rays  about  10,  scarcely  as 
long  as  the  disk. — Meadows  near  the  sea-coast,  Mass,  to  La.     Also  Wis.  (Lap- 
ham.)     A  very  slender  species,  distinguished  from  S.  lanceolata  by  the  extreme 
narrowness  of  the  leaves  and  the  thinner,  more  open  corymb,  which  is  often  re- 
duced to  a  few  hds.     Aug. — Oct. 

27.  BIGEUTYIA,  DC.  (In  honor  of  Dr.  Jacob  Bigelow,  the  well- 
known  author  of  "  Florula  Bostonicnsis,"  etc.)  Heads  discoid,  3  to  4- 
flowered,  the  flowers  all  tubular,  ^  ;  involucre  cylindrical,  as  long  as 
the  flowers  ;  scales  rigid,  linear,  closely  imbricated  ;  receptacle  pointed 
by  a  scale-like  cusp ;  achenia  obconic,  hirsute  ;  pappus  bristles  in  one 
series. —  2£  Glabrous,  slender.  Lvs.  alternate,  entire.  Hds,  lastigiately 
corymbous,  with  yellow  fis.  and  colored  scales. 


ORDER  70.—  COMPOSITE.  .      437 

B.  virgata  DC.  Smooth  in  all  its  parts  ;  st.  virgately  branched  from  near  the 
base  ;  branches  corymbous-fastigiate  above  ;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  1-veined,  the 
cauline  linear-spatulate  ;  scales  glutinous.  —  Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  A 
plant  resembling  Solidago  teuuifolia  in  aspect,  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  1  to 
2",  rather  firm  and  somewhat  remote.  Fls.  bright  yellow,  the  scales  also  yellow- 
ish. Aug.—  Oct. 

28.  ISOPAP'PUS,  Torr.  &  Gr.  (Gr.  iaog,  equal  ;  ndTnro^  pappus.) 
Heads  radiate;  ray  fls.  5  to  12,  $  ,  disk-fls.  10  to  20  $  ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate-subulate,  closely  imbricated  ;  receptacle  alveolate, 
achenia  terete,  silky-villous  ;  pappus  a  single  row  of  equal  capillary 
bristles.  —  ®  Rough-hairy,  branching,  with  alternate  Ivs.  and  loose 
panicles. 
I.  divaricajus  T.  &  Gr.  Scabrous,  with  thin,  hispid  hairs  ;  Irs.  linear-lanceolate, 

taper-pointed  at  each  end,  sessile,  nearly  entire  ;  hds.  on  slender,  naked  pedicels  ; 

rays  about  7,  longer  than  the  invol.,  disk-fls.  about  12  ;  scales  slender-pointed, 

shorter  than  the  tawny  pappus.  —  Dry  sandy  soils,  Ga.  (Feay)  to  Fla.  and  Tex. 

Plant  6'  to  3f  high.     Hds.  in  a  diffuse  panicle,  invol.  2"  long,  rays  3",  bright  yelr 

low.     Aug.  —  Oct. 


29.  PRIONOP'SIS,  Nutt.     (Gr.  TTQIUV,  a  saw,  fyig,  resemblance; 
alluding  to  the  serrate  leaf.)     Heads  depressed,  radiate,  many-flowered  ; 
rays  in  one  series,  $  ,  disk  fls.  £  ;  scales  imbricate,  squarrous  ;  receptacle 
alveolate,  flat  ;  ach.  glabrous,  turgid  ;  pappus  deciduous,  of  rigid,  scab- 
rous, very  unequal  bristles,  the  inner  row  longer  than  the  corolla.  —  ' 
Leaves  alternate.     Fls.  showy,  yellow. 

P.  Chapmanii  Torr.  &  Gr.  Hairy  or  downy,  strict,  erect  ;  Ivs.  erect,  smooth, 
lance-linear,  serrate,  with  remote  setaceous  teeth  ;  hds.  few  ;  scales  cuspidate.  — 
14-  Swamps  in  pine  barrens,  Mid.  Fla.  (Chapman).  Jn.,  Jl. 

30.  HETEROTHE'CA,  Cass.     (Gr.  erepo^,  diverse,  0?)«;??,  envelope.) 
Heads  many-flowered  ;  rays  in  one  series,  ?  ,  disk-flowers  £  5  scales  im- 
bricated, appressed  ;    receptacle  alveolate,  fringed  ;  achenia  minutely 
canescent,  of  the  ray  without  pappus  (naked),  of  the  disk  with  a  double 
pappus,  the  outer  very  short,  scale-like,  the  inner  of  capillary  bristles. 
It  Herbs  hairy,  corymbously  branched,  with   alternate  Ivs.  and  yel- 
low flowers.  ( 

H.  scabra  DC.  St.  erect,  flexuous,  striate  ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  petiolate,  dentate, 
scabrous  ;  petioles  abruptly  winged  as  if  stipulate  at  base  ;  hds.  large,  in  a  loose, 
paniculate  corymb  ;  rays  15  to  20  ;  pappus  tawny-red,  the  outer  white.  —  A  showy 
plant,  in  dry  soils  near  the  coast,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  Plant  2  to  3f  high. 
Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  diminishing  upwards,  where  they  are  lance-oblong  and  sessile. 
The  ray  achenia  are  glabrous,  with  a  minute  crown,  those  of  the  disk  silky.  Rays 
of  a  rich  yellow,  expanding  9".  Sept.,  Oct. 

31.  CHRYSOP'SIS,  Nutt.     (Gr.  %pvoo<;,   gold,   oi/>*c,   appearance.) 
Heads  .many-flowered  ;  ray-flowers  $,  disk-flowers  £  ',  involucre  imbri- 
cate ;  receptacle  subalveolate,  flat  ;   pappus  of  the  ray  and  disk  similar, 
double,  the  exterior  short,  interior  copious,  capillary  ;  achenium  hairy, 
compressed.  —  2£  Hairy  herbs,  with  alternate  and  entire  leaves  and  yel- 
low flowers. 

§  Loaves  linear,  grass-liko  •,  aclienin.  linear  .........................................  Nos-  1-  * 

§  Leaves  luuce-oblong  ;  achenia  obovate,  compressed  (a). 

a  Outer  pappus  scnlo-like  .............................  .»<*  a,  <> 

a  Outer  pappus  bristle-form  ...........................  J>os.  7,  8 

1  C.  graminifolia  Nutt.  Canescent  with  long  silky  hairs;  Ivs.  linear,  erect, 
entire,  grass-like,  tapering  to  both  ends,  the  upper  numerous  and  reduced  to  subu- 


438  OUDL-U  70.—  COMPOSITE. 

late  bracts  ;  hds.  corymbous  ;  ach.  silky-pubescent.  —  Del.  to  Fla..  common  in  th.9 
pine  woods.  Sts.  1  to  2f  high.  Branches  usually  1  -flowered.  lias.  5  to  6"  long 
and  wide.  Pappus  tawny-  white.  Jl.  —  Oct.  (U.  argentea  Nutt.) 

2  C.  oligantha  Chap.     Canescent  with  long  silky  hairs;  Ivs.  lance-linear  and 
linear,  erect,  entire,  tapering  to  both  ends;  st.  above,   nearly  naked;  hds.  few, 
large;    pappus  white;    ach.  silky-villous.—S.  W.  Ga.   and  Fla.,  in  damp  pine 
woods.     Height  1  to  2f.    Hds.  1  to  6,  a  third  larger  than  in  No.  1.    Kays  spread- 
ing 14  to  17",  appearing  in  Apr.  and  May. 

3  C.  pinifolia  Ell.     Glabrous,  rigid;  Ivs.  narrotvly  linear,  rigid,  erect,  crowded, 
the  upper  setaceous;  hds.  solitary,  terminal,  corymbous;  ach.  villous;  pappus 
reddish-brown,  the  outer  scale-like,  whitish.—  Sandy"  hills,  middle  Ga.     St.  1  to  2f 
high.     Hds.  nearly  as  large  as  in  No.  2.     Lower  Ivs.  3  to  5'  long.     Sept.,  Oct. 

4  C.  falcata  Ell.     Woolly  and  villous  ;  Ivs.  sessile,    linear,  very  acute,  subfakate, 
spreading,  veins  pilous  on  both  sides  ;  hds.  small,  in  axillary  corymbs  ;  invol.  pil- 
ous. —  A  low,  leafy  plant,  in  dry,  sandy  soils,  near  the  sea,   Mass,  to  N.  J.     St. 
thick,  leafy,  about  8'  high.     Hds.    small,  bright  yellow,  in  crowded,  paniculate 
corymbs.     Rays  3-toothed  at  the  apex.     Sept.,  Oct.     (Inula  falcata  Ph.) 

5  C.  Mariana  Nutt.     Silky-arachnoid;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  subentire,  smooth 
when  old;  the  upper  sessile,  acute,  the   lower  spatulate  and  generally  obtuse  ; 
corymb  simple  ;  scales  acute,  viscidly  -pubescent  ;  rays  15  to  20.  —  Sandy  barrens, 
N.  J.,  Md.  to  Fla.,  common.     St.  and  Ivs.  clothed  with  scattered,  long,  silky,  de- 
ciduous hairs.     Plant  about  2f  high.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long.     Corymbs  somewhat  um- 
beled;  hds.  few,  large,  16  to  20-rayed,  yellow,  on  viscid-glandular  peduncles. 
Aug.  —  Oct.     (Inula  Mariana  L.) 

6  C.  villosa  Nutt.     Erect,  leafy,  villous-pubescent,  and  strigous  ;  Ivs.  entire,  ses- 
sile, ciliate  towards  the  base,  lower  ones  oblong-spatulate,  upper  oblong-linear  or 
lanceolate;  hds.  large,  solitary,  and  terminal,  somewhat  fastigiately  corymbous  ; 
scales  linear-subulate,  strigous;  rays  20  to  30.  —  Prairies,  111.  to  Or.     St.  1  to  2f 
high.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  3  to  5",  whitish  and  roudi.     Rays  oblong-linear,  entire, 
golden-yellow.     Jl.  —  Sept.     (Amellus-  Ph.     Dipiopappus  Hook.) 

7  C.  gossypina  Nutt.      Clothed  throughout,  with  a  cottony  tomentum;  Ivs.  oblong, 
obtuse,  entire,  the  lower  spatulate,  upper  sessile;  hds.  solitary,  corymbous;  scales 
woolly  ;  pappus  tawny,  the  outer  bristle-form,  white.  —  Va.  to  Fla.,  in  the  bar- 
rens.    St.  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long.     Hds.  larger  than  in  No.  5,  with 
about  25  rays.     Aug.  —  Oct. 

8  C.  trichophylla  Nutt.     Clothed  with  long,  weak  hairs  below,  nearly  glabrous 
above  ;  Ivs.  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse.     Otherwise  as  in  No.  7.  —  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  arid 
La.,  in  dry  soils.     Aug.  —  Oct. 


32.  CONY  ZA,  L.     GNAT-BANE.     (Gr.  /OJVGJI/J,  a  gnat;  the  plant  was 
supposed  to  expel  gnats  and  fleas.)     Hds.  discoid  ;  flowers  all  tubular, 
those  of  the  margin  %  ;  of  the  centre  $  or  £  ;  scales  in  several  rows  ;  re- 
ceptacle flat  or  convex  ;  achenia  compressed  ;  pappus  one  row  of  capil- 
lary bristles.  —  Herbs  chiefly  tropical.     FJs.  yellow. 

C.  simiata  Ell.  Hairy  and  cinerous-pubescent  ;  lower  Ivs.  sinuate-lobed,  acute, 
middle  repand-dentate,  upper  linear,  entire;  hds.  paniculate;  fls.  white,  all  fer- 
tile ;  ach.  oblong,  almost  glabrous.  —  Charleston,  S.  C.  and  Savannah,  Ga.  (Pond), 
common  —  "appearance  of  an  Erigeron,"  (Elliott.)  St.  a  foot  or  more  high.  Lvs. 
narrow,  12  to  18'  long.  Florets  very  numerous  (100  or  more)  in  each  head. 
Pappus  pale  cinnamon  color.  Apr.  —  JL 

33.  IN'ULA,    L.      ELECAMPANE.      (Ancient   Lat.    name.)      Heads 
many-flowered  ;    involucre  imbricate  ;  ray-flowers  numerous,    $  ,  disk- 
flowers  £  ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  simple,  scabrous  ;  anthers  with  2 
bristles  at  base.  —  2£  Coarse  European  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves  and 
yellow  flowers. 

Heleiiium  L.  Lvs.  amplexicaul,  ovate,  rugous,  downy  beneath  ;  invol.  scales 
ovate.  —  Herb  coarse-looking,  in  pastures  and  roadsides,  N.  Eng.  to  III  Stem  4— 


OEEER  70.— COMPOSITE.  439 

Gfhigh,  farrowed,  brandling,  and  downy  above.  Radical  Ivs.  very  large  (1  to  3  f  by 
6  to  12'),  serrate,  those  of  the  stem  clasping.  Hds.  large,  solitary,  terminal. 
Rays  linear,  with  2  or  3  teeth  at  the  end.  Esteemed  as  a  tonic  and  expectorant. 
Jl.,  Aug.  § 

34.  PLITCHEA,  DC.     MARSH  FLEA-BANE.      Heads  many-flowered, 
those  of  the  margin  ?  ,  of  the   center  $  ,  but  sterile  ;  involucre  imbri- 
cated ;    receptacle    flat,    naked ;    style   undivided ;    pappus   capillary, 
simple. — Strong-scented  herbs,   with   alternate   Ivs.   and  corymbs  of 
purple  fls.,  and  copious,  reddish  pappus. 

1  P.  camphorata  DC.     Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  somewhat  pubescent,  acuto,  ses- 
sile or  short-petioled,   serrate,  serratures  mucronate;  fls.  in  crowded  corymbs. —  If 
A  fleshy,  strong-scented  plant,  native  of  salt  marshes,  Mass,  to  Flor.    Stem  a  foot 
high,  thick,  downy,  with  alternate  Ivs.  and  axillary  branches.     Fls.  light  purple. 
Aug.     (Coayza  camphorata  Muhl.     C.  Marilandica  MX.) 

2  P.  foetida  DC.     Erect,   nearly  glabrous,   very  leafy;  Ivs.  broadly  lanceolate, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end,  petiolate,  feather-veined,  obtusely  subserrate  ;  hds. 
numerous,  in  paniculate  corymbs ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acute. — A  strong-scented 
plant,  in  open,  hilly  grounds,  Western  States.     St.  1 — 2f  high,  subsimple.     Lvs. 
4 — 7'  by  1J — 3',  sprinkled  with  minute  dots;  petioles  J— 1'  long.     Hds.  numer- 
ous.    A'ug. — Oct.     (Baccharis,  L.    Conyza  camphorata  Ph.) 

3  P.  bifrons  DC.     Pubescent,  leafy ;  Ivs.  oval-oblong,  acute,  finely  serrate,  cor- 
date-amplexicaul,  veiny  ;  hds.  in  compound,  corymbous  clusters. — Moist,  low  lands, 
S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.    Sts.  1  to  3f  high,  strict    Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  1'  wide.    Fls. 
very  numerous,  as  in  the  other  species,  dull  purple.     Jl. — Sept. 

35.  BAC'CHARIS,  L.     GROUNDSEL  TREE.     (From  Bacchus,  wine; 
its  fragrance  resembling  that  of  wine.)     Heads  discoid,  many-flowered, 
dioecious  ;  involucre  imbricate,  cylindric,  or  ovate,  with  subcoriaceous, 
ovate   scales ;  sterile  flowers  with  the   stamens   exserted ;    receptacle 
naked  ;    pappus   capillary. — Shrubby  plants,  with  alternate    Ivs.    and 
white  fls. 

1  B.  halimifolia  L.     Glabrous,  whitish-scurfy ;  Ivs.  obova'e,  incisely  dentate ^  above, 
the  highest  lanceolate,  panicle  compound,  leafy ;  fascteles  pedunculate,  terminal,  in 
a  dense  panicle. — Ct.,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.     An  elegant  shrub,  6  to  12f  high,  growing  on 
sea-coast  and  river  alluvion.    Every  part  is  covered  with  white  dust.    Tho  fertilo 
hds.  growing  upon  separate  plants  are  in  large,  loose,  terminal  panicles,  and  fur- 
nished with  very  long,  slender  pappus.     Cor.  white,   20  in  each  head.     Sept.— 
Merits  cultivation. 

2  B.  angustifolia  MX.     Glabrous,  diffusely  branched ;  Ivs.  linear,  sessik,  entire ; 
lids,  small,  15  to   20-flowered,  cylindrical,  axillary,  loosely  paniculate. — S.  Car, 
Fla.,  and  La.,  in  the  edge  of  salt  marshes.     A  fine  shrub,  6  to  lOf  high,  with 
slender,  tough  branches.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  1  to  3"  wide,  acute.     Hds.  less  than 
2"  long,  in  a  diffuse,  leafy  panicle.     Sept.,  Oct. 

3  B.  glomemliflora  Pers.     Glabrous,  minutely  scurfy ;  Ivs.  all  dbovate  taperimj 
to  a  short  petiole,  very  obtuse,  repand-few- toothed  ;  hds.  in  sessile  glomerules,  a'ra  the 
axils  of  the  upper  Ivs. — Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  along  the  coast.  ^  St.  3  to  5f  high, 
pale  green  as  well  as  the  whole  plant.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  §  as  wide.     Hds.  thrico 
larger  (3"  long  and  wide)  than  in  No.  1.     Sept. — Nov. 

TRIBE  4,     SENECIONID^ 

36.  PTEROCAUVLON,  Ell.  BLACK-ROOT.  (Gr.  Tr-epov,  a  wing,  KavXov 
a  stem  ;  i.  e.,  a  winged  stem.)     Heads  masay  flowered,  the  fertile  flow- 
ers ?   in  several  rows,  the  sterile  flowers  central  (  !  ),  mostly  $  ;  scales 
imbricated,   caducous  with  the  fruit,   $  corollas  3 -toothed,   £  5-cleft ; 
achenia  angular,  hispid ;  pappus  of  equal  capillary  bristles  longer  than 


440  ORDER  70.-—  COMPOSITES. 

the  involucre.  —  It  Rhizome  tuberous.  Lvs.  alternate,  very  densely 
tomentous  beneath,  doom-rent  into  the  wings  of  the  stem.  Hds.  sessile, 
densely  crowded  into  a  woolly  terminal  spike.  (Conyza,  MX.) 

P.  pycnost£chyum  Ell.  St.  simple;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  finely  serrulate,  smooth 
above  ;  spike  continuous.  —  Sandy  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla,  A  curious  plant,  2  to  3f 
high.  Lvs.  a  finger's  length,  dark  green  above,  creamy-white  beneath,  as  are  also 
the  wings  of  the  stem.  Spike  2  to  3'  long.  May  —  Aug. 

37.  BORRICH'IA,  Adans.    SEA  OX-EYE.  (Dedicated  to  Olof  Borricli, 
a  Danish  botanist.)     Heads  radiate,   many-flowered  ;  rays   $  ,  fertile  ; 
scales  imbricated,   the  outer  leafy  ;  receptacle   flat,  chaffy,  the   chaff 
rigid,  persistent  ;  achenia  4-angular,  crowned  with  a  4-toothed  pappus. 
—  Shrubby  maritime  plants  with  opposite  Ivs.  and  solitary,  yellow  lids. 
(Buphthalmum,  L.) 

B.  frutesceiis  DC.  Minutely  canescent  downy  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  and  oblanceolato 
obscurely  rcpand-toothed,  slightly  connate  at  base,  chaff  of  the  recept.  cuspidate 
with  a  rigid  point.  —  Va.  to  Fla.  St.  1  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  rounded 
at  the  end  (with  a  cuspidate  point),  varying  to  linear,  the  upper  alternate.  Jn.  — 
Oct. 

38.  ECLIP'TA,  L.     Head  many-flowered  ;  ray  fls.   $  numerous  nar- 
row ;    disk   £5  tubular,  mostly  4-toothed  ;    scales    10  —  12,  in    2  rows, 
leafy,   lance-ovate  ;    receptacle  flat  ;   chaff  bristly  ;  achenia  somewhat 
angular  or  2  -edged  ;  pappus  0.  —  Q  Herbs  strigose  with  rigid  hairs,  erect 
or  procumbent.     Lvs.  opposite.     Heads  axillary  and  terminal,  solitary. 
Fls.  white.     (Fig.  328.) 

E.  erecta  L.  St.  often  decumbent  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  or  lance-oblong,  tapering  to 
each  end,  subserrate  ;  ped.  longer  than  the  heads  ;  scales  or  leaves  of  the  involucre 
acuminate.  —  Damp  soils,  Md.,  Ohio,  and  111.,  S.  to  Flor.  Stem  often  rooting  at 
the  lower  joints,  1-  —  3f  long,  with  an  elastic,  thread-like  fiber.  Leaves  1  to  2' 
long,  rough,  obscurely  tripli-veined.  Heads  small,  with  minute  flowers  and  short 
rays.  The  juico  turns  black,  and  is  said  to  dye  wool  black.  Jn.  —  Sept  (E. 
procumbens  and  brachipoda,  MX.) 

39.  POLYM'NIA,  L.     LEAF-CUP.     (The  name  of  one  of  the  ancient 
Muses  ;  why  applied  to  this  plant  is  not  obvious.)    Heads  radiate.    In- 
volucre double,  outer  of  4  or  5  large,  leafy  scales,  inner  of  about  10 
leaflets,  concave  ;    ray-flowers   pistillate,  few  ;  disk  sterile  ;  receptacle 
chaffy;  pappus  none.  —  It  Clammy  herbs.    Lvs.  opposite.     Fls.  yellow. 

1  P.  Canadensis  L.     Yiscid-villous  ;  Ivs.  denticulate,  petiolate,  acuminate,  lower 
pinnatifid,  upper  3-lobed  or  entire,  rays  shorter  than  the  invol.  —  A  coarse,  broad- 
leaved,  hairy-viscid  plant,  3  —  5f  high,  Can.,  N.  Y.  to  111.,  and  the  mts.  of  Car. 
Stem  with  opposite  leaves  and  spreading  branches.     Flowers  light-yellow,  tho 
rays  short,  surrounded  by  the  concave  leaflets  of  the  double  calyx  in  such  a  man- 
ner as  to  form  a  sort  of  cup,  hence  called  Leaf-cup.     Leaves  feather-veined,  3  —  8' 
long,  .and  nearly  as  wide,  lobes  deeply  divided  and  acuminate.     Heads  J'  diam. 
June. 

2  P.  tivedalia  L.     Hairy  and  rough,  stout  ;  Ivs.  3-lobed,    acute,  decurrent  into 
the  petiole,  lobes  sinuate-angled;  rays  7  to  12,  much  longer  than  the  involucre.-^.. 
In  highland  woods.     Stem  3  —  Gfhigh.     Lower  leaves  very  large.     Flowers  large, 
yellow,  the  rays  oblong,  obtuse.     Jl.  —  Neither  of  these  plants  has  been  found  in 
N.  Eng.,   and  they  aro  rare  in  N.  Y.,  but  not  uncommon  in  the  W.  and  S.  "W, 
States. 


40.  CHRYSOG'ONUM,  L.  (Gr.  XPVG°&  Sold>  T°w»  knee  5  tne  golden 
flowers  at  the  joints.)  Heads  many-flowered,  radiate  ;  rays  about  5,  $  , 
fertile,  disk  £  but  sterile  *,  scales  in  2  rows  of  about  5  each,  the  outer 


ORDEE  70.— COMPOSITE.  441 

leafy,  the  inner  chaffy ;  receptacle  flat,  chaffy ;  achenia  of  the  ray  ob- 
compressecl,  obovate,  each  embraced  by  a  chaff-scale ;  achenia  of  the 
disk  abortive;  pappus  a  small,  2  to  3-toothed  crown.—  2£  A  little  pros- 
trate herb,  with  opposite  Ivs.  and  solitary,  pedunculate,  bright  yellow 
vernal  fls. 

C.  Virginiamim  L. — In  rich  shady  soils,  Md.  to  111.,  common  southward  to  tho 
Gulf.  One  of  the  earliest  flowers  of  spring.  Plant  flat  on  the  ground,  hirsute, 
at  first  acaulescent,  at  length  caulescent  and  ascending.  Lvs.  ovate,  tapering  to 
a  petiole,  crenate.  Kays  expanding  7  to  9".  Feb. — May. 

41.  SIL'PHIUM,  L.  ROSIN-WEED.  (The  ancient  name  of  some 
resinous  plant.)  Heads  many-flowered;  ray-flowers  numerous,  in  2  or 
3  rows,  fertile,  outer  row  ligulate  ;  disk-flowers  sterile  ;  involucre  cam- 
panulate,  scales  in  several  series,  leafy  and  spreading  at  summit ;  recep- 
tacle small,  flat,  chaffy  ;  achenia  broad,  flat,  obcompressed,  crowned 
with  a  2-toothed  pappus. —  2|!  Stout,  coarse,  resinous  herbs.  Hds.  large. 
Fls.  yellow. 

*  Stem  nearly  leafless,  scape-like.    Lvs.  very  large,  alternate,  mostly  radical TTos.  1 — 3 

*  Stem  leafy. — Leaves  vcrticillate  in  whorls  of  3s,  rarely  4s Nos.  4,  5  £ 

— Leaves  opposite,  rarely  the  highest  scattered Nos.  5 — 7 

— Leaves  alternate  (the  lowest  opposite  or  verticillate  or  alternate) No.  3 

— Leaves  connute-perfoliatc .No.  9 

1  S.  laciniatniri  L.     POLAR  PLANT.     Very  rough,  with  white,  hispid  hairs;  Ivs. 
alternate,  pinnately  parted,  lower  petiolate,  segments  sinuate-lobed  or  entire  ; 
hds.  spicate,  distant;  scales  ovate,  appendaged  and  squarrous  at  apex. — Western 
States  to  Tex.,  producing  columns  of  smoke  in  the  burning  prairies  by  its  co- 
pious resin.     Stem  3 — lOf  high.     Lower  Ivs.  1 — 2f  long,  much  divided,  resem- 
bling those  of  some  thistles.     Heads  4 — 8,  very  large,  with  large,  yellow  rays. 
Jl. — Sept. 

2  S.  terebinthinacemn  L.    PRAIRIE  BURDOCK.     St.  and  ped.  glabrous ;  Ivs- 
mostly  radical,  ovate  and  ovate-oblong,  cordate,  dentate-serrate,  obtuse,  scabrous,  on 
long  petioles  ;  hds.  few,  paniculate ;  scales  roundish  and  oval,  glabrous,  rays  about 
20. — Prairies,  Western  and  Southern  States.    Plant  exuding  resin.    Stem  4 — 8f 
high,  nearly  naked  and  simple.     Leaves   1 — 2f  long, '7 — 16'  wide.     Involucre 
globous.     Hds.  1'  diam.,  rays  1'  long.     Achenia  narrowly  2-winged.     Jl. — Sept. 

j3.  PINNATIFIDUM.     Lvs.  more  or  less  deeply  lobed  or  pinnatifid. — Prairies,  etc., 
with  the  other  form.    (S.  pinnatilidum  Ell.) 

3  S.  compositum  MX.     Glabrous  throughout;  st.  slender,  almost  naked,  glau- 
cous; Ivs.  radical,  on  long  petioles,  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid,  the  segments  sinuate- 
lobed  or  toothed ;  hds.  corymbed,  on  long  peduncles;  scales  oval,  obtuse;  ach. 
roundish-obovate ;  rays  about  10. — Barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  (Feay).     St.  3  to  6f 
high.     Hds.  7"  diam.,  about  10-rayed,  rays  about  as  long  (4'')  as  the  involucre. 
June. — Aug. 

/?.  RENIFORME.     Lvs.  roundish  or  reniform,  cordate,  slightly  sinuate-lobed  or 
toothed. — Upper  districts  of  Ga.  and  Car. 

4  S.  trifoliatum  L.     St.  glabrous  and  often  glaucous,  terete  or  6-sided ;  cauline( 
Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  scabrous  above,  smooth  below,  remotely  dentate,  on  very 
short  petioks,  verticillate  in  3s  or  4s ;  upper  ones  opposite;  hds.  loosely  cymose, 
on  rather  long  peduncles ;  scales  broadly  ovate,  rather  obtuse,  smooth ;  ach.  oval, 
with  2  short  teeth. — Dry  woods  and  prairies,  Ohio  and  Southern  States.     Stem 
4— 6f  high.— Leaves  4— G'  by  1—2".    Kays  12— 1C,  expanding  about  2^'-    Ach. 
3  to  4"  long,  2  to  3"  wide.     Aug.,  Sept. 

5  S.  iiitegrifolium  MX.     Scabrous ;  st.  quadrangular,  striate,  simple ;  Ivs.  oppo- 
site, sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  entire  or  slightly  dentate ;  hds.  in  a  close  corymb; 
scales  'squarrous ;  ach.  roundish,  broadly  ivinged,  with  2  long  teeth. — Western  States 
S.  to  Ga.     Stem  very  rigid,  3— 7f  high.     Leaves  rigid,  broad  and  clasping  at 
base.     Heads  middle-size.     Kays  12—20.     1'  in  length.     Ach.  4  to  5"  long,  4 ' 
wide.    Jl.,  Aug. 


442  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

(3.  TERNlTUM.  St.  6-sided ;  Ivs.  ternately  verticillate. — Prairies,  with  the  com- 
mon form ;  apparently  connecting  this  with  S.  trifoliatum,  from  which  it  is 
nevertheless  distinct. 

6  S.  scaberrimum  E1L     St.  hispid ;  Ivs.  opposite,  rigid,  oval  somewhat  pointed, 
serrate,  very  roughly  hispid  on  loth  sides,  the  lower  petiolate,  upper  subsessile, 
entire ;  scales  ciliate-serrulatc,  squarrous ;  ach.  large,  roundish,  broadly  winged,  with 
convergent  teeth. — W.  Ga.  to  La.     St.  3— 4f  high.     lids,  nearly  1'  diam.,  rays  20 
or  more,  spreading  2'.     Ach.  6"  long.     Aug.,  Sept. 

7  S.  laevigatum  Ell.     Smooth  and  glabrous;  Ivs.  opposite,  thick,  lance-oblong, 
subserrate,  somewhat  pointed,  the  lower  petiolate,  upper  sessile,  with  an  abrupt 
base,  highest  cordate,  entire;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  ciliate-squarrous ;  ach.  oval, 
narrowly  winged,  the  teeth  short,  divergent. — W.  Ga.  and  Ala.     St.  2  to  3f  high, 
somewhat  4-angled.     Hds.  small,   corymbed,  rays  spreading  !£'.     Achenia  4" 
long.     Aug.,  Sept. 

8  S.  Asteriscus  L.     Hispid,  often  hairy;  st.  terete,   striate;  Ivs.  mostly  alter- 
nate, lanceolate,  crenate-serrate,  obtusish,  the  lower  tapering  to  a  petiole,  oppo- 
site or  alternate,  upper  sessile ;  scales  squarrous,  leafy ;  ach.  roundish-obovate, 
with  short  divergent  teeth. — Dry  soils,  Va,  to  Fla.  and  La.,  common.     St.  2  to  4f 
high,  generally  purple.     Lower  Ivs.  (rarely  whorled)  4  to  7'  long.     Hds.  few,  1' 
broad,  with  12  to  15  rays,  1'  in  length.     Ach.  3  to  4"  long.     Jn. — Aug. — Varia- 
ble, being  sometimes  nearly  smooth,  the  lower  Ivs.  sometimes  sinuate-toothed,  etc. 

ft.  PUMILCM.  Downy  or  tomentous,  low;  Ivs.  elliptical,  obtuse,  subserrate, 
upper  entire  ;  hds.  smaller ;  ach.  with  very  short  teeth  or  almost  truncate. — 
Ga.  (Feay),  (S.  pumilum  Ph.).  The  teeth  of  the  ach.  aro  not  invariable  in 
this  genus. 

9  S.  perfoliatum  L.    CUP-PLANT.    St.  square ;  Ivs.  large,  thin,  opposite,  connate- 
perfoliate,  ovate,  coarsely  toothed,  narrowed  towards  the  base ;  hds.  in  a  trichot- 
omous  cyme,  on  a  long  ped. ;    scales  ovate,  obtuse,    squarrous ;    ach.  broadly 
obovate,  winged,  emarginate. — Along  streams,  etc.,  Mich,  to  Tenn.,  plant  coarso 
and  forbidding,  4  to  7f  high.     Lvs.  8  to  14'  by  4  to  7',  the  upper  pairs  forming  a 
cup  with  their  connate  bases.     Hds.  large,  with  12  to  20  rays.     Ach.  G"  long. 
Jl.,  Aug.    (Also,  S.  connatum  L.) 

42.  BERLANDPERA,  DC.      (Named  for  Berlandier,  a  botanical  col- 
lector.)    Heads  radiate  ;  ray-flowers  ?  ,  fertile,  in  one  scries  ;  disk  £ 
but   sterile ;    scales  in  3   series,   leafy,    subequal ;    receptacle    chaffy ; 
pales  obtuse ;  achenia  all  marginal,  in  one  row,  obcompressed,  wing- 
less, obovate,  more  or  less  adherent  to  the  inner  scales  of  the  involucre ; 
pappus  minute. —  H  Herbs  velvety-canescent,  with  alternate,  cordate, 
petiolate  Ivs.  and  hds.  with  yellow  rays. 

1  B.  tomentosa  Torr.  &  Gr.     Caulescent,  whitened  with  a  close,  soft  tomentum ; 
st.  simple;  Ivs.  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate,  petiolate,  somewhat  smooth  and   green 
above ;  hds.  in  small,  dense  corymbs. — Barrens,  Ga.,  Fla.  and  La.     St.  1  to  2f 
high.     Lvs.   2  to  3'   by  1',  the  upper  and  lower  surfaces  strongly  contrasted  in 
color.     Rays  7  to  10,  spreading  2'.     Apr. — Aug.    (Silphium  Ph.) 

2  B.  subacaulis  Nutt.     Acaulescent,  at  length  somewhat  caulescent,  roughish 
canescent;  Ivs.  radical,   lyrate  or  sinuate-pinnatifid,  the  lobes  crenate-toothed ; 
scapes  elongated,  bearing  a  single  head. — Ga.  and  Fla.     May,  Jn. 

43.  PARTHE'NIUM,  L.     (Gr.  TraptftVof,  a  virgin;  from  its  medici- 
nal efficacy.)     Heads  many-flowered;  ray-flowers  5,  somewhat  ligulate, 
fertile ;  disk  flowers  tubular,  sterile ;  involucre  hemispherical,  scales  in 
2  series,  outer  ovate,   inner  orbicular;  receptacle  conical,  chaffy;  ache- 
nia 5,  compressed,  cohering  with  2  contiguous  pales. — American  herbs 
with  alternate  Ivs. 

1  P.  integrifolium  L.  St.  pubescent,  striate,  erect ;  Ivs.  hispid-scabrous,  lance- 
ovate,  coarsely  dentate-crenate,  coriaceous,  lower  petiolate,  upper  sessile,  hds. 
many,  tomentous,  corymbed. —  2(  Dry  soils,  Mid.  and  W.  States.  St.  rigid,  3  to 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE.  443 

5f  high.     Radical  petioles  If  long.     Lvs.  4  to  12'  long,  \  as  wide.     Hds.  whifc^ 
with  5  very  short  cucullate  rays.     Jl. — Sept. 

2  P.  Hysterophorus  L.  Annual,  puberulent,  decumbent,  lower  Ivs.  bipinnatifid, 
upper  linear ;  hda.  numerous,  very  small,  in  a  diffuse  panicle. — River  banks,  Fla. 
to  La. 

44.  TVA,  L.      MARSH  ELDER.     HIGHWATER   SHRUB.      Heads   dis- 
coid, monoecious,  involucre  of  3  to  9  scales,  distinct  or  partly  united ; 
marginal  flowers   1   to  5,  fertile,  the  others  sterile ;  receptacle  chafty ; 
achenia  obconic,  obtuse  ;  pappus  none. — Herbs  or  shrubs.     Lower  Ivs. 
opposite. 

1  I.  frutescens  L.      Shrubby;  Ivs.  fleshy,  lanceolate,  coarsely  serrate;  upper 
lance-linear,  entire  ;  hds.  axillary ;  scales  5,  distinct,  rounded ;   ach.  5. — Borders 
of  salt  marshes,  Mass,  to  Fla.,  common.     St.  3  to  8f  high,  with  numerous  op- 
posite branches  and  Ivs.     Hds.  small,  green,  drooping  on  short  stalks,  in  leafy, 
paniculate  racemes.     Jl. — Sept. 

2  I.  ciliata  Willd.      Annual,  hairy;  Ivs.   ovate,  acuminate,  petiolate,   coarsely 
toothed,  upper  lance-ovate ;  hds.  spicate ;  scales  3,  distinct,  roundish,  ciliate;  ach. 
3. — "Wet  grounds,  111.  to  La.     A  coarse  plant  of  no  beauty,  3  to  7f  high.     Lvs, 
3  to  4'  long.     Spikes  dense,    3  to  5'  long,  numerous,  panicled,  green,  liko  an 
Ambrosia.     Aug. — Oct. 

3  I.  imbricaria  "Walt.     Herbaceous,  terete,  glabrous;  Ivs.  fleshy,  linear-lanceo- 
late, 3-nerved,  tapering  to  the  sessile  base ;  hds.  axillary ;  invol.  of  6  to  9,  fleshy, 
obtuse,  rounded  scales  in  2  rows,  their  margins  scarious,  lacerated ;  ach.  2  to  4. — 
U  Sea  coast,   N.  Car.  to  Fla.     Plant  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long.     Hds. 
drooping,  on  short  pedicels,  in  leafy  clusters  or  racemes.     Jl. — Oct. 

45.  AMBRCTSIA,  Tourn.    HORSE-WEED.    (Gr.  duflpooia,  food  of  the 
gods;    a  term  strangely  applied).     Hds.   heterocephalous.      Sterile: 
involucre  of  several  scales  united  into  a  depressed,  hemispherical  cup, 
many-flowered:   anthers  approximate,  but  distinct*,  receptacle  naked. 
Fertile ;  involucre  1 -leaved,   entire   or  5-toothed,  1 -flowered  ;   corolla 

0  ;  styles  2  ;  stamens  0.  —  Herbaceous  plants  with  mostly  opposite  Ivs. 
and  unsightly  flowers. 

§  Sterile  beads  sessile,  densely  spicate,  chaffy.    Leaves  alternate No.  4 

§  Sterile  heads  pedicellate,  racemed,  not  chaffy. — Leaves  opposite No.  1 

— Leaves  alternate Nos.  2,  3 

1  A.  trifida  L.      Hairy,  rough;  Ivs.  B-lobed,  serrate,  the  lobes  oval-lanceolate, 
acuminate ;  fr.  with   6  ribs  ending  below  the  conical  summit. — CD  A  very  tall, 
herbaceous  plant,  along  streams,  &c.     Can.  and  U.^}.,  common.     Stem  5 — lOf 
high,  erect,  branching,  farrowed.     Leaves  opposite,  in  3  large,  deep  lobes,  with 
long  points  and  close  serratures.  '  Flowers  mean  and  obscure,  in  slender,  leafless, 
terminal  racemes,  the  fertile  in  axillary  glomerules.     Aug. — It  is  greedily  eaten 
by  horses. 

(3.  INTEGRIFOLIA.     Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  bristly  on  both  sides,  ciliato 
at  base,  often  some  of  them  3-lobed.     (A.  integrifolia  Muhl.) 

2  A.  artemisiaefolia  L.    HOG-WEED.   Lvs.  twice-pinnatifid,  nearly  smooth ;  petioles 
ciliate;  rac.  terminal,   panicled;  st.  virgate. — (£>  A  common  and  troublesome 
weed  of  the  gardens,  lields,  &c.  (Can.  to  Ga.)  far  more  worthy  of  its  Englisht 
than  its  Latin   name.     Stem   2 — 3f  high,   branching,    pubescent  when  young. 
Leaves  with  segments  acute  and  parallel.     Barren  flowers  small,  green,  in  ter- 
minal racemes,  the  fertile  ones  sessile  about  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.    Aug., 
Sept.     (A.  elatior  Ph.) 

3  A.  psylostachya  DC.     Wiitish  with  oppressed  wooUy  hairs,  branched ;  lys. 
crowded,  rigid,  the  lower  opposite,  bipinnatifid,  upper  lanceolate,  sessile,  pin- 
natifid ;  sterile  hds.  in  spicate  racemes,  fertile  clustered  at  the  base  of  the  sterile 
spikes,   in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves ;  fr.  hairy.—®  Prairies,  Wis.  to  Tex, 
Stem  1 — 5f  high,  at  length  very  branching  and  leafy.     Aug.,  Sept. 


444  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

4  A.  bidentata  MX.  Very  hirsute ;  st.  branching ;  branches  simple ;  Ivs.  crowded, 
mostly  alternate,  closely  sessile  or  partly  clasping,  undivided,  oblong,  with  a  single 
tooth  or  short  lobe  on  each  side  near  the  base ;  sterile  hds.  densely  spicate,  fer- 
tile axillary ;  fr.  ±-angkd,  acutely  pointed,  the  4  ribs  produced  in  4  short  spines. 
— (T)  Prairies,  111.  to  La,  Stem  1 — 3f  high,  with  numerous  leaves  and  very  dense, 
terminal  spikes.  Jl. — Sept. 

46.  XAFTTHIUM,    Tourn.      CLOT-WEED.     Heads   heterocephaloua. 
Sterile,  in  globous  heads ;  scales  distinct",  in  one  row ;  anthers  approxi- 
mate,   but  distinct ;    receptacle   chaffy.      Fertile  :  involucre   2-leaved, 
clothed  with   hooked  prickles,   1    or  2-beaked,   enclosing   2  flowers ; 
stamens  0. — (T)  Coarse  weeds  with  alternate  Ivs. 

1  X.  Strumarium  L.    Rough,  unarmed,  branching;  Ivs.  cordate,  lobed,  3-veined, 
unequally  serrate ;  fr.   elliptical,   armed  with  uncinate,  stiff  thorns,  and  ending 
with  2,  spreading,  straight  horns. — A  coarss,  rough  plant,  in  old  fields,  &c.,  N. 
Eng.  and  Mid.   States.     Stem  branched,  bristly,  spotted,  2 — 3f  high.     Leaves 
large,  on  long  stalks,  rigid.      $  Fls.  few  together,  terminal,  globular,  green ;    $ 
in  sessile,  axillary  tufts.     Fruit  a  hard,  2-celled  burr,  near  an  inch  long,  covered 
with  stiff,  hooked  prickles,  winch,  like  those  of  the  common  burdock,  serve  to 
disperse  the  seeds.    Aug. — Variable;  fruit  more  than  1',  or  less  than  1'  in  length  ; 
thorns  very  close  or  somewhat  scattered ;  horns  spreading  or  incurved.      (X. 
echinatum  Murray.) 

2  X.  spinosum  L.      Wfiitish-downy,  armed  with  triple,  slender,  subaxillary  spines, 
spines  at  base  of  the  leaves  triple,  slender ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  cuneate  at  base, 
petiolate,  3-lobed  or  dentate  or  entire,  under  surface  and  veins  above  whitish, 
twico  longer  than  the  spines ;  invol.  oblong,  with  slender,   uncinate   thorns. — 
Roadsides  and  fields,  Mass,  to  Penn.   and  Ga.     Plant  about  If  high,  very  con- 
spicuously armed  with  straw-colored  spines  f — 1'  long.     Heads  sessile,  sterile  in 
the  upper,  fertile  in  the  lower  axils.     Sept. — Nov. 

47.  MEL  ANTHER  A,  Cass.       (Gr.  fiekag,  black,  Lat.  anthera,  an- 
ther.)    Heads  discoid ;  flowers  all  tubular,  £ ;    scales  in    2    subequal 
scries ;    receptacle    chaffy,    the   pales  partly   investing   the    flowers ; 
achenia  short,  truncate,  angular  ;  pappus  a  few  minute  caducous  awns 
or  bristles. —  2£  Herbs  rough,  with  square  stems,  opposite,  petioled,  3- 
veined   Ivs.  and  long  peduncled  hds.     Cor.  white.     Anth.  black,  tip- 
ped with  a  white  appendage. 

M.  hast  at  a  MX.  Lvs.  hastately  3-lobed,  acuminate,  dentate,  on  slender  petioles ; 
scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  pales  rigid,  cusp-pointed. — Dry  soils,  S.  Car 
to  Fla  and  La.  Sts.  3  to  Gf  high,  beautifully  variegated  with  purple,  the  branches 
slender,  erect,  few-flowered.  Lvs.  deep  green,  very  rough,  4  to  6'  long,  the 
upper  smaller.  Hds.  near  G"  broad,  of  stiff  scales  and  singularly  contrasted, 
colors. — Jl. — Sept 

48.  ZIN'NIA,    L.      (To  John  Godfrey  Zinn,    a   German   botanist, 
1557.)    Heads  radiate ;  rays  ?,  disk  tubular,  $  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
oval,  margined,  imbricate ;  receptacle  chaffy,  conical  ;   pappus  of  the 
disk  of  1   or  2  erect,  flat  awns. — (I)   American  herbs,  with  apposite, 
entire  Ivs.  and  solitary  terminal  hds.     Rays  bright  colored,  showy. 

Z.  nrultiflora  L.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  abrupt  at  base,  scarcely  petioled;  hds. 
on  peduncles  as  long  as  the  Ivs. ;  pales  obtuse,  entire ;  ach.  of  the  disk  with  one 
awn. — Fields  and  waysides,  Ga.,  Fla.,  to  Tex.  Sts.  6'  to  2f  high,  simple  or 
nearly  so.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  rather  obtuse.  Ped.  enlarged  upwards,  hollow 
Rays  about  12,  oval,  scarlet  within,  yellowish  without.  May,  Jn.  § 

2  Z.  elegaiis  L.  Lvs.  ovate,  cordate,  sessile-amplexicaul ;  hds.  on  ped. 
longer  than  the  Ivs. ;  pales  serrated;  ach.  of  the  disk  with  2  awns. — Gardens; 
Plant  tall,  elegant  and  showy,  with  brilliant  fls.  of  varying  colors,  as  orange, 
scarlet,  crimson,  purple,  violet  and  white.  Jl.,  Aug.  f  Mexico. 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE.  445 

3  Z.  pauciflonim,  with  bright  yellow  flowers  is  sometimes  cultivated. 

49.  HELIOP'SIS,  Pers.     OX-EYE,  (Gr.  jjfaog,  the  sun,  6t/u£,  appear- 
ance ;  flowers  radiant  like  the  sun.)    Hds.  radiate  ;  involucre  imbricate, 
with  ovate,  subequal  scales ;  rays  linear,  large,  ?  ;  disk  £  ;  receptacle 
chaffy,  conical,  the  pales  lanceolate;  achenia  4 -sided  ;  pappus  0. —  U 
Lvs.  opposite.     Hds.  large.     Fls.  yellow.     (Helianthus,  L.) 

H.  l^vis  Pers.  St.  smooth ;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  coarsely  serrate,  petiolate,  3- 
veined,  smooth  beneath,  upper  ones  usually  lanceolate,  lower  ones  more  or  less 
truncate  at  base. — A  large,  symmetrical  plant,  in  hedges  and  thickets,  U.  S.  St. 
angular,  striate,  di-  or  trichotomously  branched  above,  3  to  5f  high.  Lvs.  2  to 
6'  by  1  to  4',  acute,  distinctly  3-veined.  Branches  thickened  at  the  summit,  each 
terminating  with  a  large,  solitary,  yellow  head.  Hays  lanceolate,  broad  at  baso 
and  obtuse  at  summit.  Jn.,  Jl. 

ft.  GRACILIS.      Small  and  slender;    Ivs.   scabrous,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at 

base. — 2f  high.     (H.  gracilis,  Nutt.) 

y.  SCABRA.     St.  and  Ivs.  scabrous  and  yellowish -green ;  Ivs.  somewhat  deltoid, 
distinctly  truncate  at  base. — 6f  high.     Common  in  Ind.     (II.  scabra,  Hook.) 

50.  TETRAGONOTHE'CA,  Dill.  (Gr.  re-pa,  four;  yovv,  angle;  OriKrj, 
envelope.)     Heads  radiate  ;  involucre  double,  the  outer  of  4  leafy  bracts 
united  at  base,  the  inner  of  8  small  scales  similar  to  the  chaff  of  the 
conical  receptacle;  achenia  smooth,  truncate,  destitute  of  pappus. —  2£ 
Herb  clothed  with  viscid  hairs,   opposite  Ivs.,  with  yellow-flowered, 
large  hds. 

T.  helianthoides  L.  Sandy  soils,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.  A  stout,  coarse,  un- 
sightly herb,  2f  high.  Lvs.  ovate,  sessile,  repand-toothed,  3  to  5'  long.  Hds.  1 
or  few,  on  long  peduncles,  the  rays  spreading  nearly  3'.  Cor.  strongly  veined. 
Apr. — Jn. 

51.  ECHINATEA,  Moench.      PURPLE  CONE-FLOWER,      ((ir.  ^vo^}( 
the  hedgehog ;  from  the  character  of  the  pales.)     Heads  radiate ;  invo-x 
lucre,  scales  in  2  rows ;  ray  flowers  neutral ;  disk  flowers  £  i  receptacle  / 
conic,  with  rigid,  mucronate  pales;  achenia  4-angled;  pappus  0. —  2£  N 
Lvs.  alternate.     Rays  purple,  pendulous.     (Rudbeckia,  L.,  Nutt.)         — J/ 

1  E.  purpurea  Mcench.     Very  rough;  lower  Ivs.  broad-ovate,  5-veined,  attenciato 
at  base,  remotely  toothed ;  cauline  lanceolate-ovate,  acuminate,  nearly  entire ;  rays 
12   to  15,  very  long,  defloxed,  bind. — Thickets  and  barrens,  W.  and  S.  States. 
Plant  showy,  4f  high,  branched.    Lvs.  4  to  8'  long,  rough  with  short,  stiff  bristles, 
3-veined.     Hds.  large,  solitary,  on  long  ped.     LHsk  thickly  beset  with  the  slifr) 
pointed,  brown  chaff.     Rays  2  to  3'  long,  pendulous,  rarely  varying  to  white, 
f  JL— Sept. 

2  E.  angustifolia  DC.     St.  hispid,  subsimple,  slender,  naked  above;  Ivs.  entire, 
hispidly  pubescent,  3-veined,  lower  lanceolate,  petiolate,  upper  lance-linear,  sessile ; 
scales  in  about  2  rows,  short;    rays  12  to  15,  slender,  drooping. — Prairies  and 
marshes,  111.,  Mo.  to  Tex.     Plant  of  a  more  slender  habit  than  the  last,  2  to  3f 
high.     Hds.  on  long,  naked  ped.     Rays  1  to  2'  long,  purple,  varving  to  whito. 
Disk  brown.     May — JJ. 

52.  RUDBECKI'A,  L.     (To  the  celebrated  Olaus  RudbecJc,  Professor 
of  Botany,  at  Upsal,  Sweden.)     Heads  radiate  ;  involucre  scales  nearly 
equal,  leafy,  in  a  double  row,  6  in  each ;  ray-flowers  neutral ;  disk  per- 
fect;   receptacle    conic    or   columnar,  with   unarmed  pales  or  chaff; 
achenia  4-angled  ;  pappus  none,  or  a  lacerate  or  toothed  margin. —  2£ 
Lvs.  alternate.     Hds.  large.     Rays  yellow. 

§  Rays  large,  drooping.    Disk  columnar,  at  least  in  fruit Nos.  1,  2 

|  Kays  spreading.     Disk  dark  purple,  conical  or  rounded.     (*) 

*  Leaves  deeply  lobed  or  parted,  the  upper  undivided Nos.  3, 4 

*  Leaves  undivided.— Pales  of  the  disk  whitish-downy Nos.  5,  6 

—Pales  dark  purolo  as  well  as  the  ilowcrs Nos.  1—  9 


446  OKDEK  70.— COMPOSITE. 

1  R.  nitida  Nutt.     Glabrous,  shining,  subsimple,  Ivs.  thick,  lanceolate,  acute,  the 
lower  subserrulate,  petiolate,  upper  sessile  or  clasping;  hds.  few  or  solitary,  with 
long,  drooping  rays ;  pappus  coroniform,  lacerate  at  summit. — Ga,,  Fla.,  to  La.     A 
handsome  herb.  3  to  51'  high,  in  swampy  thickets.     Lvs.  with  prominent  veins 
and  veinlets.     Hds.  on  long  naked  peduncles.      Rays  9  to  12,  nearly  2'  long. 
Disk  dark  purple,  oblong-ovate  or  spicate  iu  fruit.     Jn.,  Jl. 

2  R.  laciniata  L.     Glabrous;  lower  Ivs.  pinnate,  segments  3-lobed,  upper  ones 
ovate ;  pappus  crenate. — In  the  edges  of  swamps  and  ditches,  Can.  and  U.  S.     A 
tall,  showy  plant,  resembling  Helianthus,  from  which,  however,  it  is  readily  dis- 
tinguished by  its  conical,  at  length  ovate   disk.     St.  round,  branching,  6  to  8f 
high.     Lvs.  alternate,  ample,  rough,  upper  ones  generally  ovate,  the  rest  variously 
divided,   toothed  or  cut,  petiolate.     Fls.  large,  terminal     Rays  H  to  2'  long, 
oblanceolate,  bright  yellow,  spreading  or  drooping.     Aug.     (R.  laevigata  Ph.) 

3  R.  subtomentosa  Ph.      St.  branching,   tomentous-pubescent ;    Ivs.   petiolate, 
hispid-scabrous  above,  softly  subtomentous  beneath,  serrate,  the  lower  deeply  3- 
lobed  or  3-parted,  upper  undivided,  ovate,   acuminate ;  hds.  corymbous ;  scales 
numerous,  spreading;  rays  10  to   15,  spreading;  disk  at  length  globous;  pales 
bearded,  shorter  than  the  corollas. — Prairies,  &c.,  Western  and  S.  "W.  States.     St.  3 
to  5f  high,  angular,  marked  with  brown  lines.     Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  on  petioles  1 
to  24"  long.     Rays  orange  yellow,  about  1'  long.     Jl.,  Aug. 

4  R.  triloba    L.     Hirsute ;    branches   panicled   spreading ;    lower  cauline  Ivs. 
mostly  3-lobed,   coarsely  serrate,   acuminate ;  upper  ovate  lanceolate  somewhat 
clasping,  serrate  or  entire ;  radical  ones  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  crenate-dentate  or 
incisely  lobed,  petiolate;    hds.  rather  small,  disk  dark  purple-,  at  length  ovoid; 
rays  8,  broad-oval,  rather  longer  than  the  linear,  reflexed  scales. — Fields,  Mid. 
and  "W.  States.     A  handsome  species,  2  to  4f  high,  very  branching.     Lvs.  2  to 
4'  long,   3-veined.     Rays  deep  yellow,  6  to  10"  long,  f  as  wide.     Chaff  cuspi- 
date-awned  at  the  summit.     Aug.,  Sept. 

5  R.  mollis  Ell.     Soft-woolly  or  tomentous  all  over;  Ivs.  oblong,  sessile  or  clasp- 
ing; scales  linear  lanceolate,  reflexed;  rays  15  to  20,  elongated;  disk  dark  pur- 
ple except  the  canescent  pales.     W.  Ga.     An  interesting  species,  confined  as  yet 
to  a  narrow  limit.     Plant  whitened  with  down,  2  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  small.     Hds. 
large;  rays  an  inch  long.     Pappus  almost  none.     Aug. — Oct. 

6  R.  Heliopsidia  Torr.  &  Gr.      Slightly  downy;  Ivs.  ovate  or  oval.  5- veined, 
mostly  obtuse,  petiolate ;  scales   obtuse,  squarrous;  rays  10  to  12  ;   disk  conical, 
dark  purple  except  the  downy  canescent  pales. — Barrens,  W.  Ga.  and  Ala.    Plant 

1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  the  lower  on  long  petioles.     Pappus  scarcely  any. 
Aug.,  Sept. 

7  R.  hirta  L.     Very  hirsute  or  hispid ;  st.  simple  or  somewhat  branched ;  ped. 
naked ;  Ivs.  ovate-spatulale,  3-veined,  petiolate,  mostly  entire,  tho  upper  ones  sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate;    in  vol.  scales  numerous,   narrow,  imbricated   in  3-rovvs;  rays 
spreading,  oval ;  pales   bearded. — A  showy  plant  in  dry  soils,  Can.  "W.  to   Fla., 
rarely  in  N.  Eng.     Sts.  subsimple  or  branching  from  the  base,  each  branch  leaf- 
less towards  tho  summit,  and  bearing  a  largo  head  with  12  to  15  bright  yellow 
rays.     These  are  an  inch  long,  and  surround  a  broadly  conical  disk  of  dark  brown 
chaff  and  flowers,     f  J1->  Sept. 

0  R.  fulgida  Ait.  St.  hirsute  with  rigid  hairs ;  branches  slender,  naked  above  : 
Ivs.  strigous-pubescent,  remotely  dentate,  radical  petiolate,  ovate,  5-veined,  caulino 
lance-oblong,  tapering  to  the  sessile,  subclasping  base ;  scales  oblong,  spreading,  as 
long  as  tho  spreading  rays ;  pales  glabrous,  linear-oblong,  obtuse. — Mountains, 
Peun.  to  Ohio  and  Ga.  St.  1  to  3f  high.  Rays  12  to  14,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  leafy  involucre,  deep  orange-yellow.  Jl. — Oct.  f  (R.  chrysomela  MX.  R. 
spatulata  Ph.) 

9  R.  speciosa  "Wender.  St.  hispidly  hirsute ;  branches  slender,  elongated,  naked 
above ;  Ivs.  scabrous-pubescent,  strongly  dentate  acuminate,  radical  ovate,  5-veined, 
on  long  petioles,  cauline  ovate  and  lanceolate,  3-veined,  upper  sessilo;  scales 
lance-linear,  much  shorter  than  the  spreading  rays ;  pales  linear-oblong,  acute. — 
Borders  of  woods,  111.  (Jenney),  Ohio  to  Penn.  A  large  and  very  showy  species, 

2  to  4f  high.    Lvs.  rather  thin,  radical,  4  to  5'  by  3  to  4',  tho  teeth  mucronulato ; 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE.  447 

petioles  6  to  10'  long.     Rays  about  18,  oblong,  linear,  bright  yellow.    Aug. — 
Oct.  f 

53.  LEP'ACHYS,  Raf.     Heads  radiate;    involucre  in  one   series   of 
linear  scales ;    ray  flowers  few,   neutral,  disk  perfect ;    receptacle  col- 
umnar,  chaffy ;    chaff  obtuse,   and  bearded  at  apex  ;  pappus   0  ;    fer- 
tile achenia  compressed,  1   to  2-winged.— 1±  Lvs.  alternate,  pinnately 
divided.     Hds.  of  fls.  yellow,  with  long,  drooping  rays. 

L.  piniiata  Torr.  &  Gr.  Scabrous;  IYS.  all  pinnate,  the  divisions  3  to  7, 
some  of  the  lower  ones  2 -parted,  the  rest  undivided ;  rays  elongated. — In  dry 
soils.  Western  N.  Y.,  "W.  and  S.  States.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  slender,  furrowed  and 
hispid.  Hds.  very  showy.  Rays  yellow,  about  2'  in  length,  pendulous,  the  disk 
ovate,  purple.  Jn. — Sept.  (Rudbeckia  MX.  Obeliscaria  Cass.) 

54.  HELIANTHUS,  L.     SUN-FLOWER.     (Gr.  TJAIO^  the  sun,  dv6oz, 
flower.)     Heads  radiate,  ray-fls.  neutral,  disk  £  ;  scales  of  the   invol- 
ucre imbricated  in  several  series ;  receptable  flat  or  convex,  the  chaff 
persistent,  embracing  the  achenia  ;  pappus  of  2  chaffy  awns,  deciduous  ; 
achenia  compressed  or  4-sidcd,  not  margined. — Herbs  mostly  2£,  rough. 
Lvs.  opposite,   the  upper  often   alternate,  mostly  tripli-veined.    Rays 
yellow,  disk  yellow  or  purple. 

§  Disk  (its  corollas  and  pales)  dark  purple,  mostly  convex,     (a) 

a  Herbs  annual.    Leaves  chiefly  alternate , Nos.  1,  2 

a  Herbs  perennial.    Leaves  opposite. — Scales  acuminate Nos.  8— 5 

— Scales  obtuse Nos.  0,  T 

§  Disk  (its  corollas  and  pales)  yellow,     (b) 

b  Leaves  chiefly  alternate  and  feather- veined Nos.  8 — 11 

b  Leaves  chiefly  opposite  and  3-veined  or  tripliveined.    (c) 

C  Scales  erect,  closely  imbricated. — Plants  green,  rough Nos.  12,  13 

—Plants  whitish,  downy Nos.  14,  15 

.  c  Scales  loosely  spreading.    Heads  large,  9  to  15-rayed.    (d) 

d  Scales  lance-linear,  longer  than  disk.    Leaves  thin Nos.  16,17 

d  Scales  lance-ovate,  as  long  as  the  disk.     Leaves  thick Nos.  IS — 21 

C  Scales  loosely  spreading.    Heads  small,  5  to  S-rayed Nos.  22  -25 

1  H.   anmms  L.     Erect,  stout]    Ivs.  all  cordate,  3-veined,  only  the  lowest  op- 
posite ;  ped.  thick ;  hds.  large,  nodding ;  ach.  glabrous. — This  stately  annual  is 
from  S.  America.     It  grows  in  any  soil,  but  its  magnitude  is  in  proportion,  vary- 
ing from  2f  to  10,  or  even  15f.     The  enormous  size  of  the   flowers  with  their 
broad   rays  of  brilliant   yellow  are  too  well  known  to  require  description.     A 
variety  occurs  with  the  flowers  all  radiate.     Jl.,  Aug. — An  edible  oil  has  been 
expressed  from  the  seeds. 

2  H.  debilis  Nutt.     Decumbent,  slender;  Ivs.  ovate,  serrulate,  petiolate,  mostly 
alternate ;  hds.  small,  solitary,  pedunculate  ;  scales  narrow,  slender-pointed ;  ach. 
pubescent. — (J)  Fla.,  La.     (Not  within  our  limits  ?).     Sts.  1  to  2f  long.     Hds.  half 
an  inch  diam.     Rays  about  12. 

3  H.  Radula  Torr.  &  Gr.      Erect,  hirsute,   simple,  bearing  a  single  head ;  Ivs. 
sessile  or  nearly  so,  roundish  obovate  or  ovate,  obtuse,  opposite,  crowded  below ; 
scales  and  pales  lanceolate,  acuminate,  erect,  dark  purple ;  rays  7  to  10,  rarely  none. 
— U  Barrens,  Ga.,  Ala,,  Fla.     Sts.  often  clustered,  1  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  very  rough 
on  the  upper  surface.     Hds.  near   1'  diam.,  disk  dark  purple.     Aug.,  Sept.  f 
(Rudbeckia,  Ph.) 

4  H.  heteroph^lhis  Kutt.     Slightly  hispid,  slender,  bearing  a  single  head ;  Ivs. 
opposite,  entire,  subsessile,  the  lower  oval,  upper  linear-lanceolate,  scales  acumi- 
nate, erect,  ciliate;  pales  acute;  rays  12  to  18. —  U  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  '  St.  1 
to  2f  high.     Hds.  G"  diam.,  rays  expanding  2£'.     Aug.,  Sept. 

5  H.  aiigustifolius  L.     Erect,   slender,   scabrous  or  hispidly  hirsute ;  Ivs.  ses- 
sile, lance-linear,  tapering  to  a  long  point,  1-veined,  rigid,  opposite,  the  upper  often 
alternate,   subdenticulate,  often  revoluto ;    hds.   pedunculate,  few ;    scales  lance- 
linear,  the  long  point  spreading ;  pales  linear,  3-toothed. — Sandy  or  rocky  places, 
N.  J.,  Ky.,  and  S.  States,  common.     St.  2  to  3f  high,  subsimple.     Lvs.  2  to  6'  by 
3  to  G",  broadest  at  the  abrupt  base.     Rays  12  to  13,  expanding  about  2'.     Disk 
flowers  brown  at  the  summit.    Aug. — Oct 


448  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

6  H.  rigidua  Desf.     St.  rigid,  simple  or  with  few  branches,  scabrous  or  smooth- 
ish,  nearly  naked  above ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  tapering  to  each  end,  petiolate,   mostly 
opposite,  tripli- veined,  serrulate  or  entire,  rigid,  scabrous  both  sides;  hds.  few; 
scales  in  many  rows  ovate,  acute,  regularly  imbricate,  shorter  than  the  disk ;  pales 
obtusish. — Prairies,  &c.,  Wis.  (Lapham),  to    Mo.,   La.,  &c.     Plant  2  to  4f  high. 
Lvs.  3  to  6'  by  %  to  1',  very  rough  with  papillous  hairs,  but  less  so  than  H.  divari- 
catus.     Kays  12  to  20,  expanding  2  to  3",  light  yellow.     (H.  scaberrimus  Ell.) 

7  H.  atrorubens  L.     St.  with  few  long,  naked  peduncles  above,  hirsute  below ; 
Ivs.  ovate,  or  oval,  obtusish,  abruptly  contracted  into  winged  petioles,  subserrate, 
rough  or  hispid,  3-veined;  scales  obovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  3-veined,  about  equaling 
the  disk ;  pales  obtusish.— Dry  soils,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  Ark.    St.  2  to  4f  high.    Lvs. 
mostly  near  the  base,  large.     Hds.  small,  few,  with  12  to  15  rays,  9  to  1.0"  long. 
Aug.— Oct. 

8  H.  giganteus  L.     St.  rough,  hairy  Ivs.,  alternate  (the  lowest  opposite),  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  serrate,  scabrous,  obscurely  3-veined,  tapering  at  base  into  short, 
ciliate,  winged  petioles ;  scales  lanceolate-linear,  ciliate ;  pappus  of  2  short,  slightly 
fringed  scales. — Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.,  in  low  grounds  and  thickets.     Stem  4 — 8f 
high,  purplish,  branching  above  into  a  corymbous  panicle  of  large,  yellow  flowers. 
Leaves  2 — 5'  by  ^ — 1',  opposite  or  alternate  in  various  degrees.     Rays  12 — 20. 
Variable. 

"/?.  AMBIGUUS.     Lvs.  nearly  all  opposite,  sessile  and  rounded  at  base." — L.  I. 
(T.  &  G.) 

9  H.  tomentosus  MX.     St.  stout,  pubescent,  branched  above ;  Ivs.  mostly  alter- 
nate, acuminate,  nearly  entire,  scabrous  above,  tomentous  or  nearly  glabrous  be- 
neath, lower  ones  ovate,  petiolate,  upper  long-lanceolate,  subsessile ;  hds.  long-pedun- 
culate; scales  lance-linear,  long-acuminate,   villous,  squarrous;  chaff  3-toothed, 
hirsute  at  summit. — Dry  soils,  111.  to  Ga.     Plant  4  to  8f  high,  with  ample  Ivs.  and 
fls.     Lvs.  6  to  12'  by  2  to  6',  some  of  them  tripli- veined.     Bays  elliptical  lanceo- 
late, about  15"  long.     Aug. — Oct.  f 

/?.  Lvs.  oval,  mostly  opposite. — Ga.     (H.  spatulatus  E1L; 

10  H.  grosse-serratus  Martens.    St.  smooth  and  glaucous ;  Ivs.  mostly  alternate, 
lanceolate,  or  lance-ovate,  long-acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  scabrous  above,  hoary 
and  softly  pubescent  beneath,  abruptly  contracted  into  naked  petioles;  scales 
lance-sttbulate,  loosely  imbricated,  sparingly  ciliate,  as   long  as  the  disk. — Ohio, 
Ind.,  111.,  to  La,     Allied  to  H.  giganteus.     St.  4  to  Gf  high.     Lvs.  G  to  9'  by  1  to 
2',  broadest  near  the  base,  lower  ones  rather  coarsely  serrate.     Rays  15  to  20, 
expanding  near  3'.     Aug.,  Sept. 

11  H.  tuberosus  L.    JERUSALEM  ARTICHOKE.     Root  bearing  oblong  tubers ;  Ivs. 
3-veined,   rough,  lower  ones  opposite,   cordate-ovate,   upper  ovate,   acuminate, 
alternate;   petioles  ciliate  at  base. —  If  Native  of  Brazil.     The  plant  has  been  cul- 
tivated for  the  sake  of  its  tuberous  roots,  which  are  used  for  pickles.     It  is  natu- 
ralized in  borders  of  fields,  hedges,  &c.     Sept.  §  \ 

12  H.  laetiflonis  Pers.      St.  rough  and  branched  above ;  Ivs.  oval-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, serrate,  tripli-veined,  very  rough  on  both  sides,  on  short  petioles,  upper 
ones  often  alternate ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  ciliate,  appressed,  a  little  shorter  than 
the  disk;  chaff  entire  or  3-toothed;  rays  12  to  20. — Barrens,  &c.,  Ind.,  Ohio  (Torr. 
&  Gr.)     A  rough,  but  showy  plant,  3  to  4f  high.     Lvs.  thick,  5  to  8'  by  1 J  to 
2y.     Rays  nearly  2'  in  length.     Disk  yellow.     Aug. — Oct.  f 

13  H.  occidentalis  Riddell.     St.  slender,  simple,  nearly  naked  above;  Ivs.  oppo- 
site, oval,  scabrous,  obscurely  serrate,  contracted  at  base  into  long,  hairy  petioles, 
upper  ones  small  and  few,  entire ;  hds.  pedunculate ;  scales  lance-oval,  oppressed. 
Sand  prairies,  W.  States.     St  3  to  5f  high,  scape-like,  slender.     Lvs.  3  to  5'  by 
1  to  2',  upper  ones  1  to  2'  long.     Hds.  few,  middle  size.     Rays  12  to  15,  light 
yellow.     JL— Sept.  f 

14  H.  mollis  Lam.     St.  villous ;  Ivs.  ovate,  acuminate,  sessile,  cordate  and  clasp- 
ing, entire  or  subserrate,   tomentous  canescent,  opposite,  upper  ones  sometimes 
alternate  ;  scales  lanceolate,  villous  canescent ;  pales  entire,  acute  and  canescent  above. 
Prairies  and  barrens,  Ohio,  Ind.,  Mo.,  common.     A  hoary  and  villous  species,  2  to 
4f  high,  nearly  simple.     Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  £  to  $  as  wide.     Rays  15  to  25,  -J  to 
1'  by  £'.     Jl. — Sept.     (H.  canescens  MX.) 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE.  449 

15  H.  cinereous.  /?.  SULLIVANTII  Torr.  &  Gr.     Rough,  cinereous-pubescent ;   st. 
virgate,  somewhat  naked  and  branched  above ;  Ivs.  opposite  (the  upper  often 
alternate),  ovate-oblong,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base,  the  lower  to  a  winged  petiole ; 
scales  lanceolate,  canescent,  pales  pointed,  with  2  lateral  teeth. — Ohio  (Suliivant). 
St.  2  to  3f  high.     Hds.  as  large  as  iu  No.  14. 

16  H.  decapetalus  L.     Los.  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate,  irregularly  toothed,  thin, 
3-veined,  scabrous  above,  smooth  or  nearly  so  beneath,  on  winged  petioles ;  scales 
lanceolate-linear,  subciliate  spreading,  nearly  equal;  rays  9  to  12,  pale  yellow. — 
Copses,  along  streams,  Can.,  N.   Eng.  and  Middle  States.     St.  3  to  4f  high,  pur- 
plish.    Invol.  varying  in  all  degrees  of  leafiness  between  the  present  form  and 
the  variety  following.     Aug.  f 

(3.  FRONDOSLTS.     Outer  scales  larger  and  leaf-like.     (H.  frondosus  L.) 

17  H.  tracheliifolius  Willd.     Los.  opposite,  those  of  the  branches  mostly  alternate, 
thin,   scabrous  both  sides,  tripli-veined,  appressed-serrate,  acuminate,  petiolate, 
lower  ones  ovate,  middle  lance-ovate,  upper  lance-linear ;  scales  lance-linear,  atten- 
uate-acuminate, longer  than  the  disk,  loosely  spreading,  ciliate ;  chaff  slightly  3- 
toothed;  rays  12  to  15. — Tall,  handsome,  in  thickets,  &c.,  Ohio  to  111.  and  Tenn. 
St.  purplish,  3  to  8f  high.     Lvs.  3  to  6'  long.     Hds.  middle  size,  at  top  of  the  slen- 
der, suberect  branches.     Rays  expanding  2  to  3'. 

18  H.  doronicoides  Lam.     St.  branched,  rough  or  hirsute  above;  Ivs.  opposite, 
petiolate,  the  upper  alternate  and  subsessile,  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
tripli-veined,  serrate,  very  scabrous  above,  smooth  and  pubescent  beneath ;  scales 
lance-linear,  ciliate,  longer  than  the  disk;  rays  12  to  15. — "W.  and  S.  States.    Also 
at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.  (W.  R.  Gerard.)   St.  4 — 7f.   Lvs.  3  to  1 0'  by  1  to  3' ;  petioles 
i  to  I7  long.     Rays  very  showy,  15  to  20"  by  4  to  6".     JL— Sept 

(3.  PLENA-FLORA.     Fls.  all  radiate. — Gardens.     A  handsome  flower,  somewhat 
like  a  yellow  Dahlia.  ^ 

19  H.  strumosus  L.     St.  smooth  below,   scabrous  above;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate, 
short  petioled,  all  similar,  acuminate,  finely  serrate,  scabrous  above,   smooth  01 
tomentous- canescent  beneath;  hds.  few,  about  10-rayed;  scales  ciliate,  equaling 
the  disk,  squarrous-spreading  at  tip. — 14  Grows  in  swamps,  &c.,  Can.  and  U.  S. 
St.  3  to  5f  high,  erect,  branching  above,     Lvs.  petiolate,  with  an  acute  point  and 
close  serratures,  the  lower  surface  varying  in  the  degree  of  pubescence.     Rays 
bright  yellow,  an  inch  or  more  in  length.     Scales  hairy.     JL 

20  H.  hirsutus  Raf.     St.  simple  or  dichotomous  above,  scabrous,  hirsute;  Ivs. 
opposite,  petiolate,  subserrate,  3-veined,  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse  at  base,  acumi- 
nate, very  scabrous  above,  hirsute  beneath;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  hir- 
sute, as  long  as  the  disk;  rays  11 — 15.— Dry  soils,  Western  and  Southern  States. 
Stem  4 — 7f  high,  with  irregular,  alternate  branches.     Leaves  3 — 10'  by  1 — 3', 
petioles  £ — 1'  long.    Rays  very  showy,  15 — 18"  by  4 — 6".    Jl. — Sept.   (H.  diver- 
sifolius  Ell.) 

ft.  PUBESCBNS.     Lvs.  tomentous  beneath,  subsessile.     (H.  pubescens  Hook.) 

21  H.  divaricatus  L.     St.  smooth,  branching  or  simple;  Ivs.  nearly  opposite, 
sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  3-veined,  scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath;  panicle  tricho- 
tomous,  slender,  few-flowered. — Rocky  woods,  brook-sides,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am. 
Stem  5f  high,  glaucous.     Leaves  rather  abrupt  at  base,  tapering  to  a  long,  acute 
point,  with  obtuse  serratures.     Flowers  large,  although  small  for  the  genus,  few, 
yellow  and  showy.     The  panicle  is  either  2  or  3-forked.     Aug.,  Sept. 

/3.  SCABERRIMUS.     St.  subsimple ;  Ivs.  thick,  exceedingly  rough  and  rigid ;  op- 
posite or  ternately  verticillate. — Barrens,  West. 

22  H.  microcephahiB  Torr.  &  Gr.    St.  glabrous;  Ivs.  opposite,  thin,  oblong-lance- 
olate, acuminate  at  each  end,  petiolate,  roughish  above,  downy  beneath;  hds.  very 
small;  scales  with  slender,  spreading  points;  rays  5  to  7. — Thickets,  W.  Can., 
Y\T.  States,  to  La.    St.  3  to  6f  high,  fork-branched,  or  sometimes  irregularly.    Lvs. 
4  to  5'  long.     Hds.  3  to  4"  diam.,  rays  spreading  !£'.     Jl. — Sept. 

23  H.  Schweinitzii  Torr.  &  Gr.    St.  pubescent,  with  appressed,  bristly  hairs;  Ivs. 
rough  above,  densely  tomentous-canescent  beneath,  otherwise  as  in  No.  22. — N.  Car. 
in  the  upland  counties  (Curtis).    Similar  to  H.  microcephalus,  except  in  its  rough 
and  downy  clothing. 

24  H.  Icevigatua  Torr.  &  Gr.     Smooth  throughout;  st.  slender,  nearly  simple; 

29 


450  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

hds.  small,  but  larger  than  in  No.  22.     Character  otherwise  as  in  that  species.-*- 
Alleghanies  of  Va,  and  Car. 

25  H.  longifolius  Ph.  Very  smooth,  often  clustered;  IDS.  chiefly  opposite,  long- 
lance-linear,  acute,  entire,  obscurely  3-veined,  sessile,  the  radical  somewhat  serrate 
and  petioled ;  scales  ovate,  acute,  the  outer  with  spreading  tips ;  rays  8  to  10, 
short. — Western  Ga.  St.  4  to  7f  high,  smooth  and  dark  purple.  Hd.  not  larger 
than  in  No.  22. — A  rare  species. 

55.  HELIANTHEL'LA,  Torr.  &  Gr.    (Lat.  diminutive  of  Helianthus.) 
Involucre,  flowers  and  pales  as  in  Helianthus ;  achenia  compressed,  4- 
angled.  one  or  more  of  its  angles  slightly  winged  and  produced  into  a 
persistent,  awn-like  or  chaffy  appendage. — 11  Lvs.  scattered. 

H.  tenuifolia  Torr.  &  Gr.  Rough,  slender;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear;  scales  lance- 
subulate,  spreading,  hairy;  rays  10  to  12;  pales  3-lobed;  ach.  2-toothed  at  the 
summit.  Sand  hills,  Gadsden  Co.,  Fla.  (Chapman). 

56.  ACTINOM'ERIS,  JSTutt.     (Gr.  ditriv,  a  ray,  pepog,  a  part;  par- 
tially radiate.)     Heads  many-flowered,  ray  flowers  4  to  14,  rarely  0; 
involucre  scales  foliaceous,  subequal,  in  1  to  3  series ;  receptacle  conical 
or  convex,  chaffy ;  achenia  compressed,  flat,  obovate,  mostly  winged,  2 
awned. —  2£  Plants  tall,  with  3  veined,  serrate  Ivs.     Hds.  corymbous. 
Rays  when  present  yellow 

*  Stem  winged  with  the  decurrcnt,  alternate  leaves Nos.  1 — 3 

*  Stem  not  at  all  winged,  with  mostly  opposite  leaves No.  4 

1  A.  helianthoides  Nutt.     St.  hirsute,  winged  except  near  the  base ;  Ivs.  alter- 
nate, ovate-lanceolate,  decurrent,  acuminate,  serrate,  hirsute  and  scabrous  ;  co- 
rymb contracted ;  rays  6 — 14,  long,  irregular ;  scales  erect. — In  barrens  and  prai- 
ries, Western  States.    It  is  a  rough  plant,  with  the  aspect  of  a  Helianthus.    Stem 
2 — 4f  high.     Leaves  2 — 4'  by  6 — 14",  grayish.     Rays  1'  long.     Fls.  all  yellow. 
Jn.,  Jl.     (Verbesina  MX.) 

2  A.  squarrosa  Nutt.     St.  tall,  winged,  branching  above,  somewhat  pubescent ; 
Ivs.  alternate,  often  opposite,  oblong-lanceolate,  elongated,  tapering  to  each  acute 
or  acuminate  end,  scabrous,  decurrent ;  hds.  small ;  scales  spreading  or  reflexed  ; 
rays  4 — 8;  regular,  short;  receptacle  very  small. — Dry,  alluvial  soils,  W.  N,  Y. 
and  W.  States,  common.     An  unsightly  weed,  5 — lOf  high.     Leaves  6 — 14'  by 
1 — 3',  sharply  serrate,  especially  the  lower.    Rays  £'  long.    Fls.  all  yellow.    Aug. 
— Oct.     (Coreopsis  alternifolia  L.) 

3  A.  alba  Torr.  &  Gr.     St.  narrowly  winged,  rarely  wingless;  Ivs.  glabrous  but 
rough,  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  iinely  serrate ;  scales  lance-linear, 
few,  in  about  2  rows;  rays  none;  ach.  broadly  winged,  with  2  spreading  awns; 
cor.  white. — S.  Car.,  Ga.  to  La.,  common  in  moist,  rich  soils.     St.  4  to  6f  high. 
Lvs.  5  to  8'  long.     Hds.  in  small  corymbs,  globular.    Aug. — Oct.     (A.  squarrosa, 
/?.  Nutfc) 

4  A.  uudicaulio  Nutt.     Rough,  hairy ;  st.  wingless,  naked  and  branched  above ; 
Ivs.  ollong,  unequally  serrate,  acute,  closely  sessile,  the  upper  bract-like ;  hds.  pani- 
culate,  corymbed;  scales  pubescent,  in  2  or  3  rows;  rays  7  to  12,  linear;  ach. 
,broad-obovate,   narrowly  winged. — Ga.  (Feay,   Pond),   Fla.,  Ala.,  in  sandy  soil. 
St.  2  to  3f  high.    Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.    Ach.  1"  long.    Awns  erect.    Fls.  all  yellow. 
£ays  1  to  l£'  long.     Sept.,  Oct. 

,57.  COREOP'SIS,  L.  TICK-SEED.  (Gr.  Kopi$,  a  bug,  oyi?,  appear- 
ance ;  from  the  concavo-convex,  2-horned  achenia.)  Heads  many- 
flowered,  radiate,  rays  about  8,  rarely  0 ;  involucre  double,  each  6  to 
l"2-leaved ;  receptacle  chaffy  ;  achenia  obcompressed,  emarginate,  each 
commonly  with  a  2-toothed,  upwardly  hispid  pappus,  sometimes  with 
none. — Lvs.  mostly  opposite.  Rays  usually  yellow ;  disk  fls.  yellow  or 
dark  purple. 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE.  451 

§  Corollas  of  the  disk  dark  purple,  (a) 

a  Kay  flowers  yellow  with  a  purple  base.     Achenia  incurved Nos.  1,  2 

a  Ray  flowers  wholly  yellow.     Achenia  not  incurved,  2-awned Nos.  3—5 

<5  Corollas  of  the  disk  yellow.    Kays  rose-colored.    Leaves  simple Nos.  6,  7 

|  Corollas  of  the  disk  and  ray  all  yellow  (disk  brownish  in  No.  9).  (b) 

b  Leaves  sessile,  divided  often  so  as  to  appear  verttcillate Nos.  S— 11 

b  Leaves  petiolate,  never  serrate, — pinnate  with  lance-linear  segments. Nos.  12, 1'i 
— simple,  or  rarely  auricled  below... Nos.  14—15 

b  Leaves  petiolate,  serrated. — simple;  achenia  awns  obsolete Nos.  16— 17 

—compound.— Rays  about  8 Nos.  18— W 

— Rays  wanting No.  21 

1  C.  Drummondii  Torr.  &  Gr.     Pubescent ;  Ivs.  pinnately  divided,  sometimes 
simple,   segments  (or  leaves)  oval,  entire ;  scales  lanceolate-acuminate ;  rays  un- 
equally 5-toothed,  twice  longer  than  the  in  vol. ;  ach.  obovate,  incurved,  scarcely 
toothed. — CD  From  Texas.     St.  10  to  20'  high.     Rays  large,  yellow,  with  a  pur- 
ple spot  at  base,  f     (Calliopsis,  Don.) 

/?.  ATROSANGUINEA.     A  garden  variety  with  dark  orango  fls.  f 

2  C.  tinctoria  Nutt.    Glabrous ;  Ivs.  alternate,  radical  ones  subbipinnate,  Ifts. 
oblong-linear,  entire,  smooth,  cauline  subpinnato,  Ifts.  linear ;  rays  3-lobed  at  the 
apex,  ach.  wingless,  toothless. — A  handsome  border  annual,  native  of  tho  upper 
Missouri.     St.  1  to  3f  high,  with  light,  smooth  foliage.     Hds.  with  yellow  rays, 
beautifully  colored  with  purple  at  their  base.     Flowering  all  summer.  -j-     (Calliop- 
sis  DC.) 

3  C.  gladiata  "Walt.     Glabrous ;  st.  terete,  Ivs.  thickish,  alternate,  some  of  them 
ternately  divided,  tho  lower  lance-oblong,  long-tapering  to  a  clasping  petiole,  upper 
lance-linear,  acute;  outer  scales  lance-ovate ;  ach.  fringed  with  2  slender  awns. — 
Moist  soils  in  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.     St.  2  to  3f  high,  slender.     Hds.  several, 
corymbed ;  rays  3-toothed  at  the  dilated  apex,  yellow ;  disk  purple.    Aug.,  Sept. 

4  C.  angustifolia  Ait.     Glabrous ;  st.  square  •  Ivs.  opposite,  sometimes  the  lower 
alternate,  undivided,  the  lower  spatulate,  long-petiolate,  upper  linear,  spatulate,  ob- 
tuse ;  outer  scales  ovate,  obtuse ;  ach.  wing-fringed,  the  2  awns  very  short. — Moist 
soils,  in  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Sts.  slender,  2f  high.     Hds.  several, 
corymbed,  with  the  rsys  3-lobed  at  the  dilated  summit.     Jn. — Sept. 

5  C.   CEmleri  Ell.     Glabrous;    st.  angular  above;    Ivs.  opposite,  or  the  lower 
alternate,   lance-ovate,  narrowed  to  a  clasping  petiole,  upper  lanceolate ;  outer 
scales  oblong,  obtuse  ;  ach.  margined,  ciliate,  the  2  awns  very  short. — "W.  Ga.  and 
Fla.,  iisar  the  Chattahoochee.    Sts.  2f  high.     Lvs.  rather  thick,  entire,  the  upper 
always  opposite.     Jl.,  Aug. 

G  C.  nudata  Nutt.  Glabrous,  very  slender;  Ivs.  few,  terete,  rush-like,  alternate, 
the  lower  very  long ;  hds.  lew ;  outer  scales  very  short,  obtuse,  inner  ovate, 
acutish ;  rays  wedge-obovate,  unequally  crenate-lobed. —  2£  A  curious  species,  in 
shady  swamps,  Ga.  and  Fla.,  near  Savannah  to  St.  Mary's  and  Apalachicola.  Sts. 
2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  1  to  10'  long.  Rays  somewhat  fan-shaped,  rose-purple, 

.     spreading  20".     Apr. — Jn. 

7  C.  rosea  Nutt.     St.  branched;  Ivs.  opposite,  l-veined,  linear,  entire,  ped.  short; 
outer  scales  very  short;  rays  oblong,  obscurely  tridentate. —  If  A  very  delicate 
species  in  wet  grounds,  Mass.  (Dr.  Robbins),  to  N.  J.     St.  slender,  erect,  8  to  16' 
high.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  scarcely  1"  wide,  clothing  the  stem.     Hds.  few,  small 
Rays  rose-color,  varying  to  white.     Disk  light  yellow.     Jl.,  Aug. 

8  C.  senifolia  MX.     Minutely  downy  or  glabrous ;  Ivs.  opposite,  ternate,  sessile, 
appearing  in  whorls  of  6 ;  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  acute,  thick ;  scales  downy, 
obtuse ;  rays  oval-oblong,  entire. — Sandy  soils,  Va.,  Ky.  to  Ga.,  common.     St.  1 
to  2f  high,    angular,   strict,   slender.     Rays  bright  yellow,  1'  long.     Corollas  of 
the  disk  yellow.     Jl.,  Aug. 

(3.  STELLATA.     Lfts.   lance-linear,  and  even  linear,  mostly  glabrous. — Ky.  and 
Tenn.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.     (C.  stellata  Nutt.) 

9  C.  delphinifolia  Lam.    Glabrous;  Ivs.  opposite,  sessile,  divided  into  Ifts.  which 
are  each  again  2  to  5-parted,  segm.   linear,  entire,  acute ;  disk  corollas  brown  at 
summit ;  outer  scales  linear,  inner  ovate,  all  obtuse ;  rays  acute. — Barrens,  Ya.  to 
Fla,  and  Ala.     St.  1  to  2f  high.     Lfts.  1  to  2'  long,  1  to  3"  broad.     Hds.  small. 
Aug. 

10  C.  verticillata  L.     Glabrous  branched  Ivs.  3-divided,  closely  sessile,  divisions 


452  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

pinnately  or  bipinnately  parted,  segments  filiform,  linear,  obtuse;  rays  acute  or  (in. 
cultivation)  obtuse  and  2  or  3- toothed;  ach.  obovate,  slightly  2-toothed. — if 
Moist  places,  Md.  and  Western  States.  Stem  1 — 3f  high.  Leaflets  apparently 
verticiliate  in  6s.  Heads  with  bright  yellow  rays,  near  1'  long.  Outer  scales 
oblong-linear,  obtuse,  united  at  base.  June — Aug. 

11  C.  palmata  Nutt.     .Nearly  smooth ;  st.  branched,  angled  and  striate,  very 
leafy  to  the  summit ;  Ivs.  sessile,  deeply  3-cleft  (to  below  the  middle),  rigid,  lobes 
linear,  acutish,  entire  or  again  cleft;   rays  obovate-oblong ;  ach.  linear-elliptic,  in- 
curved.— Dry  prairies,  W.  States.     Stem  1 — 2f  high,  sometimes  much  branched. 
Leaves  1 — 2£'  long,  some  of  them  undivided,   lobes  2 — 4"  wide.     Heads  1  or 
several,  with  yellow  rays.     Outer  scales  linear  oblong,  obtuse.    Jn.,  Jl.    (Calliop- 
sis,  Spreng.) 

12  C.  tripteris  L.     Glabrous ;  sL  simple,  tall,  corymbous  at  summit ;  Ivs.  coriace- 
ous, opposite,  petiolate,   3 — 5-divided,   divisions  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  acute; 
hds.  small,  on  short  peduncles,  rays  obtuse. — A  tall,  smooth,  elegant  species,  in 
dry  soils,   Southern  and  Western  States,    common.     Stern  4 — 8f  high,  slender, 
terete.     Divisions  of  the  leaves  3 — 5'  by  f — I-}'.    Rays  spreading  -J'  long.    Outer 
scales  linear,  obtuse,  spreading,  much  smaller  than  the-  inner.     Jl. — Oct.    (Chry- 
sostemma,  Less.) 

13  C.  grandiflora  Nutt.     Glabrous ;  st.  low,  simple  or  branched ;  Ivs.  petiolato, 
lanceolate,  mostly  pinnately  or  ternately  divided,  segments  lance-linear  or  linear; 
hds.  solitary,   on  long  peduncles,  large ;  rays  4  to  5-cleft  at  apex. — Mo.  to  Ala! 
and  Tex.     Plant  If  high.     Hds.  much  like  No.  14.     Jl.— Sept. 

14  C.  lanceolata  L.      St.   ascending,   often    branched  below;    lower   Ivs.   el- 
lanceolate,  petiolate,  the  upper  lanceolate,  sessile,  all  entire,  with  scabrous  margins ; 
hds.  solitary,  on  very  long,  naked  peduncles ;  rays  4 — 5-toothed  at  apex ;  ach. 
euborbicular,  with  2   small  teeth. — If   Native  of  the  Southern  States.     Heads 
showy.     Rays  about  8,  1'  by  -£'.     Jn. — Aug.  f 

15  C.  auriculata  L.     Pubescent;  lower  Ivs.  roundish-ovate,  petiolate,  some  of 
them  with  2  small,  lateral  segments  at  base  (auriculate),  the  upper  oblong,  nearly 
or  quite  sessile ;  hds.  few,  on  long  peduncles ;  outer  scales  oblong-linear. — Dry 
soils,  Va.,  Ky.  to  Ga.  and  La.     Plant  1  to  3f  high,  variable.     At  first  (May,  Jn.) 
it  has  divided  Ivs.  and  very  long  peduncles.     Later  (Jl.,  Aug.),  it  is  tall,  the  Ivs. 
all  entire,  the  lower  having  perished.     Hds.  similar  to  No.  14.     May — Aug. 

16  C.  latifolia  MX.     Very  glabrous,  tall;  Ivs.  thin,  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate, 
unequally  toothed,  petiolate,  the  upper  ovate-oblong ;  hds.  small ;  rays  5  to  G,  en- 
tire ;  outer  scales  4  to  5,  linear,  spreading. — Mts.,  N.  Car.  to  Ga.     Plant  with  am- 
ple Ivs.  and  few  large,  yellow  rays.     Aug. 

17  C.  argdta  Ph.     Smooth  or  nearly  so ;  sta.  strict,  striate-angled ;  Ivs.  of  tho 
stem  simple,  petiolate,  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  mucronate-serrato ; 
hds.  few,  large,  on  slender,  naked  peduncles ;  outer  scales  about  8,  as  long  as  tho. 
inner;  rays  9  to  12,  3-cleft;   ach.  oblong,  awns  obsolete. — Car.  (Pursh),  AY.  Ga., 
in  the  upland  districts.     Differs  much  from  C.  aurea.     St.  2  to  Of  high.     Lvs.  1 
to  3'  long.     Rays  spreading  ]•£'.     (Root  Ivs.  not  seen).     May — Jn. 

18  C.  aurea  Ait.    Nearly  glabrous ;  lower  Ivs.  pinnately  divided,  upper  ternately, 
or  simple ;  divisions  ovate,  lanceolate  and  lance-linear,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate. ; 
outer  scaks  about  8 ;  linear  as  long  as  the  inner ;  rays  about  8,  obtuse ;  ach.  teeth 
very  short. — (§)  Ditches,   etc.,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     An  untidy  weed,  2  to  4f 
high.     Hds.  small,  corymbed.     Ach.  2"  long.     Aug.,  Oct. 

19  C.  aristosa  MX.     Sparingly  pubescent ;  Ivs.  pinnately  5  to  9-parted,  segments 
lance-linear,  incisely  serrate  or  pinnatifid ;  hds.  small,  with  conspicuous  rays ;  outer 
invol.  of  10  to  12  linear,  green  scales  longer  than  the  inner,  villous  at  base ;  awns 
slender,  spreading,  about  as  long  as  the  achenium. — ®  Low  woods,  W.  States.    St. 
obtusely  4-angled,  2  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  thin,  4  to  6'  long,  petioles  £  to  1'.     Rays 
8,  orange-yellow,  expanding  !•£'.     (C.  involucrata  Nutt.) 

20  C.  trichosp£rma  MX.     St.  glabrous,  square,  dichotomous ;  Ivs.  pinnately  5  to 
1-parled,  briefly  petiolate,  segm.  lanceolate,  incised  or  serrate ;  scales  of  the  outer 
invol.  ciliate,  linear,  long  as  the  inner ;  rays  entire,  large ;  ach.  narrow-cuneatet 
with  2  short,  stoat  awns. — (£>  In  wet  grounds,  N.  Y.,  Mass,  to  Car.     A  smooth, 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE.  453 

branching  plant,  I  to  2f  high,  with  a  panicle  of  large,  showy,  yellow  heads.  Lvs. 
mostly  opposite,  thin,  the  upper  3-cleft,  subsessile.  Ach.  £'  long,  awns  half  as 
long.  JL,  Aug. 

21  C.  discoidea  Torr.  &  Gr.  Glabrous,  much  branched,  erect ;  Ivs.  ternate,  Jong- 
petiolate ;  Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  strongly  dentate,  hds.  discoid  on  slender  pedun- 
cles; outer  involucre  3 — 5  linear-spatulate,  leaf-like  bracts;  ach.  linear-oblong, 
twice  longer  than  the  2  erect  awns  which  are  hispid  upwards. — (T1  Ohio  to  La. 
Stem  and  branches  purplish.  Terminal  leaflets  3 — 5  by  £ — !£',  lateral  much 
smaller.  Heads  small  (3"  diam.),  about  30-flowered.  Jl. — Sept. 

58.  BIDDEN S,  L.     BURR-MARIGOLD,     (Lat  bidens,  two-toothed ;  the 
schema  have  two  (or  more)  barbed  teeth.)     Involucre  double  ;  scales 
somewhat  similar,  or  the  outer  foliaceous;  rays  4  to   8  (sometimes 
none),  neutral ;  disk-flowers  perfect ;  receptacle  chaffy,  flat ;  pappus  of 
2  to  4  awns  rough  backwards;  achcnia  obcompressed,  obscurely  quad- 
rangular.— Lvs.  opposite,  incised.     Fis.  yellow. 

^  Achcnia  linear,  somewhat  4-angled,  3  to  4-awncd.    Eays  few  or  none No.  1 

§  Achenia  flattened,  broadest  at  top, — Eays  none  or  very  few Nos.  2—4 

—Eays  about  8,  showy,  regular Nos.  5,  6 

1  B.  bipinnata  L.     SPANISH  NEEDLES.     Smooth,  Ivs.  bipinnate,  Ifts.  lanceo- 
late, pinnatifid,  rays  very  short  or  none;  outer  in  vol.  the  length  of  the  inner; 
ach.  slender,  elongated.— (I)  Grows  ia  waste  places    Conn,,   N.   Y.,  west    to    I1L 
St  2  to  4f  high,  branching,  smooth,     Lvs.  bipinnately  dissected,  nearly  smooth, 
lids,  of  flowers  on  long  peduncles,  each  with  3  or  4  (or  none)  obscure,  obovate, 
yellow  rays.    Jl. — Sept. 

2  B.  frondosa  L.      Hds.  discoid;   outer  invoL  6  times  as  long  as  the  flower, 
Us  leaflets  ciliate  at  base;  lower  Ivs,  pinnate,  upper  ones  ternate,  lanceolate,  ser- 
rate; ach,.  2-awned. — ®  A  common  weed,  in  moist,  cultivated  fields  throughout 
Can,  and  U,  &,  often  called  Beggar-ticks  from  the  2-horned  achenia  which  adhere 
to  every  passer-by.     St.   2f  higli,  diffusely  branched.     Lower  Ivs.  in  2s  or  5s. 
Pis.  in  clusters  at  the  end  of  the  branches,  without  rays,  yellow,  leafy.     Aug., 
Sept 

3  B.  connata  "Willd,      Hds.  discoid,   smooth;    Ivs.   lanceolate,  serrate,   slightly 
connate  at  base,  lower  ones  mostly  trifid;  outer  scaks  longer  than  Hie  head,  leafy ; 
cch.  with  3  awns. — (T)  In  swamps  and  ditches,  Can.  N.  Eng.,  to  Mo.     St  1  to  3f 
high,  smooth  and  4-furrowed,  with  opposite  branches.     Lvs.  thin,  taper-pointed, 
often  all  undivided.     Hds.  scarcely  ever  with  a  ray,     Aug.  (B.  tripartita,  Bw.) 

4  B.  cerrma  L.     Hds.  subradiate,  cermwus;  outer  invol.  as  long  as  the  flower ;  Ivs. 
all  simple,  lanceolate,  subconnate,  dentate. — In  swamps  and  ditches,  Can.  to  Pa. 
and  Wise.     St   1  to  2f  liigh,  purplish,  branched,  round  at  base,  striate  above. 
Branches  opposite.     Lvs.  opposite,  somewhat  connate  at  base.     Fls.  yellowish 
green,  finally  drooping,  generally  with  small  yellow  rays  about  8  in  number. 
Aug.,  Oct. 

5  B.  chrysanthemoides  L.     Rays  3  times  as  long  as  the  nearly  equal  invol. ; 
Ivs.  oblong,  attenuate  at  each  end,  connate  at  base,  dentate. — (I)  A  low  plant,  with 
large,  yellow-rayed  flowers,  in  muddy  places,  Can.  and  U.  S. '  Stem  6 — 20'  high, 
round  and  smooth.     Leaves  smooth,  with  few  remote  teeth,  narrow,  opposite, 
vrith  narrow,  connate  bases.      Flowers  commonly  erect,   rays  about  8,  large, 
spreading.     Scarcely  distinct  from  B.  cernua.     Sept.,  Oct 

6  B.  Beckii  Torr.     St  subsimple;  submersed  Ivs.  capillaceous-multifid ;  emersed 
ones  lanceolate,  connate,  acutely  serrate  or  lanciniate;   fls.  radiate;  rays  longer 
than  the  involucre. —  4  In  water,  K  Y.  (Sartwell),  Ac.     Vt.  (Chandler),  N.  to 
Can.     Stem  2 — 3f  long,  simple  or  with  minute,  slender  branches  above.     Lower 
leaves  dissected  as  in  Ranunculus  aquatilis ;  upper  1 — 2'  long,  |  as  wide,  deeply 
serrate.     Head  solitary,  terminal,  yellow.     July,  Aug. 

59.  ACMELXA,      L.     (Gr.  a,K\ir\,  a  point;  from  the  sharp  taste  of 
the  foliage !)     Heads  radiate ;  involucre  shorter  than  the  disk,  double, 
appressed,  pubescent;  receptacle,  conical,  chaffy ;  pales  embracing  the 
flowers;  rays  about  12,  ?,  disk  $  ;  achenia  compressed,  those  of  the 


454  ORDER  70. — COMPOSITE. 

raj  angular,  mostly  awnlcss. — CD  Herbs  with  an  acrid  taste,  opposite 

Ivs.,  solitary,  yellow  heads.     Tropical. 

A.  ripens  Pers.  St.  decumbent,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints,  diffuse ;  Ivs.  lanceo- 
late or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  petiolate,  more  or  less  serrate ;  hds. 
solitary,  on  axillary  and  terminal  peduncles;  scales  lance-ovate;  rays  10  to  12. — 
"Wet  places,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  Sept.,  Oct.  (Spilanthes  Nuttallii,  T.  &  G-.) 

60.  VERBESPNA,  L.    CROWN-BEARD.    Heads  few  or  many-flowered ; 
rays  $ ,  few  or  none,  disk  £  ;   scales  in  2  or  more  series,  imbricated, 
erect ;  chaff  concave,  or  embracing  the  flowers ;  achenia  compressed, 
2-awned. —  H  American  plants,  sometimes  shrubby.     Lvs.  often  decur- 
rent,  serrate  or  lobed.     lids,  solitary  or  corymbous. 

1  V.  siegisbeckia  MX.    St.  4-winged ;  Ivs.  opposite,  ovate  or  lance-ovato,  serrate, 
acuminate,  triple- veined,  tapering  to  a  winged  petiole,  hds.  radiate,  in  trichotomous 
cymes ;  rays  1  to  5 ;  ach.  wingless ;  fls.  yellow. — Roadsides  and  dry  fields,  W. 
and  S.  States,  common.     St.  4  to  6f  high.     Lvs.  5  to  8'  by  3  to  4',  thin.     Hds. 
about  25-flowered,  with  yellow  corollas,  and  yellow,  lanceolate  rays,  the  latter 
about  9"  long.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Coreopsis  alata  Ph.  Actinomeris  alata  Nutt.) 

2  V.  »Virginica  L.     St.  narrowly-winged,  pubescent  above ;  Ivs.  alternate,  lanceo- 
late or  lance-ovate,  subserrate,  scabrous,  acute  or  acuminate,  tapering  to  the 
sessile  base ;  lower  ones  decurrent ;  corymbs  compound,  dense ;  rays  (oval)  and 
disk-fis.  white;  ach.  winged. — Dry  woods,  Penn.  to  La.     Stem  3 — 5f  high,  and 
leaves  beneath  often  more  or  less  tomentous.     Heads  about  20-flowered,  the  3  or 
4  rays  scarcely  £'  long.     Aug.  Sept. 

3  V.    sinuata  Ell.     St.  wingless,  striate-angled,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  alternate,  ovate, 
acuminate,  contracted  to  a  long,  slender  base,  irregularly  repand-toothed and  some 
of  them  sinuate-lobed  or  pinnatifid;  hds.  corymbous  ;  rays  3  to  5,  oval,  and  with 
the  disk  white ;  ach.  broadly  winged. — Sandy  soil,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  (Feay),  Fla.     St. 
2  to  4f  high,  with  ample,  coarse  Ivs.     Hds.  similar  to  the  last,  about  12-flovvered. 
Lvs.  feather-veined.     Sept. — Nov. 

61.  DYSCTDIA,  Cav.     FALSE  DOG-FENNEL.     Heads  many-flowered ; 
rays  ?  ;  disk  $  ;  involucre  of  a  single  series  of  partially  united  scales, 
usually  calyculatc  ;  achenia  elongated,  4-angled,  compressed  ;  pappus 
scales  chaffy,  in  one  scries,  fimbriately  and  palms* oly  cleft  into  bristles. 
— CD  Herbs  with  large,  pellucid  glands.     Lvs.   mostly  opposite  and 
pinnately  parted  or  toothed.     Hds.  paniculate   or  corymbous.      Fls. 
yellow. 

JX  chrysanthemoides  Lagasca.  St.  glabrous,  much-branched;  Ivs.  pinnately 
parted,  lobes  linear,  toothed;  hds.  terminal  on  the  short branchlets ;  scales  united 
at  base,  scarious,  obtuse,  with  large,  oblong  glands ;  outer  scales  7  to  9,  linear ; 
pappus  bristles  slender,  as  long  as  the  involucre. — Prairies  and  roadsides,  11L, 
Mo.,  to  La.  An  ill-scented  plant,  about'  If  high,  with  finely  divided  Ivs.  Aug. — 
Oct.  (Tagetes  papposa  Vent.) 

62.  GAILLAR'DIA,  Fougeroux.    Heads  radiate  ;  rays  neutral ;  scales 
in  2  or  3  series,  a.cute,  leafy,  spreading,  outer  largest ;  receptacle  con- 
vex, fimbrillate   (naked   in*  the  following  species);  rays  cuneiform,  3- 
cleft ;  achenium  villous  with  long  hairs  from  its  base  ;  pappus  of  G  to  10 
long  awns,   which   are  membranous  at  base. — Lvs.  alternate,   entire, 
often  dotted.     Hds.  on  long,  naked  peduncles. 

1  G.  lanceolata  MX.     Pubescent;  Ivs.  lanceolate  or  linear,  sessile,  the  lower 
petiolate ;    scales  as  long  as  the  disk ;  disk-fls.  with  long,  subulate,  pubescent 
teeth;  receptacle  smooth,  (not  fimbrillate!). — &)  Barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla,  and  Tex. 
St.  1  to  2f  high,  slender,  ending  in  long,  naked  flower-stalks.     Lvs.  1  to  3'  long, 
rather  oblong.     Scales  and  disk  purple.     Rays  yellow.     May — Aug. 

2  G.  pulchella  Fouger.      Pubescent;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  the  lower  short-petioled. 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE.  455 

toothed  or  incised,  upper  subclasping ;  scales  very  hairy,  longer  than  the  disk ; 
disk  corollas  with  subulate  teeth ;  receptacle  finibriUate,  with  slender  awns. — (1) 
La.,  Tex,  and  in  gardens.  St.  branching.  Hds.  1  to  !£'  diam.  Rays  10  to  12, 
violet-purple,  with  yellow  teeth. 

63.  POLYPTERIS,  Nutt.     (Gr.  TroM$,  many,  Trrepov,  a  wing  ;  from 
the  feather-like  pappus.)     Heads  discoid ;  flowers  all  perfect,  tubular 
and  similar ;  scales  flat,  scarious,  in  2  or  3  series,  appressed  ;  receptacle 
naked;  achenia  4-angled,  slender  at  base;  pappus  of  6  to  12  mem- 
branous,   pinnately   striate   scales. — Lvs.    scattered,    lanceolate.      FJs. 
cyanic.     (Palafoxia,  T.  &  G.) 

P.  integrifolia  Nutt  Rough;  st  corymbous  above;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate, 
entire ;  outer  scales  loose,  acut3,  inner  obtuse ;  pappus  of  8  to  10  acuminate 
squamae  with  fringed  or  plumed  edges. — Barrens,  S.  W.  Ga.  and  Mid.  Fla. 
Sts.  3  to  5f  high,  bearing  the  large,  purplish  heads  in  a  level-topped  corymb. 
Aug. — OcL 

64.  HYMENOPAP'PUS,  L'Her.    (Gr.  vp/v,  membrane,  irdirrrvo^ pap- 
pus; from  the  character.)     Heads  many-flowered;  flowers  all  perfect, 
tubular;  scales   6   to   12,   in  2   series,  oval,   obtuse,   membranaceous, 
colored;  receptacle  small,  naked  ;  anthers  exserted  ;  achenia  broad  at 
the  summit,   attenuate  to  the  base ;    pappus  of  many  short,  obtuse, 
membranous  scales  in  one  scries. — (g)  or  U  North  American,  villous 
herbs.     St.  grooved  and  angled.     Lvs.  alternate,  pinnately  divided. 

H.  scabiosceus  L'Her.  Hoary-villus,  or  nearly  glabrous ;  Ivs.  pinnately  or  bi 
pinnately  parted,  segments  linear  or  oblong,  entire  or  sparingly  toothed ;  hds. 
in  simple  corymbs;  scales  obovate,  *7 — 11,  white,  greenish  at  base,  undulate  on 
the  margin,  longer  •  than  the  disk ;  cor.  deeply  lobed ;  ach.  pubescent. — 111.  to 
Fla.  Stern  1 — 2f  high,  whitish  with  soft  cotton  when  young,  at  length  purplish 
and  glabrous.  Segments  1 — !£'  by  1 — 2",  rather  acute.  Hds.  whitish,  about 
21-flowered.  Apr.,  May.  (South.) — Aug. 

65.  HELErNIUM,  L.     AMERICAN    SNEEZEWORT.     (Named  for  the 
celebrated  Helen,  who  is  said  to  have  availed  herself  of  its  cosmetic 
properties.)     Involucre  double,  the  outer  of  leafy,  narrow  scales,  the 
inner  chaffy  ;  ray  pistillate  ;  pappus  of  five,  one-awned,  chaffy  leaves  ; 
receptacle  globous,  naked  in  the  disk,  and  chaffy  in  the  ray  only ;  ray 
flowers  half  3-cleft ;  seed  villous. — Lvs.   alternate,   decurrent.      Rays 
yellow. 

§  Disk  globular,  its  florets  with  a  5-toothcd  coro'ila. No?,  t— 0 

§  Disk  oblong,  its  florets  with  a  4- toothed  corolla No.  4 

1  H.  autumnale  L.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent,  de- 
current;  fls.  loosely  corymbous. —  if  In  damp  places.     St.  2  to  3f  high,  branching 
strongly,  winged  by  the  decurrent  Ivs.     Lvs.  tapering  to  each  end,  or  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  more  or  less  deeply  serrate.     Fls.  large,  numerous,  terminal,  with 
drooping  rays,  each  ending  in  3  obtuse  teeth,  and  longer  than  the  large,  globoua 
disk.     The  plant  is  very  bitter.     Aug. 

fl.  CANALICDLATUM.     Rays  concave,  canaliculate  or  3-furrowed.     (H.  canalicu- 
latum  Lam.) 

2  H.  parviflorum  NutL     Lvs.  lanceolate,  subentire,  smooth,  scarcely  decurrent ; 
hds.  solitary,  or  in  small,  scattered  dusters. — Ga.  (Nuttall.)     Heads  about  half  as 
large  as  in  No.  1.     Disk  globous,   longer  than  the  filiform  scales.     Rays  flat 
Pappus  scales  awned,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla.    Ach.  smooth. 

3  H.  temiifolium  Nutt.     Smoothlsh;  bran ches numerous,  fastigiate,  very  leafy; 
Ivs.  linear  or  filiform,   entire,  fascicled;  scales  subulate;  disk  globous. — Fields, 
waysides,  Ga.  (Feay,  Pond)  to  La.     SL  1  to  2f  high,  naked  and  woody  below, 


450  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

branches  upright.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long.     Hds.  4  or  5"  diam.     Rays  about  12, 
spreading  9  or  10".     Apr. — Nov. 

4  H.  quadridentatum  Labill.  Sraoothish,  much  branched ;  Ivs.  oblong,  spar- 
ingly lobed  or  toothed,  the  highest  lanceolate,  entire ;  disk  oblong,  longer  than 
the  rays ;  pappus  scales  obtuse. — Swamps,  Miss.,  La,  to  Ark.  St.  1  to  3f  high, 
with  solitary,  terminal,  small  hds.  Lvs.  about  4-toothed  or  lobed.  Disk  fls.  4- 
toothed.  Jn. — Aug. 

66.  LEPTOP'ODA,  Nutt.     (Gr.  kerr-og,  slender,  TTOV?,  foot ;  alluding 
to  the  elongated  peduncles.)    Heads  many-flowered  ;  rays  neutral,  cunc- 
ate,  3 — 4-cleft  ;  disk  £  ;  scales  spreading,  numerous,  attenuate;  recep- 
taclo  conical;  chaff  0;  pappus  of  6 — 10-fringed  squamae. —  2£  North 
American  herbs,  with  the  habit  of  Helenium. 

§  Heads  corymbed,  on  short  peduncles.     Pappus  cuspidate-a\vned No.  1 

§  Head  solitary,  on  a  long  peduncle.     Pappus  awnless. — Achenia  glabrous Nos.  2,  3 

— Acheniu  hairy Nos.  4,  5 

1  L.  brach^-poda  Torr.  &  Gr.     St.  leafy,  corymbous  at  summit ;  Ivs.  decurrent, 
lanceolate,  subentire,  the  lower  toothed,  obtuse ;  hds.  on  short  peduncles ;  scales 
lance-linear,  about  half  as  long  as  the  8 — 12  drooping  rays ;  disk  brownish-purple. 
— Separated  from  Helenium  only  on  account  of  its  sterile  rays.     In  damp  soil, 
from  Southern  111.  to  Tex.  and  S.  States.    Stem  about  2f  high.     Heads  several  or 
numerous.     Rays  broadest  at  summit,  rather  deeply  and  irregularly  toothed, 
7 — 9"  by  4 — 5".     (Helenium  quadridentatum  Hook.) 

2  L.  Helenium  Nutt.      Smooth ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  or  lance-linear,   entire  or  re- 
motely denticulate,  mostly  slightly  decurrent,  the  lowest  tapering  to  a  petiole ; 
pappus  awnless,  lacerated ;  ach.  glabrous ;  rays  20  or  more  in  one  row. — Moist 
soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     About  2f  high,  leafy  below,  ending  in  a  long,  naked 
stalk,  bearing  one  hd.     Lvs.  3  to  6'  long.     Disk  5  to  8''  broad.     Mar.,  Apr. 

3  L.  incisa  Torr.  &  Gr.     Glabrous ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  sessile,  not  decurrent,  sinuate- 
pinnatifid  or  incised;  pappus  awnless,  lacerated;  rays  about  40,  in  2  or  3  rows; 
ach.  glabrous. — G-a.  (Le  Conte). 

4  L.  pubenila  Macbr.     St.  clustered,  tomentous or  downy;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  oc- 
casionally toothed  or  incised,  not  decurrent;  ach.  hairy;  pappus  scales  obtuse. — 
N.  Car.  to  Fla.     Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  usually  many  from  one  root.    Lvs.  2  to  4'  long, 
half-clasping.     Rays  20  to  30,  broadly  wedge-shaped,  spreading  1^  to  2'.     Apr., 
May.     (H.  pinnatifida  Nutt.) 

5  L.  brevifolia  Nutt.     Nearly  glabrous ;  Ivs.  all  entire  or  nearly  so,  the  caulins 
decurrent,  the  lower  oblong-spatulate,   obtuse,  highest  lanceolate,   acute;  ach. 
hairy. — N.  Car.  to  Ala.     St.  1  to  3f  high,  occasionally  branched,  and  with  more 
than  1  head.     Hd.  about  as  large  as  in  No.  4.     May,  Jn. 

67.  BALDWIN 'I  A,  Nutt.     (To  Dr.  William  Baldwin,  one  of  our 
pioneer  botanists.)     Involucre  scales  imbricated  in  2  to  4  rows,  appres- 
sed,  shorter  than  the  disk,  inner  acute  or  acuminate ;  receptacle  con- 
vex, deeply  alveolate  with  horny  walls ;  rays  8  to  20,  neutral,  in  one 
row,  narrow-cuneiform,  3-toothed ;  disk  flowers  £ ,  tube  horny  below ; 
achenia  immersed  in  the  cells,  silky-villous,  crowned  with  a  pappus  of 
9  to  12  oblong  scales. —  1C  Herbs  simple  or  corymbed,  naked  above, 
with  alternate,  linear,  punctate  Ivs.  and  yellow  fls. 

1  B.  unifldra  Nutt.     Puberuknt,  simple,  \-flowered;  hd.  about  20-rayed ;  pappus 
9-leaved. — Open  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La,  near  the  coast.    Plant  1  to  2f  high, 
striate-angled.     Lvs.  thick,  linear-spatulate  below,  linear  and  bract-like  above. 
Disk  7  to  8"  wide,  rays  narrow,  spreading  nearly  2'.     Cells  of  the  receptacle  just 
like  a  honey-comb,  2  to  3"  deep.     Jl. — Sept. 

2  B.  multifldra  Nutt.     Glabrous,  much  branched,  with  a  corymb  of  fls. ;  Ivs.  very 
numerous,  narrowly  linear ;  rays  about  10;  pappus  12-leaved;  ach.  marked  with 
12  rays  on  its  fiat  summit. — Sand  hills,  Ga.,  Fla.     Plant  1  to  3f  high,  slender, 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE.  457 

the  Ivs.  almost  filiform.     Hds.  about  !£'  broad,  including  the  rays.     Invol.  squar- 
rous.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Actinospermum  angustifolium  T.  &  G-.) 

68.  MARSHAL'LIA,  Schreb.    FALSE  SCABISH.     (To  Humphrey  Mar- 
shall of  Fenn.,  one  of  our  earliest  botanical  authors.)     Involucre  scales 
lance-linear,  subequal,  erect,  in  one  or  two  rows ;  receptacle  convex, 
with  linear,  rigid  pales ;  flowers  all  tubular,  g ;  corolla  lobes  slendei 
spreading;   achenia  5-angled;  pappus  of  5  or  6  membranous,  awned 
scales. —  2£  Ornamental  herbs,  simple  or  branched,  with  alternate,  en- 
tire, 3-veined  Ivs.,  and  solitary  long-stalked  hds.  of  purplish  Us.  resem- 
bling a  Scabish. 

1  M.  latifolia  Ph.     St.  simple,  leafy;    Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,   sessile; 
scales  rigid,  acute;  pales  narrowly  linear;   pappus  triangular-acuminate. — Dry 
soils,  Va.  to  Ala.  (Shields)  along  the  mountains.     A  smooth,  handsome  plant  1  f 
high,  with  a  slender,  purple  stem.     Lvs.  about  2'  long,  conspicuously  3-veined. 
Cor.  6  to  7"  long,  with  slender  tubes,  scales  half  as  long.     May,  Jn. 

2  M.  angustifolia  Ph.     St.  mostly  branched,  leafy;  Ivs.  below  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, above  narrowly  linear,  all  acute ;  scales  acute,  pales  setaceous ;  pappus  ovate- 
acuminate. — Swamps,  &c.,  N.  Car.,  Tenn.  to  Fla.     A  beautiful  plant.     Sts.  often 
clustered  at  base,  If  high.     Lvs.  3  to  6'  long,  the  lower  petiolate,  upper  shorter, 
diminished  to  bristle  form  bracts.     Jn. — Aug. 

3  M.  lanceolata  Ph.     Simple,  leafy  below,  naked  above ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse,  tapering  to  a  petiole,  the  upper  sessile :  scales  oblong, 
linear,  obtuse  ;  pales  spatulate ;  ach.  pubescent. — Upper  districts  N.  Car.  to  Ga. 
and  Ala.     Sts.  1  to  2f  high.     Apr.— Jn. 

69.  AN 'THEMIS,  L.     CHAMOMILE.     Involucre  hemispherical,  with 
nearly  equal  scales ;  rays  numerous,  pistillate ;  receptacle  chaffy,  con- 
vex or  conic ;  achenia  crowned  with  a  slight  border. — European  herbs 
with  much  divided  Ivs. 

1  A.  arvensis  L.  St.  erect,  hairy ;  Ivs.  bipinnatifid,  hairy  and  canescent,  segment* 
linear-lanceolate;  ach.  crowned  with  a  narrow  margin  ;  pales  lanceolate,  cuspidate, 
longer  tlian  the  flowers. — @  Grows  in  dry,  cultivated  fields.     A  pilous,  inodorous 
plant,  somewhat  resembling  the  Mayweed.     Stems  diffusely  branching,  8 — 15' 
high.     Heads  large,  solitary  on  the  leafless,  downy  summits  of  the  branches. 
Disk  yellow,  rays  white.     July.     §  Eur. 

2  A.  nobilis  L.    St.  prostrate,  branching  from  the  base,  woolly ;  Ivs.  decompound- 
pinnatifid,  segments  linear,  subulate ;  pales  scarious,  lanceolate,  scarcely  as  long  as 
the  flowers. —  2£  Grows  wild  occasionally  in  fields,  and  is  cultivated  in  gardens. 
The  strong  and  agreeable  scent  of  the  CHAMOMILE  is  well  known,  also  its  tonic 
and  anodyne  qualities,  which  chiefly  reside  in  the  flowers.     July — Sept.     §  Eur. 

70.  MARITTA,  Less.     MAY-WEED.     Involucre  hemispherical,  imbri- 
cated ;  rays  neutral ;  disk  perfect ;  receptacle  conical,  chaffy  (at  least 
at  the  summit)  ;  pappus  0  ;  achenia  smooth. — European  herbs,  with  al- 
ternate, much  divided  leaves.     Rays  white. 

M.  cotula  DC.  St.  erect,  nearly  smooth  ;  Ivs.  bipinnatifid,  segments  linear-subu- 
late ;  pales  bristly,  shorter  than  the  flowers.— (I)  Waste  places,  in  hard,  dry  soils, 
especially  by  roadsides,  in  patches  of  great  extent.  Stem  branching,  diffuse,  If 
high,  with  alternate  leaves  divided  and  subdivided  into  a  multitude  of  segments. 
Flowers  solitary,  on  terminal,  striated  stalks.  The  plant  is  ill-scented.  Linnaeus 
says  it  is  grateful  to  toads,  drives  away  fleas,  and  is  annoying  to  flies.  Jn. — 
Sept.  §  Eur.  (Anthemis  L.) 

71.  ACHILLEVA,  L.     MILLPOIL.     YARROW.     (Named  after  Achilles, 
a  disciple  of  Chiron,  who  first  used  the  plant.)     Involucre  ovoid,  of  un- 
equal  imbricated  scales;  rays  5  to  10,  short,  pistillate  ;  receptacle  flat, 


458  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

chaffy  ;  schema  without  a  pappus. —  2£  European  herbs  with  much  di- 
vided, alternate  Ivs.  lids,  radiate. 

1  A.  Millefolium  L.     Lvs.  lipinnatifid,  with  linear,  dentato,   mucronate   seg- 
ments ;  st.  furrowed,  corymbed  at  top ;  scales  oblong ;  rays  4  to  5,  short. — Fields, 
pastures,  £c.,  N.  Eng.  to  Or.  and  Arctic  America.     St.  a  foot  high,  branching  at 
top  into  a  dense,  flat-topped  corymb  of  whit©  or  rose-colored  fls.     It  has  an  agree- 
able, pungent  taste  and  smell.     Jn. — Sept. — The  variety  with  rose-purple  flowers 
i3  very  pretty  in  gardens. 

2  A.  ptarmica  L.    SNEEZEWORT.   Lvs.  linear,  acuminate,  equally  and  sharply  ser- 
rate, smooth. — Found  in  moist  grounds  and  shady  places,  Can.  and  N".  Y.  (Pursh), 
Mass.  (Nichols).     Plant  about  15'  high,  branching  at  top  into  a  diffuse  corymb  of 
white  fls.     The  Ivs.  are  remarkably  distinct  from  the  yarrow.     The  dried  powder 
of  the  leaves,  used  as  snuff,  provokes  sneezing.     A  variety  with  double  flowers 
occurs  which  is  quite  ornamental  in  pots.    Aug.  f     §  Eur. 

^  72.  LEUCAN'THEMUM,  Tourn.  WHITE-WEED.  (Gr.  A«rcdf,  white, 
dvdog,  flower ;  the  heads  have  large,  conspicuous  rays.)  Involucre 
broad,  depressed,  imbricated  ;  rays  pistillate,  numerous ;  receptacle  flat, 
naked ;  achcnia  striate  ;  pappus  none. — Herbs  with  alternate  Ivs.  lids, 
radiate. 

Ii.  vulgare  Lam.  St.  erect,  simple  or  few-branched,  with  solitary  heads;  Ivs. 
clasp'mg,  lanceolate  and  oblong,  toothed  above,  cut-pinnatifid  at  the  base; 
scales  edged  with  brown.— 2f  A  great  annoyance  to  the  farmer,  in  fields  and 
pastures,  TJ.  S.  to  Arc.  Am.  St.  about  2f.  high.  Lvs.  comparatively  few  and 
small.  Heads  large  (13 — 16''  broad).  Kays  many,  ligulate,  white.  Jl. — Sept. 
§  Eur.  (Chrysanthemum  Leucanthemum,  L.) 

ft.  TUBULIFLORUM  (Tenney).      Kays  tubular,   elongated,  white,  deeply  cleft 
into  5  or  3  lobes.— Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.  (Mr.  W.  K.  Gerard.) 

73.  MATRICA^RIA,  Tourn.     FEVER  FEW.     Involucre  scales  imbricate, 
many-flowered,  with  membranous  margins ;  receptacle  conical  or  con- 
vex, naked;  pappus  a  membranous  margin  crowning  the  achenia,  or 
none. — Herbs  chiefly  perennial,  with  alternate  Ivs.     lids,  with  or  with- 
out rays.     (Pyrethrum,  Smith.) 

M.  parthenium  L.  Hds.  radiate ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  flat,  tripinnate,  the  segm.  ovate, 
cut ;  ped.  branching,  corymbous ;  st.  erect ;  invol.  hemispherical,  pubescent. — 
Fields,  rare.  Several  varieties  of  the  Fever-few  are  cultivated,  and  are  in  great 
favor  with  many  florists,  on  account  of  their  fine  pyramidal  form,  surmounted 
with  a  corymb  of  pure  white,  double  flowers  which  retain  their  beauty  for  several 
weeks,  f  Eur. 

2  M.  discoidea  DC.  Hds.  discoid;  Ivs.  sessile,  2  to  3-pinnately  parted,  lobes 
small,  linear-oblong,  acute;  hds.  on  simple  peduncles;  scales  equal,  oval,  obtuse, 
with  white,  scarious  margins  much  shorter  than  the  conical  disk. — (T)  111.  opposite 
St.  Louis,  also  in  Oregon.  Sts.  3  to  8'  high.  Disk  2  to  3"  broad  and  high.  Pap- 
pus obsolete. 

3  M.  Balsamita "Willd.  ENGLISH  MINT.  Pubescent;  hds. discoid;  st. erect; 
Ivs.  ovate,  oblong,  serrate,  the  lower  petiolate,  upper  sessile,  auriculate  at  base ; 
hds.  corymbed;  pappus  none. — Gardens.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  The  plant  is  yellow- 
ish green,  clothed  with  loose,  minute  tomentum,  with  tho  fragrance  of  spearmint. 

74.  CHRYSANTHEMUM,  (Gr.  xf™6?*  Sold>  ^e°^  flower-)    Heada 
heterogamous ;    involucre   imbricate,  hemispherical ;    the    scales   with 
membranous  margins  ;    receptacle  naked ;   pappus  none. — Ornamental 
plants  from  China  and  other  eastern  countries.     Lvs.  alternate,  lobed. 
lids,  radiate. 

1  C.  coronarium  L.  Annual ;  st.  branched ;  Ivs.  bipinnatifid  broader  at  the 
summit,  acute. — Native  of  S.  Europe  and  1ST.  Africa,  The  variety  with  double 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITES.  459 

flowers  is  frequently  cultivated  as  a  hardy  annual.  St.  about  3f  high,  striate, 
einooth,  erect,  with,  alternate,  clasping  Ivs.  Fls.  large,  terminal,  solitary,  yellow. 
Aug. 

2  C.  carmattun  TVilld.     Annual]  Ivs.  bipinnate,  fleshy,  smooth ;   invol.  scales 
carinate. — Native  of  Barbary.     Hds.  large  and  beautiful ;  disk  purple,  rays  white, 
with  a  yellow  base.     A  variety  has  rays  entirely  yellow.     JL — Oct.     (C.  tricolor 
Andr.) 

3  C.  Sinense  Sabine.     Perennial;  Ivs.  coriaceous,  stalked,  sinuate-pinnatifid, 
dentate,  glaucous  ;•  rays  very  long. — A  native  of  China,  where  it  hs.s  long  been 
cultivated  and  highly  esteemed  for  its  beauty.     A  great  number  of  varieties  have 
been  produced  with  double,  semidouble,  and  quilled  flowers  of  every  possible 
shade  of  color.     It  is  of-  very  easy  culture  in  any  common  soil.     The  plants  are 
propagated  by  divisions,  by  suckers,  and  by  cuttings.     (Pyrethrum  Sinense  DC.) 

75.  TAN  ACETUM,  L.   TANSY.      (Said  to  bo  a  corruption  of  ZOavaaia, 
deathless ;  for  the  durable  flowers.)     Involucre  hemispherical,  imbri- 
cate, the  scales  all  minute  ;  receptacle  convex,  naked  ;  pappus  a  slight, 
membranous  border  ;  achenia  witn  a  large,  epigynous  disk. — Lvs.  alter- 
nate, much  dissected.     Fls.  yellow,  discoid. 

T.  vulgare  L.  Lvs.  pinnately  divided,  segments  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnatifid  and 
incisely  serrate;  his.  fastigiate-colymbous,  ray  fls.  terete,  tubular,  3-toothed. —  If. 
in  old  fields  arid  roadsides.  Stems  clustered,  2 — 3f  high,  branched  above  into  a 
handsome  corymb  of  yellow  flowers.  Aug. — The  whole  plant  has  a  strong  and 
aromatic  smell  and  bitter  taste.  Tho  seeds  are  anthelmintic.  A  variety  called 
double  tansey  occurs,  with  dense  and  crisped  leaves.  §  Eur. 

2  T.  Huronense  Nutt.  Lvs.  bipinnately  divided,  lobes  oblong,  often  again  pin- 
natifld ;  hds.  large,  corymbd ;  ray  fls.  flattened,  unequally  3  to  5-cleft. — Shores  of 
Lake  Huron  and  Mackinaw  Strait,  to  Hudson's  Bay.  Plant  1  to  3f  high,  some- 
what tomentous.  Hds.  larger  than  in  No.  1,  citron-yellow. 

76.  ARTEMIS'IA,  L.     WORMWOOD,  &c.     (Probably  from  Artemis, 
one  of  the  names  of  the  goddess  Diana.)     Involucre  ovoid,  imbricate, 
with   dry,    connivent    scales ;    receptacle  without   pales  ;    disk-flowers 
numerous,   £  ,  tubular,  ray  flowers  few,  often  without  stamens  and  with 
a  subulate  corolla  or  none ;  achenia  with  a  small  disk ;  pappus  0. — 
Bitter  herbs.     Lvs.  alternate.     Cor.  yellow  or  purplish,  discoid. 

§  Receptacle  villous  or  hairy.     Flowers  all  fertile Nos.  1,  2 

§  Receptacle  naked. — Flowers  all  fertile.     Leaves  or  segments  laaceolate Nos.  8,  4 

— Flowers  all  fertile.    Leaves  or  segments  linear .Nos.  5,  6 

—Flowers  of  the  disk  sterile.    Leaves  or  segments  linear Nos.  7—9 

1  A.  frfgida  Willd.     Lvs.  pinnately  parted,  silky  canescent,  Ifts.  linear  and  3 — 5- 
cleft ;  heads  nodding,  globuos,  in  panic-led  racemes;  scales  of  the  in  vol.  canescent, 
roundish,  the  inner  oblong;  corollas  glabrous. — Rocky  hills,  Minnesota,  Dakota, 
and  westward.    Plant  branched  from  base,  6 — 12'.     July — Aug. 

2  A.  Absinthium  L.     COMMON  WORMWOOD.     Lvs.  multifid,  clothed  ivith  short, 
silky  pubescence,  loth  sides ;  segments  lanceolate  ;  hds.  hemisperical,  drooping ;  re- 
ceptacle hairy. —  if  Growing  among  rubbish,  rocks,  and  by  roadsides,  N.  Eng., 
Can.     Stems  angular,  branched,  with  erect  racemes  of  nodding,  yellow  flowers. 
Tho  whole  plant  is  proverbially  bitter,  and  of  powerful  medicinal  qualities  as  a 
tonic,  stomachic,  &c.     §  Eur. 

3  A.  Ludoviciana  Nutt.     Canescently  tomentous  all  over ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  lower 
incisely  and  remotely  serrate  or  subpinnatifid,  upper  entire ;   hds.  ovoid,  subses- 
sile,  arranged  in  a  simple,  slender,  leafy  panicle. —  2f  Lake  and  river  shores,  Mich, 
to  Mo.  W.  to  Oreg.     Stem  2 — 5f  high,  simple  or  branched.     Leaves  quite  vari- 
able in  size  and  also  in  pubescence,  sometimes  nearly  smooth.     Heads  small  and 
crowded. 

4  A.  vulgaris  L.     MUGWORT.    Lvs.  canescent-tomentous  beneath,  cauline  ones  pin- 
natifid, segm.  lanceolate,  acute,  subdantate,  floral  ones  entire,  linear-lanceolate,' 


430  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

hds.  erect,  ovoid,  subsessile ;  invol.  tomentous. — T|  Fields,  roadsides,  banks  of 
streams,  &c.,  Vt.,  N.  H.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  branching  into  a  paniclo  of  spicato 
racemes.  Lvs.  very  variable,  but  never  attenuated  to  linear,  now  obtuse,  now 
acute,  from  the-  same  locality  (Hanover,  JST.  II.  Bicard.)  lids,  few-flowered, 
purplish. 

5  A.  biennis  Willd.  Plant  erect,  smooth;  Ivs.  bipinnately  parted,  upper  ones 
pinnatifid,  all  with  linear,  acute,  aud  mostly  incised  lobes ;  hds.  sessile,  arranged 
in  a  close,  narrow,  leafy  panicle  of  short  spikes. — ®  Western  States  and  north- 
ward. Also  eastward  to  the  Hudson  K.  (Mr.  C.  B.  Gerard.) 

6  A.  Abrotanum  L.  SOUTHERNWOOD.  St.  erect;  lower  Ivs.  bipinnato; 
uppzr  ones  capillary,  pinnate;  invol.  downy,  hemispherical. — 1£  A  well  known 
shrubby  plant  in  gardens,  about  3f  high.  Leaves  alternate,  much  divided  into 
very  narrow,  linear  segments.  Flowers  numerous,  nodding,  yellow.  Xative  of 
S.  Europe.  \ 

7  A  borealia  Pallas.     Ccespitous,  silky-villous  or  smoothish ;    st.  simple ;  lower 
Ivs.  petiolate,  linear-lanceolate,  entire  towards  the  base,  ternately,  pinnately,  or  bi- 
pinnately parted  above,  with  linear  lobes,  upper  linear,  3  to  5-cleft  or  entire ;  hds. 
hemispherical,  spicate  or  racemous-paniculate.—  ^Keweena  PL,  Lake  Superior 
(Houghton,  in  N.  Am.  Fl.)    St.  6  to  10'  high. 

8  A.  Canadensis  MX.     SEA  WORMWOOD.     St.  erect  or  decumbent;  Ivs.  pin- 
natifid with  linear  segments ;  fls.  subglobous,  sessile,  in  a  panicle  of  racemes. —  i£ 
Rivers  and  lake  shores,  N.  Eng.  and  Can.    Shores  of  the  great  lakes.    St.  2  to  4f 
high,  much  branched,  sulcate,  brownish,  mostly  erect.     Hds.  2''  diam.,  numer- 
ous, forming  a  large  panicle  of  racemes.     Scales  with  a  membranous  margin. 
Aug. 

9  A  caudata  MX.     Glabrous,  simple,  densely  paniculate ;  Ivs.  bipinnately  divi- 
ded,   upper  pinnate,   segm.  filiform  or  setaceous,  alternate;  hds.  ovoid-globous, 
pedicellate,  erect. — ©  On  the  sea-coast,  N.  II.  to  Ga.     St.  3  to  5f  highr  strict. 
Lvs.  in  many  thread-like  and  somewhat  fleshy  segm. ;  hds.  1|"  diam.,  in  a  strict, 
dense  panicle.     Outer  scales  ovate,  inner  scarious,  elliptical.     Aug.,  Sept. 

77.  SOLIVYA  Ruiz.  &  Pav.     (To  Salvator  Soliva,  a  Spanish  botan- 
ist and  physician.)     Involucre  of  5  to  10  to  15  scales  in  one  row;  re- 
ceptacle flat,  naked  ;  fertile  flowers  in  several   rows,  apetalous ;    ?  fls. 
few,  interior,  with  a  3  to  5-toothed  corolla ;  achenia  obcompressed,  tip- 
ped with  the  persistent  style  and   no  pappus. — Little  depressed  herbs 
with  pinnately  divided  Ivs.  and  sessile  lids. 

S.  nasturtiifolia  DC.  Plant  very  small,  minutely  pubescent ;  Ivs.  pinnately  5 
to  9-parted,  lobes  oblong,  obtuse ;  scales  10  to  15 ;  ach.  obconic,  rugous,  crowned 
with  a  dense  tuft  of  wool  instead  of  pappus. — S.  Car.,  Ga.,  near  the  coast,  banks 
of  the  Ogeechee,  growing  with  Sencbiera.  Plant  flat  on  the  ground,  forming  a 
dense  mat.  Lvs.  G  to  10"  long,  lobes  1".  Hds.  disproportionately  large  (2  to  3" 
broad),  axillary,  depressed.  Ach.  wrinkled  transversely.  Mar.,  Apr. 

78.  GNAPHAVLIUM,  L.  CUDWEED.    EVERLASTING.    (Gr.  yvdfya^ov, 
cotton  or  wool ;  from  the  soft,  cottony  surface  of  the  herbage.)     Heads 
discoid,   heterogamous ;    involucre    imbricate    with    scarious,  colored 
scales ;  marginal  flowers  subulate,  pistillate,  mostly  in  several  rows  ; 
central  flowers  £  ;  receptacle  flat,  naked  ;  pappus  a  single  row  of  scab- 
rous, hair-like  bristles. — Herbs  generally  clothed  with  whitish  wool. 
Lvs.  alternate,  entire. 

*  Heads  in  terminal  corymbons  clusters Nos.  1 — 3 

*  Heads  in  axillary,  somewhat  spicate  clusters Nos.  4,  5 

1  G.  deciirrens  Ives.  Lvs.  decurrent,  linear-lanceolate,  very  acute,  naked  above, 
white  and  woolly  beneath ;  fls.  in  dense,  roundish,  terminal  clusters. — !(.  A  stout 
species,  covered  with  a  dense,  hoary  pubescence.  It  grows  in  hilly  pastures,  &c., 
N.  H.  Vt.  to  N,  J.  Stem  2f  high,  with  scattered  leaves  and  spreading  branches, 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE.  401 

Leaves  on  the  upper  side  green,  scabrous  and  viscid.     Scales  whitish,  with  yek 
low  corollas.     Aug. 

2  G.  polycephalum  MX.     Erect;  Ivs.  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  scabrous 
above,  whitish  tomentous  beneath,  as  well  as  the  paniculate  stem  ;  hds.  capitate, 
corymbous ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  acute. — CD  Common  in  fields,  &c.,  Can.  and  U. 
S.  "  It  is  distinguishable  by  it3  strong,  agreeable  odor,  and  its  brownish  color. 
Stem  1 — 2f  high,  whitish,  with  a  cottony  down,   much  branched.     Hds.   much 
larger  than  in  the  next.     Involucre  with  whitish  scales  and  yellow  flowers. 
Aug. 

3  G.  uliginosum  L.      CUDWEED.      St.  diffusely  branched,   woolly;    Ivs.  sessile, 
linear-lanceolato ;  hds.  small  (I"  wide)  in  terminal,  crowded,  leafy  clusters ;  scales 
obtuse,  yellowish  or  brownish ;  ach.  smooth. — (I)  A  small,  spreading  plant,  clothed 
with  whitish  down,  common  in  sandy  places  where  water  occasionally  stands,  N., 
Mid.  and  W.  States.     Stem  4 — 6'  high.     Leaves  numerous,  acute,   narrowed  at 
the  base.     Scales  of  the  involucre  oblong,  obtuse,  yellowish.     Aug. 

4  G.  purptireum  L.     St.  erect,  simple  or  branched  from  the  base,  tomentous ; 
Ivs.  linear-spatulate  or  obovate-spatulate,  downy -canescent  beneath,  green  above  ; 
hds.   sessile,   crowded,   terminal  and  axillary;    scales  acuminate. — CD  Grows  in 
sandy  fields  and  pastures,  K  H.  to  Ind.  and  La.     Stem  8 — 12'  high,  sending  out 
shoots  at  the  base.     Heads  with  tawny,  purplish  scales  and  yellow  corollas. 
June. 

5  G.  supinum  Yillars.      Cxspitous,  woolly;  Ivs.  linear;  hds.  few,  oblong,  in  a 
spicate  raceme  or  solitary ;  scales  acute,  brown;  pistillate  Jls.  in  but  one  row. — 
White  Mts.,  N.  H.  (NuttalL)    Sts.  2  to  4'  high. 

79.  ANTENNA'RIA,  Br.     EVERLASTING.     (Name  in  allusion  to  the 
bristles  of  the  pappus,  which  resemble  antennae.)     Heads  dioecious ;  in- 
volucre of  imbricate,  colored  scales ;  pistillate  corollas  filiform ;  recep- 
tacle subconvex,  alveolate  ;  pappus  a  single  row  of  bristles. —  2£  Tomen- 
tous.    Lvs.  alternate,  entire.     Hds.  corymbous,  with  white  or  brownish, 
never  yellow  scales.     (Gnaplialium  L.) 

1  A.  margaritacea  Br.  St.  erect,  simple,  corymbously  branched  above ;  Ivs.  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  3-veined,  sessile,  woolly  beneath,  stem  woolly ;  corymbs  fasti- 
giate;  scales  elliptic,  obtuse,  opaque,  white. —  U  Fields  and  pastures,  U.  S.  and 
Brit.  Am.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  and  with  its  numerous,  scattered  Ivs.  clothed  with 
white  and  cotton-like  down.  Hds.  numerous,  hemispherical,  fadeless.  Fls.  yel- 
low. Jl. — Named  for  its  dry,  imperishable,  pearl-white  scales. 
'  A.  plant  aginifolia  Br.  MOUSE-EAR.  EVERLASTING.  Stolons  procumbent ;  st. 
sirnpk ;  radical  Ivs.  oval,  obovate  or  spatulate,  mucronate,  3-veined,  silky-canes- 
cent,  st.  Ivs.  small,  lanceolate ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse. — U  Borders  of  woods,  &c., 
U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.,  flowering  in  early  spring.  "Whole  plant  whitish  with  down. 
St.  5  to  8'  high,  often  with  stolon's  at  base.  Et.  Ivs.  much  larger  than  those  of 
the  stem.  St.  Ivs.  few,  bract-like.  Hds.  in  a  terminal,  dense  cluster,  purplish 
white.  Feb. — May.  (A.  dioica  Br.) 

80.  FILA'GO,   Tourn.     COTTON    ROSE.      CUDWEED.      (Apparently 
from   the  Latin  flum,  a   thread  ;  on  account  of  the  cottony  hairs.) 
Heads  heterogamous ;    involucre    of  a   few  villous   scales ;   marginal 
flowers  ?  ;   receptacle  columnar,  naked   at  the  apex,   chaffy  at  base ; 
achenia  terete,  central  ones  with  a  hairy  pappus. — Downy-canescent 
kerbs.     Lvs.  alternate,  entire. 

F  Germanica  L.  St.  dichotomous  or  proliferously  branched  above ;  Ivs.  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute,  crowded,  erect ;  hds.  few-flowered,  in  dense,  capitate  clusters, 
terminal  and  lateral ;  scales  cuspidate,  passing  insensibly  into  the  pales  of  tho 
receptacle,  each  with  a  pistillate  flower  in  the  axil.— GO  Fields  and  roadsides, 
Mass.,  N.  Y.  to  Ya.  St.  6  to  10'  high.  Scales  straw-color,  with  a  green  lino 
outside.  JL— Oct.  §  Eur. 


462  ORDER  70.—  COMPOSITE. 

81.  XERANTHEMUM,    (Gr.  fypog,  dry,  dvdog  ;  on  account  of  its  dry, 
imperishable  flowers.)     Heads  discoid  ;   involucre  hemispherical,  with 
radiant,  colored,  opaque,  scarious  scales  ;  receptacle  paleaceous  ;  pappus 
paleo-setaceous.  —  <J)  Native  of  S.  Europe. 

X.  annuum  Willd.  ETERNAL  FLOWER.  St.  erect,  branched  ;  Ivs.  oblong- 
lanceolate,  obtusish,  alternate,  entire;  hds.  large,  terminal,  solitary;  scales  of 
the  involucre  obtuse,  scarious,  inner  ones  of  the  ray  spreading,  lanceolate,  obtuse. 
—  A  singular  plant,  half  hardy,  of  easy  culture.  Stem  2  —  3f  high.  The  radi- 
ant involucre  scales  are  of  a  rich  purple,  but  there  are  varieties  with  red, 
white,  blue  and  yellow  scales.  The  flowers  retain  their  beauty  for  years. 

82.  HELICHRY'SUM.     (Gr.  golden  sun)  is  another  genus  of  fadeless 
flowers,  of  which  several  species  are  occasionally   cultivated.      Tho 
spreading  scales  are  of  various  colors.     II.  bracteosum  is  the  finest 
species,  having  yellow  scales,  heads   on   long   stalks  and  lanceolate 
leaves. 


83.  ERECHTITES,  Raf.    FIRE-WEED.     (Gr.  ep^S  to  trouble  ;   the 
species  are  troublesome  weeds.)     Flowers  all  tubular,  those  of  the  mar- 
gin pistillate,  of  the  disk  perfect  ;  involucre  cylindrical,  simple,  slightly 
calyculate;    receptacle   naked;    pappus   of  numerous,  fine,    capillary 
bristles.  —  (D  Lvs.  simple,  alternate.     Fls.  corymbous,  whitish. 

E.  hieracifolius  Eaf.  St.  paniculate,  virgate  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  amplexicaul,  acute, 
unequally  and  deeply  toothed  with  acute  indentures  ;  invol.  smooth  ;  ach.  hairy. 
—  A  rank  weed,  growing  in  fields  (Can.  and  U.  S.),  particularly  in  such  as  havo 
been  newly  cleared  and  burnt  over.  St.  thick  and  fleshy,  branching,  3f  high, 
roughish.  Lvs.  of  a  light  green,  large,  irregularly  cut  into  many  deep  and  acute 
teeth.  Fls.  terminal,  crowded,  destitute  of  rays,  white.  Invol.  large  and  tumid 
at  base.  Aug.,  Sept.  (Senicio  hieracifolius  L.) 

84.  CACA'LIA,   L.     WILD  CARAWAY.     TASSEL  FLOWER.     (An  an- 
cient Gr.  name  of  an  uncertain  plant.)     Flowers  all  tubular,  £  ;  in- 
volucre cylindric,  oblong,  often  calyculate  with  small  scales  at  the  base; 
receptacle  not  chaffy;  pappus  capillary,  scabrous.  —  Mostly  2£.    Smooth. 
Lvs.  alternate.     lids,  of  Us.  corymbed,  mostly  cyanic. 

§  Scales  of  the  involucre  united,  about  12.    Flowers  60  to  80,  scarlet  ...................  No.  8 

jj  Scales  of  the  involucre  distinct,  —  about  12.     Flowers  20  to  30,  white  .................  No.  fl 

—  5  only.    Flowers  5.  —  Leaves  cordate  or  lobed.  .  .Nos.  2—4 
—  Leaves  never  cordate  ......  Nos.  5  —  7 

1  C.  suaveolens  L.     Glabrous  ;  st.  striate-angular  ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  hastate-sagit- 
tate, serrate,  smooth,  green  on  both  sides  ;  fls.  corymbed,  erect  ;   invol.  many- 
flowered.  —  U  Western  K  Y.  to  Conn.  (Robbins),  to  Ga.  and  111.     Stems  4  —  5f 
high,  striate,  leafy.     Radical  leaves  on  long  stalks,  pointed;   cauline  ones  on 
winged  stalks.     Flowers  whitish,  in  a  terminal,  compound  corymb.     Scales  and 
peduncles  smooth,  with  setaceous  bracts  beneath  the  involucre,  and  beneath  the 
divisions  of  the  peduncles.     Aug. 

2  C.  reniformis  Muhl.     St.  sulcate-angled  ;  Ivs.  palmately  veined,  nearly  smooth, 
green  both  sides,  petiolate,  lower  ones  reniform,  upper  flabelliform  ;   corymb  com- 
pound, fastigiate  ;  hds.  5-flowered.  —  Woods,  Ind.,  111.,  Penn.,  S.  to  Car.     St.  3  to 
6f  high,  nearly  simple,  glabrous.    Lvs.  3  to  12'  by  5  to  18',  repand-dentate,  lower 
petioles  very  long.     Scales  of  involucre  5,  obtuse,  whitish.     Jl. 

3  C.  atriplicifolia  L.     St.  terete;  Ivs.  petiolate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  palm- 
ate-veined, angularly  lobed  and  dentate,  the  lower  subcordate;   fls.   corymbed, 
erect;  invol.  5-flowered.—  K  Y.  to  Ga.  and  111.     St.  3  to  5f  high,  leafy.     Lvs, 
alternate,  the  lower  ones  as  large  as  the  hand,  with  large,  unequal  teeth  or  lobes. 
Hds.  small,  ovoid-cylindric,  whitish,  loosely  corymbous  at  the  top  of  the  branches. 
JL—  Sept. 


ORDER  70. -COMPOSITE.  463 

4  C.  diversifolia  Torr.  &  Gr.     Plant  not  glaucous ;  st.  striate-angled ;  lower  Ivy. 
ovate,  obtuse,  repand-toothed,  upper  3  to  5-lobed,  somewhat  hastate;  lids.,  corymbs 
and  fis.  as  in  the  preceding  (of  which  it  seems  to  be  a  variety). — Swamps  along 
the  Chattahoochee,  Fla.     Plant  2  to  3f  high.     May. 

5  C.  tuberosa  Nutt.      St.  angular-sukate ;  Ivs.  oval  or  ovate,  strongly  5  to  7- 
veined,  obtuse  or  subacute,  entire  or  repand-denticulate,  not  glacous,  lower  ones 
tapering  into  long  petioles,  upper  ones  on  short  petioles ;  hds.  in  compound  cor- 
ymbs.— Marshes,  W.  States.    St.  2  to  5f  high,  branched  above.    Lvs.  rather  thick,  ^ 

3  to  7'  long,  f  as  wide,  veins  converging  to  the  apex.    Hds.  oblong,  5-leaved  and" 
5-flowered,  white.     May. — Jl. 

6  C.  ovata  Ell.     St.  terete;  Ivs.  glaucous  beneath,  3  to  5-veined,  ovate  and  oval, 
entire  or  undulate-margjned,  contracted  at  base  into  petioles ;  corymb  fastigiate. — 
Macon,  Ga.  (Mettauer),  Ala.,  Fla.,  in  moist  woods.     St.  smooth,  glaucous,  3  to  4f 
high.      Lower  Ivs.   on  long  petioles,  rather  obtuse ;  upper  ones  nearly  sessile, 
rather  acute.     Scales  broad-linear,  acute.     Jl. — Aug.' 

7  C.  lanceolata  Nutt.     St.  terete;  Ivs.  glaucous  beneath,  3-veined,  lanceolate  and 
lance-linear,  entire  or  with  few  sharp  teeth,  lower  tapering  to  petioles,  upper 
sessile ;  corymb  simple. — Wet  grounds,  Ga.  Fla.     St.  4  to  Gf  high.     Lvs.  below 

4  to  6'  long,  diminishing  upwards.     Scales  linear,  acute.     Aug.,  Sept. 

8  C.  coccinea  Curt.  TASSEL  FLOWER.  Radical  Ivs.  ovate-spatulate,  cauline 
amplexicaul  crenate ;  invol.  ovate-cylindric,  scales  linear,  at  length  reflexed ;  ach. 
ciliate ;  pappus  in  several  rows. — A  pretty  garden  flower,  native  of  the  B.  Ind., 
&c.  St.  If  or  more  high.  Fls.  bright  scarlet.  Jn. — Sept.  A  bed  or  patch  sown 
thickly  makes  a  fine  appearance.  (Emilia  sagittata,  DC.) 

85.  CINERARIA,  Less.      (Lat.   cinereus,  ash-colored ;   for  its  soft, 
white  down.) — Hds.  radiate ;  rays  pistillate ;  invol.  scales  in  one  row, 
scarious  on   the  margin ;   recept.   naked,  flat ;   ach.   bealdess,  obcoin- 
pressed;    papp.   capillary. — Greenhouse   shrubs  with  mostly  alternate 
leaves. 

1  C.  amelloides  "Willd.     Leaves  opposite,   ovate,  smooth;    peduncles  each 
bearing  a  single  head  with  blue  rays. — Shrubby,  2  to  3f  high,     -j-  S.  Africa. 

2  C.  speciosa  Schrad.      Lvs.  alternate,   reniform,  denticulate,   on  inflated 
petioles ;  hds.  in  a  simple  raceme  terminating  the  simple  stem,  with  yellow  rays. 
—Shrub  4  to  6f  high,     f  Siberia. 

3  discolor  Willd.    Lvs.  alternate,   oblong-lanceolate,   acuminate,  denticulate, 
smooth,  white  beneath;  hds.  corymbous,  with  yellow  rays. — Shrub  3  to  4f  high. 
\  Jamaica. 

4  C.  lanata  Willd.     Lvs.  roundish,  7-angled,  cordate,  woolly  beneath ;  hds. 
solitary  on  each  peduncle ;   rays  white  within,  of  a  vivid  purple  outside. — f  Ca- 
naries.    Very  beautiful. 

5  C.  populifolia  H.  3L    Lvs.  somewhat  angular,  cordate,  downy  beneath,  tin 
petioles  appendaged;    hds.  corymbous;    rays  red. — The  florists  have  produced 
many  hybrids  of  superior  beauty ;  as  the  Rosy  Morn,  Jenny  Lind,  Vicar  of  Wake- 
field,  &c. 

86.  SENE'CIO,  L.     GROUNDSEL.    (Lilt,  sencx,  an  old  man;  the  word 
is  synonymous  with  Erigeron.)      Involucre  of  many  equal  scales  or 
invested  with  a  few  shorter  ones  at  base ;  flowers  all  tubular,   £ ,  or 
usually  radiate  and  rays  $  ;  receptacle  not  chaffy ;  pappus  simple,  cap- 
illary and  copious. — A  vast  genus  embracing  600  species  of  herbs  and 
shrubs.     Lvs.  alternate.     Fls.  mostly  yellow,  exceeding  the  invol. 

§  Heads  discoid.     Eoot  annual No.  1 

§  Heads  radiate. — Eadical  leaves  undivided.     Achenia  glabrous Nos.  2,  8 

— Radical  leaves  undivided.     Achenia  pubescent Nos.  4,  5 

— Radical  leaves  divided,  as  well  as  the  cauline Nos.  6—8 

1  S.  vulgaria  L.  St.  paniculate,  erect,  angular;  Ivs.  sinuate- pinnatificl,  dentate, 
amplexicaul. — (T)  A  weed  growing  about  houses,  in  waste  grounds,  rubbish,  &c. 
N.  States.  St.  18'  high,  leafy,  branching,  generally  smooth.  Lvs.  alternate,  thin, 


464  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE. 

bright  green,  the  radical  ones  stalked.     Ms.  without  rays,  terminal,  scattered, 
yellow,  appearing  all  summer.     §   Eur. 

2  S.  aureus  L.     Radical  Ivs.  ovate,  cordate,  crenate-serrate,  petiolate,  cauline  ones 
lyrate-pinnatifid,  dentate,  terminal  segments  lanceolate  ;  ped.  submnbellate,  thick ; 
rays  8  to  12  ;  ach.  glabrous. — 1[   Plant  with  varying  forms,  in  meadows,  woods, 
(U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.),  with  golden  yellow  fls.     St.  smoothish,  striate,  erect,  1  to 
2f  high,  simple,  or  branched  above,  terminating  in  a  kind  of  umbellate,  simple  or 
compound  corymb.     Lower  stem  Ivs.  lyrate,  upper  ones  few  and  slender.     Ped. 
more  or  less  thickened  upwards.     Scales  linear,  acute,  purplish  at  apex.     Rays 
spreading  about  1'.     May — Aug. 

/3  BALSAMIT^E.  St.  villous  at  base ;  Ivs.  few,  small  and  distant,  pubescent) 
radical  ones  oblong-lanceolate ;  ped.  villous  at  base. — Rocky  hills  and  pas- 
tures. (S.  Balsamitas,  Muhl.) 

y  GRACILIS.  Radical  Ivs.  orbicular,  on  long  petioles,  cauline  few,  linear-oblong, 
incisely  dentate ;  ped.  short,  pilous,  with  small,  few-rayed  heads. — A  slender 
state  of  the  species,  on  rocky  shores.  (S.  gracilis,  Ph.) 

6  OBOVATUS.  Radical  Ivs.  obovate  to  oblong-spatulate ;  ped.  elongated. — 
Meadows,  &c.  (S.  obovatus,  Willd.) 

e  LANCEOLATUS.  Radical  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  cauline  lanceolate,  pinnatifid 
at  base. — Shady  swamps,  &c. 

3  S.  obovatus  Ell.     Tomentous  when  young,  at  length  glabrous ;  root  Ivs.  obo- 
vate or  roundish,  crenate,  with  an  attenuated  sessile  base,  cauline  few,  small,  cut- 
pinnate;  corymb  small;  rays  10  to  12;   ach.  glabrous. — Va.  to  Fla.     St.  a  foot 
high,  nearly  leafless.     Lvs.  mostly  radical,  near  3'  broad  and  long,  often  slightly 
petioled ;  the  upper  Ivs.  rapidly  diminished.     Rays  spreading  about  1'.     May. 

4  S.  tomeiitosus  MX.      Clothed  with  soft,  cotton-like,  nearly  persistent  tomentum ; 
root  Ivs.  oblong  or  oblanceolate  or  ovate,  obtuse,  tapering  to  a  long,  slender  petiole, 
crenate,  the  upper  sessile;  hds.  fastigiate,  rays  12  to  15;  ach.  pubescent. —  U  Va. 
to  Fla.  and  La.     St.  1  to  2f  high,  often  nearly  leafless  above.     Corymb  simple, 
subumbellate.     Root  Ivs.  with  their  petioles  6  to   9'  long,  1  to  3'  wide.     Rays 
spreading  1C".  Apr. — Jn. — The  leaves  are  exceedingly  variable.     A  variety  (on 
Stone  Mt.,  Ga.)  is  low,  densely  tomentous,  with  the  Ivs.  ah1  radical. 

5  S.  anonymus.     Plant  clothed  with  a  white,  partly  deciduous  tomentum  ;  root  Ivs. 
small,  oblong,  obtuse,  crenate-serrate,  some  of  them  slightly  lobed,  tapering  to  a 
petiole,  cauline  Ivs.  long  and  narrow,  remotely  sinuate-pinnatifid,  the  segm.  cut-den- 
tate; hds.  subumbellate,  small,  ach.  pubescent. —  H  ?  Montgomery,  Ala.    St.  16  to 
24'  high.     Root  Ivs.  ^'  wide  and  with  their  petioles  2  to  3'  long.     St.  Ivs.  G'  long, 
the  upper  1',  almost  bipinnatifid.     Rays  8  to  10,  spreading  about  7''.     May.,  Jn. 

6  S.  Caiiadensis  L.     Lvs.  glabrous,  bipinnate  with  linear,  lobed,  obtuse  segm., 
the  upper  few  pinnately  divided  ;  corymbs  compound,  fastigiate  ;  rays  9  to  12. — 
U  Canada  (Kalm,  in  Willd.  Spec.,  &c.)     Upper  districts  of  the  S.   States.     lids, 
rather  small.     Jn. — Possibly  our  S.   anonymus  is  a  variety  of  this.     (S.  mille- 
folium  T.  &  G. 

7  S.  lobatus  Pers.     BUTTER-WEED.     Glabrous  or  slightly  floccous  at  base ;  Ivs. 
all  lyrate-pinnatifid  (or  the  upper  pinnatifid),  the  lobes  crenate,  distant,  odd  ono 
roundish  ;  corymbs  somewhat  compoundly  umbeled  ;  invol.   slightly  calyculate ; 
rays  10  to  12;  ach.  minutely  hispid. — (T)  Low,  wet  grounds,  IvT.  Car.  to  Fla.  and 
La.,  common.     St.  striate,  2  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  4  to  6'  long,  terminal  lobe  1'  diam. 
Rays  spreading  about  11".     Mar. — Jl. 

8  S.  pseudo-elegans  DC.  PURPLE  JACOB^EA.  Lvs.  equal,  pinnatifid 
pilous-viscid,  spreading;  ped.  somewhat  scaly;  invol.  calyculate  with  leafy 
scales;  scales  mostly  withered  at  the  tips. — Qj  Native  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
A  beautiful  plant  in  cultivation.  Fls.  of  the  disk  yellow,  of  the  rays  brilliant 
purple.  A  variety  has  double  fls.  with  colors  equally  fine.  Another  variety  has 
white  fls.  Jn. — Aug.  f  (S.  elegans  L.) 

87.  AR'NICA,  L.  Involucre  of  equal,  lanceolate  scales,  1  or  2-rowcd  ; 
ray  flowers  •$ ,  disk  Q  ;  receptacle  flat,  with  scattered  hairs  ;  pappus 
single,  rigid  and  serrulate. —  3  St.  simple.  Lvs.  opposite.  Fls.  yellow. 
1  A.  mollis  Hook.  Pubescent ;  st.  leafy ;  Ivs.  becoming  nearly  glabrous,  thin, 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE.  465 

veiny,  dentate,  ovate-lanceolaf  e  and  oblong,  radical  ones  stalked,  cauline  sessile ; 
hds.  few ;  invol.  hairy,  with  acuminate  scales ;  ach.  luiiry. — Ravines,  White  Mts., 
N.  EL  Essex  Mts.,  N.  Y.  Also  Rocky  Mta  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  5'  in 
length,  the  upper  one  broad  at  the  base,  the  lower  tapering  to  a  winged  petiole, 
often  acute,  but  not  acuminate.  Jl. 

2  A.  nudicaulis  E1L  Hirsute ;  Ivs.  all  sessile,  subentire,  oval  or  ovate,  3  to  5- 
veined,  the  veins  converging  to  the  apex,  cauline  small,  1  or  2  pairs ;  hds.  few, 
large,  terminal;  rays  about  12,  3-toothed  at  end;  ach.  glabrous. — Wet,  sandy 
soils  Va.  to  Fla.  St.  If  high,  scape-like.  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  resembling  those 
of  the  plantains  (Plantago),  but  smaller  (2  to  3'  long.)  Rays  spreading  fully  2' 
Apl.,  May. 

TRIBE  5.     CYNAREJE. 

88.  CYN'ARA,  L.     (Gr.  KVUV,  a  dog;  the  stiff,  hard  spines  of  the 
invol.   resemble  a  dog's  teeth.)     Heads  discoid,   homogamous ;  invol- 
ucre dilated,  imbricate,  scales  fleshy,  emarginate,   pointed  ;  receptacle 
setaceous  ;  pappus  plumous  ;  achenia  not  beaked. — Natives  of  the  Old 
World. 

1  C.  Scolymus  L.     GARDEN  ARTICHOKE.     Lvs.  subspinose,    pinnate  and  un- 
divided; invol.  scales  ovate. — If  Gardens  and  cultivated  grounds.     A  well  known 
garden  esculent.     The  parts  used  are  the  receptacle,  the  lower  part  of  the  in- 
volucre and  the  upper  portion  of  the  stalk.     It  is  cultivated  from  suckers  placed 
in  rows,  3  feet  apart.     Aug.,  Sept.     \  §  Eur. 

2  C.  cardunculus  L.     CARDOON.     Lvs.  spiny,  all  pinnatifid ;  invol.  scales  ovate. 
— If  Flowers  purple.      This  plant  is  blanched  or  etiolated,   by  heaping  earth 
around  it,  whence  its  petioles  become  crisp,  tender,  and  are  used  like  celery, 
t  §  Eur- 

89.  TAGETES,  L.     MARIGOLD.     (For  Tages,  a  Tuscan  divinity,  son 
of  Genius  and  grandson  of  Jupiter.)     Heads  heterogamous ;  involucre 
simple,  tubular,  of  5  to  10  united  scales ;  ray  flowers  5,  persistent;  re- 
ceptacle naked ;  pappus  of  5  erect  awns. — ©  Herbs  of  tropical  Amer* 
ica.     Lvs.  pinnately  divided. 

1  T.  patula    L.     FRENCH    MARIGOLD.     St.   erect,    with    widely    spreading 
branches;  segm.  of  the  leaves  linear-lanceolate;    ped.  elongated,   subcylindric, 
one-flowered;    invol.    smooth. — Plant  about    2f   high.      Rays  orange  yellow; 
variegated  with  dark  purple,  f 

2  T.  erecta  L.     AFRICAN  MARIGOLD.     St.  stout,  erect;  segm.  of  the  Ivs. 
lanceolate,  ciHute-serrate  ;  ped.  1-flowered,  ventricous  and  thickened  at  the  sum- 
mit ;  invol.  angular. — The  hds.  are  twice  larger  than  in  T.  patula,  and  on  shorter 
peduncles. — These  are  well  known  and  popular  garden   flowers  with  several 
varieties,  f 

90.  CALEN'DULA,  L.    POT  MARIGOLD.     (Lat.  calenda,  the  first  day 
of  the  month  ;  some  species  blossom  monthly.)     Heads  radiate ;  in- 
volucre of  many  equal  leaves,  in   about  2  series ;  rays  ?  ,  fertile,  disk 

£ ,  sterile ;  receptacle  naked ;  achenia  of   the   disk   membranaceous ; 

pappus  0. — An  oriental  genus  of  annual  herbs.     Lvs.  alternate. 

C.  officinalis  L.  Viscid-pubescent;  st.  branched;  Ivs.  oblong,  acute,  mu- 
cronate,  sessile,  subdentate  and  scabrous-ciliate  on  the  margin ;  hds.  terminal, 
solitary;  ach.  carinate,  muricate,  incurved. — A  common  and  handsome  garden 
plant,  from  S.  Eurone.  It  has  double,  lemon-colored,  and  other  varieties.  Flow- 
ers large  and  brilliant,  generally  orange-colored.  Jn. — Sept.  f 

91.  CENTAITREA,  L.     KNAP-WEED.      BACHELOR'S-BUTTON.      (The 
centaur,  Chiron,  it  is  said,  cured  with  these,  his  foot  wounded  by  Her- 

30 


466  ORDER  70. — COMPOSURE. 

culcs.)  Heads  discoid  ;  involucre  imbricate ;  ray  flowers  longer  than 
the  rest,  sterile,  often  wanting  ;  receptacle  bristly ;  pappus  of  filiform, 
scabrous  bristles  in  several  series. — A  genus  of  oriental  herbs  with, 
alternate  Ivs. 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  with  a  fringed  or  pectinate  nppendage Nos.  1,  2 

*  Scales  of  the  involucre  merely  ciliate,  or  tipped  with  a  spine Nos.  3,  4 

1  C.  nfgra  L.     St.  erect,  branched,  pubescent  above ;  lower  Ivs.  angular-lyrate, 
upper  lanceolate,  dentate,  scales  ovate,  with  an  erect,  capillary,  fringed  appendage ; 
ray  and  disk-fls.  alike. — 14-  A  troublesome  weed,  in  meadows  and  pastures,  Mass. 
St.  about  2f  high,  simple,  or  oflener  divided  into  elongated  branches.     Hcls.  few, 
large,  terminal,  solitary.     Fringed  appendage  of  the  scales  dark  brown.     Fls.  pur- 
ple.   Jl.,  Aug.     §  Eur. 

2  C.  Americana  Nutt.    St  erect,  sulcate,  sparingly  branched ;  lower  Ivs.  oblong- 
ovate,  repand-dentate,  upper  ones  lanceolate,  acute,  all  sessile  and  glabrous ;  lids, 
few  or  solitary,  very  large ;  ped.  thickened  at  summit ;   ray  fls.  twice  longer  than 
the  disk;  scales  with  a  pectinate-pinnate,  reflexed  appendage.— (I)  Ark.  and  La., 
naturalized  in  111.  (Mead.)     Cultivated  in  gardens.     St.  2  to  4f  high,  with  largo, 
showy,  pale-purple  hds.     Appendages  straw-color,  f 

3  C.  C^anus  L.     BACHELOR'S-BUTTON.     St.  erect,  branching,  downy  ;   Ivs.  linear, 
entire,  downy,  the  lowest  subdentate ;  scales  ciliate-serrate  ;  ray  flowers  much  en- 
larged.— CD  Cultivated  and  sparingly  naturalized  in  old  fields.     It  is  a  hardy  an- 
nual, justly  popular  for  its  handsome  flowers  which  are  very  variable  in  color. 
Hds.  ovoid,  solitary  on  the  ends  of  the  branches.     Jl. — Sept.     §  Eur. 

4  C.  Calcitrapa  L.     STAR  THISTLE.     St.  diffusely  branched,  hairy;  Ivs.  sessile, 
pinnately  lobed,  lobes  linear,  toothed,  upper  mostly  entire ;  hds.  sessile  ;  middle 
scales  tipped  with  a  strong,  spreading  spine  with  1  or  2  minute  spines  each  side ; 
pappus  0.— <D  (D  Va.     Fls.  purple.     §  Eur. 

92.  AMBErVBOA,  DC.     SWEET  SULTAN.     Heads  discoid  ;  involucre 
imbricated  ;  ray-flowers  wanting  or  larger  than  the  rest,  sterile  ;  pappus 
of  oblong  or  obovate  pales,  attenuated  to  the  base,  all  similar,  rarely 
small  or  0. — Eastern  herbs  with  alternate  Ivs. 

1  A.  moschata  "VVilld.     Lvs.  lyrate-dentate ;    invol.   subglobous,    smooth; 
scales  ovate ;  ray-flowers  scarcely  enlarged,  not  exceeding  the  disk ;  pappus  0. — 
A  handsome  border  annual  from  Persia.     Flowers  purple.     A  variety  has  white 
flowers.     July — Oct.    (Centaurea  L.)  f 

2  A.  odorata,  a.  amboracea.  DC.      YELLOW  SWEET  SULTAN.     Lower  Ivs. 
broadly  subspatulate,  dentate,   upper  lyrate  at  base  ;  hds.  globous ;  ray-fls.  en- 
larged upwards,  longer  than  the  disk ;  pappus  chaffy,  a  little  shorter  than  the 
fruit. — From  Levant.    Leaves  scarcely  pinnatifid.    Flowers  yellow,  f    (Centaurea 
suaveolens  Willd.) 

B.  GLAUCA.    Lvs.  often  deeply  pinnatifid :  flowers  purple,  f    (Centaurea  glauca 
Willd.) 

93.  CAR'THAMUS,  L.     SAFFRON.    (Arabic,  qorthom,  to  paint ;  from 
its  coloring   property.)     Heads  discoid ;    involucre  imbricated,   outer 
bracts  foliaceous  ;  flowers  all  tubular  and  £  ,  filaments  smooth  ;  pappus 
0  ;  receptacle  with  setaceous  pales  ;  achenia  4-angled. — Oriental  herbs. 

C.  tinctorius  L.     St.  smooth ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile,  spi nous-denticu- 
late.— (1)  Native  of  Egypt,  but  long  cultivated  in  other  lands  on  account  of  its 
orange-colored  flowers.     Stem  branching,  striate,    1 — 2f  high.     Leaves  subam- 
plexicaul,  smooth  and  shining.     Heads  large,  terminal,  with  numerous  long  and 
slender  flowers.     The  latter  are  useful  in  coloring,  and  as  a  nursery  medicine. 
July,  f 

94.  CNKUS,  Yaill.    BLESSED  THISTLE.     (Gr.  KVL&,  to  prick  ;  well 
applied  to  these  herbs.)     Heads   discoid  ;  involucre   ventricous,  imbri- 
cate with  doubly  spinous  scales  ;  ray-flowers  sterile  ;  receptacle  very 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE.  467 

hairy;    pappus  in  3  series,    the    outer    10-toothed,   tlic  2  inner  each 

10-bristled. — Oriental  herbs. 

C.  benedictus  L.  Lvs.  somewhat  decurrent;  dentate  and  spiny;  invol.  doubly 
spinous,  woolly,  bracteate. — ®  Native  of  Persia,  Tauria  and  Greece.  About  2f 
high,  with  yellow  flowers.  Sparingly  naturalized.  June. — It  was  formerly  in 
great  estimation  in  medicine,  but  is  now  considered  worthless.  \  § 

95,  ONOPOR'DON,  Vaill.     COTTON  THISTLE.     Heads  discoid,  homo- 
gamous  ;  involucre  ventricous,  imbricate  with  spreading,  spinous  scales ; 
receptacle  deeply  alveolate  ;  pappus  copious,  capillary,  scabrous ;  achc- 
nia  4-angled. — Large,  branching  herbs,  with  decurrent  leaves. 

O.  acantMum  L.  Invol.  scales  spreading,  subulate ;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  decurrent, 
sinuate,  spinous,  woolly  on  both  sides. — (g)  This  fine  looking  thistle  occurs  natur- 
alized in  waste  grounds,  and  is  about  3f  in.  height.  The  whole  plant  has  a  white, 
cottony  appearance.  Stem  winged  by  the  decurrent  leaves,  which  are  unusually 
large.  Involucre  round,  cottony,  spinous.  Flowers  purple.  July,  Aug.  §  Eur. 

96.  CIR'SIUM,  Tourn.    (Cnicus  L.  Muhl.)     THISTLE.     (Gr.  Kipoog, 
a  swelling  of  a  vein,  which  this  plant  was  supposed  to  heal.)     Heads 
discoid,  homogamous ;    involucre  subglobous,    of    many  rows  of   spi- 
nous-pointed,    imbricated  scales ;    receptacle   bristly ;    style    scarcely 
divided ;    pappus  copious,  plumous  ;    achcnia   compressed,   smooth. — 
Herbs  with  alternate  Ivs.,  generally  armed  with  spinous  prickles.     Fls. 
cyanic. 

*  Leaves  deCttrwnt  on  the-  stem  more  or  less.    Scales  tipped  with  spines Nos.  1,  2 

*  Leaves  not  decurrent. — Heads  involucrate  with  a  whorl  of  12  to  '20  spiny  bracts No.  8 

— Heads  naked. — Flowers  ochroleucous.     Scales  prickly No.  4 

— Fls.  purple. — Lvs.  Avhite-tomentous  beneath.. Nos.  5 — 7 

— Lvs.  green. — Stein  low,  simple.. Nos.  8,  9 

—Stem  tall,  branched.  "10-12 

1  C.  lanceolattim  Scop.     COMMON  THISTLE.     Lvs.  decurrent,  pinnatifid,  hispid, 
tha  segments  divaricate  and  spinous;  hds.  several,  ovoid,  villous;  scales  lanceolate, 
tipped  with  a  spine,  spreading. — ®  Common  in  borders  of  fields,  roadsides,  N. 
Eng.  and  Mid.  States,  always  distinguished  by  the  decurrent  leaves.      St.  3  to  4f 
high,  winged  by  the  decurrent  leaves  which    are  white   and  woolly  beneath, 
armed  with  formidable  spines  at  all  points.     Fls.  numerous,  large,  purple.     Invol. 
scales,  webbed,  each  ending  in  a  spine.     Jl. — Sept. 

2  C.  Lecontii  Torr.  &  Gr.     Slender,  simple,  with  one  head;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate, 
more  or  less  decurrent,  with  a  few  spinous  teeth,  glabrous  above,  white-floccous 
beneath,  invol.  ovoid,  arachnoid,  when  young;  scales  not  spinous,  merely  mucro- 
nate  or  acuminate-pointed. — Ga.  to  La.     St.  about  2f  high.     Hd.  large,  (I'  or 
more  diam.)  terminal. 

3  C.  horridTihim  MX.     Lvs.  sessile,  pinnatifid,  acutely  cut,  spinous;  hds.  invested 
with  an  external  invol.  of  about  12  to  20  very  spinous  bracts;  scales  sharp-pointed, 
but  unarmed. — (g)  Found  in  meadows  and  hills,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla,     St.  1  to  3f  high, 
invested  with  wool.     Lvs.  somewhat  clasping,  woolly  and  hairy,  armed  with  stiff 
spines.     Hds.  large  (!'  diam.),  with  yellowish  white  corollas,  the  scales  webbed. 
Aug. 

/?.  ELLIOTTII.  Corollas  purple,  2' long.    Bracts  about  12. — South  (Elliott).    Fla., 
near  Quincy.    . 

4  C.  Pitcheri,  Torr.  &  Gr.     White-tomentous ;  Ivs.  rigid,  pinnately  parted,  mar- 
gins revolute,  segm.  long,  linear,  toothed  or  entire,  spinous ;  hds.  axillary ;   scales 
arachnoid,  acuminate,  tipped  with  a  weak,  spreading  prickle. — Sandy  lake  shores, 
Mich,  and  Can.  West.     Cor.  ochroleucous.     Jn.,  Jl. 

5  C.  discolor  Spreng.     Lvs.  sessile,  pinnatifid,  rough-haired,    downy  beneath, 
segm.  2-lobed,  divaricate,  spinous;  invol.  globous,  the  scales  ovate,  appressed, 
with  spreading  spines  at  the  tip. —  (D  A  slender  thistle  3  to  5f  high,  much  branch- 
ed and  leafy  at  the  summit,  found  in  thickets,  N.  Eng.  to  111.     Hds.  terminating 
the  branches,  1'  diam.,  with  reddish  purple  corollas.     Jl.  Aug. 


468  ORDER  70.—  COMPOSITE. 

6  C.  altissimum  Spreng.     Tall,  branched,  villous-pubcscent,  leafy  to  the  top  ;  Ivs, 
whitish  beneath,  spinous-ciliate,  sessile,  lanceolate  oblong,  often  sinuate-dentate,  lower 
undivided  or  pinnatifid  petiolate.  lobes  or  teeth  spinescent.     Hds.  large,  scales 
ovate-lanceolate,  outer  one  with  a  spreading  spine  at  apex.  —  Fields  and  barrens, 
Perm,  and  "W.  States,  common.     St.  3  to  8f  high.    Lvs.  6  to  8',  by  1  to  6'.    Hds. 
about  1'  diam.,  with  linear-lanceolate  bracts  at  base.     Fl.  purple  or  purplish 
white.     Aug. 

7  C.  Virginianum  Michx.     Slender,    mostly  simple,   and   naked   above;    Ivs. 
sessile,  lanceolate,  margin  revolute,  entire  or  repand-dentate,  teeth  spinescent,  or 
sometimes  remotely  sinuate-lobed  or  pinnatifid,  upper  surface   glabrous,  under 
surface  tomentous-canescent  ;  hds.  small;  invol  subglobous  ;  scales  tipped  with  a 
short,  spreading  prickle.  —  Woods,  Ohio,  and  S.  States.    Plant  about  the  size  of  the 
Canada  thistle,  clothed  with  an  arachnoid  pubescence,  with  few  or  many  heads 
(sometimes  but  one)  which  are  about  £'  diam.     Flowers  purple.     Apr.  —  Sept. 
(Carduus,  L.  Cnicus,  Ph.) 

8  C.  repandum  MX.     Arachnoid  when  young  ;  Ivs.  crowded  to  the  top,  at  length 
green  both  sides,  clasping  oblong-linear,  undulate,  spinous-ciliate;   hds.  1  or  2; 
scales,  outer  ovate-lanceolate,  inner  subulate-acuminate.  —  Barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Ga. 

9  C.  pumilum  Spreng.     Hairy;   Ivs.  few  above,  green  on  both  sides,  clasping, 
oblong-lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  the  segm.  irregularly  lobed,  ciliate,  spinous  ;   hds.  few, 
very  large,  subtended  by  I  to  5  bracts  ;  invol.  round-ovate,  spinous.  —  (D  A  common, 
low,  turgid  thistle,  in  roadsides,  pastures,  N.  Eng.  and  Mid.  States.     St.  1  to  2f 
high,  stout,  striate,  with  1  to  3  very  large  heads  of  fragrant,  purple  fls.     Aug. 
(Cnicus  odoratus  Muhl.) 

10  C.    muticum    MX.      Lvs.  pinnatifid   with    divaricate    segments  ;     hds.   on 
naked  peduncles  without   bracts;   invol.  ovoid  with   unarmed,  villous-arachnoid, 
glutinous  scales.  —  ©  A  fine  looking  thistle  found  in  damp  soils.     Can.  and  U.  S. 
St.  branching,  3  to  If  high.    Lvs.  armed  with  spines  at  each  angle.    Hds.  1'  diam., 
with  deep  purple  corollas,  the  scales  webbed  and  glutinous  on  the  back.     Aug., 
Sept. 

11  C.  glaber  Nutt.     Tall,  slender,  nearly  glabrous;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  rigid,  with 
spinescent,  divaricate  segments,  the  lower  slightly  decurrent;  hds.  naked,  on  leafless 
stalks;  scales  setaceously  mucronate,  strongly  keeled,  almost  glabrous,  the  inner 
attenuate-acuminate.  —  1ST.  Jer.  to  Ga.     St.  very  smooth,  angled,  3  to  5f  high.    Lvs. 
minutely  arachnoid  beneath.     Hds.  G"  diam.,  truncate  at  base.     Fls.  purple.     Jl. 
Sept. 

12  C.  arvense  Scop.    CANADA.  THISTLE,  CURSED  THISTLE.     Lvs.  sessile,  sinuate- 
pinnatifid,  wavy,  spinous  ;    st.  .  panicled  ;    hds.  numerous,   small,  invol.  round  or 
ovate,  with  minute  spines,  scales  close-pressed,  ovate-lanceolate.  —  It  Common  in 
fields,  roadsides  and  waste  places,  N.  Eng.  to  TV.  States,  very  troublesome  to  the 
farmer.     Root  creeping,  long  and  tenacious  of  life.     St.  3f  high,  with  a  branching 
panicle  at  top.     Hds.  small  (4  to  5"  diam.)  purple,  the  involucre  nearly  thornless, 
and  is  the  only  part  of  the  plant  that  can  be  safely  handled.     Jl.  §  Eur. 


97.  LAP'PA,  Tourn.  BURDOCK.  (Lat.  lappa,  a  burr,  from  Gr. 
to  lay  hold  of;  a  characteristic  term.)  Heads  discoid,  homogamous;  invo- 
lucre globous,  the  scales  imbricated  and  hooked  at  the  extremity  ;  re- 
ceptacle bristly  ;  pappus  bristly,  scabrous,  caducous.  —  ©  Coarse,  Euro- 
pean herbs.  Lvs.  alternate,  large. 

L.  major  Gaert.  Lvs.  cordate,  unarmed,  petioled.  —  Common  in  waste  and  culti- 
vated grounds,  fields.  N.  Eng.,  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Each  plant  is  a  large,  coni- 
cal, ill-scented  and  coarse-looking  mass  of  vegetation,  surmounted  by  a  branching, 
irregular  panicle  of  ovoid  heads  with  tubular  corollas  of  an  exceedingly  delicate 
pink  color.  The  leaves  are  very  large,  with  wavy  edges.  It  has  a  wonderful  de- 
sign for  the  dispersion  of  its  seeds.  The  scales  of  the  involucre  all  end  in  a  mi- 
nute, firm  hook,  which  seizes  hold  of  everything  that  passes  by.  JL,  Aug.  §  Eur, 
(Arctium  Lappa  L.) 

8.  Leaves  pinnatifid.  —  Penn.  (Darlington). 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITES.  469 

i* 

SUBORDER    II.      LIGULIFLOK  J2. 

98.  LAMPSA^NA,  Tourn.     NIPPLE-WORT.     (Gr.  AaTrrw,  to  purge; 
a  Lapsana  greatly  relaxes  the  body,"  says  Pliny.)     Heads  radiant,  8  to 
12-flowered ;  involucre  cylindrical,  angular,  scales  8,  erect,  in  one  row, 
with  2  or  3  minute  bractlets  at  base ;  receptacle  naked ;  achenia  gla- 
brous ;  pappus  0. — Slender,  oriental  herbs,  with  small,  yellow  hds.  in 
paniculate  corymbs. 

L.  commilnis  L.  St.  branched,  panioled,  leafy;  Ivs.  ovate,  petiolate,  dentate; 
ped.  cylindrical;  invol.  angular  in  fruit.—®  Waysides,  Can.  East  (Hook).  Near 
Boston  (Oakes).  § 

99.  APO'GON,  Ell.     (Gr.  a,  privative,  TTOT/WV,  beard;  as  destitute 
of  pappus.)     Heads  radiant ;  involucre  scales  ovate,  acuminate,  about  8, 
in  2  rows  ;  receptacle  naked;  achenia  glabrous,  oval,  longitudinally  12- 
striate ;  pappus  0. — (D  Herbs  glabrous  and  glaucous,  branched  from  the 
base.     Lvs.  alternate,  lanceolate.     Hds.  small,  yellow. 

A.  humilis  Ell.  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  A  small,  slender,  smooth  plant,  com- 
mon in  sandy  soils.  Sts.  3  to  12'  high,  trichotomously  branched  above.  Lvs. 
varying  from  lance-linear  to  linear,  and  from  entire  to  lyrate-lobed,  the  radical 
tapering  to  a  petiole.  Hds.  few,  small,  the  fls.  spreading  about  3''.  Mar. — Jn. 
(A.  lyratum  Nutt.  A.  gracilis  DC.) 

100.  CICHO'RIUM,  Tourn.     SUCCORY.     (The  Egyptian  name  chi- 
kouryeh,  whence  Gr.  /a^wp?/,  and  Eng.  succory.}     Involucre  double,  the 
outer  of  5  leafy  scales,  the   inner  of  about  8  linear   ones ;  receptacle 
chaffy ;  pappus  scaly  ;  achenia  not  rostrate,  obscurely  5-sided. — Orien- 
tal herbs  with  bright  blue  fls.,  about  20  in  a  head. 

1  C.  intybiis  L.  Fls.  in  pairs,  axillary,  sessile;  lower  Ivs.  nmcinate. — 1£  Plant 
2 — 3f  high,  with  large,  showy,  sky-blue  flowers,  in  grass  fields,  by  roadsides,  com- 
mon in  many  localities.  Stem  round,  with  few  long  branches,  rough.  The  upper 
leaves  become  cordate  acuminate,  sessile,  inconspicuous,  only  the  radical  ones 
runcinate.  The  flowers  are  1 — 2'  diam.,  and  placed  rather  remote  on  the  long, 
nakedish  branches.  Corollas  flat,  5-toothed.  The  root  is  used  in  France  as  a 
substitute  for  coffee.  July — Sept.  §  Eur. 

2  C.  Endivia  L.  ENDIVE.  Ped.  axillary,  in  pairs,  one  of  them  elongated 
and  1-headed,  the  other  very  short,  about  4-headed ;  hds.  capitate. — A  hardy  an- 
nual, esteemed  and  cultivated  for  salad.  Also  a  remedy  for  jaundice,  f  E.  Indies. 

101.  KRIG'IA,  Schreb.    DWARF  DANDELION.     (To  Dr.  Daniel  Krieg, 
a  German  botanist  who  traveled  in  this  country.)     Involucre  many- 
leaved,  nearly  simple,  equal ;  receptacle  naked  ;  achenia  turbinate,  stri- 
ate,  5-angled ;  pappus  double,  consisting  of  5  broad,  membranous  scales 
alternating  with    as  many  slender,  scabrous   bristles. — CD  Acaulescent 
herbs.     Hds.  solitary,  with  20  to  30  yellow  fls. 

1  K.  Virgmica  Willd.    Early  radical,  Ivs.  round-spatulate,  subentire,  the  later 
Ivs.  lance-oblong,  angular-toothed,  or  lyrate-pinniatifid ;  heads  solitary,  on  scapes 
finally  longer  than  the  leaves,  glabrous. — Dry,  sandy  soils,  Can.  to  Ga.     Leaves 
all  radical.    Scapes  2 — 10'  high,  bearing  each  a  small  head  of  deep  yellow  flowers. 
Late  flowering  specimens  show  many  scapes  branched  from  the  base.  (K.  dicho- 
toma  Nutt.)    May — Aug. 

2  K.  Caroliniana  Nutt.     Los.  lyrate-pinnatifid,  with  irregular,  oval  or  angular 
segments,  the  terminal  one  roundish  and  largest,  primary  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  few- 
toothed  or  entire,  scapes  always  simple,  solitary  at  first,  finally  several  1-flowered. 
— Dry,  sandy  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.     Scapes  1  to  4'  high.     Lvs.  1  to  2' 
long,  rosulate.     Fls.  spreading  4  to  6".     Feb. — May. 


470  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE 

102.  CYN'THIA,  Don.     (One  of  the  names  of  Diana;  fancifully  ap- 
plied to  this  genus.)     Involucre  nearly  simple,  of  equal,  narrow  scales  ; 
receptacle  flat,  alveolate ;  pappus  double,  the  outer  minute,  scaly,  inner 
copious,  capillary  ;  achenia  short. —  21  Lvs.  alternate  or  all  radical,   lids, 
with  15  to  20  yellow  flowers. 

1  C.  Virgmica  Don.     St.  few-leaved,  branched  above;  Ivs.  oval  and  lance-oval, 
entire  or  remotely  toothed,  rarely  sinuate-pinnatifid,  the  radical  on  winged  petio- 
les, cauline  amplexicaul,  entire. — In  barrens  and  dry  soils,  Western  N.  Y.  to  111. 
smooth  and  glaucous.     St.  1  to  2f  high,  often  dichotomously  divided,  with  1  to  2 
clasping  leaves  at  the   forks.     Radical  Ivs.  3  to  5'  long.     lids,  terminal  on  the 
bracteate  and  subumbellate  peduncles,  with  deep  yellow  flowers.     Scales  united 
at  oase  in  a  somewhat  double  series.     May — Jl.     (Krigia,  Nutt.) 

2  C.  Dandelion  DC.     Acaulescent ;  scapes  lea/less,  simple,  1-flowered;  Ivs.  elon- 
gated, lance-linear,  entire  or  remotely  toothed,  rarely  pinnatifid,  the  primary  Ivs. 
oblong-spatulate. — Low  grounds,  Md.  to  Ga.  and  Tex.     Scapes  G  to  18'  high,  sev- 
eral from  the  same  root.     Lvs.  some  of  them  nearly  as  long  as  the  scapes,  moro 
generally  entire;  when  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  are  2  or  3  on  each  side,  triangular. 
A  variety  in  the  mountainous  districts  produces  at  length  a  short,  decumbent 
stem.     (Hyosiris  montana  MX.     C.  lyrata  Nutt.) 

103.  LEON'TODON,  L.     AUTUMNAL  HAWKBIT.     (Gr.   Aeon',  a  lion, 
vg,  a  tooth  ;  in  reference  to  the  toothed  leaves.)     Involucre  imbri- 
cate, the  outer  scales  very  short ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  plumous, 
persistent  on  the  somewhat  rostrate  achenia. — Acaulescent  herbs  with 
yellow  fls.,'inany  in  a  head.     (Apargia,  Willd.) 

L.  auttimxialis  L.  Scape  branching;  ped.  scaly,  Ivs.  lanceolate,  clentate-pinnat- 
ifld,  smoothish. — -Common  in  the  eastern  parts  of  N.  Eng.,  grass  lands  and  road- 
sides. Fls.  simulating  the  dandelion.  Rt.  large,  abrupt,  scape  round,  striate, 
hollow,  decumbent  at  base,  G  to  18'  high,  with  a  few  branches  and  scattered 
scales.  Lvs.  spreading,  G'  lon<r,  with  deep,  round  sinuses,  and  covered  with  re- 
mote hairs.  Hds.  1'  diam.  Jl. — Nov.  §  Eur. 

104.  TRAGOPO'GON,  L.    VEGETABLE  OYSTER.     (Gr.  rpdyog^  a  goat, 
m5yo)v,  a  beard  ;  in  allusion  to  the  tawny,  showy  pappus.)     Involucre 
simple,  of  many  leaves ;  receptacle  naked  ;  pappus  plumous,   achenia 
longitudinally  striate,  contracted  into  a  long,  filiform  beak. — @  Euro- 
pean herbs,  with  long,  linear,  grass-like  Ivs. 

T.  porrifolius  L.  Involucre  much  longer  than  the  corolla ;  Ivs.  long,  linear, 
undivided,  straight;  ped.  thickened  upwards.  St.  3  to  4f  high.  Fls.  terminal, 
solitary,  large,  bluish  purple.  Cultivated  in  gardens  for  the  root,  which  is  long, 
tapering  and  nutritious.  When  properly  prepared  it  has  a  mild,  sweetish  taste, 
which  has  been  compared  to  that  of  the  oyster.  :£  §  in  W.  N.  Y. 

105.  HIERA'CIUM,  Tourn.     HAWKWEED.     (Gr.  lepa!-,  a  hawk ;  sup- 
posed to  strengthen  the  vision  of  birds  of  prey.)     Involucre   more  or 
less  imbricated,  ovoid,   many -flowered  ;  scales  very  unequal ;  achenia 
not  rostrate  ;  pappus  a  single  row  of  copious,  tawny,  fragile  bristles. — 
2£  Lvs.  alternate,  entire  or  toothed. 

*  Heads  40  to  50-flowerod.     Involucre  more  or  less  imbricated Nos.  1, 2 

*  Heads  12  to  30-llowered.     Involucre  simple. — Achenia  contracted  at  the  top Nos.  8,  4 

— Achenia  not  contracted  upwards. .  .Nos.  5,  6 

1  H.  Canadense  MX.  St.  erect,  subvillous,  leafy,  many-flowered ;  Ivs.  sessile, 
lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate,  acute,  divaricately  and  acutely  dentate,  the  upper  ones 
somewhat  amplexicaul,  with  an  obtuse  base;  panicles  axillary  and  terminal, 
corymbous,  downy ;  invol.  strongly  imbricated. — In  open  dry  or  rocky  woods,  N. 
Eng.  to  "Wis.  and  Can.  Stem  stout,  1 — 2f  high,  more  or  less  pubescent,  the  pe- 
duncles downy  but  not  glandular.  Leaves  somewhat  pubescent  or  hairy.  Heads 
large  and  showy,  yellow  Involucre  sometimes  with  a  few  glandular  hairs.  Aug. 
(H.  Kalmii  Spreng.) 


ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE.  471 

2  H.  scabrum  MX.    St.  leafy,  scabrous  and  hispid;  Ivs.  elliptic-obovate,  scabrous 
and  hirsute,  entire  or  the    lower  slightly  dentate;  ped.  thick,  and  with  the  invol. 
densely  glandular-hispid;   hds.   40 — 5p-flowered. — Dry  hills,  borders  of  woods, 
Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.     Stern  1 — 3f  high,  round,  striate,   rather  stout.     Lower 
leaves   petiolate,  upper  sessile,   subacute,  often  purplish  as  well  as  the  stem. 
Heads  large,  with  yellow  flowers.     Achenia  obtuse  at  apex,  bright  red.     Aug. 

3  H.  longipihim  Torr.     Plant  densely  pilous  with  long,  straight,  ascending,  bristly 
hairs ;  st.  strict,  simple,  smoothish   and  nearly  leafless  above ;  Ivs.  crowded  on 
the  lower  part  of  the  stem,  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuated  at  the  base,  entire ;  hds. 
glandular-tomentous  or  hispid,  20 — 30-flowered,  in  a  small,  terminal   panicle. — 
Barrens  and  prairies,  "W.  States.     Plant  1 — 2f  high,  remarkable  for  the  long  (6") 
brownish  hairs  with  which  the  lower  part  is  thickly  clothed.     July — Sept. 

4.  H.  Gronovii  L.  St.  leafy,  hirsute,  paniculate;  invol.  and  pedicels  glandular- 
pilous  ;  radical  Ivs.  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  entire,  or  denticulate,  strigous,  the 
midvein  beneath  very  villous;  upper  ones  oblong,  closely  sessile,  ach.  20  to  80, 
contracted  above. — Dry  hills,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  1  to  3f,  furnished  with  a  few 
leaves  below,  naked  above  and  bearing  a  narrow,  elongated  panicle.  Lower  leaves 
tapering  into  a  long  stalk.  Flowers  yellow,  on  glandular,  slender  pedicels.  Ache- 
nia tapering  upwards  from  tho  middle,  but  not  rostrate.  Aug.,  Sept. 

5  H.  veiiosum  L.     Scape  or  st.  naked  or  with  a  single  leaf,  smooth,  paniculate  j 
Ivs.  obovate,  somewhat  acute,  entire,  a  little  hairy  above,  nearly  glabrous  beneath, 
ciliate  on  the  margin,  veins  colored ;  invol.  glabrous,  about   20-flowered  ;    ach. 
linear. — In  woods,  &c.,  K  Eng.  to  "W.  States.     Stem  1 — 2f  high,  dark  brown, 
slender.     Panicle  diffuse,  several  times  dichotomous,  corymbous.     Heads  rather 
large,  on  slender  pedicels,  with  bright  yellow  flowers.     Jl.,  Aug. 

6  H.  paniculatum  L.     St.  slender,  leafy,  diffusely  paniculate,  whitish  pubescent 
below;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  glabrous,  membranaceous,  acute,  with  remote  spreading 
teeth,   or  entire;  paniclo  diffuso;  ped.   very   slender;  hds.   10 — 20-flowered. — A 
smooth,  slender  plant,  in  damp  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.     Stem   1 — 3f  high,  several 
times  dichotomous.     Leaves  thin,  2 — 4'  long.     Heads  small,  numerous,  with  yel- 
low flowers.     Pedicels  long  and  filiform,  forming  a  very  diffuse  panicle.     Aug. — 
It  is  not  easy  to  determine  the  exact  limits  of  the  last  three  species.     A  thorough 
revision  of  tho  genus  will  probably  reduce  them  to  one,  viz.,  H.  Gronovii. 

106.  CATANAN'CHE,  L.     (Gr.  Kara,  dvdytcrj,  from   necessity ;    it 
must  necessarily  bo  admired  ?)     Involucre  imbricated,  scarious  ;  recep- 
tacle paleaceous ;  pappus  paleaceous,  5-leavcd ;  pales  awned. — (0  Orien- 
tal herbs,  with  alternate,  lanceolate  Ivs. 

C.  ccerulea  L.  Lvs.  linear  lanceolate,  villous,  somewhat  bipincratifid  at  base; 
lower  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  mucronate. — From  S.  Europe.  A  handsomo 
annual,  2  to  3f  high.  Hds.  solitary,  on  long  peduncles,  with  blue  spreading, 
ligulate  corollas  toothed  at  apex.  Jl. — Sept.  f 

107.  NAB'ALUS,  Cass.     DROP  FLOWER.     (A  barbarous  name.)    In- 
volucre cylindric,  of  many  linear  scales  in  one  row,  calyculate  with  a 
few  short,  appressed  scales  at  base  ;  receptacle  naked ;  pappus  copious, 
capillary,  brownish,   2-rowed,  persistent ;  achenia  not  beaked,  smooth, 
striate. — Erect  herbs  with  a  thick,  tuberous,  bitter  root.     Hds.  5  to  18, 
flowered,  not  yellow,  although  often  straw-colored.     (Prenanthes  L.) 

§  Heads  pendulous,  glabrous.    Leaves  variously  lobed  or  shaped,     (a) 

a  Dwarf  species  (6  to  W  high)  nati  ve  of  high  mountains Nos.  1,  2 

a  Tall  (2  to  5f  high).— Hds.T>  to  6-tiowered No.  3 

—Hds.  8  to  12-liowered.— Pappus  tawny No.  4 

— Pappus  straw  colored Nos.  5,  6 

§  Heads  nodding  or  erect,  hairy.    Leaves  mostly  undivided,    (b) 

b  Heads  about  12-flowered.    Pappus  straw-color Nos.  7,  8 

b  Heads  about  25-flowered.    Pappus  tawny  or  dusky No.  9 

1  N.  Boottii  DC.  St.  simple,  dwarf;  lower  Ivs.  subcordate  or  hastate- cor  date,  ob- 
tuse, the  middle  oblong,  the  upper  lanceolate,  mostly  entire  ;  hds.  nodding,  racemed ; 
invol  10  to  18-flowered,  of  10  to  15  obtuse,  proper  scales  calyculate  at  the  base  with 
las  linear  scales  half  their  length;  pappus  straw-color. — White Mts.,  N.  H.,  and 


472  ORDER  70.— COMPOSITE 

Essex  Mt.,  N.  Y.     St.  5  to  8'  high,  bearing  tlio  hds.  in  a  subsimple  raceme.    Fls. 
whitish  and  odorous.     Jl.,  Aug. 

2  N.  nanus  DC.     St.  simple,  low,  smooth;  Ivs.  on  slender  petioles,  the  lowest 
variously  lobed  or  parted,  the  others  successively  deltoid-hastate,  ovate  and  lance- 
olate ;  hds.   in  small,   axillary  and  terminal  clusters,  forming  a  short,  racemous 
panicle;  invol.  greenish-purple,   of  about  8  scales  and  10 — 12  flowers;  pappus 
dingy  white. — White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  with  No.  1,  where  we  find  it  with  the  same 
sportive  character  of  foliage  as  appears  in  other   species.     Stem  5 — 10'  high. 
Heads  with  whitish  flowers.     Aug.     (P.  alba.  (3.  nana  Bw.) 

3  N.  altissimus  Hook.     St.  smooth,   slender,   straight,   paniculate  above;  Ivs. 
more  or  less  deeply  3 — 5-cleft,  all  petiolate,  angular,  denticulate  and  rough-edged, 
the  lobes  acuminate ;  hds.  pendulous ;  invol.  of  5  scales  and  about  5-flowered. — 
Tall,  with  cylindric,  yellowish,  nodding  flowers,  in  woods,  Newfoundland  to  N. 
Eng.  and  Ky.    Stem  3 — 5f  high,  bearing  a  narrow  and  elongated  panicle.    Heads 
in  short,  axillary  and  terminal  racemes.     Aug. 

/?.  OVATUS.     Cauline  Ivs.  nearly  all  ovate,  on  slender  petioles. 
y.  CORDATUS.     Lvs.  cordate,  on  slender  petioles.     (Prenanthes  cordata  "Willd.) 
6.  DELTCHDEA.    Lvs.  deltoid,  acuminate,  acutely  denticulate.    (P.  deltoidea  Ell.) 
e.  DISSECTUS.     Lvs.  mostly  3-parted  or  divided,  segments  entire  or  deeply  cleft 
into  2  or  3  narrow  lobes. 

4  N.  albus  Hook.     LION'S-FOOT.     WHITE  LETTUCE.     St.  smooth  and  somewhat 
glaucous,  corymbous-paniculate  above ;  radical  Ivs.  angular-hastate,  often  more 
or  less  deeply  lobed ;  stem   Ivs.  roundish-ovate,  dentate,  petioled,   the  lobes  or 
leaves  obtuse  ;  lids,  pendulous;  invol.  of  8  scales,  9 — 12-flowered;  pappus  broivn. 
— Moist  woods  and  shades,  N.  Eng.  to  Iowa,  and  Can.  to  Car.    Stem  stout,  2 — 4f 
high,   purplish,  often  deeply  so  in  spots.     Leaves  very  variable,  ah1  irregularly 
toothed.     Scales  purplish.     Fls.  a  dingy  white.     Aug. 

ft.  SERPENTARIA.  Radical  Ivs.  palmate-sinuate,  those  of  the  stem  on  long 
petioles,  with  the  middle  segment  3-parted;  upper  Ivs.  lanceolate. — Has 
the  reputation  of  curing  the  rattlesnake's  bite.  (Prenanthes  serpeutaria  Ph.) 

5  N.  Fraseri  DC.     St.  smooth,  corymbousty  paniculate  above;  Ivs.  subscabrou?, 
hastate  or  deltoid,  often  pinnately  lobed,  on  winged  petioles,  the  upper  ones  lance- 
olate, subsessile ;  invol.  of  about  8  scales,  8 — 12-flowered ;  pappus  straw-colored. — 
If  In  dry,  hard  soils,  Conn,  arid  Mid.  States  (rare)  to  Fla.,  common.     Stem  2 — 4f 
high.    Leaves  as  variable  as  in  other  species,  sometimes  all  being  lanceolate,  with 
only  irregular  indentures  instead  of  lobes.     Heads  drooping,  with  purplish  scales 
and  cream-colored  corollas.     It  is  readily  distinguished  from  N.  albus  by  the  moro 
lively  color  of  the  pappus.     Aug.    (P.  rubicaulis  Ph.) 

6  N.  virgatua  DC.    Glabrous  and  glaucous,  slender  and  simple ;  lower  Ivs.  sinuate- 
pinnatifid,   petiolate,   middle  ones  toothed,   sessile,  upper  entire  partly  clasping, 
gradually  reduced  to  the  minute,  subulate  bracts ;  hds.  clustered,  in  a  long  com- 
pound, virgate,  somewhat  secund  raceme;  invol.  with  about  8  scales  and  10  flow- 
ers; pappus-straw-colored. — A  remarkably  slender,  wand -like  species,  in  sandy 
soils,  N.  J.  to  Fla.     St.  2  to  4f  high,  racemous  half  its  length.     Lvs.  gradually 
simplified  from  the  base  upward,  as  in  most  of  the  species.     Sept.,  Oct. 

7  N.  racemosus  Hook.     Glabrous,   simple,   slender;    Ivs.  all  undivided,  lower 
oval-lanceolate,  sharply  denticulate,  petiolate,  upper  ovate-lanceolate,  subclasping, 
entire ;  hds.  in  nodding  fascicles,  arranged  in  a  long,  interruptedly  spicate  panicle ; 
invoL  of  8  to  9  scales,  with  9  to  1 2  fls. ;  pappus  straw-color. — N.  J.,  N.  "W.  States 
and  Can.     St.  2  to  4f  high.     Fls.  pale  red-purple. 

(3.  Lvs.  deeply  and  irregularly  pinnatifid, 

8  IT.  cisper  Torr.  &  Gr.     St.  strict,  simple,  scabrous ;  Ivs.  simple,  scabrous-pubes- 
cent, dentate,  lower  ones  oblong-oval,  on  margined  petioles,  upper  lance-oblong 
and  lance-linear,   subentire,   sessile ;  hds.  erect,  in  small  fascicles,  in  a  slender, 
elongated,  compound  raceme;  invol.  strongly  hirsute,  of  7  to  10  scales  and  with 
11  to   14  fls.;  pappus  straw-color. — Dry  prairies  and  barrens,  W.  States  (Dr. 
Skinner),  common.     St.  2  to  4f  high,  nearly  smooth.     Lvs.    3  to  5'  long,  pubes- 
cent or  glabrous.     Rac.  1  to  2f  long.     Fls.  ochroleucous.     Sept.   (N.  Illinoensis 
DC.) 

9  N.  crepidineus  DC.    Nearly  glabrous ;  st.  tall,  stout,  corymbously  paniculate; 


ORDER  70.—  COMPOSITES.  473 

Ivs.  largo,  irregularly  toothed,  petioles  winged,  lower  ones  oblong-ovate,  somewhat 
hastate  or  deltoid,  upper  oblong-lanceolate  ;  hds.  nodding,  in  small,  pedunculate 
and  panicled  clusters;  invol  hairy,  of  11  to  14  scales,  with  25  to  35  fis.  •  pappus 
tawny.  —  Fields  and  thickets,  W.  States.  One  of  the  largest  species.  St.  5  to  8f 
high.  Lvs.  4  to  12'  by  2£  to  7',  obtuse  or  acute.  Hds.  large  but  not  numerous, 
with  brown  scales  and  yellowish  Us.  Aug.  —  Oct. 


108.  TROX'IMON,  Nutt.     (Gr.  rpw^o^,  eatable  ;    applied  to  this 
genus  with  little  propriety.)     Heads  many-flowered;    involucre  cam- 
panulate,  scales  loosely  imbricate,  lance-ovate,  membranous,  in  2  to  3 
rows  ;  achenia  oblong-linear,  compressed,  glabrous,  not  rostrate  ;  pappus 
setaceous,  copious,  white.  —  U  Lvs.  all  radical.     Scape  bearing  a  single, 
large,  showy  hd.  with  yellow  fls. 

T.  cuspidatum  Ph.  Et.  fusiform  ;  Ivs.  linear.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  margins 
tomentous,  often  undulate  ;  scales  acuminate-cuspidate,  erect,  smooth,  in  2  series, 
the  outer  nearly  equal  to  the  inner.  Prairies,  Wise.  (Lapham),  111.  (Mead.),  W. 
to  the  Rocky  Mts.  (Nuttall).  Apr.  —  Jn.  (T.  marginatum  Nutt.) 

109.  TARAX'ACUM,  Desf.     DANDELION.     (Gr.  TapdicriKOf,  cathar- 
tic ;  from  its  medicinal  properties.)     Involucre  double,  the  outer  of 
small  scales  much   shorter  than  the  inner,  appressed  row  ;  receptacle 
naked  ;  achenia  produced  into  a  long  beak  crowned  with  the  copious, 
white,  capillary  pappus.  —  Acaulescent  herbs,  with  runcinate  Ivs. 

T.  Dens-leonis  Less.  Outer  scales  of  the  involucre  reflexed;  Ivs.  runcinate, 
smooth,  dentate.  —  It  In  all  open  situation,  blossoming  at  all  seasons  except  win- 
ter. Lvs.  all  radical,  the  teeth  or  lobes  bent  backwards.  After  the  flower  is 
closed  and  decayed,  the  hollow  scape  rises  higher  and  bears  a  head  of  fruit  full 
fledged,  the  airy,  globular  form  of  which  is  very  conspicuous  in  the  tall  grass.  Tho 
leaves  in  Spring  furnish  an  excellent  pot  herb.  Apr.  —  Nov.  §  Eur.  (Leontodon 
Taraxacum  L.)  (Fig.  324.) 

HO.  PYRRHOPAP'PUSjBC.  FALSE  DANDELION.  (Gr.  -rrvppog,  flame- 
colored  ;  Trdmro^  ,  pappus.)  Involucre  double,  the  outer  row  numerous, 
loose  and  spreading  ;  receptacle  naked  ;  achenia  5-grooved,  at  length 
long-beaked,  bearing  a  copious,  soft  capillary,  reddish  pappus.  —  (T)  and 
H  Hds.  solitary  on  long  peduncles,  large,  with  numerous  deep  yellow 
fls.  (Borkhausia,  Ntttt) 

P.  Carolinianus  DC.  St.  simple  or  branched,  scape-like  ;  Ivs.  mostly  radical, 
lanceolate,  acute,  sinuate-toothed,  lobed,  or  pinnatifid,  some  or  ah1  of  them  often 
entire.  —  Fields  and  pastures,  very  common.  Sts.  with  1  to  3  small  Ivs.,  6  to  20' 
high.  Outer  scales  subulate-filiform,  inner  linear.  Ach.  oblong,  beak  filiform, 
longer  (7'')  than  the  showy  pappus.  Hds.  in  flower  18"  to  2'  broad,  turning  to 
the  morning  sun.  Mar.  —  Jl. 

111.  LYGODES'MIA,  Don.     (Gr.  Avyo^,   a  wand,  deopos,  a  bond  ; 
alluding  to  its  slender  habit.)     Involucre,  flowers,  &c.,  as  in  Nabalus, 
except  that  the  pappus  is  very  copious,  soft,  smooth,  whitish,  and  the 
corollas  rose-colored.  —  In  habit  remarkably  different  from  Nabalus,  with 
linear-subulate  Ivs.  and  erect  hds.  on  long,  naked  peduncles.     (Prenan- 
thes,  Nutt.) 

L.  aph^lla  DC.  St.  scape-like,  erect,  slender,  striate,  onco  or  twice  forked  above; 
Ivs.  nearly  all  radical,  short,  linear-filiform.  —  Pine  woods,  Ga.,  Fla.  (Mettauer.) 
St.  2f  high.  Hds.  few,  cylindrical,  the  invol.  10"  long;  cor.  showy,  exserted 
about  the  same  length.  Eoot  Ivs.  6  to  10'  long.  May. 

112.  LACTITCA,  Tourn.     LETTUCE.    (Lat.  lac,  milk  ;  from  the  milky, 
abundant  juice.)     Involucre  few-flowered,   scales  imbricated  in   2  or 
more  unequal  rows  ;  achenia  obcompressed  (flattened  same  way  as  the 


474  CRDEB  70-— COMPOSITE. 

scales),  glabrous,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  long,  filiform  beak ;  pappus 
copious,  soft,  capillary,  white,  fugacious. — Herbs  with  leafy  steins  and 
paniculate  hds.  of  various  colors.  (Fig.  333.) 

1  L.  graminifolia  MX.     St.  terete,  simple,  strict ;  Ivs.  long,  linear,  entire,  or  the 
lower  sparingly  sinuate-lobed,  the  lobes  turned  backwards ;  panicle  loose,  naked  ; 
scales  6  to  9;  fls.  20  or  more  ;  ach.  oval,  as  long  as  their  beaks  (2"). — Dry  soils, 
S.  Car.,  Ga.  to  La.     St.  2  to  4f  high,  not  very  slender,  hollow.     Lvs.  partly  clasp- 
ing, 3  to  6  to  8'  long,  3  to  4"  wide.     Cor.  purple,  varying  to  white,  rarely  yellow. 
Apr. — Sept. 

2  L.  elongata  L.     TRUMPET  MILKWEED.     Lvs.  smooth  and  pale  beneath,  am- 
plexicaul,   runcinate-pinnatifid,  upper  lanceolate,  entire,   sessile;    hds.  racemous- 
paniculate;  scales  few;  fls.  12  or  more. — A  common   rank  plant,  growing  in 
hedges,  thickets,  where  the  soil  is  rich  and  damp.     St.  hollow,  stout,  3  to  6f 
high,  often  purple,  bearing  a  leafless,  spreading  panicle  of  numerous  hds.  of  fls. 
Lvs.  very  variable,  the  lower  6  to  12'  long,  commonly  deeply  runcinate.      Corol- 
las yellow,  varying  to  purplish.     Achenia  oblong,  compressed,  about  the  length 
of  the  beak.     Jl.,  Aug. 

/?.  INTEGRIFOLTA.  Lvs.  nearly  all  undivided,  lanceolate,  sessile,  the  lowest 
often  sagittate  at  base.  (L.  integrifolia  Bw.  L.  sagittifolia  Ell.) 

y.  SANGUINEA.  Leaves  runcinate,  amplexicaul,  mostly  pubescent,  glaucous 
beneath ;  fls.  purple.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  often  purple.  (L.  sanguinarea  B w.) 

3  L.  sativa  L.  GARDEN  LETTUCE.  St.  corymbous ;  Ivs.  suborbicular,  tho 
cauline  ones  cordate. — (D  Cultivated  for  salad.  Plant  with  very  smooth,  yellow- 
ish green  foliage,  which  in  one  variety  (capitata)  is  so  abundant  as  to  form  heads 
like  the  cabbage.  Fls.  numerous,  small,  with  yellowish  corollas.  The  milky 
juico  contains  opium,  hence  the  unpleasant  narcotic  effects  when  eaten  too 
freely.  \ 

113.  WULGE'DIUM,  Cass.  WILD  LETTUCE.  (Lat.  mulgco,  to  milk ; 
in  allusion  to  the  milky  juice.)  Involucre  many-flowered,  somewhat 
double,  the  outer  scries  of  scales  short  and  imbricated  ;  receptacle 
naked,  faveolate ;  pappus  copious,  soft,  capillary,  crowning  the  short- 
beaked  achenia,  which  are  compressed  contrary  to  the  scales. — Lvs. 
mostly  spinulous.  Hds.  with  many  yellow  or  cyanic  fls.  (Sonchus, 
Willd.  Agathyrsus,  Don.)  (Fig.  332.) 

§  Corollas  blue.    Pappus  bright  white Nos.  3,  2 

§  Corollas  cream-colored,  turning  purplish.     Pappus  tawuy No.  3 

1  M.  acuminatum  DC.     Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  petiolate,  dentate,  undivided,  or 
the  radical  slightly  runcinate ;  hds.  loosely  paniculate,  on  somewhat  bracteolate 
peduncles;  ach.  slightly  beaked. — In  hedges  and  thickets,  N.  Y.  to  Ind.  and  S. 
States.     A  smooth  plant,  3  to  6f  high,  with  the  stem  often  purplish.     Lvs.  3  to 
6'  long,  the  lower  ones  often  deltoid-hastate  or  truncate  at  base,  sinuate-denticu- 
late, narrowed  at  base  into  a  winged  petiole.     Hds.  small.     Scales  dark  purple, 
with  blue  corollas.     Pappus  white  on  the  short-beaked,  ovate-acuminate  achenia. 
Aug.,  Sept. 

2  M.  Floridanum  DC.     Lvs.  runcinatdy  pinnate-parted;  segm.   few,  serrate- 
dentate,  upper  ones  triangular,  acute  or  acuminate ;   panicle  loose,  erect,  com- 
pound ;  ach.  short-beaked. — W.  and  S.  States,  hedges  and  waste  grounds.    Plant 
with  a  terminal  panicle  of  blue  flowers.     St.  3  to  6f  high.     Lvs.  4  to  8'  long, 
variable  in  form.     Hds.  small.     Rays  expanding  9".     Jl. — Sept. 

3  M.  leucoph^um  DC.      Lvs.  numerous,  lyrate-runcinate,  coarsely  dentate; 
hds.  paniculate,  on  squamous-bracteate  peduncles ;  pappus  tawny ;  cor.  ydlowish. — 
Moist  thickets,  K  and  W.  States.     A  tall,  leafy  plant,  nearly  smooth.     St.  4  to 
lOf  high.     Lvs.  5  to  12'  long,  irregularly  divided,  the  segm.  repand-toothed,  the 
radical  on  long  stalks,  the  upper  ones  sessile,  often  undivided.      Hds.  small,  in  a 
long,  slender  panicle.     Aug.,  Sept. 

114.  SON  THUS,  L.  SOW-THISTLE.  (The  ancient  name.)  Invo- 
lucre many-flowered  imbricate,  of  numerous  unequal  scales,  at  length 


ORDER  71.— LOBELIACEJS.  475 

tumid  at  base ;  receptacle  naked ;  pappus  of  simple,  copious,  white- 
silky  hairs,  in  many  series :  achenia  compressed,  not  rostrate. — Lvs. 
mostly  spinulous.  Hds.  with  many  yellow  fls. 

§  Flowers  bright  yellovv,  in  showy  heads.     Achenia  angular.    Perennial No.  1 

§  Flowers  pale  yellow,  in  large  heads.    Achenia  flat.    Annual Nos.  2,  3 

1  S.  arvensis   L.      Root  creeping;    stem  glabrous,  erect;    Ivs.  runcinate-pin- 
natifid,  spinulous-dentate,  cordate,  clasping  at  base,  with  short  and  obtuse  auri- 
cles;   panicles  umbellate- corymbous ;    ped.   and  invol.  hispid;    ach.   somewhat 
4-angled,  ribs  transversely  rugulous. — Waste  grounds,  naturalized,  E.  Mass,  and 
S.  N.  York,  rare.     St.  angular,  about  2f  high.     Hds.  large,  with  deep  yellow 
fls.  §     Eur. 

2  S.  asper  Yill.    Lvs.  cordate-amplexicaul,  oblong-lanceolate,  undulate,  spinulous- 
dentate  ;  ped.  subumbellate ;  ach.  oval-obovate,  3-ribbed  on  each  side. — Found  in 
similar  situations  with  the    next,    but  less  common,  U.  S.     St.   1   to  2f  high, 
smooth  except  at  the  summit  of  the  branches  where  it  is  often  hispid-glandular. 
Lvs.  with  numerous,  short,   spiny  teeth,  wavy  or  slightly  runcinate,  the  upper 
ones  clasping  so  as  to  appear  perfoliate.     Scales  with  few  scattered  hairs.     Aug., 
Sept.     (S.  spinulosus  Bw.     S.  Carolinianus  "Walt.) 

3  S.  oler&ceus  L.     Lvs.  sagittate-amplexicaul,  runcinate-pinnatifid,  subspinulous, 
dentate ;  ped.  downy ;  invol.  at  length  smooth  ;  ach.  many-striate. — A  sordid  look- 
ing plant,  in  waste  ground,  among  rubbish,  &c.     Plant  of  a  glaucous  hue.     St. 
angular,  hollow,  fragile,  2  to  3f  in  height.     Lvs.  apparently  clasping,  with  large, 
retreating  lobes  at  base,  wavy  and  serrated  in  a  runcinate  manner,  the  teeth  end- 
ing in  weak  spines.     Invol.  dilated  at  base,  with  yellow  corollas.     Sept.     §  Eur. 

SUBORDER    III.     L  AB  I ATIFLO  R  JS. 

115.  CHAPTA'LIA,  Vent.  (Dedicated  by  Ventenat  to  the  celebrated 
French  chemist  M.  Chaptal.)  Heads  radiate  ;  involucre  campanulate  ; 
scales  in  few  series,  linear,  acute ;  receptacle  naked ;  ray  flowers  $ , 
ligulate,  disk-flowers  £  ,  but  sterile,  bilabiate,  lips  equal,  outer  3-,  inner 
2-parted  ;  achenia  glabrous  ;  pappus  capillary. —  2£  Acaulescent  herbs. 
Lvs.  all  radical.  Hd.  solitary,  cyanic. 

C.  tomentosa  Vent.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate  or  lance-oval,  on  a  short  petiole,  re- 
trorsely  denticulate,  clothed  with  a  dense,  white  tomentum  beneath ;  scape 
loosely  tomentous ;  hd.  nodding  until  in  flower,  thence  erect  on  the  slender,  sim- 
ple scape. — Moist  pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  An  interesting  plant, 
alone  representing  the  suborder  Labiatasflorae.  Lvs  2  to  4'  long,  6  to  15"  wide, 
often  subsessile,  the  upper  surface  at  first  arachnoid,  at  length  smooth.  Scapo 
6  to  12'  high.  Bays  about  20,  rose-red  or  white.  Disk  florets  pale  yellow. 
Mar.,  Apr. 


ORDER  LXXI.     LOBELIACE^E.     LOBELIADS. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  a  milky  juice,  alternate,  exstipulate  Ivs.  and  scattered  fls. 
Calyx  5-lobed  or  entire.  Cor.  monopetalous,  irregular,  split  down  to  the  base  on 
one  side.  Stamens  5,  free  from  the  cor.,  united  into  a  tube  at  least  by  their  anthers. 
Ovary  adherent  to  the  calyx  tube.  Style  1.  Stigma  surrounded  by  a  fringe.  Fruit 
a  capsule  2 — 3-(rarely  1-)  celled.  Seeds  numerous,  albuminous. 

Genera  29,  species  375,  most  abundant  in  countries  near  the  tropics,  as  "W.  Indies,  Brazil» 
Sandwich  Islands,  but  common  also  throughout  the  temperate  zoaed. 

Properties.  The  species  of  Lobelia  are  more  or  less  poisonous.  The  milky  juice  is  acrid  and 
narcotic,  producing  effects  similar  to  those  of  Tobacco.  L.  inflata  has  long  been  considered  a 
remedy  for  spasmodic  asthma,  but  more  recently  is  adopted  in  the  regular  practice  of  the  "Bot- 
anic School"  of  Medicine  as  an  emetie,  expectorant  and  sudorific,  applicable  in  numerous  dis- 
eases. Like  Aconite  and  other  medicinal  poisons,  it  is,  of  course,  to  be  used  with  caution. 


4*76  ORDER  71.— LOBELIACE^E. 

1.  LOBEVLIA,  L.  (In  honor  of  Matthias  de  Lobel,  physician  and 
botanist  to  James  I.)  Corolla  tubular,  irregular,  cleft  nearly  to  the  base 
on  the  upper  side,  upper  lip  of  2  separate  lobes,  lower  3-lobed  ;  stamens 
with  the  anthers  united  above  into  a  curved  tube ;  stigma  2-lobed  ;  cap- 
sule opening  at  the  summit ;  seeds  minute. — Herbaceous  plants,  with 
the  fls.  axillary  and  solitary,  or  in  terminal,  bracted  racemes. 

T  Corolla  bright  red  or  scarlet,  large Nos.  1,  2 

^  Corolla  blue,  often  pale,  or  variegated  with  white.  (*) 

*  Calyx  lobes  auriculate  at  base  and  often  denticulate,  (a) 

a  Leaves  acute  or  somewhat  acuminate Nos.  3 — 5 

a  Leaves  obtuse  or  scarcely  acute Nos.  6,  7 

*  Calyx  lobes  not  auricled,  entire,  (b) 

b  Leaves  cauliue, — denticulate.  Stem  simple Nos.  8,  9 

— denticulate.  Stem  branching.Nos.  10,  11 
— entire.  Stem  very  slender Nos.  12,  13 

b  Leaves  radical  or  nearly  so.     Stem  naked Nos.  14,  15 

1  L.  cardinalis  L.  CARDINAL  FLOWER.  St.  simple,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, slightly  toothed,  acute  at  each  end,  sessile ;  fls.  in  a  terminal,  bracted, 
secund  raceme ;  stam.  longer  than  the  corolla. — A  tall  species  frequent  in  mea- 
dows and  along  streams,  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  111.  St.  2  to  4f  high,  often  quite  glab- 
rous as  well  as  the  whole  plant.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  by  8  to  15",  usually  denticulate. 
Fls.  on  short  pedicels,  few  or  numerous,  in  a  superb,  nodding  raceme.  Bracts 
linear-subulate,  much  shorter  than  the  flowers.  Cor.  deep  scarlet,  near  2'  in 
length.  Jl.,  Aug.  f — A  variety  from  Potsdam,  N.  Y.,  has  the  leaves  all  entire. 
Another  var.  from  Mass,  has  white  corollas  with  more  narrow  segments. 

2  L.  fulgens  Willd.  MEXICAN  CARDINAL  FLOWER.  St.  erect,  simple,  pu- 
bescent ;  Ivs.  pubescent,  narrow-lanceolate,  acuminate,  subentire  and  revoluto  at 
edge ;  raceme  many-flowered ;  stam.  the  length  of  the  corolla. — Cultivated.  Even 
superior  in  size  and  splendor  to  No.  1.  Stems  3  to  5f  high,  racemes  2  to  3f  long. 
f  Mexico.  (Banks  of  the  Mississippi,  Pursh.  Probably  an  error.) 

3  L.  syphilitica  L.    BLUE  CARDINAL  FLOWER.     St.  erect,  simple;  Ivs.  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  unequally  serrate,  somewhat  hirsute ;  rac.  leafy ; 
cal.  hispidly  ciliate,  with  the  sinuses  reflexed. —  if  A  showy  plant,  in  wet  mea- 
dows and  along  streams,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  more  common  in  the  W.  States.     Stem 
erect,  2 — 4f.  high,  simple,  angular.     Lvs.  acute  at  each  end,  hairy.     Fls.  1'  long, 
light  blue,  showy,  each  solitary  in  the  axil  of  a  lance-ovate  bract.     July. 

ft.  CANDIDUS.    Corollas  pure  white.   A  singular  variety  found  at  Poughkeepsie, 
N.  Y.,  by  G.  M.  Wilbur ;  also,  "Wayne  Co.,  by  E.  L.  Hanlienson. 

4  L.  glandulosa  Walt.     Pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,  simple ;  Ivs.  linear-lance- 
olate, rather  acute,  sessile,  glandular-denticulate  ;  fls.  few,  rather  large ;  cal.  tube 
short,  hispid  or  pubescent,  lobes  lanceolate,  cordate  or  somewhat  auriculate  at 
base,  mostly  denticulate,  half  as  long  as  the  stamens,  which  are  but  half  the  length 
of  the  corolla. — if.  In  damp  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.    Sts.  18'  to  2f  high.    Lvs. 
1  to  3'  long.     Fls.  9"  long,  blue.     Pedicels  2  to  3''.     Varies  much  in  pubescence. 
Sept.,  Oct. 

5  L.  Liadoviciana.     Hispidly  pubescent,  strict,  erect,  simple ;  Ivs.  small,  crowded, 
oblong-linear,  sessile,  strongly  denticulate;  fis.  subsessile;  cal.  truncate  at  base, 
densely  hispid,  segm.  ovate-acuminate,  half  the  length  of  the  corolla,  densely  fim- 
briate-toothed. — La.  (Hale).     A  plant  widely  different  from  the  foregoing.     Height 
1  to  2f.     Lvs.  less  than  1'  long,  1  to  2"  wide,  all  similar  (radical  not  seen).     Cor. 
blue,  8  to  9"  long,  hispid. 

6  L.  leptostachys  A.  DC.     Glabrous;   st.  erect,  virgate,  simple;   Ivs.  oblong- 
lanceolate,  minutely-denticulate,  sessile ;  fls.  subsessile,  small,  not  secund,  in  a  long, 
slender  spike,  cal.  segm.  lanceolate-acuminate,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla; 
bracts  lance-linear,  denticulate,  longer  than  the  pedicels. — Prairies,  "W.  States  to 
La.     St.  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  1   to  2'  by  4  to  8".     Rac.  6  to  12"  in  length,  the 
bracts  and  sepals  rather  conspicuous.     Fls.  light-blue,  about  4"  long.     Much  re- 
sembles L.  spicata.     Jl. 

7  L.  puberula  MX.     Soft  pubcrulent;    st.  erect,  simple;    Ivs.  ovate-oblong  or 
elliptical,  obtuse,  sessile,  repand-denticulate ;  rac.  spicate,  secund;  fls.  large;  c<iL 
ciliate,  the  segments  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla. —  If  Wet  grounds,  Ohio, 


ORDER  71.— LOBELIACE^E.  477 

Penn.  to  Ga.  and  La.  St.  12 — 30'  high,  scarcely  furrowed.  Lvs.  covered  with  a 
short,  downy  or  silky  pubescence,  1  to  2'  in  length  and  half  as  wide.  Fls. 
twice  larger  than  in  No.  7,  on  very  short  pedicels,  each  solitary  in  the  axil  of  an 
ovate-lanceolate  bract,  forming  a  one-sided  raceme,  leafy  below.  Cal.  iiairy  at 
base.  Cor.  of  a  bright  purplish  blue.  Jl. 

8  L.  amcena  MX.    Erect,  simple,  glabrous  (rarely  a  little  pubescent);  Ivs.  lanceo- 
late,  attenuated  at  each  end,  the  lower  petiolate,   repand-denticulate ;  fls.  large, 
secund ;  calyx-tube  abrupt  at  base,  very  short,  lobes  subulate  nearly  as  long  as 
the  corolla. — Ditches  and  damp  soils,  Va.  to  Ga.     Sts.  1  to  3f  high,  with  numer- 
ous fls.  of  a  bright  blue.    Lvs.  2  to  3'  (4  to  6',  Nutt.)  long.    Corolla  about  10"  long. 
Differs  from  No.  7  in  its  pointed,  smooth  Ivs.,  sepals  without  auricles,  &c.   Pedicels 
very  short.     Sept.,  Oct. 

9  L.  spicata  Lam.     Puberulent ;  st.  erect,  simple ;  Ivs.  ollong,  sessile,  mostly  c&- 
tuse,  obscurely  denticulate,  radical  ones  spatulate ;  fls.  (small)  usually  crowded,  in 
a  long,  slender  raceme  ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  flowers,  or  entire,  subulate  bracts ; 
sep.  subulate,  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla. —  If  Fields  and  prairies,  Can.  and 
U.  S.     St.  H  to  2f  high,  somewhat  grooved,  few-leaved,  ending  in  a  spike-like 
raceme  6  to  10'  long.     Cor.  palo  blue,  3  to  4"  long,  the  palate  bidentate.    Jl. — 
Sept. — Differs  from  No.  6  in  its  slender  pedicels,  absence  of  auricles,  &c.     (L. 
Claytonia  MX.)     With  a   loose  fewer-flowered   raceme,   it  is   the  same  as  L. 
pallida  Muhl. 

10  L.  inflata  L.     INDIAN  TOBACCO.     St.  hairy,  branched,  erect ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceo- 
late, sessile,  serrate,  pilous ;  caps,  inflated. — (f)  In  fields  and  woods,  Can.  and  U. 
S.     Root  fibrous.     Stem  erect,  very  rough,  angular,  simple,  becoming  branched 
in  proportion  to  the  luxuriance  of  the  growth,  10 — 15'  high.     Leaves  elliptical, 
sessile,  hairy  and  veiny.     Flowers  in  leafy  spikes,  axillary,  peduncled.     Corolla 
small,  pale  blue,  leaving  an  oval,  turgid  capsule  in  the  calyx.     Jl. — Sept. — This 
plant  is  much  renowned  in  Pharmacy.     See  remarks  under  the  order. 

11  L.  Boykinii  Torr.  &  Gr.     St.  glabrous,  branched,  branches  erect,  virgate;  Ivs- 
linear,  erect,  glandular-denticulate;  fls.  on  slender,  flattened  pedicels  in   long, 
loose  racemes ;  caL  turbinate,  with  lance-linear,  acuminate  segm. — Wet  soils,  Ga. 
and  Flo.     We  merely  saw  this  species  in  the  herbarium  of  Dr.  Curtis. 

12  L.  Nuttallii  DC.     Glabrous ;  st.  erect,  very  slender,  almost  filiform,  subsim- 
ple ;  Ivs.  few  and  remote,  subentire,  radical  linear-spatulate,  cauline,  rather  acute  j 
fls.  few,  remote;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  corolla;  calyx-tube  almost  none: — An  ex- 
ceedingly slender  plant,  around  sandy  swamps,  L.  Isl.  to  Car.,  1  to  2f  high,  often 
branched.     Lvs.  6  to  12"  by  1  to  1£".     Pedicels  3  to  10"  long,  blue  as  well  as 
the  flowers.     JL,  Aug. 

13  L.  Kalmii   L.     Glabrous ;  st.  slender,  erect ;  radical  Ivs.  spatulate,  stem  Ivs. 
linear-lanceolate,  obtuse .  rac.   lax,  few-flowered,  leafy ;  pedicels  longer  tiian  the 
flower,  minutely  bracteolate;  cal.  tube  obovate. — A  small  and  delicate  species,  in- 
sphagnous  or  rocky  banks  "of  streams,  Me.  (Miss  Towle),  to  Niagara  and  Wis.    St.. 
6  to  12'  high,  commonly  simple.  Lvs.  sessile,  T  long  and  1  to  21'  wide,  upper  ones 
entire,  lower  with  remote,  minute  teeth.     Fls.  remote,  axillary  to  bracts.    Cor. 
pale  blue,  the  3  lower  segments  obovate.     Aug. 

14  L.  paludosa  Nutt.     Lvs.  linear-spatulate,  thickish,  obtuse,  petiolate ;  scape 
with  a  few  small,  linear  bracts,  simple;  fls.  loosely  racemed,  pedicels  about  as 
long  as  the  calyx  segments. — In  bogs  Del  to  Fla.  and  La.     Scapes  2  to  3f.     Lvs. 
faw,  near  the  base,  5  to  10'  long,  5  or  6''  wide,  slightly  glandular-crenate.     Fls. 
pale  blue,  rather  larger  than  No.  13  (6"  long).     Apr. — Jn. 

15  L.  Dortmanna  L.     Lvs.  submerged,  tufted,  linear,  entire,  hollow  with  2  longi- 
tudinal cells,  short,  obtuse ;  scape  simple,  nearly  naked ;  fls.  in  a  terminal  raceme, 
remote,  pedicellate,  nodding. — U  A  curious  aquatic,  growing  in  ponds,  N.  States 
to  Ga.,  the  flowers  only  rising  above  the  water.     St.  erect,  hollow,  long,  bearing 
above  the  surface  a  raceme  of  3  or  4  remote,  pedicillate  flowers.     Lvs.  radical, 
erect,  recurved  at  the  top,  2'  long.     Fls.  pale  blue.     Caps,  half  free,  lipped  with 
the  style..   JL 


478  ORDKS  72.— CAMPANULACEJE. 

16  L.  Erynus  L.     Glabrous,  slender,  diffuse;  Ivs.  toothed,  the  lower  eltipti- 
cal,  petiolate,  the  upper  lance-linear ;  fls.  scattered,  small ;  cor.  blue  with  a 
white  palate ;  sepals  linear. — O  S.  Africa.     Pretty  in  pots,  f 

17  L.  Douglassii.     Glabrous,  sparingly  branched;  st.  slender,  angular;  Ivs. 
sessile,  ovate,  3-veined ;  ova.  sessile,  long-acuminate,  triangular,  contorted, 
much  longer  than  the  leaves ;  cor.  blue,  with  a  white  spot  in  the  middle  of 
the  lower  lip. — Native  of  the  Rocky  Mts.,  &c.     A  beautiful  annual,  with 
bright-blue  flowers,  f    (Clintonia,  Doug.) 

ORDER  LXXII.     CAMPANULACE^E.     BELLWORTS. 

Herbs  with  a  milky  juice,  alternate  leaves,  and  without  stipules.  Flowers  mostly 
blue,  showy.  Calyx  superior,  generally  5-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  regular,  catn- 
panulate,  generally  5-cleft,  withering,  valvate  in  estivation.  Stamens  5,  free  from 
the  corolla;  anthers  distinct,  2-celled;  pollen  spherical.  Ovary  adherent  to  the 
calyx,  2  or  more  celled.  Style  covered  with  collecting  hairs.  Capsule  crowned 
with  the  remains  of  the  calyx,  loculicidal.  Seeds  many. 

Illnst  in  fig.  318,  319. 

Genera  28,  species  500,  chiefly  abounding  in  the  northern  tempernto  zono  and  in  South 
Africa.  Of  its  500  species,  according  to  Alphonse  Do  Candolle,  only  19  inhabit  the  torrid  zone. 
The  Campanulaceae  are  interesting  chiefly  for  their  beauty,  being  destitute  of  any  important 
known  properties. 

1.  CAMPAN'ULA,  Tourn.  (Lat.  campanula,  a  little  bell ;  from  the 
form  of  the  flowers.)  Calyx  mostly  5-cleft ;  corolla,  campanulate,  or 
subrotate,  5-Jobed,  closed  at  base  by  the  broad,  valve-like  bases  of  the  5 
stamens ;  stigma  3  to  5-cleft ;  capsule  3  to  5-celled,  opening  by  lateral 
pores. — Mostly  2£ .  Fls.  generally  in  racemes,  sometimes  spicate,  or 
few  and  axillary. 

§  Corolla  rotate,  flat,  deeply  5-lobed,  arranged  in  leafy  spikes Nos.  1,  2 

§  Corolla  campanulate,  broadly  or  narrowly  (a) 
a  Flowers  on  slender  pedicels,  solitary  or  panicled  (b). 

b  Root  leaves  unlike  the  stem  leaves.     Corolla  large  (6  to  VI"  broad) !N"os.  3,  4 

b  Koot  leaves  and  stem  leaves  similar.     Corolla  small  (2  to  5"  broad) Nos.  5,  C 

a  Flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so.    Stem  erect.     Gardens Nos.  7 — 9 

1  C.  Americana  L.  St.  erect ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  uncinately  ser- 
rate, contracted  to  a  winged  petiole,  veins  often  ciliate  ;  fls.  axillary,  sessile ;  style 
exserted,  decurvecl. — A  tall,  erect,  ornamental  species  in  copses,  woods,  &c. 
"Western  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  to  111.,  common.  Also  cultivated  in  gardens.  St.  2  to 
3f  high,  nearly  smooth.  Lvs.  ending  in  a  long  point,  smooth,  with  fine  teeth. 
Fls.  blue,  flat,  on  short  stalks,  or  sessile,  numerous,  solitary,  or  several  in  each 
upper  axil,  forming  a  terminal,  leafy  raceme.  Corolla  spreading.  Aug.  f  (C. 
acuminata  MX.)  C.  Illinocnsis  Frosen  (in  DC.)  is  a  branching  state  of  the  same 
plant. 

2  C.  planiflora  DC.  Yery  glabrous;  st.  simple;  Ivs.  sessile,  coriaceous, 
shining,  radical,  crowded,  ovate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  crenulate,  cauliue  linear-lanceo- 
late, acute,  subentire ;  fls.  in  a  spicate  raceme ;  cal.  lobes  ovate,  acute,  ^  as  long 
as  the  campanulate-rotate  corolla. — Native  about  Hudson's  Bay  (Pursh.)  A 
species  with  numerous  blue  fls.  Stem  about  a  span  high,  f  (C.  nitida  Ait.) 

3  C.  rotundifolia  L.  HARE  BELL.  St.  weak,  slender;  radical  Ivs.  ovate  or 
reniform-cordate ;  cauline,  linear,  entire ;  fls.  few,  nodding. — Fine  and  delicate, 
with  blue,  bell-shaped  fls.  On  damp  rocks,  rocky  streams,  N.  States  and  Brit. 
Am.  St.  a  foot  or  more  high,  smooth.  The  root  Ivs.  generally  decay  on  tho 
opening  of  the  flowers,  so  that  a  specimen  with  these  (7  to  10"  by  4  to  7")  ia 
rather  rare.  Caulino  Ivs.  smooth,  linear,  2'  long  and  scarcely  a  line  in  width. 
Fls.  terminal,  in  a  loose  panicle,  drooping.  Root  creeping,  perennial.  Jn.,  Jl. 

4  C.  persicifolia  L.  St.  angular,  erect;  Ivs.  rigid,  .obscurely  crenate-ser- 
rate,  radical  oblong -obovate,  cauline  lance-linear;  fls.  large,  broadly  campanulate, 
— A  beautiful  species,  native  of  Europe,  with  very  large,  blue  (varying  to  white) 
flowers.  Corolla  about  1'  broad,  f 


ORDER  73.— ERICACEJ3.  479 

5  C.  aparinoides  Ph.     St.  flaccid,   slender,  branching  abovo,    triangular,    the 
angles  inversely   aculeate;  Ivs.   lance-linear,  subentire;  fls.  terminal. — A  slender 
annual,  found  in  wet  meadows,  Can.  and  Wis.  to  Ga.     St.  12  to  18'  high,  its  3 
angles  rough  backwards,  by  means  of  which  it  supports  itself  upright  among  tho 
grass.     Lvs.  smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  1  to  2'  in  length.     Fls.  broad,  bell* 
shaped.  4''  wide,  white,  on  thread-like,  fiexuous  peduncles  at  the  top  of  the  stoin. 
Jn. — Aug. 

ft.  ERINOIDES.     Lvs.  elliptical,  less  than  1'  in  length :  fls.  smaller.     (C.  erinoi- 
des  MX.) 

6  C.    divaricata    MX.      Glabrous,    erect,   with   slender,   divaricate,  paniculate 
branches-,  Ivs.  narrow-lanceolate,  pointed  at  each  end,  sJiarply  dentate;  fls.  cam- 
panulate,  pendulous  on  the  slender  branchlets. — Rocky  woods,  along  the  Mts., 
Ky.,  Va,  to  Ga.     Plant  about  2f  in  height.     Lvs.   2  to  3'  by  2  to  5".     Corolla 
exactly  bell-shaped,  4  to  5"  broad,  its  segments  revolute.     JL,  Aug. 

7  C.  glomerata  L.     St.  angular,  simple,  smooth;  Ivs.  scabrous,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, cordate-sessile,  lower  petiolate ;  fls.  crowded  in  a  dense  head ;  col.  lobes  acum- 
inate, half  as  long  as  the  funnel-shaped  corolla. — A  European  species,  cultivated 
in  gardens,  naturalized  at  Danvers,  Vt.  (Oakes.)     It  is  a  handsome  plant,  about 
2f  high,  with  numerous  bell-shaped  flowers  of  an  intense  violet-blue,  varying  to 
pale  purple.     In  cultivation  it  has  many  varieties.  §  f 

8  C.  Medium  L.      CANTERBURY  BELLS.      St.   simple,  erect,   hispid;  Ivs. 
lanceolate,  obtusely  serrate,  sessile,  3-veined  at  base ;  fls.  erect,  bell-shaped,  with 
an  obtuse  base. — ®  An  ornamental  border  flower,  from  Germany,  and  of  tho 
easiest  culture,     feoot  biennial     Stem  several  feet  in  height,  undivided,  rough 
with  bristly  hairs.     Flowers  very  large,  tho  base  broad,  limb  reflexed,  of  a  deep 
blue.     Several  varieties  occur  with  double  or  single  flowers,  of  blue,  red,  purple 
and  white  corollas.     June — Sept.  f 

9  C.  lanuginosa,  with  ovate,  crenate,  rugous  and  somewhat  woolly  Ivs.  and 
rather  large  flowers,  acute  at  base,  is  sometimes  cult.,  and  also  a  few  other  species. 

2.  SPECULA^RIA,  Heist.  (Lat.  speculum,  a  mirror;  alluding  to 
the  flower  of  S.  speculum.)  Calyx  5-lobed,  tube  elongated  ;  corolla 
rotate,  5-lobed  ;  stamens  5,  distinct,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla,  filaments 
hairy,  shorter  than  the  anthers ;  style  included,  hairy ;  stigmas  3  ;  cap- 
sule prismatic,  3-celled,  dehiscing  in  the  upper  part. — (p  Fls.  axillary 
and  terminal,  sessile,  erect. 

1  B.  perfoliata  Lam.     St.  simple,  rarely  branched,  erect;  Ivs.  cordate,  crenate, 
amplexicaul ;  fls.  sessile,  aggregate,  axillary. — Plant  somewhat  hairy,  a  foot  high, 
found  in  fields  and  roadsides.     The  strict,  upright  stem,  is  furnished  with  distant, 
short,  alternate,   heart-reniform,  veiny,  stem- clasping  leaves,    containing  1 — 4 
crowded  flowers  in  the  concavity  of  their  upper  surface.     Flowers  axillary  and 
terminal,  the  upper  clusters  larger.     Corolla  blue  or  purple,  with  spreading  seg- 
ments, calyx  seg.  acute,  lanceolate.     Jn.,  Jl.     (Campanula  amplexicaulis  MX.) 

2  S.  Ludoviciana  Torr.     St.  at  length  producing  numerous  slender  branches;  Ivs. 
broad-ovate,  acute,  subentire,  sessile  or  slightly  amplexicaul;  fls.  axillary  and  ter- 
minal on  the  slender  branches. — La.  (Hale)  and  S.  Car.  (Curtis.)    Plant  similar  in 
size  and  appearance  to  No.  1,  but  its  flowers  are  rather  smaller,  with  quite  slen- 
der ovaries. 

3  S.  speculum  L.  VENUS'  LOOKING-GLASS.  St.  diffuse,  very  branching; 
Ivs.  oblong-crenate ;  fls.  solitary;  scales  at  the  base  of  the  corolla  sometimes 
wanting. — A  pretty  border  flower,  named  from  the  form  of  tho  blue  corolla,  which 
resejnbles  a  little,  round,  concave  mirror  (speculum).  Aug.  f 


ORDER  LXXIII.     ERICACEAE.     HEATHWORTS. 

Plants  shrubby  or  suffruticous,  sometimes  herbaceous  with  Lvs.  simple,  alternate 
or  opposite,  mostly  evergreen,  without  stipules.      Corolla  regular  or  somewhat  ir- 


480  ORDER  73.— ERICACEAE. 

regular,  4  to  5-cleft,  the  petals  rarely  distinct.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many 
as  the  petals,  free,  hypogynous.  Anthers  2-celled,  generally  open  by  pores,  often 
appendaged.  Pollen  (except  in  Monotropese)  compounded  of  4  united  grains.  Em- 
bryo straight,  lying  in  the  axis  of,  or  in  the  end  of  fleshy  albumen.  Illust.  in  ligs 
33,  45,  110,  203,  320,  345,  350,  355. 

Genera  66,  species  10S6,  dispersed  throughout  all  countries,  but  comparatively  rare  in  the 
torrid  zone.  The  true  Ericaceae  (Heaths),  are  chiefly  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  there 
being  none  in  Asia,  New  Holland,  and  but  one  or  two  in  America.  The  Tribe  Vacciuese  are 
chiefly  natives  of  N.  America. 

Properties.— The  Heath  worts  are,  in  general,  astringent  and  diuretic.  Some  of  them  yield  a 
stimulating  and  aromatic  resinous  matter.  The  Bearberry,  (Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi)  is  a  well 
known  remedy  in  nephritic  complaints.  An  infusion  of  the  leaves  is  astringent,  demulcent 
and  diuretic.  Similar  properties  are  also  possessed  by  the  Pipsissiwa  (Chimaphlia  umbellata). 
The  species  of  Ehododendron  and  Kalmia  are  pervaded  by  a  narcotic  principle,  rendering  them 
(particularly  their  leaves)  often  actively  poisonous.  The  honey  collected  from  their  flowers  by 
the  bees  appears  so  have  been  so  to  some  of  the  soldiers  in  the  retreat  of  the  immortal  ten  thou- 
sand (Xenophon's  Anabasis).  The  berries  of  the  VaccinesB  (Whortleberries,  Blueberries  and 
Cranberries,)  and  of  Gaultheria  procumbens  (spicy  Wintergreen)  are  esculent  and  wholesome. 

The  true  position  of  our  suborders  Cyrillea?  and  Galacina;  is  not  known.  We  follow  De  Can- 
<lolle  in  appending  them  to  Ericaceae  rather  from  convenience,  as  their  habit  certainly  points  to 
this  order. 

SUBORDERS   AND    GENERA. 

I.  VACCINES.    Shrubs.    Calyx  adherent    Fruit  a  berry  crowned  by  the  calyx  teeth.  (*) 

*  Erect  shrubs  with  5-parted  flowers  and  10-sceded  fruit GAYLUSSACIA.  1 

*  Erect  shrubs  with  5-parted  flowers  and  oo  -seeded  fruit.    No  resinous  dots.  .VACCINIUM.  2 

*  Trailing  shrubs.    Corolla  deeply  4-cleft,— rcflexcd.    Fruit  red , OXYCOCCUS.  3 

— spreading.    Fruit  white CIIIOGENES.  4 

II.  EEICINEJ3.    Shrubx  or  trees.    Calyx  free.     Corolla  and  stamens  hypogynous.     Sds.  oo.  (a) 
a  Flowers  4-parted,  stamens  8.     Capsule  4-celled,— loculicidal EKICA.  5 

— septicidal.  (b).    (No.  13.) 

a  Flowers  5-parted,  petals  distinct  or  very  nearly  polypetalous.  (f) 
a  Flowers  5-parted,  petals  united, — monopetalous.  (b) 

b  Corolla  saucer-form,  holding  the  anthers  in  10  pits KALMIA.  G 

b  Corolla  salver-form,  very  fragrant.    Trailing  shrublet EPIC  ^E A.  7 

b  Corolla  funnel-  or  bell-form,  with  spreading  lobes,  (e) 

b  Corolla  urceolate  (ovoid,  cylindric  or  globular),  lobes  small,  (c) 

C  Fruit  fleshy,  the  matured  ovary  5-seeded ARCTOSTAPIIYLOS.  8 

C  Fruit  fleshy,  the  matured  calyx  oo  -seeded GAULTHEEIA.  9 

C  Fruit  dry,  capsular,  opening  into  the  cells  (loculicidal).  (d) 

d  Shrublet  moss-like,  with  linear  leaves.    Valves  2-cleft CASSIOPE.  10 

d  Shrubs  with  ample  leaves.    Valves  entire ANDROMEDA.  11 

d  Tree  with  ample  leaves  and  slender  racemes OXYDENDRUM.  12 

C  Fruit  dry,  capsular,  opening  between  the  cells MENZIESIA.  13 

6  Stamens  5,  included.     Plant  and  leaves  very  small LOISELEURIA.  14 

e  Stamens  5  (rarely  more),  long-cxsertcd.     Corolla  funnel-form AZALEA.  15 

6  Stamens  10  (rarely  fewer),  exserted.     Corolla  bell-form RHODODENDRON.  16 

f  Corolla  very  irregular,  open  before  tho  leaves  appear RIIODOBA.  17 

f  Corolla  regular, — T-petaled.     Stamens  14 BEFARIA.  13 

— 5-potaled. — Capsule  5-celled LEDUM.  19 

— Capsule  3-celled. — Fls.  umbelcd  LEIOPHYLLUM.  20 

— Fls.  racemed CLETHR A.  21 

III.  CYEILLEJE.    Scrubs.    Cal.  free.   Pet.  and  stam.  hypogynous.    Cells  of  caps  1 -seeded,  (g) 

g  Flowers  4-parted,  with  8  stamens  and  a  2-celled  capsule ELUOTTII.  22 

g  Flowers  5-parted, — with  5  stamens  and  a  2-celled  capsule CYRILLA.  23 

—with  10  stamens.     Capsule  3-celled,  2-wingetl MYLOCARIUM.  24 

IV.  PYBOLEuE.    Herbs  evergreen,  woody.    Cal.  free.     Pet.  5,  distinct.  Testa  of  sd.  loose,  (h) 

h.  Flowers  racemed,  many.     Herbs  nearly  acaulesccnt PYROLA.  25 

b.  Flowers  solitary  (one  only)      Herb  low,  acaulcscent MONESES.  26 

b.  Flowers  umbeled,  few.    Stems  ascending.    Style  very  short CIIIMAPIULA.  27 

V?  G-ALACINEJ3.    Herb  evergreen,  aucaulescent.    Filaments  10,  monadelphous, 

alternately  sterile  ;  anthers  5,  one-celled.     Capsule  3-celled,  oo  -seeded GALAX.  28 

VI.  MONOTEOPE^E.    Herbs  leafless,  verdureless,  with  scale-like  bracts,  (k) 

k  Corolla  polypetalous.     Plant  white,  reddish  or  tawny MONOTROPA.  29 

k  Corolla  monopetalous, — campanulate,  in  a  short  spike SCHWEINITZIA.  80 

— ovoid,  in  a  loose  raceme PTBROSPORA.  31 


ORDER  73.— ERICACEAE.  481 

SUBORDER  I.     VACCINES.     THE  BLUEBERRY  TRIBE. 

1.  GAYLUSSATIA,  II.  B.   K.     HUCKLEBERRY.     (In  honor  of  the 
distinguished  chemist,  Gay-Lnssac.)    Calyx  adherent,  5-toothcd ;  corolla 
urceolate  or  campanulate,  5-cleft  or  toothed;  stamens  10,  anthers  awn- 
less,  the  cells  produced  upwards  into  tubular  beaks  opening  at  the  apex; 
berry  drupe-like,  globular,  10-celled,  10-seedecl. — Shrubs  resembling  the 
Vaccinia.     Lvs.  often  resinous-clotted  beneath.    Fls.  in  lateral,  bracted 
racemes,  white  or  reddish,  small.     Fr.  black  or  dark  blue,  sweet.    ( Vac- 
ci nium  L.) 

*  Racemes  axillary.    Leaves  evergreen,  dotless,  very  smooth No.  1 

*  Racemes  lateral.    Leaves  dotted  beneath, — mucronate,  thick No.  2 

•  —not  mucronate,  thin Nos.  3,4 

1  G.  Iraxifolia.     Box  HUCKLEBERRY.     Very  smooth ;  Ivs.  oval  and  ovate,  finely 
crenate-dentaie,  thick  and  firm ;  rac.  dense,  axillary  and  terminal  subsessile,  tho 
pedicels  very  short ;   cor.  short-ovoid;  filaments  glandular;  berries  light  blue! — 
Rocky  hills,  New  Bloomfield,  Perry  Co.,  Penn.  (Rev.  D.  H.  Focht),  W.  Va.  (Cur- 
tis) and  E.  Tenn.     A  handsome  little  evergreen,  If  high,  with  leaves  (7 — 9"  by 
4 — 5")  like  those  of  tho  Box,  and  white  rls.  delicately  tinged  with  red.     May. 
(V.  buxifolium  Salisb.     V.  brachycerum  MX.) 

2  G.  dumosa  Torr.  &  Gr.     Branchlets,  Ivs.  and  pedicels  sprinkled  with  minute 
bristles  and  resinous  dots;  Ivs.  obovate-oblong,  subsessile  subcoriaceous,  obtuse, 
mucronate,  entire  or  ciliate- serrulate ;  rac.  with  persistent  bracts ;  pedicels  bracteo- 
late  in  the  middle ;  cor.  cylindric-campanulate,  including  the  stamens  and  style. — 
Swamps  and  thickets,  Uxbridge,  Mass.  (Robbins),  S.  to  Fla.     A  small  shrub,  If 
high,  with  leafy  racemes.     Lvs.  about  16"  by  7".     Fls.  white  or  purplish,  each 
from  the  axil  of  an  oval  bract.     Berries  black,  insipid,  large.     Jn.     (V.  dumo- 
sum  Andr.) 

(3.  HIRTELLA.     Plant  more  or  less  hairy. 

3  Gr.  resinosa  Torr.  &  Gr.     BLACK  HUCKLEBERRY.    Branches  cinereous-brown, 
villous  when  young ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  entire, 
petiolate ;  rac.  lateral,  secund  ;  pedicels  short,  subbracteolate ;  cor.  ovoid-conic,  at 
length,  subcampanulate,  5-angled ;  berries  black. — This  common  shrub  of  woods 
and  pastures  (Can.  to  Va.  and  Tenn.)  is  about  2f  high,  very  branching.     Lvs. 
1  to  2'  long,  rarely  acute,  shining  beneath,  with  resinous  patches  and  spots. 
Petiole  1"  in  length.     Fls.  small,  drooping.     Corollas  contracted  at  the  mouth, 
greenish  or  yellowish  purple,  longer  than  the  stamens  but  shorter  than  the  stylo. 
Berries  globous,  sweet  and  eatable,  ripe  in  August.     May.     (V.  resinosum  Ait.) 

/9.  BREVIFOLIA.     Corolla  very  short,  when  open  as  broad  as  long. — Quincy,  Fla, 

4  G.  frondosa  Torr.  &  Gr.     BLUE  DANGLES.    HIGH  BLUEBERRY.    Lvs.  oblong- 
obovate,  obtuse,  entire,  glaucous  beneath ;  rac.  loose,  bracteate ;  pedicels  filiform, 
bracteate  near  the  middle ;  cor.  ovoid-campanulate,  including  the  stamens ;  berries 
blue. — Grows  in  open  woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla.  and  La.   A  shrub  3  to  5f  high,  with 
round,  smooth  and  slender  branches.     Lvs.  twice  as  long  as  wide,  the  margin 
slightly  revolute.     Rac.  lateral  (not  axillary),  the  bracts  deciduous.    Pedicels  5 
to  10"  in  length.      Fls.  reddish- white,  succeeded  by  large,  globous,  blue  and 
sweet  berries  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom  when  mature.     May,  Jn.    (V. 
frondosum  Willd.) 

2.  VACCIN'IUM,  L.     BLUEBERRY.     Calyx  adherent,  5-toothed;  co- 
rolla urceolate,  campanulate  or  cylindric,  limb  4  to  5-cleft,  reflexed  ; 
stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  generally  included ; 
anthers  with  2  awns  on  the  back,  or  awnless,  the  2  cells  prolonged  into 
a  tube  opening  at  apex ;  berry  invested  with  the  calyx  4  or  5  (falsely 
8  to  10) -celled,  cells  many-seeded. — Shrubs  or  undershrubs  with  scat- 
tered Ivs.     Fls.  solitary  or  racemous,  white  or  reddish,  small,  Fr.  gene- 
rally eatable.     A  false  partition  often  divides  the  cells,  each  partly  into 
2.     (Fig.  350.) 


482  ORDER  73. — ERICACEAE. 

f  Anthers  2-awned  back  of  the  2  horns.    Leaves  deciduous,    (a) 

a  Filaments  smooth.    Fr.  4  to  5-celled.     Low  alpine  undershrubs TTos.  1,  2 

a  Filaments  hairy.     Fruit  partly  10-celled.    Taller  (2  to  20f  high.) Nos.  3,  4 

§  Anthers  '2-horned,  without  tho  awns.     Filaments  10,  hairy,     (b) 

b  Leaves  evergreen.    Flowers  4-parted.     Fruit  4-celled No.  5 

b  Leaves  evergreen.    Flowers  5-parted.    Fruit  partly  10-celled Nos.  6,  7 

b  Leaves  deciduous.     Fruit  partly  10-celled.    Fls.  in  short,  close  racemes,     (c) 

C  Corolla  bell-shaped.     Leaves  hairy  both  sides,  entire No.  8 

C  Corolla  cylindrical.    Leaves  smooth  or  nearly  so Nos.  9 — 11 

C  Corolla  ovoid,  evidently  contracted  at  the  mouth Nos.  11 — 13 

1  V.   uliginosum  L.     BILBERRY.     Procumbent ;    Ivs.   obovate,    very  obtuse, 
entire,  smooth,  not  shining,  glaucous  and  veiny  beneath;    fls.  mostly  solitary, 
axillary;  cor.  ovoid-globous,  Deleft;  anth.  8,  with  2  slender  awns. — A  low,  alpino 
shrub,  White- Mts.     Sts.  with  numerous  rigid  branches.     Lvs.  4"  by  3",  scarcely 
petiolate,  crowded  near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  and  of  a  bluish-green.    Fls.  half 
as  long  as  the  leaves,  subsessile,  sometimes  2  together.    Berries  oblong,  deep  blue, 
crowned  with  the  stylo.     Jn.,  Jl. 

2  V.  caespitosum  MX.     BILBERRY.     Dwarfj  casspitous;    Ivs.  obovate,  attenuate 
at  the  basa,  thin,  serrate,  reticulate  with  veins,  shining ;  ped.  subsolitary,  1-flow- 
ered;  cal.  very  short;  cor.  oblong,  suburceolate,  5-toolhed;  stam.  10. — White  Mts. 
(Oakes),  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.     St.  a  few  inches  high.     Pis.  numerous,  nodding, 
on  short  pedicels.     Auth.  with  2  long  awns  at  tho  back.     Berries  large,  globous, 
blue,  eatable. 

3  V.  Btaxnineum  L.    DEERBERRY.     Lvs.   oval-lanceolate,  acute,  dull,  glaucous 
beneath;  pedicels  solitary,  axillary,  nodding;  cor.  campanulate-spreading,  segm. 
acute,  oblong;  anth.  10,  with  the  long  tubes  exserted  and  2  awns  at  their  base. — 
Dry  woods,  Can.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Shrub  2  to  3f  high,  very  branching.     Lvs.  1  to 
2'  long,  mostly  rounded  at  base,  and  on  very  short  petioles,  those  on  the  slender 
flowering  branches  very  much  smaller.     Cor.  white.     Stam.  conspicuously  ex- 
serted, but  shorter  than  the  style.    Berries  large,  greenish  white,  bitter.    May,  Jn. 
(V.  elevatum  Banks.) — Varies  with  tho  leaves  beneath  nearly  whito  to  green, 
smooth  to  pubescent,  and  with  smaller  flowers. 

4  V.  arboreum  MX.     Lvs.  obovate,  acuto  and  short-petioled  at  base,  mucronate 
and  glandular-serrulate  or  entire,  veiny,  shining  above,  pale  green  and  subpu- 
bescent  beneath  ;  pedicels  axillary  to  bracts,  secund,  in  leafy  racemes ;  cor.  cy- 
lindric-bell-shaped ;  anth.  10,  included,  2-awned. — Woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.     Shrub 
or  small  tree,  8  to  20f  high.     Lvs.  usually  small,  rather  thick,  1'  to  18"  long. 
Fls.  numerous,  elegant,  rose-white,  half  as  long  as  their  pedicels.     Berries  black, 
dryish,  ripening  but  Lw  seeds.     May,  Jn. — {V.  myrtilloides  ?  Ell.  with  tho  bracts 
enlarged  to  Ivs.  in  fruit.) 

5  V.  Vitis-Idasa  L.     Decumbent,  much  branched,  smooth,  evergreen ;  Ivs.  oval, 
thick,  margin  revolute,  obtuse,  small,  dark  green  above,  pale  beneath ;  fls.  soli- 
tary or  in  short  clusters,  4-parted;   cor.  campanulate. — Summits  of  the  Whito 
Mts.  N.  II.,  also  rocky  hills,  B.  Mass,  and  Me.    Sts.  3  to  6'  long.    Lvs.  crowded,  4 
to  1"  long,  channeled  along  tho  midvein  above.     Fr.  small,  mealy,  sour.    Jn.,  JL 

6  V.  Myrsinites  MX.     Erect,  much  branched;  Ivs.  small,  elliptical,  acuto  at  each 
end,  glabrous,  serrulate ;  fls.  in  small,  lateral  clusters  of  2  to  5 ;  cor.  ovoid,  urceo- 
late;  sty.  slightly  exserted. — A  beautiful  little  shrub  1  to  2f  high,  common  in 
woods,  X.  Car.  to  Fla.     Branches  greenish.     Lvs.  3  to  5"  long,  varying  from 
elliptic  to  obovate  or  roundish,  perennial,  often  purplish.     Cal.  purple,  cor.  rose- 
colored.     Fr.  rather  large,  bluish  black,  sweet,  pulpy,  many-seeded.     Mar.,  Apr. 

7  V.  myrtifolium  MX.     St.  simple,  decumbent  at  base,  from  long,  creeping  roots; 
bark  green,  puberulent  above;  Ivs.  cuneate-obovate,  or  oval,  pale  and  with  scat- 
tered glandular  hairs  beneath;  fls.  in  dense,  sessile,  lateral  clusters  of  G  to  12  ;  cor. 
ovolong-cylindric ;  anth.  unawned. — S.  Car.  to  Fla.     Sts.  If  high.     Lvs.  scattered, 
1  to  2'  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  tapering  to  a  short  petiole.     Berries  small,  pedicel- 
late, globous,  black.     Mar.,  Apr. 

8  V.  Cauadense  Rich.     Branches  reddish-green,  pubescent,  leafy;  Ivs.  subses- 
sile, elliptic-lanceolate  or  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  villous  beneath,  tomentous  on 
the  veins  above,  entire  /  rac.  fasciculate,  sessile,  subterminal ;  cor.  campanulate ;  cal. 
lobes  acute. — A.  shrub  8  to  12'  high,  not  uncommon  in  rocky  fields  and  thickets, 
Can.,  Me.,  N.  H.  to  Wis.  and  tho  It.  Mts.     Lvs.  8  to  12"  by  3  to  5".     Fls.  about 


ORDER  73.— ERICACEAE.  483 

3"  long.     Sty.  and  stam.  included.     Berries  blue  and  sweet,  similar  to  those  of 
No.  9.     May. 

9  V.  Pennsylvanicum  Lara.     COMMON  Low  BLUEBERRY. — Branches  green, 
with  2  pubescent  lines;   Ivs.  subsessile,  crowded,  elliptic-oblong,  acute  at  each 
end,  minutely  serrulate,  thin,  glabrous,  and  shining,  with  the  veins  beneath  pube- 
rulent;  fls.  in  short,  bracteate,  dense,  subterminal  racemes;  cor.  ovoid-cylindrical. 
— Thickets  and  pastures  in  hard  soils,  Can.  to  Penn.,  common  in  N.  Eng.     A  low 
trader-shrub,  6 — 12'  high,  growing  in  dense  patches.     Leaves  8 — 12"  by  4 — 6". 
Flowers  reddish-white,  3''  long.      Bracts  mostly  colored.     Berries  large,  blue, 
sweet  and  nutritious.     May.     (V.  tenellum  Ph.) 

/?.  KIGEUM.     Lvs.  dark  green ;  berries  black  and  shining,  destitute  of  bloom. — 

"With  variety  a.     (V.  ligustrinum  Ph.  ?) 
y.  ALPIXUIL     Dwarf,  decumbent ;   Ivs.  very  small  (3  to  4"  long),  narrow-ob- 

lanceolate. — Summits  of  tho  White  Mts.  with  No.  5  (V.  angustifolium  Ait.) 

10  V.    vacillans  Poland.      Low,  bushy;  Ivs.  oval,  elliptical  or  ovate,  acute  or 
mucronate,  pale  green,  dull,  glaucous  beneath,  at  length  glabrous,  minutely  serru- 
late ;  rac.  dense-flowered,  preceding  the  full-grown  Ivs. ;  fls.  a  little  longer  than 
the  pedicels ;  cor.  ovoid-cylindric,  slightly  contracted  at  the  mouth. — Hilly  wood- 
lands, K  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  Penn.  to  Clinch  Mt,  Tenn.     Shrub  1  to  2  jf  high,  with 
greenish  branches.      Lvs.  1'  to  18"  long,  corolla  4",  reddish  white.     Berries 
bluish  black,  sweet.     May,  Jn. 

11  V.  corymbosum  L.     COMMON"  HIGH  BLUEBERRY.     Tall ;  flowering  branches 
nearly  leafless ;   Ivs.  oblong-oval  or  elliptical-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at  each 
end,  entire,  pubescent  when  young,  often  glaucous  beneath;  rac.  short,  sessile;  cor. 
ovoid-cylindrical. — A  tall  shrub,  5  to  1  Of  high,  growing  in  shady  swamps,  copses, 
hedges,  &c.     Can.  to  Fla.     Branches  green  or  purplish.     Lvs.  1  lo  2'  long,  usu- 
ally with  a  slight  pubescence  on  tho  veins  beneath.     Fls.  numerous,  nodding, 
generally  appearing  in  advance  of  the  leaves.     Corolla  large  for  the  genus  (5" 
long)  purplish  white.     Stam.  included,  sty.  often  exserted.     Berries  large,  black, 
often  with  a  tinge  of  purple,  subacid.     Mar. — Jn. — Varies  exceedingly.     Some 
of  its  more  striking  varieties  are 

j3.  VIRGATUM.  Branches  short,  entirely  naked  when  in  flower ;  rac.  numerous, 
cor.  oblong-ovoid,  angular,  bright  rose-color. — Common  southward.  Sts.  4 
to  Gf  high  (V.  virgatum  Ph.?) 

y.  AMCENUM.  Lvs.  oblong ;  cor.  cylindrical,  large,  reddish  white ;  stylo  in- 
cluded.— Shrub  6  to  1  Of  high.  Berries  black. 

d.  FUSCATUM.     Lvs.  serrulate,  glabrous ;  pedicels  elongated ;  style  exserted. — 
A  smaller  shrub  with  corollas  red  and  white,  striped.     Calyx  brown. 

e.  GLABRUM.     Plant  glabrous  throughout. — Not  common. 

12  V.  galezans  MX.      Flowering  branches  leafy;  Ivs.  sessile,  cuneate-lanceolate^. 
subserrate,  veiny,  glabrous  when  old;  fls.  in  small,  sessile  fascicles;  cor.  ovoid, 
much  contracted  at  the  mouth ;  stylo  exserted. — Swampy  woods,  Va.  (Pursh)  to 
Ga.  and  La,    Sts.  If  to  18'  high,  green  with  a  reddish  or  yellowish  tinge.    Young 
Ivs.  also  reddish.     Cor.  small,  yellowish  white.    Berries  small,  black.    A  few  Ivs. 
are  sometimes  persistent.     Apr.,  May. 

13V.  hirsutum  Buckley.  Whole  plant,  with  fls.  and  fruit,  densely  hirsute  ;  rac. 
small,  axillary  and  terminal ;  Ivs.  deciduous,  ovate,  entire,  mucronate,  subsessile, 
cor.  oblong,  nearly  closed  at  throat,  with  5  short  teeth ;  anth.  awnless,  included ;. 
fil.  and  stylo  hairy ;  berry  globous,  co-seeded. — Mts.  N.  Car.  (Buckley).  Bush 
much  branched,  If  high. 

3.  OXYCOC'CUS,  Pers.  CRANBERRY.  (Gr.  ot-v?,.  acid,  KOKKO?, 
berry.)  Calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary,  4-cleft ;  corolla  4-parted,  with 
narrow,  reflexed  segments;  stam.  8,  convergent,-  anthers  tubular,  2- 
parted,  opening  by  oblique  pores ;  berry  globous,.  4-celled,  many-seeded. 
— Shrubs,  with  alternate  Ivs.  and  red  and  purple  berries. 

*  Stem  erect,  with  membranous,  decidous  leaves.    Berries  sweetish — No.  1 

*  Stem  prostrate,  slender ;  leaves  evergreen,  small.    Berries  acid, Nos.  2,  3 

1  O.  erythrocarpus  Ell.  Lvs.  oval,  acuminate,  thin,  ciliate-serrulate ;  fls.  axil- 
lary, solitary,  the  long  gegmenta  at  length  reftexedi — Mts.  of  Ya.  and  Car.  Ste- 


484  ORDER  73.— ERICACEAE. 

with  divaricate  branches,  1  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  much  larger  than  in  the  other  spw 
cies,  veins  beneath  pubescent.     Berries  globular,  scarlet,  translucent.     Jn. 

2  O.  paliistris  Pers.     St.  filiform,  prostrate;  Ivs.  ovate,  entire,  revolute  on  the 
margin;   pedicels  terminal,  1-flowered;   segments  of  the  corolla  ovate. — A  pros- 
trate under-shrub,  found  in  Alpine  bogs,  Brit.  Am.  and  N.  States.     Stems  creep- 
ing extensively,  smooth,  purple,  with  erect  branches.     Lvs.  very  small  (2  to  3" 
long),  exactly  ovate.     FJs.  several  together  on  the  summits  of  the  branches. 
Pedicels  an  inch  in  length,  with  2  nearly  opposite  bracts  in  the  middle.     Cor. 
light  pink.     Stamens  purple.     Fruit  smaller  than  in  the  next  species,  crimson, 
ripe  in  Oct.     Fls.  in  June. 

3  O.  macrocarpus  Pers.     St.  creeping,  filiform ;  Ivs.  oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end, 
edges  revolute,  glaucous  beneath ;  pedicels  axillary,  elongated,  1-flowered ;  seg- 
ments of  the  corolla  linear-lanceolate. — Sphagnous  swamps  Va.  to  the  Arc.  Ocean. 
Stems  8 — 15'  in  length,  brown,  with  ascending  branches.    Lvs.  numerous,  4 — 6" 
by  2 — 3",  rounded  at  each  end,  on  very  short  petioles,  smooth  both  sides.     Fls. 
flesh-colored,  pedicels  5 — 15"  long,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.    Berry 
large,  bright  scarlet,  ripe  in  Oct.     Fls.  in  June. 

4.  CHIOG'ENES,  Salisb.     (Gr.  %IG)V,  snow,  yevog,  offspring ;  in  allu- 
sion to  its  evergreen  habit.)     Calyx  4-clcft,  persistent;   cor.  broadly 
campanulate,   limb  deeply  4-cleft ;   stam.   8,  included,  filaments  very 
broad  and  short,  anther  cells  distinct,  awnless  on  the  back,  bicuspidate 
at  apex,  opening  longitudinally ;  ovary  adherent,  except  at  the  summit, 
4-celled;  fruit  white,  4-celled,  many-seeded. — A  prostrate,  evergreen 
midershrub,  with  alternate  leaves.     Fls.  solitary,  axillary.     (Fig.  38.) 

C.  hispidula  Torr.  &  Gr.  A  delicate  woody  creeper,  in  old  shady  woods,  moun- 
tains,  JST.  Eng.  to  Newfoundland,  "W.  to  the  R.  Mts.  Stems  ligneous,  slender, 
creeping  extensively,  with  numerous  branches,  and  clothed  with  shert,  appressed, 
reddish  hairs.  Leaves  numerous,  alternate,  and  roundish-oval,  4 — 6"  by  3 — 4", 
abruptly  acute,  dark  evergreen  above,  paler  beneath.  Cor.  white,  its  parts  in  4s. 
The  leaves  and  white  berries  have  an  agreeable  spicy  flavor  like  those  of  Gaul- 
theria  procumbens.  (Vaccinium  L.)  May,  Jn. 

SUBORDER  II.     ERICINE^E.     THE  HEATH  TRIBE. 

5.  ERrCA,  L.     HEATH.     HEATHER.     (Gr.  fpe^w,  to  break  ;  in  allu- 
sion to  the  brittleness  of  the  branches  and  stems.)     Calyx  4-cleft ;  cor. 
tubular,   globous,   ovoid,  urceolate,   campanulate    or   hypocrateriform, 
limb  short,  4-lobed ;  stam.  8  ;  style  filiform ;  caps.  4,  rarely  8-celled, 
4-valved,  loculicidal ;  seeds  2 — co  in  each  cell,  affixed  to  the  axillary  pla- 
centa, usually  conformed  to  the  smoothish  or  shining  testa. — European, 
or  chiefly  South  African  shrubs,  branching,  mostly  brittle.     Lvs.  linear, 
acerous,  margin   revolute,  verticillato,  rarely  alternate.     Fls.  axillary, 
solitary,  verticillate,  or  terminal,  corymbous  or  capitate,  mostly  nodding. 
Cor.  of  the  cyanic  series,  from  purple  through  red  to  white,  very  rarely 
orange  or  yellow. 

Obs.  Of  this  vast  and  beautiful  genus,  429  species  are  described  by  Mr.  Bcntham  in  the  Pro- 
droinus  of  DC.,  Part  vii.,  pp.  613 — 693.  AH  these  species  have  been  cultivated  in  Europe,  and 
many  in  this  country,  but  their  successful  culture  is  attended  with  more  care  than  that  of  most 
other  plants,  and  they  have  never  as  yet  received  general  attention.  To  describe  so  few  spe- 
cies as  the  Vomits  of  this  work  would  permit,  where  so  many  are  rarely  and  none  generally  met 
with,  would  be  of  little  satisfaction  to  the  student. 

6.  KAL'MIA,  L.     AMERICAN  LAUREL.     (Named   by  Linnaius  in 
honor  of  Peter  Kalm,  Prof,  at  Abo,  Finland.)     Calyx  5-parted,  corolla 
with  10  prominences  beneath  and  10  corresponding  cavities  within,  in- 
cluding the  10  anthers  ;  border  5-lobed ;  filam.  elastic ;  capsule  5-celled, 


ORDER  73. — ERICACEAE.  %  435 

many-seeded.— Beautiful  shrubs,  natives  of  N.  America.     Lvs.  entire, 
evergreen,  coriaceous.     Fls.  in  racemous  corymbs,  white  and  red. 

*  Flowers  in  terminal  corymbs.    Lvs  thick,  mostly  acute Nos.  1,2 

*  Flowers  in  lateral  corymbs.    Leaves  obtuse Nas.  3,  4 

*  Flowers  solitary,  axillary.    Calyx  elongated,  deciduous No.  5 

1  K.  latifolia  L.    CALICO  BUSH.    SPOON-WOOD.    Lvs.  alternate  and  ternate,  oval- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides;  corymbs  terminal, 
viscidly  pubescent. — A  profusely  flowering  shrub,  sometimes  attaining  the  height 
of  a  small  tree.     It  is  found  in  all  the  Atlantic  States  from  Maine  to  Fla.,  and  W. 
to  Ohio  and  Ky.  in  woods.     "Wood  crooked,  fine-grained  and  compact     Leaves 
2 — 3'  long,  smooth  and  shining,  acute  at  each  end  and  entire.     Flowers  in  splen- 
did corymbs,  white  or  variously  tinged  with  red,   abundant.     Corolla  with  a 
spreading  limb  9 — 10"  diam.  and  a  5-lobed  margin.     The  leaves  are  narcotic  and 
poisonous  to  some  animals.     May,  Jn. 

2  K.  glauca  Ait    SWAMP  LAUREL.    Branch  esancipitous;  Ivs.  opposite,  subsessile, 
lanceolate,  polished,  glaucous  beneath,  revolute  at  the  margin ;  corymbs  terminal, 
the  peduncles  and  bracts  smooth. — A  delicate  shrub,  2f  high,  found  in  swamps,  etc., 
Penn.,   Ky.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  to  Arc.  Am.     Stem  slender,  the  branches  distinctly 
2-edged  by  an  elevated  ridge  extending  from  the  base  of  each  opposite  leaf  to 
the  next  node  below.     Lvs.  smooth  and  shining,  white  underneath,  and  1'  in 
length.     Fls.  8 — 10  in  each  corymb.     Corolla  about  •$•'  diam.,  pale  purple.     June. 

/?.  RGSMARINIFOLIA,     Leaves  linear,  more  revolute,  green  beneath. 

3  BL  angtistifolia  L.      SHEEP-POISON.      Lvs.  ternate  and  opposite,  elliptical-lance- 
olate, petiolate,  obtuse  at  each  end,  smooth ;  corymbs  lateral ;  bracts  linear-lance- 
olate.— Shrub  2 — 4f  in  height,  in  marshes  and  by  ponds,  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ky. 
Leaves  with  rounded  ends  entire,  smooth,   1 — 2'  long,  and  £  as  wide,  on  short 
petioles.     Flowers  deep  purple,    in  small,  axillary  fascicles  apparently  whoiied, 
about  half  as  large  in  No.  1.     Bracts  minute,  about  3  at  the  base  of  each  pedi- 
ceJL     Jn. — Said  to  be  poisonous  to  cattle. 

4  K.  ctmeata  MX.     Lvs,  scattered,  sessile,  cuneate-oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  glan- 
dylar-pubescent  beneath;  fis.,  in  sessile,  lateral  clusters  of  4  to  6. — Mts.  of  N.  Car. 
(Michaux),  in  swamps,  S.  Car.,  near  Georgetown  (Elliot),  near  Camden  (Nuttall). 
Shrubs  about  as  large  as  No.  3.     Lvs.  about  1'  long.     Pedicels  1'  long,  filiform, 
with  minute  bractleta.     Cor.  white,  red  in  the  center.     Jn.,  JL 

5  E.  hiraftta  Walt    Yery  slender,  branched,  hairy;  Ivs.  scattered,  sometimes 
opposite,  ovate,  lanceolate,  or  linear-oblong,  acute,  sessile ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the 
leaves ;  caL  segm.  lance-linear,  nearly  equaling  the  corolla  limb. — Barrens,  & 
Car.  to  Fla.,  abundant  in  wet  places.     Sts.  terete,  about  If  high.    Lvs.  small  (4 
to  C"  long),  edges  mostly  revolute.    Fls.  rose-colored,  about  7"  broad.    May — Jn. 

7.  EPIG/E'A,  L.      TRAILING   ARBUTUS.      MAY  FLOWER.     (Gr.  err/, 
upon,  777,  the  earth  ;  from  its  prostrate  habit.)     Calyx  large,  5-parted, 
with   3   bracts  at  base;  corolla  hypocrateriform,  tube  villoas  within, 
limb  5-parted,  spreading  ;  stamens  10;  anthers  dehiscent  by  2  longi- 
tudinal openings;    capsule   5-celled,   5-valved. — Suffruticous    trailing. 
Lvs.  evergreen,  cordate,  ovate,  entire,  alternate. 

E.  rep£ns  L.  Lvs.  cordate-ovate,  entire;  cor.  tube  cylindrical. — H  Woods,  New- 
foundland  to  Ky.  and  Penn.  This  little  shrubby  plant  grows  flat  upon  the 
ground,  10 — 15'  in  length,  covered  with  a  hairy  pubescence  in  all  its  parts.  Lvs. 
2 — 2£'  by  !£',  roundish  at  the  end  and  abruptly  tipped  with  a  very  short  point 
Fls.  very  fragrant,  white  or  tinged  with  various  shades  of  red,  in  small  axillary 
clusters.  Calyx  green.  The  tube  of  the  corolla  hairy  within,  longer  than  the 
calyx,  the  border  in  5,  rounded,  spreading  segments.  Apr.,  May. 

8.  ARCTOSTAPH'YLOS,Adans.    BEAR-BERRY.    (Gr.  ap/rroc,  a  bear, 
crra^u/wj,  a  cluster  of  grapes ;  that  is  Bear-berry.)     Calyx  5-parted, 
persistent;  corolla  ovoid,  diaphanous  at  the  base,  limb  with   5  small, 
recurved  segments  ;  anthers  10,  with  2  long,  reflexed  awns,  opening  by 


486          ,  ORDER  73.— ERICACEAE. 

pores;  drupe  \vitli  a  5-cclled  putamen,  the   cells  1 -seeded. — Trailing 
shrubs,  with  alternate  Ivs.     (Arbutus  L.) 

1  A.  Uva-ursi  Spreng.     Procumbent;    Ivs.   entire,  obovate,    smooth,   on   short 
petioles,  evergreen,  coriaceous,  shining  above,  paler  beneath ;  fls.  in  short,  terminal, 
drooping  clusters ;  drupe  globular,  about  as  large  as  a  currant,  deep  red,  nearly 
insipid,  the  nucleus  consists  of  5   bony  seeds  firmly  united'  together. — Rocky 
hills,  N.  States  and  British  America.    Stem  prostrate  except  the  younger  branches, 
which  arise  3 — 8'.     Lvs.  about  1'  in  length,  2 — 3"  wide,  often  spatulate  in  form  ; 
medicinally  they  are  astringent,  and  much  valued  in  nephritic  complaints.     May. 

2  A.  alpina  Spreng.     Procumbent;  Ivs.   thin,  deciduous,   obovate,   acute,  serrate, 
ciliate  when  young;  fls.  in  short,  terminal  racemes;    bracteoles  ovate,  broad, 
ciliate,,  about  equaling  the  pedicel. — High  Mts.,  in  Me.  and  Can.,  alpine  regions  of 
the  White  Mts.  (Robbins).     Flowers  white.     Berries  black. 

9.  GAULTHE^RIA,  Kalm.     BOXBERRY.    CHECKERBERRY.     WINTER- 
GREEN.       (To  one  Gaulthier  (or  Gaultier),  a  French  physician  at  Que- 
bec.)    Calyx  5-cleft,  with  2  bracts  at  the  base  ;  corolla  ovoid-tubular, 
limb  with  5  small,  revolute  lobes  ;  filaments  10,  hirsute  ;  capsule  5-celled, 
invested  by  the  calyx  which  becomes  a  berry. — Suffruticous,  mostly 
American  plants.     Lvs.  alternate,  evergreen.     Pedicels  bibracteolate. 

G.  procumbeiis  L.  St.  with  the  procumbent  branches  erect  or  ascending ; 
Ivs.  obovate,  mucronate,  denticulate,  crowded  at  the  top  of  stem ;  fls.  few,  droop- 
ing, terminal. — A  little  shrubby  plant  well-known  for  its  spicy  leaves,  and  its 
well-flavored,  scarlet  berries;  common  in  woods  and  pastures,  Can.  to  Penn.  and 
Ky.  The  branches  ascend  3'  from  the  prostrate  stem  or  rhizome  which  is  usually 
concealed.  Lvs.  thick,  shining,  acute  at  each  end.  Cor.  white,  contracted  at 
the  mouth.  Fr.  consisting  of  the  capsulo  surrounded  by  the  enlarged  calyx 
which  becomes  cf  a  bright  scarlet  color.  Jn. — Sept. 

10.  CASSKTPE,  Don.     MOSS-PLANT.     (In  Grecian   mythology  Cas- 
siope  was  the  mother  of  Andromeda.)     Sepals  bractless,  imbricated, 
ovate  ;  corolla  globular-campanulate,  4  or  5-lobed  ;  anthers  8  or  10  pen- 
dulous cells  opening  by  a  terminal  pore,  with  a  long  reflcxcd  awn  be- 
hind ;  capsule  4  or  5-celled,  valves  4  or  5,  2-parted  ;  placenta  pendulous, 
many-seeded. — Small,  alpine,  moss-like  or  heath-like  shrubs.     Fls.  soli- 
tary, pedicellate. 

C.  hypnoides  Don.  St.  filiform,  spreading;  Ivs.  evergreen,  subulate,  smooth, 
crowded ;  ped.  solitary,  terminal ;  fls.  5-parted.  One  of  the  smallest  and  most 
delicate  of  shrubs,  summits  of  the  White  Mts.,  N.  H.  and  Mts.  of  N.  Y.  and 
Me.  Sts.  woody,  much  branched  at  base,  2  to  3'  high.  Lvs.  minute,  evergreen, 
imbricated,  concealing  the  stems.  Fls.  large  in  proportion  (l^"  long)  nodding; 
ped.  1'  long  iu  fruit.  Cal.  purple.  Cor.  light-red,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
lobes  erect.  Stam.  included.  Jn.  (Andromeda.  L.) 

11.  ANDROME'DA,  L.     (Andromeda  of  ancient  fable,  was  chained  to 
a  rock  near  the  sea;  the  original  species,  No.    1,  grows   near  water.) 
Calyx   5-parted,  persistent,  not  becoming  fleshy  in  fruit ;  corolla  urceo- 
late,  the  mouth  more  or  less  contracted,  5-toothed  ;  anthers   10,  cells  2T 
opening  by  a  terminal  pore  ;  capsule  5-celled,  5-valved,  often  reinforced 
with  5  external   valvelets ;  seeds  numerous,  from  lateral   or  suspended 
placentae. — Shrubs  or  small   trees,  with  deciduous  or  evergreen,  entire, 
or  Serrulate,  alternate  Ivs. 

§  Flowers  in  a  terminal,  nocldingumbel.    Anthers  2-a\vned  at  apex .No.  1 

§  Flowers  in  racemes  or  axillary.    (*) 

*  Calyx  calyculate,  with  2  bractlets  at  its  base,    (a) 

a  Anthers  awnless.    Racemes  leafy.     Pericarp  double.    (CASSANDRA) Nos.  2,  3 

a  Anthers awned.  Racemes  leafless.  (Lvs.  evergreen.  No.  7)  Lvs.  deciduous. Nos.  4,5 
»  Calyx  naked  at  base;  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  pedicels,    (b) 


ORDER  73.— EHICACE^E.  487 

b  Anther  cells  each  2-awned  at  apex.  Cor.  bell-shaped.  Panicle  terminal No.  8 

b  Anthers  with  2  reflexed  lon-i  awns  on  the  back.    Evergreen Nos.  7,  8 

b  Anthers  with  2  deflex-spreading  bristles  at  the  back.     Capsule  with  5 

narrow  valvelets  applied  to  the  sutures.    (PiERis) Nos.  9,10 

b  Anthers  awnless,  cells  often  minutely  2-toothed  at  apex,     (c) 

C  Corolla  cylindric.     Uacemes  sessile.    Valvelets  0.     (LKUCOTHOE)..NOS.  II— 13 
C  Corolla  globular.    Valvelets  of  capsule  5,  conspicuous    (LYONIA).NOS.  14— 16 

1  A.    polifolia.     WILD  ROSEMARY.     Erect ;  Ivs.  entire,  linear-lanceolate,  cori- 
aceous, revolute  on  the  margins,  glaucous  beneath  ;  fls.  subglobous,  in  a  dense, 
terminal  corymb. — A  low,  smooth,  evergreen  shrub,  1  to  2f  high,  growing  by  the 
side  of  ponds  and  in  swamps,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.,  N.  to  Arc.  Am.     Lvs.  very  smooth, 
2  to  3'  long,  on  very  short  petioles,  dark  green  and  smooth  above,  bluish  white 
beneath.     Clusters  of  flowers  drooping.     CaL  white,  tipped  with  red.     Cor.  rose- 
colored.     Jn. 

2  A.  calyculata  L.   LEATHER-LEAP.    Erect ;  Ivs.  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  obsoletely  ser- 
rulate, fiat,  ferruginous  beneath ;    rac.  terminal,  leafy,  subsecund ;  fls.  short-pedi- 
celled,  solitary,  axillary,  forming  leafy  racemes ;  cor.  oblong-cylindrical — An  ever- 
green shrub,  2  to  4f  high,  flowering  early  in  wet  situations,  Can.  and  most  of  the 
IT.  S.     The  Ivs.  are  coriaceous,  shining,  dotted,  about  an  inch  long  and  half  ae 
wide,  those  of  the  raceme  not  half  as  large.     Ms.  20  to  30  in  each  raceme,  whit®. 
CaL  double,  the  outer  of  2  bracts,  the  inner  of  5  acute  sepals.    Apr.,  May. 

3  A.  angustifolia  Ph.     Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  margins  revolute,  somewhat 
ferruginous  beneath;  rac.   terminal,  leafy,  secuud;  pedicels  short,  solitary,  axil- 
lary ;  cal.  acuminate ;  bractlets  minute,  acute ;  cor.  oblong-oval. — Open  swamps, 
Car.,  Ga.     Evergreen.     Nearly  allied  to  the  preceding.     Apr.,  May.   (Cassandra. 
G.  Don.) 

4  A.  racemosa  L.     (Fig.  203.)     Lvs.  oval-lanceolate,  acute  or  slightly  acuminate, 
glabrous,  serrulate;  rac.  terminal,  secund,  elongated,  one-sided,  strict,  ascending; 
cal.  ovate-acuminate,  cor.  cylindric ;  anth.  cells  each  2-awned  at  apex ;  seeds  wing- 
less.— Shrub  4  to  6f  high,  wet  woods,  Can.  to  Fla,  W.  to  Ky.     It  is  remarkable 
for  its  naked  racemes  2  to  4'  in  length,  each  with  its  12  to  30  white  fls.  all  turned 
downwards.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  in  length,  deciduous.     Pedicels  short,  with  2  ovate- 
acuminate  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  colored  calyx.    Jn.,  Jl.     (Zenobia,  G.  Don.) 

5  A.  recurva  Buckley.     Branches  and  rac,  recurved-spreading ;    lv$.  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  acuminate;    cal.  segm.  ovate;    anth.   cells   each  l-awned ;    caps,  con- 
spicuously lobed;  seeds  flat,  winged. — Mts.  and  hills,  Va.,  N".  Car.     A  straggling, 
deciduous-leaved  shrub,  much  resembling  the  last.     Apr.,  May. 

6  A.  speciosa  MX.      Lvs.  oval,  obtuse,  mucronate,    serrate,    reticulate-veiny; 
flowering  branches  raceme-like,  aggregated,  leafless ;  cor.  campanulate ;  anth.  cells 
each  2-awned. — Swamps  Va.  to  Fia.     An  ornamental  shrub  3  to  4f  high.     Lva 
glabrous,  deciduous.     Fls.  several  from  each  bud,  large  (4"  long),  shorter  than 
their  pedicels,  white.     Jn. 

0.  PCLVERULEXTA.     Lvs.  roundish-ovate,  crenate,  and  with  the  branches  whit- 
ish pulverulent. — Grows  with  the  other  form. 

7  A.  floribunda  Lyon,  (Ph.)     Lvs.  glabrous,  thick,  evergreen,  oblong-ovate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  petiolate,  serrulate,  often  ciliate ;  rac.  dense-flowered,  paniculate ; 
pedicels  bracted,  secund  ;  caL  bractlets  minute. — Va.  to  Ga.  along  the  Mts.    Shrub 
JJ  to  lOf  high,  very  handsome,  with  a  terminal  panicle  of  numerous  white  fls. 
Anth.  each  with  2  long,  reflexed,  white  awns.     Apr. 

8  A.  Croomia  Torr.     Lvs.  oval  and  oblong,   obtuse,   coriaceous,  veiny,   serrate 
towards  the  apex,  petiolate ;  rac.  short,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  Ivs. ;  pedicels 
bractloss ;  cal.  naked,  sep.  triangular-lanceolate,  f  as  long  as  the  ovoid  corolla ; 
anth.  each  with  2  long,  black,  reflexed  awns  at  the  back. — Damp  woods,  Quincy, 
Fla.    A  slender  shrub,  1  to  3f  high. 

9  A.  nitida  Bartram.     FETTER-BUSH.      Lvs.  thick,  evergreen,  elliptical,   slightly 
acuminate  at  each  end,  perfectly  smooth,  with  a  vein  running  close  to  each  revolute 
margin;  fls.  in  pendulous  clusters  of  G  to  10,  in  the  axils  of  divaricate  Ivs. ;  cor. 
ovoid-oblong ;   valvelets  linear. — By  streams  and  in  sandy  swamps,   N.  Car.  to 
Fla.     A  singularly  elegant  shrub,  3  to  6f  high.     Branches  sharp-angled.     Fls. 
numerous.     Cal.  green,  tipped  with  purple,  much  smaller  than  the  rose-colored 
corolla.     Mar.,  Apr. 


488  ORDER  73.— ERICACEAE. 

/5.  RIIOMBIFOLIA.     Lvs.  roundish-oval,  obtuse  or  abruptly  pointed  ;  cal.  half  as 
long  as  the  turgid-ovate  corolla.     (A.  rhombifolia  Pers.  ?) 

10  A.  Mariana  L.     STAGGERBUSH.     Glabrous;  Ivs.  deciduous,  oval,  subacuto 
at  each  end,  flat,  entire,  subcoriaceous,  paler  beneath ;  flowering  branches  leaf- 
less ;  pedicels  fasciculate ;  cal.  lobes  linear,  foliaceous :  cor.  ovate-cylindric ;  stain. 
10,  fil.  villous. — Woods  and  dry,  sandy  soils,  N.  J.,  Penn.  to  Fla.,  common.     An 
ornamental  shrub,  2  to  3f  high,  with  very  smooth,  deciduous  foliage,  and  largo 
(5"  long),  whito  or  pale  red  fls.     Caps,  urn-shaped,  the  valvelets  narrow-linear. 
Seeds  angular.    Jn.,  Jl. — After  flowering  the  calyx  and  corolla  sometimes  becomo 
very  large  and  erect,  as  if  diseased.     (Leucothoe,  G.  Don.) 

11  A.  axillaris  Lam.     Lvs.  oblong  or  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute,  or  slightly  pointed, 
petiolate,  spinulous-serrulate,  glabrous,  or  minutely  strigous  beneath ;  fls.  in  axil- 
lary, dense  racemes,  not  drooping,  much  shorter  than  the  Ivs. ;  sep.  broad-ovate,  ob- 
tusish ;  cor.  ovoid-cylindrical — Banks  of  streams,  Va,  to  Fla.  in  the  low  country, 
common.     Shrub  2  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  largo  (3  to  5'  long).     Rac.  spike-like,  inter- 
rupted.    Feb.,  Mar. ;  again  in  Sept. 

12  A.  Catesb&i  "Walt.     Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  conspicuously  acuminate,  rounded 
at  base,  petiolate,  serrulate,  with  appressed,  spinulous  teeth,  thick,  strigous  be- 
neath ;  fls.  in  spicate,  drooping  racemes  as  long  as  the  blade  of  the  leaves  ;  sep, 
ovate-oblong,  acute. — Banks  of  streams,  Penn.  (Miss  Carpenter,  Blue  Ridge),  to 
Ga.  in  the  mountainous  district.     Rac.  2  to  3'  in  length,  on  the  long,  recurved 
branches.    May.     (Leuoothoe,  Don.) 

13  A.  acuminata  L.     PIPE- WOOD.     Lvs.  very  smooth,  rigid,  ovate  and  lanceo- 
late, gradually  acuminate,  entire,  on  short  petioles ;  rac.  few-flowered ;  cor.  cylin- 
drical ;  sep.  broad-ovate,  acute ;  caps,  globular,  strongly  lobed. — Shady  swamps, 
S.  Car.  to  Fla,     Sta.  3  to  lOf  high,  straight  and  hollow.     Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  1' 
wide.      Fls.  white,  abundant  and  handsome.     Apr. — The  stems  are  used  by 
smokers  in  pipe-making. 

14  A.  ligustrina  Muhl.     Pubescent;  Ivs.  deciduous,  obovate-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate-cuspidate, finely  serrulate ;  fls.   somewhat  paniculate,  in  terminal,  leafless 
racemes;  caps.  5-angled  by  the  linear  valvelets. — Shrub,  4  to  8f  high,  in  swamps, 
&c.,  Mid.  and  S.  States.     Lvs.  abruptly  acuminate,  paler  beneath,  2  to  3'  long  and 
nearly  half  as  wide,  on  short  petioles.    Fls.  small  (1"  long),  nearly  globous,  white, 
in  dense  panicles.   (Jn.— «*J1). 

/?.-  FRONDOSA.     Panicle  with  small  Ivs.  scattered  among  tho  fls.     (A.  frondosa 
Muhl.) 

15  A.  fermginea  Walt.     Shrubby;  Ivs.  evergreen,  distant  (not  crowded},  oblan- 
ceolate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  tapering  to  very  short  petioles,  thick,  revolute-edged, 
rust-scaly  beneath ;  fls.   in  axillary  umbels ;  valvelets  of  the  capsules  nearly  as 
large  as  the  valves. — Pine  woods,  Ga.  and  Fla.     Shrub  3  to  5f  high.     Lvs,  1  to 
2'  long.     Fruit  appearing  when  open  as  if  10-valved.     Jn. 

16  A.  rigida  Ph.     Arborescent;   branches   rigid,    erect;    Ivs.   rigid,  coriaceous, 
crowded,  obovate,  acute,  strongly  revolute  edged,  rust-scaly  beneath ;  fls.  numer- 
ous, in  axillary  umbels,  bbssoming  in  April ;  fruit  as  in  the  last — Sandy  pino 
barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.     A  small  tree,  10  to  2 Of  high,  remarkably  rigid  and  leafy. 
Lvs.  1'  long,  pale  or  yellowish-green. 

17  A.  montana  Buckley.     Lvs.  evergreen,  ovate-lanceolate,  minutely  serrate  or 
entire,  ciliate;  fls.  in  large,  terminal  and  axillary  panicles;  pedicels  3-bracted, 
bracts  subulate,  the  2  upper  opposite ;  ped.  pubescent. — High  Mts.  of  N".  Can 
Shrub  5  to  6f  high.     Lvs.  2'  by  1',  tho  petiole  6"  long.     Stem  above  sprinkled 
with  mucronate  glands. 

12.  OX\DEN'DRUM,  DC.  SORREL-TREE.  (Gr.  6%v£,  sour,  Mvdpov, 
a  tree;  the  herbage  is  sour  to  the  taste.)  Sepals  bractless,  valvatc  in 
the  early  bud  ;  corolla  urceolate,  ovoid,  5-toothed  ;  stamens  10,  anther* 
linear,  erect,  awnless,  cells  opening  lengthwise ;  capsule  oblong,  trun- 
cate, 5-celled,  5-valved,  placenta  below,  seeds  many,  ascending. — A 
tree,  with  deciduous,  petiolate,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrulate 
Ivs.  and  terminal  panicles  of  slender,  spicate  racemes. 


ORDER  73.— ERICACEAE.  489 

O.  arboreum  DC.  Ohio,  Penn.,  along  the  Alleghany  Mts.  to  Flor.  A  fine  tree, 
40 — 50f  high,  trunk  10 — 15'  diam.  Bark  thick  and  deeply  furrowed.  Leaves  4 
— 5'  by  1$ — 2',  villous  when  young,  at  length  smooth,  with  a  distinctly  acid  taste. 
Flowers  white,  3"  long.  Capsule  pyramidal,  5-sided.  June,  July,  f 

13.  MENZIE'SIA,  Smith.    (To  Menzies,  the  discoverer  of  the  original 
species  (M.  ferruginea)  in  Oregon.)     Calyx  deeply  4  or  5-cleft ;  corolla 
urceolate  or  campanulate,  4  or  5-lobed  ;  stamens  8  to  10,  anthers  open- 
ing by  terminal  pores;  capsule  4  to  5-celled,  the  dissepiments  made 
by  the  introflexed  margins  of  the  valves ;  seeds  many. — Low,  shrubby 
plants,  of  various  habits.     Fls.  in  terminal  clusters. 

§  PHYLT.ODOCE,  Salisb.    Loaves  evergreen,  heath-like.    Flowers  5-parted No.  1 

§  MENZIESA  proper.     Leaves  deciduous.     Flowers  4-parted ".".  ..'.'.'..I.'.'.'.'.  No'.  2 

1  M.  taxifolia  Bobbins.     MOUNTAIN  HEATH.    St.  prostrate  at  base ;  Ivs.  linear, 
obtuse,  with  minute,  cartilaginous  teeth;  ped.  terminal,  aggregate,  1-flowered; 
fls.  campanulate,  decandrous;  cal.  acute.— -Shores  of  the  u  lake"  on  the  White  Mts. 
N.  H.,  on  Mt.  Katahdin,  Me.     It  resembles  a  heath  in  its  flowers ;  and  some  of 
the  fir  tribes  in  its  leaves  and  stems.     St.  decumbent  at  base,  6  to  10'  long,  with 
crowded  Ivs.  above  which  are  5  to  7"  in  length.     Fls.  drooping,  purple,  at  the  top 
of  the  highest  branch,  the  colored  ped.  18''  in  length.     Fr.  erect.     Jn. 

2  M.  ferruginea  Smith,    ft.  GLOBULARIS  Sims.    Branches  and  pedicels  with  scat- 
tered hairs ;  Ivs.  oval-lanceolate,  ciliate  above  and  on  the  veins  beneath ;  apex 
tipped  with  a  gland;  fls.  in  terminal  panicles,  nodding  on  the  slender  pedicels. 
— Mts.  Penn,  to  Car.  abundant  near  Winchester,  Va.  (Pursh).     Shrub  4f  high. 
Fls.  greenish  purple,  small,  one  on  each  pedicel  which  is  glandular  pubescent, 
18"  long.     Cor.  short- urceolate.     Jn. 

14.  LOISELEITRIA,  Desv.    ALPINE  AZALEA.     (To  Loisdeur  Ddong- 
champs,  a  French  botanist.)     Calyx  5-partcd,  lobes  equal ;  corolla  sub- 
campanulate,  5-parted,  regular;  stamens  5,  equal,  erect,  shorter  than 
the  corolla,  anthers  dehiscing  laterally  from  the  apex ;  ovary  roundish ; 
style  straight,  included;  capsule  2  to  3-celled,  2  to  3-valved,  many- 
eeeded. — A  little,  branching,  procumbent  shrub,  with  opposite,  petiolate, 
evergreen,  entire  Ivs.    Pedicels  terminal,  solitary,  1-flowered.    Cor.  rose 
color,  (Azalea,  L.) 

It.  procumbens  Desv.  Summit  of  the  White  Mts.,  K  II.  Sts.  3  to  6'  long,  very 
branching  and  leafy.  Lvs.  elliptical,  thick,  shining,  not  more  than  3"  by  1", 
margins  strongly  revolute.  Fls.  glabrous,  on  very  short,  purple  pedicels,  in  the 
midst  of  the  Ivs.  Jn.,  JL 

15.  AZA'LEA,  L.     SWAMP  PINK.     (Gr.  dZateog,  arid ;  perhaps  the 
original  species  grows  in  dry  places.)     Calyx  small,  5-parted,  corolla 
funnel-form,  somewhat  irregular,  with  5  spreading  lobes  ;  stamens  5, 
filaments  and  style  long,  exserted,  declined,  anthers  opening  by  pores ; 

*  capsule  5-celled,  5-valved,  co-seeded. — Erect  shrubs.  Lvs.  alternate, 
deciduous,  oblong  or  obovate,  entire.  Fls.  in  umbeled  clusters,  termi- 
nal, large  and  showy,  (Rhododendron,  Don.) 

§  Calyx  lobes  all  (or  rarely  one  excepted)  very  short  or  minute, Nos.  1,  2 

§  (Jalyx  lobes  all  oblong  and  of  conspicuous  le'ngth Nos.  8,  4 

1  A.  viscosa  L.  Branchlets  hispid ;  Ivs.  obovate,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  the  edges, 
midvein  and  petiole  bristly ;  fls.  appearing  with  the  adult  Ivs.  very  viscid,  the  tube 
much  longer  than  the  segments  /  etam.  exserted ;  style  much  longer. — Moist  woods. 
Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.  Shrub  4  to  7f  high,  with  spreading  branches.  Lvs.  1  to  2' 
long,  often  glaucous.  Fls.  fragrant,  white  or  rose  color,  with  full  grown  Ivs.  Cal. 
very  small.  Tube  about  1'  long,  downy  and  clammy,  slender.  May — JL  (A, 
glauca  Ph.) 

ft.  NITIDA.      Lvs.  shining  above,  smooth  both  sides,  green,  oblanceolate. — A 
low  shrub  in  mountain  swamps.     Cal.  segm.  obsolete. 


490  OEDER  73.— ERICACEAE. 

y.  HISPIDA.  Branchlets  and  Ivs.  above  very  hispid ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  glaucous, 
glabrous  beneath ;  tube  shorter. — Mts.,  N.  Y.,  Penn.  (Pursh.) 

2  A.  nudiflora  L.     PINXTER-BLOOM.    Young  branchlets  hairy ;  Ivs.  oblanceolate 
and  obovate,  downy  beneath ;  clusters  naked,  appearing  with  or  before  the  young 
leaves ;  cal.  very  small ;  cor.  slightly  viscid,  tube  downy,  scarcely  longer  than  the 
segments  •  stam.  (5  to  7)  much  cxserted. — Frequent  in  forests  throughout  the 
country,  especially  southward.     St.  crooked,  much  branched,  the  branchlets  often 
in  irregular  whorls.     Pedicels  short.     Tube  nearly  1'  long,  segm.  spreading  !£'. 
Stam.  twice  as  long  as  the  tube,  style  thrice.     Its  varieties  in  color  are  numerous 
and  splendid,  e.  g.,  pink-colored,  slightly  fragrant ;  deep  purple;  white  variegated 
with  purple  and  yellow ;  white  with  a  buff-colored  center,  fragrant ;  buff-colored  all 
over,  very  fragrant.     Ap. — Jn. 

(3.  CALYCOSA.  Cal.  with  one  of  its  segm.  subulate,  3  or  4  times  longer  than 
the  others  (not  constantly  so  even  in  the  same  umbel.) — Ga.  (Miss  Wyman). 
(A.  bicolor  Ph.  ?) 

y.  POLYANDRA.     Stam.  10  to  20;  cor.  rose-colored  (Pursh). 

3  A.  calendulacea  MX.     FLAMING  PINXTER.     Young  branchlets  pubescent ;  Ivs. 
oblong,  attenuated  to  the  base,  mucronate,  smoothish  or  pubescent ;  corymbs  nearly 
or  quite  leafless;  cal.  lobes  oblong;  tube  of  the  cor.  hirsute,  not  viscid,  shorter  than 
the  ample  lobes. — A  splendid  flowering  shrub,  in  mountains  and  woods,  Penn.  to 
Ohio  and  Ga.    Fls.  very  numerous,  limb  expanding  18  to  20",  usually  yellow  and 
bright  crimson,  showing  at  distance  like  flame. — Its  varieties  are  numerous,  e.  g.r 
flame-colored ;    brick-red   (very  rich) ;    saffron-yellow.     Cultivation  has  produced 
many  more.     May,  Jn. 

4  A.  arborescens  Ph.    TREE  AZALEA.    Branches  smooth;  Ivs.  obovate,  both 
sides  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath,  margins  ciliate,  veins  nearly  glabrous ;  corymbs 
leafy  with  full  grown  leaves ;  cal.  lobes  oblong,  acute ;  cor.  tube  not  viscid,  longer 
than  the  lobes  ;  stam.  and  sty.  exsert. — "Rivulets  near  the  Blue  Mts.,  Penn.  to  (Ma- 
con)  Ga.     Shrubs  10  to  2 Of  high.     Fls.  rose  color,  scales  of  the  flower  buds 
large,  yellowish-brown,  with  a  "fringed  white  border.     Sepals  fully  2"  long.    A 
very  distinct  species.     May — Jl. 

5  A  Pontica  L.  Lvs.  ovate  and  oblong,  pilous-ciliated  on  the  margin,  acute 
or  acuminate ;  fls.  with  full  grown  Ivs.  viscid ;  tube  funnel  form,  about  as  long  as 
the  segments ;  stam.  very  long-exserted. — Cultivated.  This  splendid  shrub  comes 
from  Asia  Minor,  but  is  in  no  wise  superior  in  beauty  to  our  own  A.  calendu- 
Iacea3  (which  it  much  resembles).  Yarieties  of  every  hue.  (R.  flavum  Don.) 

16.  RHODODEN'DRON,  L.  ROSE  BAY.  (Gr.  pocJov,  a  rose,  devdpov, 
a  tree.)  Calyx  (small)  deeply  5-parted,  persistent ;  corolla  campanu- 
late,  slightly  unequal  or  regular,  5-lobed  ;  stam.  10  (rarely  fewer), 
mostly  declinate,  anth.  opening  by  2  terminal  pores ;  capsule  5-celled, 
5-valved,  many-seeded. — Shrubs  with  alternate,  entire,  evergreen  Ivs. 
Fls.  in  dense,  terminal  umbels  from  large,  scaly  buds.  (Fig.  355.) 

§  Calyx  lobes  large,  leaf-like.    Leaves  hairy.     Stamens  5  to  10 No.  1 

§  Calyx  lobes  small,  scale-like. — Leaves  obtuse  at  each  end Nos.  1,  2 

— Leaves  acute,  rusty  or  silvery  beneath Nos.  3,  6 

— Leaves  acute,  glabrous  beneath Nos.  4,  5 

1  R.  Lapponicum  "Wahl.     LAPLAND  EOSE  BAY.     Dwarf;  Ivs.  elliptical,  obtuse, 
very  small,  roughened  with  concave  rusty  scales  both  sides ;  fls.  in  terminal,  leafy 
clusters,   campanulate,   limb  spreading,  5-lobed ;  stam.  5  to  7  to  10,  exserted. — 
An  erect  shrub,  8  to  10'  high,  native  of  high  mts.,  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.     Branches 
numerous,  with  a  rough  bark.     Lvs.  about  5"  by  2£",  re  volute,  ferruginous  be- 
neath, crowded.     Cor.  7  to  8"  diam.,  deep  purple,  regular.    Jn.,  Jl. 

2  R.  Catawbiensis  MX.     CATAWBA  KOSE  BAY.    Lvs.  oval,  rounded-obtuse  at 
each  end,  paler  beneath,  smooth ;  cal.  lobes  oblong,  elongated ;  cor.  broad-cam- 
panulate ;  stam.  10. — On  the  highest  summits  of  the  Alleghanies,  Va.  and  Car. 

.  Shrub  3  to  5f  high.     Fla.  bluish  purple,  without  spots,  much  larger  than  in  No. 
1.    Jn. 

3  R.  ptmctatum  L.      Lvs.   oval-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  ferruginous  and 
sprinkkd  with  resinous  dots  beneath ;  cal.  teeth  very  short  •,  cor.  narrow,  campanu- 


ORDER  73.— ERICACEAE  491 

late  or  funnel-form,  segm.  wavy. — A  handsome  shrub  4  to  6f  high,  on  the  high- 
lands of  Car.  and  Ga.  Fls.  smaller  than  iu  No.  4,  pink-red.  Jn.,  Jl. 
4  R.  maximum.  L.  Lvs.  obovate-oblong,  acute,  smosth,  coriaceous,  discolored  be- 
neath, subrevolute  on  the  margin,  cal.  lobes  oval-obtuse ;  cor.  somewhat  campanu- 
late,  unequal,  pet.  roundish. — A  splendid  flowering  shrub,  streams  and  lakes,  N. 
Eng.  to  the  ruts,  of  Car.  Stems  crooked,  6  to  20f  in  height.  Lvs.  very  smooth  and 
4  to  7'  long,  entire,  thick  and  leathery.  Corymbs  15  to  20-flowered,  in  the  midst 
of  the  evergreen  Ivs.  Scales  of  the  flower-bud  near  an  inch  long,  abruptly  acumi- 
nate. Cor.  pink  or  rose-colored,  varying  to  white  with  purple  dots,  sometimes 
dotted  with  yellow,  1£  to  2'  diam.  Jl.,  Aug. 

5  R.  Ponticum.  L,     Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuated  to  each  end,  smooth  and 
scarcely  pakr  beneath ;  corymbs  short,  terminal ;  cor.  campanulate-rotate ;  caL  lobes 
subacute,  very  short. — From  Asia  Minor.     Fls.  large,  often  2'  diam.,  purple,  but 
in  cultivation  very  variable,  f 

6  R.  arboreum  Smith,       St.   arborescent;    Ivs.   lanceolate,  glabrous,  with 
silvery  spots  beneath;  fls.  densely  corymbed;  cor.  lobes  with  crenulate,   curled 
margins;  ped.  and  cal.  pubescent. — A  most  beautiful  tree  or  shrub  from  ELimmaleb 
Mts.    Fls.  purple,  red,  white,  cinnamon  color,  &c.  f 

7  R.  Indicum  Sweet      Branchlets,  petioles,  veins  and  sepals  strigous  but 
not  glandular;  Ivs.  cuneate-lanceolate,  ciliate,  acuminate  at  each  end;  fls.  termi- 
nal, 1  to  3  together,  on  short  pedicels. — From  Java.     Sep.  lance-ovate,  5  to  8'' 
long.     Fls.  scarlet,  purple,  crimson,  flame-color,  &c.     In  cultivation  very  bril- 
liant, f     (Azalea  Indica  L.) 

17.  RHODO'RA,  Dunham.     (Gr.  podov,  a  rose ;  from  the  color  of  the 
fls.)     Calyx  5-toothed,  persistent ;    cor.  adnate  to  the  calyx,   deeply 
divided  into  3  segments,  upper  one  much  the  broadest,  2 — 3  lobed  at 
the  apex,  in  aestivation  enfolding  the  2  lower  entire  segments ;  sta.  10, 
declinate ;  fil.  unequal ;  anth.  opening  by  2  pores ;  caps.  5-celled,  5- 
valved;    cells  many-seeded. — Shrub  with  deciduous,  alternate  leaves, 
and  pale  purple  flowers. 

R.  Canadeiisis  L.  A  handsome,  flowering  shrub,  in  bogs,  mountain  or  plain, 
Can.  to  Penn.,  frequent.  Stems  2 — 3f  high,  clothed  with  a  smooth,  brown  bark, 
each  dividing  at  top  into  several  erect,  flowering  branches.  Each  branch,  while 
yet  naked  of  foliage,  bears  a  terminal  cluster  of  3 — 5  sessile  flowers.  Corolla 
1'  long,  about  equaling  the  deflected  stamens  and  style.  Leaves  obovate-oblong, 
downy-canescent  beneath.  Apr.,  May. 

18.  BEFAXRIA,  Mut.     (So  named  by  Mutis,  in  honor  of  Bejar,  a 
Spanish  botanist.)     Flowers  heptamerous ;  calyx  7 -toothed,  campanu- 
late;  corolla  of  7   distinct  petals;    stamens  14;    capsule  7-celled,   7- 
valved,  many-seeded. — Small  shrubs,  often  viscid-hairy,  with  alternate, 
entire  Ivs.  and  flowers  in  dense,  racemous  panicles.     (Bejaria,  A.  Juss.) 

B.  racemosa  Vent.  Branches  hispid  and  glutinous ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  glab- 
rous ;  fls.  in  a  terminal,  paniculate  raceme. — Sandy  margins  of  swamps  and 
ponds,  E.  Ga.  and  Fla.,  and  the  adjacent  Islands.  A  handsome  evergreen  shrub, 
3  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  very  entire,  erect,  1  to  2'  long.  Fls.  on  slender  pedicels, 
white,  tinged  with  red,  petals  oblong-obovate,  spreading  near  2'.  Jn.,  JJ. 

19.  LFDUM,  L.     LABRADOR  TEA.     (The  Gr.  name  of  the  Cistus.) 
Calyx  minute,  4-toothed  ;  corolla  5-petaled,  spreading  ;  stamens  5 — 10, 
exserted ;  anthers  opening  by  2   terminal  pores ;  capsule  5-celled,  5- 
valved ;  opening  at  the  base. — Shrubs.     Lvs.  alternate,  evergreen,  en- 
tire, ferruginous-tomentous  beneath,  coriaceous.     Fls.  in  terminal  co- 
rymbs, white. 

I*,  palustre  (and  L.  latifolium  Ait.)  Lvs.  elliptic-oblong  or  oblong-linear ;  sta. 
5 — 10,  more  or  less  exserted. — Mountain  bogs,  Penn.  to  Lab.  and  Greenland, 


402  ORDER  73.— ERICACEAE. 

White  Mts.  1  Not  uncommon.  A  shrub  2 — 3f  high,  readily  known  by  its  leaves^ 
which  are  smooth  above,  clothed  beneath  with  a  dense,  ferruginous  down,  and 
strongly  revolute  or  replicate  at  the  margin.  Petioles  and  younger  twigs  also 
downy.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  nearly  ^  as  wide.  Corymbs  terminal,  of  about  a 
dozen  white  fls.  July. 

j3.  ANGUSTIFOLIUH.     Lvs.  narrower,  almost  linear;  sta.  mostly  10. 

20.  LEIOPHYL'LUM,  Pers.      SAND  MYRTLE.      (Gr  Ae7o?,   smooth, 
0?U/lov,  leaf.)     Calyx  5-parted,  equaling  the  length  of  the  capsule ; 
pet.  5,  ovate  oblong,  spreading;  sts.  10,  exserted ;  fil.    subulate  ;  cells 
of  anthers  dehiscing  by  a  lateral  cleft ;  ovary  globous ;  sty.   filiform ; 
caps.  3-celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded. — Small,  smooth  shrubs,  with  erect 
branches.    Lvs.  alternate,  entire,  oval,  coriaceous.     Corymbs  terminal. 
Fls.  white. 

L.  buzifolium  Ell. — Pine  barrens,  K  J.  to  Car.  Shrub  8 — 12'  high,  much 
branched.  Leaves  4^-5"  by  2 — 3",  very  smooth  and  shining,  margin  strongly 
revolute.  Flowers  numerous  and  small.  May,  June. 

21.  CLEVTHRA,  Gaert.     SWEET  PEPPER-BUSH.      (Gr.  name  of  the  Al- 
der, which  these  plants  somewhat  resemble.)    Calyx  5-parted,  persistent ; 
petals  5,  distinct,  obovate  ;  stamens  10,  exserted,  anthers  suspended  in 
the  bud,  at  length  erect ;  style  persistent,  stigma  3-cleft ;  capsule  3- 
celled,  3-valved,  co-seeded,  enclosed  by  the  calyx. — Shrubs  and  trees. 
J>s.  alternate,  petiolate.      Fls.    white,  in  downy-canescent    racemes. 
Bracts  deciduous. 

1  C.  alnifolia  L.    Lvs.  cunetform-obovate,  acute,  acuminately  serrate,  green  on 
both  sides,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent  beneath ;  fls.  in  terminal,   elongated, 
simple  or  branched  racemes ;  bracts  subulate. — A  deciduous  shrub  3  to  8f  high, 
in  swamps.     E.  Can.  to  G-a.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  %  as  broad  above,  with  a  long, 
wedge-shaped  base,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole.     Rac.  3  to  5'  long.     Ped.  and 
cal.  hoary-pubescent,  the  former  2"  in  length,  and  in  the  axil  of  a  bract  about  as 
long.     Cor.  white,  spreading,  sweet-scented.     Jl.,  Aug. 

P.  TOMENTOSA.  Lvs.  downy  or  tomentous  beneath  ;  rac.  slender,  often  some- 
what paniculate ;  fls.  smaller. — Common  in  the  South.  Apr. — Jn.  (C.  to~ 
mentosa  Lam.) 

y.  SCABRA.  Lvs.  coarsely  serrate,  scabrous  both  sides. — Near  Bainbridge,  Ga. 
Rac.  and  fls.  as  in  (3.  Petals  about  2"  long.  (C.  scabra  Pers.) 

<5?  PANICULATA.  Lvs.  cuneote-lanceolata ;  rac.  collected  into  a  panicle. — S.  Car. 
(Bartram).  "We  have  not  seen  this  plant.  (C.  paniculata  Willd.) 

2  C.  acuminata  MX.    Arborescent;  Ivs.  glabrous,  glaucmtf,  beneath,  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, abruptly  acute  at  base,  finely  serrate,  on  slender  petioles ;  rac.   terminal,  soli- 
tary ;  bracts  longer  than  the  fls.,  caducous. — Mts.  along  streams,  Ky.,  Va.,  to  S. 
Car.     Shrub  or  tree,  10  to  18f  high.    Lvs.  largo  (4  to  6  '  long),  half  as  wide,  thin, 
Fls.   often  secund  (turned  upwards).     Anth.  dark  purple,  much  exserted.     JL 
Aug. 

SUBORDER  HI.     CYRILLE^E.     THE  CYRILLADS. 

22.  ELLIOTTIA,  Muhl.     (To  Stephen  Elliott,  Esq^  of  Charleston, 
S.   C.,  tho   well  known  botanical   author.)     Calyx   small,    4-toothed ; 
corolla  of  4  petals  slightly  cohering  at  base  ;  stamens  8,  anthers  sagit- 
tate ;  style  slender,  with  a  capitate,  undivided  stigma  ;  capsule  3-celled, 
3-seeded. — A  shrub  with  virgate  branched  alternate,  deciduous,  lanceo- 
late, entire  Ivs.  and  terminal  racemes  of  white  fls. 

E.  racemosa  Muhl. — Dry,  rich  soils,  S.  Ga.  Shrub  4  to  8f  high.  Lvs.  pubes- 
cent and  slightly  glaucous  on  the  under  surface,  on  short  petioles.  Flowers  in 
Jn. — Unfortunately,  this  plant  has  not  fallen  under  our  observation. 


ORDER  73.— ERICACEAE.  493 

23.  CYRIL'LA,  L.     (In  honor  of  Dominica  Cyrilli,  physician  and 
botanical   author,  Naples.)     Calyx  5-parted,  minute,  petals  5,  distinct, 
pointed,   spreading;  stamens  5,  hypogynous  anthers  opening   length- 
wise ;  style  short,  with  2  stigmas ;  capsule  2-celled,  2-seeded,   indehis- 
cent ;  seeds  suspended. — A  large  shrub  with  the  branches  irregularly 
whorled,  with  entire,  elliptic-oblong,  perennial  Ivs.  and  the  white  fls.  in 
slender  clustered  racemes. 

C.  racemiflora  Walt.— Margins  of  swamps  and  streams,  in  pine  barrens,  K  Car. 
to  Fla.  Shrub  12  to  18f  high,  with  spreading  branches  and  a  light  gray  bark. 
Lvs.  varying  from  oval  to  narrow-obloug,  mostly  acute,  very  smooth,  tapering  to 
a  short  petiole.  Fls.  very  small,  in  racemes  4  to  6'  long.  The  racemes  and  new- 
branches  simultaneously  spring  from  the  apex  of  the  preceding  years'  growth. 
Jn. 

24.  MYLOCA'RIUM,  Willd.     BUCKWHEAT  TREE.     (Gr.  \LV\T\,  a  mill, 
ttdpvov,  a  kernel,  a  fanciful  name.)     Calyx  5-toothed,  minute  ;  petals  5, 
obovate,  obtuse ;  stamens  10,  very  short ;  pistil  with  winged  angles ;  cap- 
sule corky,  2  or  3-winged,  3-celled,  with  3   subulate  seeds. — An  ever- 
green shrub,  with  branches  irregularly  whorled,  elliptical  Ivs.,  and  ter- 
minal rac.  of  white,  fragrant  fls. 

M.  ligustrinum  "Willd. — Borders  of  swamps,  Ga.  and  Fla.  A  perfectly  smooth, 
elegant  shrub,  4  to  8f  high.  Lvs.  thick,  rather  acute,  entire,  flat,  veinless,  ses- 
sile, 1'  to  18"  long.  Fruit  drupe-like,  pendulous,  2,  rarely  3  of  the  angles  pro- 
duced into  corky  wings,  suggesting  the  idea  of  buckwheat.  Apr.,  May. 

SUBORDER  IV.     PYROLE^E.     THE  WINTERGREEN  TRIBE. 

25.  PYR'OLA,  Salisb.     WINTERGREEN.     (Lat.  diminutive  of  Pyrus, 
as  the  leaves  (of  P.  elliptica)  resemble  those  of  the  pear  tree.)     Calyx 
5-parted;  petals  5,  equal ;  stamens   10,  anthers  large,  pendulous,  fixed 
by  the  apex,  2 -horned  at  base,  opening  by  2  pores  at  top  ;  style  thick 
as  if  sheathed ;  stigmas   5,  appearing  as  rays  or  tubercles  ;  capsule  5- 
celled,   5-valved,  opening  at  the  angles,  many-seeded. — Low,  scarcely 
suffruticous,  evergreen  herbs.     Lvs.  radical  or  nearly  so,  entire.    Scapes 
mostly  racemous,  from  a  decumbent  stem  or  rhizome.     (Fig.  345.) 

§  Stamens  and  style  straight.    Stigmas  peltate,  5-rayed Nos.  1, 2 

§  Stamens  ascending.     Style  declined  and«curved.     Stigma  5-tubercled.    (a) 

a  Leaves  dull  (hot  shining).    Petals  greenish-white Nos.  3,4 

a  Leaves  thick  and  shining.    Flowers  white  or  rose-colored Nos.  5,  6 

1  P.  secunda  L.     Lvs.   broadly   ovate,  acute,  subserrate,  longer  than  the  pe- 
tiole ;  rac.  secund ;  cor.  oblong. — In  dry  woods,  Can.  and  Nor.  States.     Plant  5  to 
8'  high,  bearing  one  or  two  fascicles  of  leaves  near  the  base.     Lvs.  acute  at  each 
end,  with  appressed-pointed  serratures,  appearing  crenate.     Fed.  scape-like,  bear- 
ing a  1-sided  cluster  of  10  to  15  greenish-white  fls.     Petals  oblong,  shorter  than 
the  style.     Jn.,  Jl. 

2  P.  minor  L.  Lvs.  roundish- ovate,  coriaceous,  repand-crenulate ;  petioles  dilated  at 
base,  shorter  than  the  laminae;  rac.  subspicate;  bract  equaling  or  exceeding  the 
very  short  pedicels ;  cal.  lobes  short,  subacute ;  sty.  included  in  the  globular  cor- 
olla.—In  woods,  White  Mts.,  N.  H.,  and  Brit.  Am.     Scape  angular,  6  to  9'  high. 
Lvs.  mucronulate  at  apex.     Cor.  white,  slightly  tinged  with  purple.     Jl. 

3  P.  chlorantha  Swartz.     Los.  orbicular,  crenulate,  half  as  long  as  the  narrow 
petiole  ;  rac.   few-flowered ;    segm.  of  the  cal.  very  short,  obtuse  ;  pet.  oblong ; 
pores  of  the  anth.  conspicuously  tubular ;  stig.  projecting  beyond  the  sheath.— In 

woods,  Can.  and  N".  States,  common.  Lvs.  smaller  than  in  either  of  the  ^follow- 
ing, often  perfectly  orbicular,  but  more  frequently  inclining  to  ovate,  \  to  1'  diam., 
smooth,  shining,  coriaceous,  petioles  1  to  2'  long.  Scapes  erect,  angular,  8  to  12' 
high,  bearing  a  long  open  raceme.  Pis.  nodding,  large,  petals  greenish  white 
Jn.,  Jl. 


494  ORDER  73.— ERICACEAE. 

4  P.  ellfptica  Nutt.     Los.  dliptical,  membranous,  obscurely  dentate,  longer  than 
the  petioles;  scapo  mostly  naked;  cal.  small,  with  ovate,  obtuse  segments, pores 
of  the  anth.  scarcely  tubular. — In  woods,  Can.  and  N.  States  to  Wis.     Lvs.  1  to  2' 
long,  more  than  half  as  wide,  mostly  acute,  subentire,  thin,  smooth  and  light 
green.     Scape  5  to  9'  high,  slender,  seldom  bracteate,   bearing  short  racemes. 
Ms.  nodding,  very  fragrant ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  bracts,  but  only  half  as  long 
as  the  decimate,  recurved  style.     Pet.  white.     Jl. 

5  P.  rotundifolia  L.     Lvs.  orbicular-ovate,  entire  or  crenulate,  shorter  than  the 
dilated  petiole ;  scape  3 -angled ;   segm.  of  cal  ovate,  pore*  of  anth.  distinctly  tubu- 
lar ;  sty.  clavate,  the  5  stigmas  projecting  and  often  distinct. — Common  in  woods, 
Can.  to  Car.,  "W.  to  Wis.     Lvs.  all  radical,  round  or  inclining  to  ovate,  nearly  2' 
diam.,  smooth  and  shining,  with  conspicuous,  reticulate  veins,  petioles  margined, 
as  long  as,  and  sometimes  longer  than  the  blade.     Scapo  6  to  12'  high,  bracteate 
at  base  and  in  the  middle.     Fls.  drooping,  large,  fragrant,  white,  in  an  oblong, 
terminal  raceme.     Jn..  Jl. 

/?.    ULIGINOSA.      Lvs.  rather  dull,  petioles  much  longer  than  the  blade;  fls. 
smaller. — Swamps,  Galen,  N.  Y.  (Sartwell),  &c.     (P^  uliginosa  Torr.  &  Gr.) 

6  P.  asarifolia    MX.      Lvs.  reniform-orbicular,  coriaceous,  entire  or  crenulate, 
shorter  than  the  dilated  petiole ;  scape  angular,  furrowed ;  rac.  lax,  many-flow- 
ered ;  segm.  of  cal.  triangular-lanceolate ;    anth.   not  produced  into  tubes ;  sty. 
produced  beyond  the  sheath. — In  old  woods,  Can.  and  N.  States.    Lvs.  all  radical, 
1J-  to  If  diam.,  smooth  and  shining,  conspicuously  cordate  at  base,  longer  than, 
but  not  twice  as  long  as  the  margined  petioles.     Scape  5  to  10'  high,  purplish, 
bracteate  at  base  and  near  the  middle,  racemous  one  half  its  length.     Fls.  nod- 
ding, remote,  large,  deeply  tinged  with  purple  in  all  their  parts.     Sty.  about  the 
same  length  and  curvature  as  the  pedicels.     Jn. 

26.  MONE'SES,  Salisb.     (Gr.  povog,  one,  ^,  delight ;  i.  c.,  ono 
pretty  flower.)     Calyx  5-parted;  cor.  5-parted,  rotate;  sta.  10,  regular, 
2-spurred  at  base,  opening  by  2  tubular  pores  at  apex ;  sty.  rigid  ;  stig. 
peltate,  radiately  5-cleft  or  lobed ;  caps.  5-valved,  5-celled,  many-seeded. 
—  2£  Low,  simple,  smooth.     Lvs.  at  top  of  the  stem  roundish,  crenu- 
late, petiolate,  veiny.     Peduncle  terminal,  one-flowered,  longer  than  the 
stamens.     Fls.  white. 

M.  grandiflora  Salisb.  Woods,  among  mosses,  Bradford,  Yt.,  Keene,  K  II. 
(Bigelow),  Dexter,  Jeff.  Co.,  N".  Y.  (Vasey),  Brit.  Am.  Root  creeping.  Stem 
ascending,  very  short.  Leaves  7 — 9"  diam.  Scape  or  peduncle  about  3'  high, 
slender,  with  a  bract  near  the  middle.  Flower  9"  diam.  June.  (Pyrola  uni- 
fiora  L.) 

27.  CHIMAPH'ILA,  Ph.     PIPSISSIWA.     (Gr.#e2/za,  winter,  ^At'o),  to 
love  ;  equivalent  to  the  English  name  Wintergreen.)     Calyx  5-parted ; 
petals  5,  spreading;  stamens  10  ;  filaments  dilated  in  the  middle  ;  anth. 
cells  produced  into  tubes,  opening  by  a  2-lipped  pore  at  apex ;  style 
very  short,  thick  ;  capsule  5-celled,  opening  from  the  summit ;  seeds  oo. 
— Small,  suffruticous,  evergreen  plants,  with  the  habit  of  Pyrola.     Lvs. 
cauline,  serrate,  evergreen,  opposite  or  irregularly  verticillato.     Fls.  ter- 
minal.    (Fig.  45.) 

1  C.  umbellata  Nutt.    PRINCE'S  PINE.     Lvs.  cuneate-Ianceolate,  serrate,  in  4s — 
6s;  umbel  4  to  7-flowered;  bracts  linear-subulate;  sty.  immersed  in  the  ovary. — • 
It  In  dry  woods,  flowering  in  July.     A  common,  little  evergreen,  Can.  and  N. 
States.     Leaves    in  2  or  more  irregular  whorls,  2 — 3'  long,  £  as  wide,  remotely 
and  distinctly  serrate,  on  short  petioles,  coriaceous,  shining,  of  a  uniform  dark 
green  color.    Peduncle  terminal,  erect,  3 — 4'  long,  bearing  4 — 7  light  purple  flow- 
ers on  nodding  pedicels  8"  long.     Jl. — Both  this  and  the  following  species  are 
tonic  and  diuretic  (Bw.) 

2  C.  maculata  Pursh.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  at  base,  remotely  ser- 
rate, discolored,  opposite  or  in  3s;  ped.  2 — 3-flowered;  fil.  woolly. — Can.  to  Car. 


OBDER  73.— ERICACEAE.  495 

and  Tenn.,  in  sandy  woods.  Habit  much  like  the  last,  but  it  is  readily  distin- 
guished by  its  variegated  leaves.  Stem  3 — i'  high.  Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  £  as 
wide,  marked  with  a  whitish  streak  along  the  midvein  and  veinlets.  Flowers 
purplish- white,  on  nodding  pedicels.  Jn.,  Jl. 

SUBORDER  V.     GALACINE^E. 

28.  GA'LAX,  L.     BEETLE-WEED.     (Gr.  yaAa,  milk ;  referring  prob- 
ably  to  its  milk-white  flowers.)'    Calyx  of  5  distinct,  persistent  sepals; 
corolla  of  5,  oblong-obovate,  distinct  petals ;  stamens  hypogynous,  fila- 
ments 10,  united  into  a  tube  with  as  many  teeth,  those  opposite  the  pe- 
tals sterile,  anthers  5,  1 -celled  opening  across  the  top  ;  capsule  3-celled ; 
seeds  GO,  inclosed  in  a  loose,  cellular  testa. —  2£  Roots  tufted,  creeping, 
deep  red,  sending  up  roundish-cordate,  long-stalked,  glabrous  Ivs.  and  a 
scape  bearing  a  dense  raceme  of  white  fls. 

C.  aphylla  L.  Damp,  mountain  woods,  Md.  (Mr.  Shriver)  to  Tenn.  (at  Cumber- 
land Gap),  and  S.  Car.  Lvs.  large  (2  to  3'  diam.),  crenate-dentate,  often  reniform. 
Scape  1  to  2f  high,  naked  except  a  mass  of  red  scales  at  the  base.  Spike  several 
inches  long,  milk-white.  Jl.,  Aug. 

SUBORDER  VI.      M  0  N  0  T  R  0  P  E  M. 

29.  MONOT'ROPA,  L.     INDIAN  PIPE.     PINE  SAP.     (Gr.  iiovo$,  one, 
rpeTTG),  to  turn  ;  i.  e.,  turned  one  way.)     Calyx  of  1  to  5  bract-like  se- 
pals ;  petals  4  to  5,  connivent  in  a  bell-shaped  corolla,  gibbous  at  base ; 
stamens  8  to  10  ;  anthers  opening  transversely  at  apex ;  stigma  discoid, 
5-rayed  ;  capsule  4  to  5-celled,  4  to  5-valved ;  seeds  numerous,  minute. 
— Low,  parasitic  herbs,  of  a  white  or  tawny  color,  furnished  with  scale- 
like  bracts  instead  of  leaves. 

§  Sepals  (or  bracts)  1  to  3.    Flower  solitary,  scentless.    Style  very  short No.  1 

§  Sepals  4  or  5.    Flowers  in  a  secnnd  raceme,  fragrant.    Style  long No.  2 

1  M.  uniflora  L.     INDIAN  PIPE.     BIRD'S  NEST.     St.  short ;  scales  approximate ; 
fl.  nodding;  fr.  erect. — Common  in  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.     A  small,  succulent 
plant,  about  6'  high,  of  a  dirty  white  in  all  its  parts.     St.  furnished  with  sessile, 
lanceolate,  semi-transparent  Ivs.  or  bracts,  and  bearing  a  large,  terminal  flower, 
sessile  and  nodding  on  the  reflexed  top.     Common  in  woods,  near  the  base  of 
trees  on  whose  roots  it  is  doubtless  parasitic.     Jn. — Sept. — In  the  southern  plant 
the  flower  is  more  or  less  pedunculate. 

2  M.  Hypopytis  L.    PINE  SAP.     BIRD'S  NEST.     More  or  less  downy ;  pedicels 
as  long  as  the  flower;  caps  subglobous. — Woods,  N.  Y.,  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Wise. 
The  whole  plant  is  of  a  tawny  white  or  reddish  color.     Root  a  tangled  ball  of 
fibers.     Scape  6 — 10'  high,  with  many  concave  scales,  covered  with  down.     Fls. 
7 — 12,  in  a  terminal  raceme,  drooping  at  first,  becoming  erect.     Pedicels  1—2" 
long,  bracts  and  flowers  3  times  as  long.     Only  the  terminal  flower  is  generally 
decandrous ;  the  lateral  ones  have  8  stamens  and  4  petals.     Aug. 

30.  SCHWEINIT'ZIA,  Ell.   CAROLINA  BEECH-DROPS.  (To  Rev.  Lewis 
de  Schweinitz,  of  N.  C.,  a  pioneer  botanist.)    Calyx  persistent,  of  5  erect, 
ovate-acuminate  sepals ;  corolla  persistent,  campanulate,  limb  5-lobed ; 
stamens   10,  anthers  awnless,  opening  by  pores  at  apex ;   style  thick, 
stigma  large,   5-angled,   capsule    5-celled,   5-valved;   seeds   numerous, 
minute.— Plant  leafless,  brownish.      Fls.   subsessile,  capitate,  reddish, 
white,  with  the  odor  of  the  violet. 

S.  odorata  Ell.     Rich,  shady  soils,  Md.  to  N.  Car.  (Curtis).     Plant  3  to  4'  high, 
with  the  habit  of  Monotropa.     Feb..  Mar. 


49g  ORDER  14.— -AQUIFOLIACE^. 

31.  PTEROS'PORA,  Nutt.     ALBANY  BEECH-DROPS. — (Gr.  Trrepdv,  a 

wing,  GTTOpd.  a  seed  ;  alluding  to  the  winged  seeds.)     Calyx  5-parted  ; 

corolla   urceolatc,  rouudisli-ovoid,  the  limb  5-toothed   and   rellexed; 

stamens  10,  anthers  peltate,   2-celled,   2-awned,  opening  lengthwise; 

capsule  5-celled,  5-valved ;  seeds  very  numerous,  minute,  winged  at  the 

apex. —  2£  Plant  leafless,  brownish-red.    Fls.  racemed,  white,  resembling 

those  of  Andromeda. 

P.  andromedea  Nutt.  In  various  parts  of  K  Y.  and  Yt.,  rare.  First  discovered 
by  Dr.  D.  S.  C.  H.  Smith,  near  Niagara  Falls,  1816.  Scape  12  to  30'  high,  dark 
purple,  clothed  with  short,  viscid  wool.  Rac.  G  to  12'  long,  with  50  or  moro 
nodding  fls.  Pedicels  irregularly  scattered,  6  to  8"  long,  axillary  to  long,  linear 
bracts.  Cor.  shorter  than  the  pedicels,  somewhat  campauulate,  open  at  the  throat. 
Jl.  (Monotropa  procera  Ea.) 

ORDER  LXXIV.     AQUIFOLIACE^E.     HOLLYWORTS. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  evergreen,  alternate)  or  opposite,  simple,  coriaceous,  cxstipu- 
late  leaves.  Flowers  small,  axillary,  sometimes  dioecious.  Sepals  4  to  G,  imbricate 
in  bud,  very  minute.  Cor.  regular,  4 — 6-cleft  or  parted,  hypogynous,  imbricate  in 
aestivation.  Sta.  inserted  into  the  very  short  tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with 
its  segments.  Anth.  adnate.  Ova.  free  from  the  calyx,  2 — G-celled,  with  a  solitary, 
suspended  ovule  in  each  cell.  Fr.  drupaceous,  with  2 — G  stones  or  nucules.  Albu- 
men large,  fleshy. 

Genera  11,  species  110,  natives  of  America  and  S.  Africa,  only  one,  Ilex  the  Holly.  Ilex  aqui- 
folium,  which  irives  name  to  the  Order,  being  found  in  Europe. 

Properties.— The  bark  and  leaves  of  Prinos  verticillatus  (black  alder)  are  eminently  astringent 
and  tonic,  sis  well  as  those  of  the  Holly.  The  berries  are  emetic  and  purgative.  The  leaves  of 
Priuos  glaber,  and  Ilex  Paraguensis  are  used  for  tea,  the  latter  well  known  as  the  Mate  or  Para- 
guay Tea. 

The  idea  of  uniting  the  two  genera  Ilex  and  Prinos  was  advanced  by  Dr.  Wm.  Baldwin,  in 
1816  ("  Reliquiae,"  p.  841)  in  consequence  of  discovering  some  of  the  deciduous  species  of  Ilex 


and  at  length  Prof.  Gray  (Manual,  p.  263)  includes  both  under  one  name  (Ilex).  The  two  groups, 
however,  seem  to  us  quite  as  distinct  as  Gaylussacia  and  Vaccinium;  and  moreover,  Nemo- 
pantb.es  is  intermediate. 

GENERA. 

§  Habitually  tctramcrous.    Drupo  with  4,  bony,  sulcate  nutlets ILEX.  1 

§  Habitually  tctramcrous.     Drupo  with  4,  horny,  smooth  nutlets NKMOPANTIIES.  2 

§  Habitually  hexamcrous.     Berry  with  G  (7,  8)  smooth,  cartilaginous  seeds PRINOS.  3 

1.  ILEX,  L.  HOLLY.  (The  ancient  name  of  the  Holm  Oat,  the 
derivation  uncertain.)  Fls.  4  (rarely  5)-parted,  mostly  perfect  but  many 
abortive ;  calyx  4-toothed,  persistent ;  corolla  of  4  obtuse  petals  distinct 
or  scarcely  united  at  base ;  stamens  4  ;  stigmas  4,  or  united  into  one ; 
drupe  red,  with  4  bony  nutlets,  ribbed  and  furrowed  on  the  convex 
back. — Lvs.  alternate.  Fls.  small,  white,  lateral,  single  or  clustered. 

§  Trees  evergreen — the  leaves  armed  with  spinous  teeth No.  1 

|  Shrubs  evergreen — the  leaves  unarmed,  serrate  or  entire Nos.  2 — 4 

§  Shrubs  deciduous,  the  leaves  thin,  serrate  or  entire Nos.  5 — 1 

\  I.  opaca  L.  AMERICAN  HOLLY.  Arborescent ;  Ivs.  oval,  acute,  with  strong, 
spinous  teeth,  coriaceous  smooth,  and  shining,  fascicles  lax,  peduncles  compound; 
cal,  teeth  acute ;  drupe  ovate,  nutlets  5-ribbed  on  the  back. — A  tree  of  middle 
size,  quite  generally  diffused  throughout  the  TJ.  S.,  from  Mass,  to  Ga.  and  La. 
It  is  chiefly  interesting  for  its  foliage,  which  is  of  an  exceedingly  rich,  shining, 
perennial  green.  Fls.  in  scattered  clusters  at  the  base  of  the  new  brapchlets, 
and  the  fertile  ones  aro  succeeded  by  red  berries,  which  remain  until  lato  iu 
Autumn.  Jn. 

P.  Lvs.  mostly  entire,  a  few  of  them  with  a  single  spinous  tooth  towards  tho 
apex. — Macon,  Ga.,  &c.    Lvs.  exactly  oval,  very  different  from  I.  Dahoon. 


ORDER  74.—  AQUIFOLIACEJ3.  497 

2  I.  Dahoon  "Walt.     DAHOON  HOLLY.    Los.  oblong-lanceolate,  coriaceous,  smooth 
shining,  ovate  or  somewhat  pointed  at  each  end,  beneath  pubescent,  at  least  on 
the  midvein,  as  well  as  the  petioles  and  pedicels,  margin  entire  or  sometimes  ser- 
rate, clusters  of  fls.  pedunculate  ;  fls.  4-parted.  —  A  fine  shrub,  5  to  ]  2f  high,  in 
swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  a  third  as  wide,  pale  beneath.     Drupes 
red,  the  4  bony  nutlets  rugous-ribbed,  on  tho  convex  back.     May. 

(3.  Lvs.  larger,  oblong-elliptic,  obtuse,  on  very  short  petioles.  —  Gra.  (Dr.  Feay). 
y.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  cuneato  at  base,  mostly  entire,  acute.  —  Ga.  (I.  ligus- 
trina  Ell.) 

3  I.  Cassdna  "Walt.     CASSENA  TEA.     Los.  oval,  obtuse,  crenate,  glabrous,  shining 
when  old  ;  clusters  about  3-flowered,  scarcely  peduncled  ;  fls.  4-parted  ;  nutlets 
about  3-ribbed  on  the  convex  back.  —  A  shining,  evergreen,  bushy  shrub,  common 
in  S.  States,  near  the  coast,  6  to  15f  high.    Lvs.  little  more  than  1'  long.    Fertile 
fls.  nearly  sessile,  sterile  pedicels  2  to  3"  long.     Drupe  scarlet,  with  4  bony  nut- 
lets.    Mar.,  Apr.  —  Used  by  the  Creek  Indians  as  a  tea. 

4  I.  myrtifolia  Walt.     Lvs.  linear-oblong,  small,  glabrous,  acute  or  submucronate, 
nearly  entire,  shining  above,  branchlets  glandular-puberulent  ;  ped.  slender,  brac- 
teolate,  corymbously  3  to  9-(lowered,  or  the  fertile  1-flowered  ;   drupes  red.  —  A 
large  shrub  12  to  2  Of  high,  in  the  borders  of  ponds  in  pine  barrens,  Md.  (Shriver) 
to  Fla.     Branches  crooked,  divaricate,  with  light  gray  bark.     Lvs.  less  than  1' 
in  length,  shining,  rigid,  often  with  a  few  acute  serratures.     May.  —  Varies  with 
the  branchlets  smooth  ;  Ivs.  obtuse,  more  or  less  serrate,  &e. 

5.  I.  decichia  Walt.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  acute  or  slightly  acuminate  at  both  ends,  glab- 
rous, slightly  appressed-serrate  ;  ped.  1-flowered,  short  (3"  long),  the  sterile  glom- 
erate, the  fertile  solitary  ;  fls.  4  to  5-parted  ;  cal.  ciliate  ;  nutlets  large,  obtusely 
ridged.  —  Shrub  G  to  9f  high,  with  slender  branches,  in  sandy  woods,  Car.  to  Fla., 
common.  Lvs.  thin,  at  flowering  time  1-J-  to  2'  long,  tapering  to  slender  petioles. 
Ped.  2  to  3''  long.  Apr.  (I.  prinoides  L.) 

P.  URBANA.      Lvs.   (2  to  3'  long)  cuneate-oval,  obtuse,  crenately  appressed-ser- 
rate, dark  green,  attenuate  at  base.  —  111.  opposite  St.  Louis,  &c. 

6  I.  monticola  Gray.  Lvs.  ovate,  obtuse,  or  subcordate  at  base,  acuminate,  glab- 
rous, serrate,  thin  ;  fls.  on  short  pedicels,  4-parted  ;  cal.  ciliate  ;  nutlets  strongly 
ridged.  —  Mountain  woods,  Catskill,  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Shrub  about  6f  high.  Lvs. 
large,  deciduous,  2  to  4'  by  1  to  2',  at  base  acute,  obtuse  or  subcordate.  Pedi- 
cels 3  or  more  in  a  cluster,  1  to  2"  long.  (I.  ambigua  Torr.  N.  Y.  Fl.) 


2.  NEMOPANTHES,  Raf.     (Gr.  vypa,  a  thread,  rcovg,  a  foot  ; 

a  flower  ;  alluding  to  the  slender  pedicels.)  Calyx  4  to  5-lobed  ;  pek 
als  4  to  5,  distinct,  linear  or  oblong  ;  stamens  4  to  5  ;  ovary  hemis-. 
pherical  ;  stigmas  4  to  5,  sessile  ;  fruit  a  subglobous  drupe,  with  4  to  5 
smooth,  horny  nutlets.  —  Shrubs  with  alternate,  entire,  deciduous  Ivs. 
Fls.  on  slender  pedicels,  usually  dio3cio-polygamous  by  abortion.  Ber- 
ries red.  —  A  genus  intermediate  between  Ilex  and  Prinos. 

1  N.  Canadensis  Raf.     CANADIAN  HOLLY.    Lvs.  deciduous,  oval,  very  entire, 
smooth,  mucronate-pointed  ;  ped.  nearly  solitary,  long  ;  fr.  somewhat  angular.—: 
A  shrub,  4  —  6f  high,  with  smooth  branches,  growing  in  damp  or  rocky  woods, 
Can.,  N.  Eng.  to  Mich.     Leaves  oval  or  ovate-oblong,  about  2'  long,  on  petioles 
^  as  long.     Flowers  small,  greenish-white;  ped.  7  to  12"  long.     Segments  of  the 
corolla  acute,  long  as  the  stamens.     Ovary  of  the  barren  flowers  pointed,  of  tho 
fertile  with  a  4-lobed  stigma.     Berries  dry,  red.     May,  Jn.     (Her,  MX.) 

2  N.  ambigua.     Lvs.  oval,   entire,  mucronate,   petiolate,   glabrous  both  sides, 
ciliate  on  the  margin  when  young;  sterile  fls.  4-parted,  on  slender,  aggregated  pe-i 
duncles;    fertile  solitary,  on  very  long  peduncles.  —  Slopes  near  Flint  R,   Ga. 
Shrub  4  to  8f  high.     Lvs.  small,  1  to  2'  by  6"  to  1'.     Sterile  pedicels  less  than  1' 
in  length,  fertile  more  than  1'  when  in  fruit.     Berry  4  to  5-seeded,  red.     Mar., 
Apr.     (Prinos  ambiguus  MX.) 

3.  PRrNOS,  L.     WINTER-BERRY.     (Gr.  7rp/G),  to  saw  ;  alluding  to 
the  serrated  leaves.)     Flowers  small,  habitually  6-parted  and  perfect, 

32 


493  ORDEB  75.— STYRACACE^E. 

but  often  abortive ;  calyx  6-cleft ;  corolla  monapetalous,  subrotate,  6- 
parted ;  stamens  6  (in  the  sterile  flowers  rarely  fewer,  in  the  fertile 
rarely  more)  ;  berry  6-seeded,  seeds  with  a  smooth,  cartilaginous  testa. 
— Shrubs  with  alternate  Ivs.,  small  white  fls.,  and  red  or  black 
berries. 

§  Leaves  deciduous,  thin.    Berries  red Nos.  1,  2 

§  Leaves  evergreen,  thick,  shining.    Berries  black Nos.  3,  4 

1  P.  verticillatus  L.     BLACK  ALDER.     Lvs.  lance-oval,  serrate,  acuminate,  pu- 
bescent beneath ;  fls.  axillary,  the  fertile  ones  aggregate,  the  barren  subumbel- 
late. — This  shrub  is  found  in  moist  woods  or  swamps,  Can.  and  most  of  the  States, 
usually  growing  about  8f  liiglu    Leaves  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  petiole, 
uncinately  serrate,  with  prominent,  pubescent  veins  beneath.     Flowers  white, 
dioecious,  small,  the  pedicels  scarce  more  than  1"  in  length.     Berries  scarlet,  in 
little  bunches  (apparently  verticillate),  roundish,  6-celled  and  6-seeded,  permanent 
JL     (P.  Gronovii  MX.) 

2  P.  laevigatus  Ph.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  appressed-serrulate,  glabrous  on  both  sides, 
shining  above,  minutely  pubescent  on  the  veins  beneath ;  fls.   hexamerous,  the 
fertile  axillary,    subsessile,   $  glomerate,  on  slender  peduncles. — Swamps  and 
marshes,  K  and  Mid.  States.     Shrub    6  to  9f  high,   with  grayish  and  warty 
branches.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  8  to  12'',  pointed  at  each  end  ;  petioles  6  to  10"  long. 
Fls.  mostly  solitary,  the  sterile  on  pedicels  6"  long,  the  fertile  pedicels  scarcely 
'2'1.     Berries  large,  red.     Jn. 

/?.  LANCEOLATUS.  "  Sterile  fls.  triandrous."  PursJi. — Dr.  Hale  sent  specimens 
from  La.  labelled  P.  lanceolatus.  The  Ivs.  and  berries  accord  well  with  our 
specimens  of  No.  3,  and  also  with  Pursh's  I.  lanceolatus.  The  fruit  is  6- 
seeded. 

3  P.  glaber  L.     IXK  BERRY.    Lvs.  coriaceous,  cuneate-lanceolate,  glabrous,  shin- 
ing, serrate  at  the  end. — A  beautiful  shrub,  3  to  4f  high,  found  in  swamps,  Mass., 
E.  I.  to  N.  Y.  and  Car.     Lvs.  very  smooth,  leathery,  shining,  1  to  !£'  by  5  to  7", 
broadest  above  tho  middle.     Pedicels  subsolitary,  1  to  3-flowered.     Fls.  white, 
mostly  6-parted.     Berries  roundish,  black  and  shining.     Jn.,  Jl. 

4  P.  coriaceus  Ph.     Lvs.  obovate,  acute  at  base,  short-acumfnate,  sharply  serrate 
near  the  apex,  very  thick,   shining  above,  minutely  black-dotted  beneath ;  fls. 
6  to  8-parted,  sterile  aggregated,  fertile  solitary ;  berry  black,  with  6  to  8  smooth 
seeds. — A  shrub  4  to  6f  high,  in  wet  woods,  Savannah  (Pond)  to  Bainbridge,  Ga. 
and  Fla.     Lvs.  remarkably  thick  and  leathery,  about  2'  long  and  1'  wide,  with  2 
to  4  niucronate,  appressed  teeth.     Berries  large,  astringent ;  seeds  lens-shaped. 
May.     (P.  atomarius  Nutt.) 

ORDER  LXXV.     STYRACACE^E. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  simple  leaves,  destitute  of  stipules.  Fls.  or  ra- 
cemes solitary,  axillary,  bracteate.  Cal.  5-rarely  4-lobed,  imbricated  in  estivation. 
Cor.  5-rarely  4  or  6-lobed,  imbricated  in  aestivation.  Sta.  definite  or  oo,  unequal  in 
length,  usually  cohering.  Anth.  innate,  2 -celled.  Ova.  adherent,  2 — 5-celled,  the 
partitions  sometimes  hardly  reaching  the  center.  Ft:  drupaceous,  generally  with 
but  one  fertile  cell.  Sds.  5 — 1. 

Genera  6,  (species  115,  sparingly  distributed  through  the  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of 
both  continents,  only  a  few  in  colder  latitudes.  Storiix  and  Benzoin,  two  fragrant  gum  resins, 
regarded  as  stimulant  and  expectorant,  are  the  products  of  two  species  of  Styrax,  viz.  of  S.  offici- 
nale,  a  Syrian  tree,  and  S.  benzoin,  native  of  Malay  and  the  adjacent  islands. 

TRIBES  AND    GENERA. 

I.  SYMPLOCINEuE.    Anthers  numerous,  innate,  globular.    Calyx  5-cleft. 

Flowers  yellow SYMPLOCOS    1 

II.  STYEACEJ3.     Anthers  8  to  12,  linear-oblong,   adnate.      Calyx  mostly  truncate. 

Flowers  white  (a). 

a  Flowers  pentamerous.     Fruit  wingless,  1-seeded STYBAX.     3 

a  Flowers  tetramerous.    Fruit  winded,  -  to  3-seeded HALBSIA.  3 


ORDEE  75.—  STYRACACE^E.  499 


1.  SYM'PLOCOS,  Jacq.     (Gr.  OV^TT^OKO^  connected;  referring  to  the 
stamens.)      Calyx  5-cleft  ;    corolla  5-parted,   spreading,  imbricated  iu 
bud  ;  stamens  oo,  in  5  clusters,  one  attached  to  the  base  of  each  petal, 
filaments  slender,  anthers  globular  ;  ovary  3-cellcd,  the  lower  half  ad- 
herent; drupe  dry,  with  a  3-cellecl,  mostly  1-secded  nut.  —  Shrubs  or 
trees,  with  axillary  clusters  or  racemes  of  small  yellow  fls. 

S.  tinctoria  L'Her.  Lvs.  oval  or  elliptical,  acuminate,  acute  at  base,  thick,  ob- 
scurely denticulate,  puberulent  beneath  ;  fls.  sessile,  in  axillary,  dense  clusters  of 
6  to  12  ;  cal.  lobes  ovate,  obtuse.  —  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  A  small  tree  10  to  20f 
high.  Lvs.  mostly  evergreen,  crowded  near  the  ends  of  the  branches,  3  to  5' 
long,  sweet  to  the  taste,  turning  yellowish  in  drying,  and  affording  a  useful  yellow 
dye.  Pr.  oblong-ovoid  (5  to  6''  long),  crowned  with  the  calyx  teeth.  Mar.,  Apr. 

2.  STY'RAX,  Tourn.     Calyx  campanulatc,  truncate  or  5-toothed  ; 
corolla   deeply   5-parted,   much   longer  than  the  calyx  ;  stamens  10, 
joined  to  the  base  of  the-   corolla,  filaments  united  into  a  short  tube  at 
base  ;  anthers  linear,  erect  ;  ovary  adherent  at  base  ;  fruit  coriaceous, 
1  -celled,    mostly    1  -seeded.     Shrubs  with    alternate  Ivs.  and    axillary 
racemes  of  white,  drooping,  showy  fls. 

1  S.  pulverulenta    MX.     Branchlets,   pedicels,  and  calyx  pulverulent-downy; 
Ivs.  broadly  oval,  obtuse,  glandular-serrulate,  rust-  downy  beneath;  fls.  axillary  and 
2  or  3  together  at  the  end  of  the  branchlets.  —  Va,  to  Fla.     Shrub  2  to  3f  high, 
growing  in  clumps,  wet  places.     Branches  virgate.     Lvs.  small,  about  1'  by  8  to 
9",  nearly  sessile.     Ped.    2  to  3"  long.     Cal.  hoary,  with  minute,  sharp  teeth. 
Pet.  6"  long.     Mar.,  Apr. 

2  S.  Americana  Lam.     Plant  glabrous  ;  Ivs.  oblong  or  elliptical  acute  at  each  end, 
wavy  or  remotely  denticulate  at  edge  ;  rac.  leafy,  few-flowered  ;  pedicels  shorter 
than  or  about  as  long  as  the  flower;  cal.  turbinate,  short.—  Shrub  with  slender, 
straggling  branches,  4  to  8f  high,  in  swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Lvs.  1  to  3' 
long.     Rac.  3  to  5-flowered.     Fls.  6  to  7"  IOIJR;,  axillary,  and  partly  naked.     Cal. 
1"  long.     Apr.    (S.  glabrum  MX.) 

/?.  LEVE.     Lvs.  thicker;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  flower;  corolla  downy.  — 
Car.  to  La.     The  Ivs.  are  often  ovate.     (S.  leve  Walt.) 

3  S.  grandifolia  Ait.     Lvs.  ample,  broadly  obovate,  acute  at  base,  short-acum'v 
nate  or  acute,  entire  or  dentate,  hoary-tomentous  beneath;  rac.  tomentous,  naked, 
longer  than  the  Ivs.,  co-flowered.  —  Va.  to  Fla.,  common.     Shrub  6  to  12f  high. 
Lvs.  3  to  6'  by  2  to  5',  the  petioles  only  3  to  4".     Eac.  often  branched,  5  to  8'  ; 
cor.  imbricated  in  bud,  wide  bell-shaped,  longer  than  the  pedicels.     Apr.,  May. 

/?.  GRANDIDENTATA  (Feay).    Lvs.  strongly  dentate,  smaller  (2  to  3'  by  1  to  2'), 
pet.  nearly  as  broad  as  long.  —  Ga. 

3.  HALE'SIA,  Ellis.     SNOWDROP  TREE.     (To  the  learned  and  ven- 
erable Stephen  Hales,  D.D.,  F.R.S.,  1730.)     Calyx  obconic,  briefly 
4-lobed  ;  corolla   inserted   into  the  calyx,  carnpanulate,  with  a  narrow 
base,  4-cleft  or  4-parted  ;  stamens  8  to  12,  connate  into  a  tube  below  ; 
style  filiform,  pubescent  ;  fruit  dry,  4-winged,  wings  equal  or  alternately 
smaller  ;  seeds  1  to  3.  —  N.  Am.  shrubs  or  trees.    Lvs.  alternate,  abruptly 
acuminate,  finely  denticulate  or  entire.     Fls.  in  advance  of  the  Ivs.  pen- 
dulous, in  lateral  clusters  of  3  to  5,  white,  showy. 

1  H.  tetraptera  L.     Lvs.  oblong-ovate  ;  cor.  (6"  long)  petals  united  more  than 
halfway;  sty.  much  cxserted,  twice  longer  than  the  12  stamens;  fil.  slightly 
united  ;  fr.  equally  4-winged.  —  Va.  to  Ky.  to  Fla.     Shrub  or  small  tree  10  to  20f 
high.     Lvs.  downy  beneath,  at  length  ample  (2  to  5'  by  1  to  3').    Fls.  in  clusters 
of  about  3,  shorter  than  the  pedicels.     Apr.,  May. 

2  H.  diptera  L.    Lvs.  oblong-obovate  ;  cor.  (!'  long),  petals  slightly  united  at  base, 
oblong-obovate,  style  not  exsert.  as  long  as  the  8  stamens  ;  fil.  united  half  way 
up;  fr.  2-  winged.  —  Woods,  Car.  to  Fla.,  W.  to  Ark.     Small  or  large  tree,  usually 


500  ORDER  n.— SABOTAGED. 

15  to  2 Of  high.  Prof.  Pond  describes  one  on  the  Ogeechee  E.,  45f  high,  trunk 
18'  diam.  Mr.  Buckley  one  in  N.  Car.,  whose  trunk  measured  I7f  in  circumfer- 
ence. Lvs.  quite  large  (4  to  6  or  7'  by  2  to  3').  Fls.  in  clusters  of  3  to  5,  on 
ped.  1  to  2'  long.  The  2-winged  pods  are  near  2'  long.  It  begins  to  bloom  sev- 
eral weeks  later  than  No.  1.  Apr.  (H.  parviflora  MX.  ?) 

ORDER  LXXYI.     EBENACE^E.     EBONADS. 

Trees  or  shrubs  without  milky  juice  and  with  a  heavy  wood.  Leaves^ alternate, 
exstipulate,  coriaceous,  entire.  Inflorescence  axillary.  Flowers  by  abortion  dioeci- 
ous seldom  perfect.  CaL  free,  3  to  6-cleft,  divisions  nearly  equal,  persistent.  Cor- 
olla regular  3  to  G-cleft,  often  pubescent,  imbricate  in  aestivation.  Stamens  twice  or 
4  times  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.  Fr.  a  fleshy,  oval  or  globous  berry. 
Seeds  large,  suspended,  albuminous. 

Genera  10,  S2)fcies  ICO,  mostly  native  of  the  Indies  and  the  tropics,  one  only  being  found  AS 
far  North  as  U.  Y. 

Properties. — Diospyros  is  remarkable  for  the  hardness  and  dark  color  of  the  wood.  Ebony  i3 
the  wood  of  D.  Ebenus,  Kbenaster,  and  other  species,  natives  of  Africa.  The  fruit  of  the  species 
below  is  eatable  when  fully  ripe,  although  extremely  bitter  and  astringent  before  maturity. 
The  bark  is  eminently  febrifugal  and  astringent. 

DIOSPY'ROS,  Dalesch.  PERSIMMON.  Els.  $  $  .  Cal.  4 — 6-lobed  ; 
cor.  tubular  or  campanulate,  4 — 6-cleft,  convolute  in  aestivation.  $ 
Sta,  8 — 50,  mostly  16  ;  fil.  shorter  than  the  anthers;  ova,  abortive;  sty. 
0.  $  Sta.  mostly  8,  without  anthers  ;  sty.  2 — 4-cleft ;  berry  ovoid  or 
globous,  4 — 12-  mostly  8-celled,  cells  1 -seeded. — A  large  genus  of 
shrubs  or  trees,  mostly  tropical. 

D.  Virgin!  ana  L.  Lvs.  elliptic,  abruptly  acuminate,  entire,  smooth,  petioles,  veins 
and  margins  puberulent ;  rac.  axillary,  3  to  1 -flowered,  pedicels  shorter  than  the 
flowers ;  cal.  4-parted ;  stam.  8.— In  woods,  lat.  42°,  to  Fla.  and  La.,  frequent.  A 
shrub  or  small  tree  at  the  North,  a  tree  of  large  dimensions  South  and  West. 
Leaves  3 — 5'  long,  entire,  glaucous  beneath.  Flowers  obscure,  pale  greenish- 
yellow,  the  fertile  ones  succeeded  by  a  round,  orange-red  fruit  as  large  as  the  gar- 
den plum,  and  containing  6 — 8  stony  seeds.  They  are  rendered  sweet  and  palata- 
ble by  the  frost.  Bark  tonic  and  astringent,  Jn. 

ORDER  LXXVIL     SAPOTACE^E.     SOAPWORTS. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  a  milky  juice,  and  simple,  entire  leaves.  Flowers 
small,  regular,  perfect,  mostly  in  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  free,  persistent.  Corolla 
hypogynous,  short,  stamens  usually  as  many  as  its  lobes  and  opposite  to  them,  in- 
serted into  its  tube  along  with  one  or  more  rows  of  appendages.  Anthers  extrorse. 
Ovary  4  to  12-celled,  with  a  single  anatropous  ovule  in  each  cell.  Seeds  largo, 
usually  albuminous. 

Genera  21,  species  212,  chiefly  tropical. 

Valuable  for  their  succulent  fruit,  as  the  marmalade,  star-apple,  etc.,  for  their  febrifugal  bark, 
some  species  of  Achras  being  used  as  a  substitute  for  Cinchona,  and  their  gum  resins,  as  tho 
Gutta-Percha  obtained  froin'the  tree  Isonandra  Gutta. 

BUME'LIA,  S warts.  (The  Greek  name  of  the  Ash.)  Calyx  5-parted 
corolla  5-cleft,  with  a  row  of  10  narrow  appendages  on  the  edges  of 
the  lobes ;  stamens  5,  opposite  the  lobes,  alternate  with  5  petaloid,  ster- 
ile stamens;  ovary  5-celled ;  style  filiform;  drupe  ellipsoid,  1-sceded. 
— Shrubs  and  trees,  with  a  very  hard,  firm  wood.  Branchlets  often 
changed  to  spines.  Lvs.  entire,  of  a  firm  texture.  Els.  aggregated 
with  the  Ivs.  from  buds  of  the  preceding  year,  white  or  greenish.  Our 
species  are  all  more  or  less  spiny. 

*  Leaves  hairy  beneath Nos.  1,2.          **  Leaves  glabrous  both  sides Nos.  3,  4 


ORDER  78.— PBIMULACE^E.  501 

1  B.  tenax  Willd.     Clusters  and  Ivs.  beneath  silky-ferruginous ;  Ivs.  wedge-oblong 
or  obovate,  obtuse,  attenuated  to  the  slender  petiole ;  dusters  20  to  35  -flowered, 
pedicels  3  to  5  times  longer  than  the  flowers,  longer  than  the  petioles  ;  cor.  and 
appendages  exceeding  the  calyx ;  drupe  oval. — Dry  sandy  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla. 
and  La.     Tree  20  to  30f  high,  with  tough  twigs  (as  all  the  rest  have).     Spines 
stout,  6  to  12'  long.    Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  5  to  S"  wide,  shining,  rusty  or  tawny  but 
glistening  beneath.     Drupe  beautifully  corrugated  when  dry.      Jn.,  Jl. 

2  B.  lamiginosa  Pers.     Lvs.  oval-lanceolate  varying  to  obovate,  membranous 
woolly  ferruginous  beneath,  obtuse  or  rather  acute  ;  fascicles  ftw  (6  to  I2)-flow" 
ered,  pedicels  short,  but  as  long  as,  or  longer  than  the  petioles,  both  -woolly ;  drupe 
globular. — Wet  soils,  S.  111.  to  Car.  and  La.     Shrub  8  to  12f  high,  with  spieadhig, 
spiny  branches.     Lva  18"  to  3'  long,  woolly,  not  silky  beneath.     Pedicels  2  to  4' 
long.     Jn.,  Jl. — Variable.  (B.  tomentosa  DC.,  B.  oblongifolia  Nutt.) 

3  B.  lycioides  Gaert.     Glabrous,  or  nearly  so ;  Ivs.  wedge-etti'ptical,  ratJier  acute, 
attenuated  to  the  slender  petiole ;  clusters  densely  (20  to  30)-flowered ;  pedicels 
twice  longer  than  the  fls.  but  rather  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  cor.  near  twice  longer 
than  the  cal. — Damp  soils,  Ky.,  N.  Car.  to  La.     A  small  tree  with  the  branches 
nearly  straight.     Spines  on  the  older  branches  short,  stout.     Lvs.  including  the 
petiole  2  to  3'  long,  pedicels  3",  fl.  1",  greenish-white.     May,  Jn. 

4  B.  reclinata  Vent.     Glabrous;  branches  divaricate;  Ivs.  obovate,  obtuse,  small, 
narrowed  to  a  short  petiole;  clusters  15  to  20-flowered  ;  pedicels  slender,  half  as 
long  as  the  leaf;  cor.  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. — Eivers  banks,  Car.  to  Fla.     A 
straggling  shrub.     Lvs.  scarcely  1'  long.     Jn.,  Jl. 

ORDER  LXXVIII.     PRIMULACE^E.     PRIMWORTS. 

Herbs  low,  with  the  leaves  mostly  radical  or  mostly  opposite,  with  the  flowers  5- 
(rarely  4  to  6)-parted,  regular  and  monopetalous,  the  stamens  5,  inserted  on  tho 
corolla  tube  and  opposite  to  its  lobes,  the  ovary  one-celled,  with  a  free  central  pla- 
centa, style  1,  stigma  1,  the  capsule  1-celled,  co-seeded ;  seeds  with  fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  30,  species  216,  common  in  the  northern  temperate  regions,  growing  in  swamps,  groves 
by  rivulets,  and  often  among  the  snow  of  "cloud-capped  mountains."  Many  are  beautiful  and 
highly  prized  in  culture.  Properties  unimportant. 

TRIBES   AND   GENERA, 
I.  HOTTONIEJS.    Ovary  superior.  Capsule  opening  by  valves.  Leaves  pectinate.  HOTTONIA..  1 

II.  PKIMULE.E.    Ovary  superior.    Capsule  opening  by  valves.    Leaves  undivided.    (*) 

*  Acaulescent. — Corolla  lobes  spreading,  tube  cylindrical PKIMITLA.     2 

— Corolla  lobes  spread  ing,  tube  ovoid ANDROSACE.  3 

—Corolla  lobes  reflexed.— Stamens  exerted DODECATIIEON.  4 

—Stamens  included CYCLAMEN.  5 

*  Caulescent. — Corolla  wanting.    Leaves  opposite : GLAUX.  6 

—Corolla  7-parted.    Leaves  in  one  whorl TKIENTALIS.    1 

—Corolla  6- parted.    Leaves  opposite NAUMBEEGIA.    8 

—Corolla  5- parted.    Leaves  opposite  or  whorled LYSIMACIIIA.    9 

III.  ANAGA  LLIDE^E.  Ovary  superior.  Pyxis  opening  by  a  lid. — Flowers  5-parted....ANAGALLis.  10 

— Flowers  4-parted.CENTENCULL'S.  11 

IV.  SAMOLE.E.  Ovary  half  inferior.     Leaves  alternate.    Flowers  5-parted SAMOLUS.  12 

|  1.  HOTTO'NIA,  L.  WATER-FEATHER.  (To  Peter  Hotton,  professor 
'in  the  University  of  Leydcn.  Died  1709.)  Calyx  5-parted;  corolla 
salver-fqrm,  with  a  short  tube,  and  a  flat,  5-lobed  limb  ;  stamens  in- 
serted in  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  included ;  stigma  globons ;  capsule 
globous-acuminate. —  2£  Fleshy,  aquatic  herbs,  with  pectinate-pinuatifid, 
submersed,  radical  Ivs. 

H.  inflata  EU.  WATER-FEATHER.  Scape  articulate,  the  internodes  and  lower 
parts  inflated ;  fls.  verticillate,  pedunculate. — A  curious  aquatic  plant  in  swamps 
and  stagnant  waters,  Mass.,  R.  I.  and  Ct.,  N".  Y.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Stem  immersed, 
round,  thick,  spongy,  with  a  whorl  of  finely  pectinate  leaves  (1  to  2'  long)  at  or 
near  the  surface  of  the  water.  Peduncles  or  scapes  several  together  arising  in  a 


502  ORDER  78.— PRIMULACEyE. 

sort  of  umbel  from  the  top  of  the  stem,  8 — 10'  long,  inflated  between  the  joint.5?, 
Flowers  small,  white,  in  numerous  verticils,  generally  4  in  each,  subtended  by  a 
lance-linear  bract.  Apr.,  (Fla.),  Jn.  (Mass.)  (U.  palustris  Ph.,  nee  L.) 

2.  PRIM'ULA,  L.  PRIMROSE.  AURICULA.  (Lat.  primus,  first ;  be- 
cause its  blossoms  appear  earliest  in  spring.)  Calyx  angular,  5-cleft ; 
corolla  salver-shaped  or  often  rather  funnel-shaped,  with  5  entire  or 
notched  or  bifid  lobes ;  stamens  included,  filaments  very  short ;  cap- 
sule ovoid,  5-valved,  valves  often  bifid,  opening  at  the  top,  co-seeded. — 
Herbs  (mostly  European)  with  the  Ivs.  all  radical  and  fls.  in  an  in- 
volucrate  umbel,  often  showy. 

*  Plants  native,  wild.    Corolla  salver-form,  abruptly  spreading Nos.  1,  2 

*  Plants  exotic,  cultivated,     (at 

a  Corolla  salver-form. — The  lobes  abruptly  spreading Nos.  3,  4 

a  Corolla  funnel  form.— Leaves  rucons,  hairy,  toothed Nos.  5,  6 

—Leaves  plain,  smooth,  often  entire Nos.  7,  8 

1  P.  Mistassinica  MX.   Los.  spatulate,  dentate  or  crenate,  obtuse  or  acute,  atten- 
uate at  base,  green  both  sides  ;  invol.  1 — 8-flowered ;  bracts  3  times  shorter  than 
the  padicels,  linear-subulate  ;  cal.  much  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla  ;  cor. 
salver-form,  lobes  obcordate. — Shores  of  Seneca  Lake,  K  Y.  (Dr.  Sartwell),  Lake 
Wiiloughby,  Vt,  and  throughout  Brit.  Am.     A  very  delicate  plant,  3  to  7'  high. 
Leaves  about  5,  5 — 8"  by  3 — 4",  almost  petiolate.     Flowers  5''  diam.,  white. 
Pedicels  7"  in  length. 

2  P.  farinosa  L.     (3.  AMERICANA,  Torr.     BIRD'S-EYE  PRIMROSE.    Lvs.  narrow, 
veiny,  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse,   denticulate  at  apex,   attenuate  at  base,  under 
surface  covered  with  a  yellowish-white,  farinaceous  dust ;  invol.  farinaceous,  3 — 20- 
flowered,  shorter  than  the  pedicels;  bracts  long-acuminate;  cal.  segments  lanceo- 
late, acate ;  cor.  salver-form,  lobes  obcordate,   bifid,  obtuse. — Shores  of  Lakes 
Huron  and  Superior  (Nutt.,   Hough  ton),    N".   to  lat.   G6°.     Scape   6 — 12'  high. 
Flowers  pale  purple,  yellow  in  the  center. 

3  P.  grandiflora  Lam.      COMMON  PRIMROSE. — Lvs.  obovate,  oblong,  rugous, 
villous  beneath,  toothed  ;  umbel  radical ;  fl.  stalks  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  cor.  flat, 
—  2£  Native  of  Europe.     An  interesting  garden  plant,  esteemed  for  its  early  flow- 
ering, and  for  its  being  prolific  in  variation.     In  its  wild  state  its  flowers  are  yel- 
low and  single,  but  by  cultivation  they  become  double,   and  in  the  numerous 
varieties,  red,  pink,  white,  orange,  purple,  &c.,  and  the  umbels,  in  numerous  in- 
stances, are  on  a  scape.     Apr.  f  (P.  vulgaris  Huds.) 

4  P.  purpurea  Royl.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  obtuse,  very  smooth,  covered  beneath 
with  yellowish  farina,  margin  undulate,   revolute ;  scape  thick,  glabrous,  longer 
than  the  leaves;  invol.    Co-flowered,  as  long  as  the  pedicels,  farinaceous  beneath  ; 
cor.  segments  obovate,  obtuse,  not  emarginate. — Native  of  the  mountains  of  Na- 
paul,  Asia.     Flowers  dark  purple,  f 

5  P.  officinalis  Jacq.      COWSLIP  PRIMROSE.     Lvs.  toothed,  rugous,  hairy 
beneath ;  umbels  many-flowered,  flowers  all  nodding ;  cal.  angular ;  cor.  concave. 
— 1[  Native  of  Britain.    Flowers  yellow.  Plant  smells  strongly  of  anise.    Leaves 
are  used  as  a  potherb,  and  are  recommended  for  feeding  silk-worms.     Its  varie- 
ties may  be  increased  by  raising  from  the  seed.     Jn.  |  (P.  veris  Cam.) 

6  P.  elatior  Jacq.     OX-LIP  PRIMROSE. — Lvs.  toothed,  rugous,  hairy  on  each 
side;  umbel  many-flowered,  with  the  outer  flowers  nodding ;  cor.  flat. — 14  Native 
of  Britain.     Flowers  yellow,  scentless,  in  a  simple  umbel  elevated  upon  a  scape  a 
foot  high.    Apr.,  May.  f 

7  P.  auricula  L     AURICULA.     Lvs.  obovate,  entire  or  serrate,  fleshy ;  scape 
many-flowered,    central,  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  invol.  of  short  leaves  ;  cal.  pow- 
dery.— 2£  Native  of  tho  Alps.     A  well  known  favorite  of  the  florist.     The  culti- 
vated varieties   aro  iariumerable,   and  many  of    them  of  exquisite  beauty  and 
fragrance.     May.  f 

8  P.  calycina  Duby.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  thin,  smooth,  entire,  acute,  surrounded 
with  a  white  margin ;  invol.  3 — 5-flowered,  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  cal.  tube  ven- 
tricous ;  cor.  lobes  obcordate,  emarginate. — Native  of  Mts.  in  Austria.     Flowers 
purple,  very  beautiful  f 


ORDER  78.—  PRIMULACE.E.  503 


3.  ANDROS'ACE,  Tourn.     (Gr.  dvdpog,  a  man's,  odicos,  buckler  or 
shield  ;  from  the  form  of  the  leaf.)     Calyx  5-cleft  or  toothed  ;  corolla 
funnel-form  or  salver-form,  the   5   lobes  entire,  tube  constricted  at  the 
throat,  ovate,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  filaments  and  style  very  short; 
capsule  globous.  —  Minute  csespitous  herbs  with  radical,  rosulate  Ivs. 
A.  occidentalis  Ph.     Lvs.  oblong-spatulate  and  ovate,  entire,  glabrous  ;  scape 

solitary,  or  few,  puberulent;  bracts  oval,  pedicels  slender;  cal.  angular,  segm. 
acute  ;  cor.  lobes  long,  obtuse.  —  Q)  Gravelly  shores  of  the  Miss.,  111.  (Gray),  and 
Mo.  (Nutt.)  Scapes  1  to  3'  high. 

4.  DODECATH'EON,   L.      AMERICAN   COWSLIP.      PRIDE  OP  OHIO. 
(Gr.  d&dena,  twelve,  Osoi,  gods  ;  alluding  to  its  curious  flowers  which 
are  about  12.)     Calyx  5-parted,  reflexed  ;  cor.  tube,  very  short,  limb 
rotate,  5-partd,  segm.  reflexed  ;  sta.  5,  inserted  into  the  throat  of  the 
corolla  ;  fil.  very  short  ;  anth.  large,  acute,  connivent  at  apex  ;  style  ex- 
serted  ;  caps,  oblong-ovoid,  5-valved,  many-seeded.  —  2£   Root  fibrous, 
with  radical,  oblong  Ivs.,  an  erect,  simple  scape,  and  a  terminal  umbel 
of  nodding  white  flowers  and  erect  fruit. 

1  D.  Meadia  L.  Lvs.  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  attenuate  at  base  into  a  marginal 
petiole,  glabrous,  entire  or  repandly  dentate  ;  scape  9  —  20  flowered  ;  bracts  of 
the  invol.  ovate,  inner  ones  lanceolate  ;  sep.  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  ;  fil.  united 
into  a  tube  much  shorter  than  the  subulate  anthers.  —  A  singularly  elegant  herb, 
on  prairies,  dry  or  rocky  soils,  Penn.  to  Ind.,  111.,  Wise,  and  throughout  the 
"Western  States.  Whole  plant  very  smooth.  Leaves  all  radical,  7  —  10'  long, 
often  quite  entire.  Scapes  1  to  2f  high.  The  nodding  flowers  with  their  wing- 
like,  reflexed  petals  and  beak-like  anthers,  exhibit  a  very  unique  appearance. 
May,  Jn.  (Fig.  297,  394.) 

5.  CYC'LAMEN,  L.    (Gr.  rcvK^og,  a  circle  ;  on  account  of  the  coiled 
fruit  stalks.)     Calyx  bell-shaped,  5-parted  ;  corolla  tube  ovate,  short, 
limb   5-parted,  reflexed  ;   anthers  5,  included,  sessile  ;  capsule  globous, 
5-valved.  —  Oriental  herbs.     Rt.  a  large  tuber.     Lvs.  all  radical,  ovate 
or   roundish,  cordate.     Scapes  naked,  erect,  with  one  nodding  flower, 
but  in  fruit  coiling  up,  and  hiding  the  capsule  in  the  ground. 

1  C.  Europium  L.     Lvs.  roundish-reniform,  crenate;  pet.  lance-ovate,  obtuse. 
—  Lvs.  purple  beneath.     Fls.  roseate,  fragrant,     f  Eur. 

2  C.  Coum  Mill.     Lvs.  reniform-orbicular,  entire  ;  pet.  ovate-orbicular,  obtuse.— 
Lvs.  purple  beneath.     Fls.  inodorous,  purple,     f  Asia  Minor. 

6.  GLAUX,  L.     BLACK  SALTWORT.     (Gr.  yhavnog,  bluish   or  glau- 
cous ;  from  the  hue  of  the  plant.)    Calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed,  colored  ; 
corolla  none  ;  stamens  5  ;  capsule  roundish,   surrounded  by  the  calyx, 
5-valved,  5-seeded.  —  2£  Maritime,  branching,   glabrous,  with   opposite 
Ivs.  and  small  axillary,  solitary  fls. 

I  G.  maritima  L.     A  small,  fleshy  plant,  found  occasionally  on  the  salt  marshes 

1     on  the  sea  coast,  Can.  to  K  J.     Stem  more  or  less  procumbent  at  base,  4  to  6' 

high,  smooth,  branching  and  very  leafy.     Lvs.  £'  in  length,  roundish-ovate,  ob- 

tuse, entire,  nearly  or  quite   sessile,   smooth,  fleshy  and  darkly  glaucous.     Cal. 

white,  tinged  with  red.     Jl. 

7.  TRIENTAVLIS,  L.    CHICKWEED    WINTERGREEN.    (Lat.  triens,  the 
third  part  of  a  foot  (4')  ;  alluding  to  the  height  of  the  plant.)     Calyx 
and  corolla  7  (6  to  8)-parted,  spreading  ;  stamens  7  (6  to  8)  ;  fruit  cap- 
sular,  somewhat  fleshy,  oj-seeded.  —  St.  low,  simple.     Lvs.  subverticil- 
late.     Pedicel  1  -flowered. 


504  OEDER  78.— -PRIMULACE^E. 

T.  Americana  Ph.  St.  erect,  simple,  leafless  at  base ;  Ivs.  glomerate,  few,  nar- 
row-lanceolate, serrulate,  acuminate ;  sep.  linear,  acuminate. — This  little  plant  13 
common  in  the  rocky  woods  of  Can.,  N.  States,  southward  to  Atalanta,  Ga.  St. 
3  to  6'  high,  with  an  irregular  whorl  of  4  to  8,  lanceolate,  smooth  and  shining 
Ivs.  at  the  top.  In  the  midst  of  these  are  1  to  4  white,  star-like  fls.,  borne  on 
simple,  filiform  pedicels.  The  Ivs.  are  mostly  3'  long  and  1'  wide.  Segm.  of  cor. 
longer  than  the  acute  cal.  Ivs.  May,  Jn. 

8.  NAUMBUR'GIA,  Mcench.     (Dedicated  to  one  Naumburg,  an  early 
German  botanist.)     Calyx  and  corolla  deeply   5  to  6-parted;    petals 
linear-lanceolate,   spreading,  separated  by  minute  intervening  teeth ; 
stamens  5  to  6,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  corolla,  exserted,  anthers 
cordate  ;  capsule  globous,  5-valved ;  seeds  few,  on  a  globous  placenta, 
—  2£  with  opposite  Ivs.     Fls.  small,  in  dense,  thyrsoid  racemes.     (Ly- 
simachia  L.) 

N.  thyrsiflora  Mcench. — An  erect,  smooth  herb,  about  2f  high,  Mass.,  Yt.,  N.  T., 
"W.  to  Ohio,  N.  to  Arc.  Am.  Lvs.  many  pairs,  sessile,  lanceolate  acute,  entire, 
punctate,  somewhat  canescent  beneath,  2  to  3'  by  -£  to  1'.  Rac.  somewhat 
capitate,  on  filiform,  axiDary  ped.  Fls.  yellow.  Stam.  much  exserted,  united 
into  a  tube  at  base.  Jn. 

9.  LYSIMACH'IA,  L.     LOOSE-STRIFE.      (To   Lysimachus,   King   of 
Sicily,  who  first  used  it.     Pliny.')     Calyx  5-parted,  rotate  or  campanu- 
late,  tube  very  short ;  stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  corolla  at  base ; 
filaments  often  somewhat  connate  or  with  intervening,  sterile  ones ;  cap- 
sule globous,  5  to  10-valved,  opening  at  the  apex  ;  seeds  few  or  many. 
— Herbs  2f ,  with  opposite  or  verticillate  entire  Ivs.     (Fls.  yellow.) 

§  Sterile  filaments  0.    Perfect  stamens  5,  unequal.    Leaves  and  often  the  flowers  dotted,  (a) 

a  Flowers  verticillate,  in  a  terminal,  bracted  raceme Nos.  1,  2 

a  Flowers  opposite  or  verticillate,  axillary  or  panicled Ncs.  3,  4 

§  Sterile  filaments  5  short  teeth  interposed  between  the  perfect  stamens      Dotless.  (b) 

b  Stem  erect.    Leaves  opposite,  acute  and  tapering  at  base Nos.  5,  6 

b  Stem  erect.     Leaves  opposite,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at  base No.  1 

b  Stem  decumbent  and  trailing.    Leaves  opposite Nos.  8, 9 

1  L.  stricta  Ait.     Simple  or  branched,  erect ;  Ivs.  opposite  (rarely)  ternate,  lan- 
ceolate or  lance-linear,  glabrous,  punctate,  acute,  sessile  ;  fls.  verticillate,  in  a  long, 
lax,  terminal  raceme;  pet.  lanceolate  spreading. — U  In  low,  wet  grounds,  Can., 
N.  Eng.  to  Va.  and  Ohio.     Plant  smooth,  1 — 2f  high,  raceme  G — 8'  long.     Ped. 
1'  long,  spreading,  each  with  a  subulate  bract  at  base.     Stamens  2  long  and  3 
short,  united  at  base.     Fls.  yellow,  streaked  with  purple.     After  flowering  it 
throws  out  bulblets  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  which  will  produce  new  plants 
the  following  spring.     Jl. 

2  L.  Herbem6nti  Ell.     Glabrous,  simple ;  Ivs.  whorled  in  4s  or  5s,  sessile,  lance- 
ovate  or  ovate,  obscurely  3-veined,  acuminate,  glaucous  beneath ;  margin  revolute, 
entire;  fls.  verticillate,  in  a  terminal,  bracted  raceme. — A  handsome  species,  near 
Columbus,  S.  Car.  (Herbemont).     Plant  2f  high.      Lvs.  becoming  more  narrow 
above,  passing  into  the  linear  bracts,  and  with  tho  bright  yellow  fls.,  sprinkled 
with  dots.     Stem  unequal.     Jn.,  Jl. 

3  L.  quadrifolia  L.     Simple,  erect ;  Ivs.  verticillate,  in  4s,  rarely  in  5s  or  3s.  ses- 
sile, lanceolate,  acuminate,  punctate ;  ped.  axillary,  1-flowered,  in  4s  (3s  or  5s) ; 
pet.  oval,  obtuse. — If  In  low  grounds,  river  banks,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.     Stem 
18'  high,  somewhat  hairy,  simple,  with  many  whorls  of  4 — 5  leaves,  each  bear- 
ing a  flower-stalk  in  its  axil.     Corolla  yellow,  with  purple  lines.     Stamens  un- 
equal, united  at  base  into  a  short  tube.     Anth.  purple.     Jn. 

4  L.   Fraseri   Duby.     Glandular-pubescent  and  branched  above  ;  Ivs.  opposite, 
petiolate,  ovate,  often  cordate,  acuminate,  glabrous ;  yfo.  in  a  compound,  terminal, 
bracted  panicle. — In.  S.  Car.  (Frazer  in  DC.)     Fls.  numerous.     Cal.  segm.  acumi- 
nate, the  margins  thickened,  brownish,  ciliated.      Stam.  unequal,    2   of  them 
shorter  than  the  other  3,  sterile  fil.  none. 


ORDER  78.— PRIMULACEJS.  505 

5  L.  longifolia  Ph.      PRAIRIE  MONEYWORT.     St.  slender,  4-angled,  flexuoua, 
branched  above;  Ivs.  linear-shining,  rigid,  sessile,  margin  revoiute;  fls.  opposite  or 
mostly  quaternate   and  terminal  on  the  stem  and  branches ;  sep.  lance-linear, 
acuminate ;   pet.   longer  than  the  calyx,  roundish-ovate,  erose-dentate,   abruptly 
acuminate. — Common  in  low  prairies,  W.  States.     The  largo  yellow  flowers  are 
very  conspicuous  among  the  grasses.     Stems  12 — 20'  high,  purple.     Leaves  2 — 
3'  by  2 — 3",  coriaceous,  deep  green.     Flowers  numerous,  9"  diam.,  of  a  brilliant 
yellow.     Anth.  large.     Jl.     (L.  revoluta  Nutt) 

6  L.  hy'brida  MX.     Smooth  and  erect ;  Ivs.  flat,  veiny,  oblong -lanceolate  or  lance- 
linear,  acute  at  each  end  (the  lower  often  shortened  and  obtuse),  petioles  ciliate, 
short ;  fls.  nodding ;  ped.   axillary ;  stam.  united  in  a  very  short  tube  at  base, 
with  intermediate  processes. — If  Moist  meadows  and  prairies,  Can.  and  U.  S. 
The  fls.  resemble  those  of  tho  L.  ciliata.     St.  If  to  18'  high,  simple  or  branched. 
Lvs.  1  to  3'  by  3  to  8",  the  two  upper  pairs  usually  approximate,  forming  a  whorl 
of  4,  with  4  axillary  fls.     Jl.     (L.  angustifolia  Lam.     L.  heterophylla  MX.) 

7  L.  ciliata  L      Subsimple,  erect ;  Ivs.  opposite,  rarely  quaternate,  ovate,  sub- 
cordate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  petioles  ciliate  upper  side  ;  fls.  nodding  mostly  oppo- 
site ;  sta.  distinct,  with  5  abortive  filaments. — U  In  gravely  soils  and  near  streams, 
U.  S.  and  Can.     Root  creeping.     Stem  somewhat  4-sided,  2 — 3f  high,  simple  or 
with'  a  few  opposite  branches.     Leaves  large,  pointed,  somewhat  cordate  at  base, 
on  petioles  fringed  with  cileae,  the  upper  ones  apparently  quaternate.     Flowers 
large,  yellow,  axillary.     Stamens  inserted  into  a  ring.     Jl. 

/?.  TONSA.     Petioles  entirely  destitute  of  cilese ;  Ivs.  smaller. — Mts.  E.  Tenn., 
near  the  Cumberland  Gap.     Plants  G  to  18'  high. 

8  L.  radicans  Hook.     St.  erect  at  base,  glabrous,  then  decumbent,  long,  trailing, 
branching  and  rooting  at  the  joints;  Ivs.  lance-ovate,   gradually  acute,  the  long 
petioles  more  or  less  ciliate ;  fls.  small,  loosely  paniculate  on  the  slender  branches. 
—Wet  places,  Va.  (Aikin)  to  La,  (Hale).     Sis.  2  to  4f  long.     Petioles  half  as 
long  (!')  as  the  leaves.     Fls.  half  as  large  as  in  No.  4. 

9  L.  nummularia  L,     MONEYWORT.     St.  weak,  trailing;  Ivs.  roundish,  subcor- 
dats,  obtuse,  on  very  short  petioles;  fls.  opposite,  axillary,  large,  sep.  ovate,  sub- 
cordate,  acuminate. — Found  at  Middlebury,  Yt.  (Prof.  Lathrop),  and  shores  of  L. 
Mich.  (Nutt.).     Eur. 

10.  ANAGAL/LIS,  L.    SCARLET  PIMPERNEL.  POOR  MAN'S  WEATHER- 
GLASS.    (Gr.  avayeAaw,  to  laugh ;  it  is  said  to  be  medicinally  effica- 
cious in  hypochondria.)     Calyx  5-parted  ;  cor.  rotate,  deeply  5-parted, 
longer  than  the  calyx,  tube   0  ;  sta.  5,  hirsute ;  anth.  introrse ;  caps, 
globous,  inembranaceous,  circumscissile.     Herbs  with  square  stems  and 
(mostly)  opposite  Ivs.     Ped.  axillary,  solitary.     (Fig.  39.) 

A.  arvensis  L.  Procumbent,  branched;  Ivs.  broad-ovate,  opposite  or  ternato, 
sessile ;  ped.  longer  than  the  leaves ;  sep.  linear-lanceolate,  about  equaling  tho 
petals ;  pet.  crenate-glandular. — (T)  A  trailing  plant,  in  fields,  road-sides,  &c.,  U. 
S.  (except  the  colder  parts  of  N.  Eng.),  and  in  almost  all  other  countries.  Stem 
6 — 20'  long,  with  elongated  branches,  or  simple.  Leaves  6 — 8"  by  4—6".  Fls. 
small  but  pretty,  with  scarlet  petals,  opening  at  8  o'clock,  A.  M.,  and  closing  at  2 
p.  jr.,  in  damp  weather  not  open  at  all.  Jn. — Aug. — Dr.  BueL  of  Killington,  Ct.f 
sent  us  specimens  with  blue  flowers! 

11.  CENTUN'CULUS,  L.     FALSE  PIMPERNEL.     Calyx  4-parted ;  cor. 
urceolate-rotate,  4-cleft,  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  sta.  4,  beardless,  united 
at  base;    caps,   globous,   circumscissile;  seeds  very  minute. — CD  Very 
diminutive,  with  alternate  Ivs.     Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  subsessile. 

C.  minimus  L.  Erect  or  ascending,  branched;  Ivs.  subsessile,  ovate  or  lance- 
ovate,  obtusish,  entire,  alternate,  lower  opposite;  sep.  linear-subulate,  equaling 
the  capsule. — Wet  places,  111.  (Mead),  and  Southern  States.  Plant  1  to  2'  high  in 
111.,  but  3  to  G'  long  in  La.  Leaves  about  2"  by  1".  Flowers  reddish?  Jl. 


506  OBDKB  79.— PLANTAGINACK<£. 

12.  SAM'OLUS,  L.  WATER  PIMPERNEL.  (Celtic  san,  salutary,  mos, 
a  pig  ;  a  specific  for  the  diseases  of  swine,  says  Pliny.)  Calyx  partly  ad- 
herent, 5-cleft ;  cor.  hypocrateriform,  5-cleft ;  sta.  5,  alternating  with  5 
scales  (sterile  filaments)  ;  caps,  dehiscent  at  top  by  5  valves,  many-seeded. 
— Herbs  with  alternate  Ivs.  Fls.  corymbous  or  racemous.  (Fig.  272.) 

S.  valerandi  L.  /?.  AMERICANUS  (Gray).  St.  simple  or  branched;  Ivs.  obtuse, 
ovate  or  obovate,  the  radical  petiolate ;  fls.  in  a  raceme  or  panicle  of  racemes,  pe- 
dicels with  a  minute  bract  near  the  middle ;  pet.  longer  than  the  sep. — In  wet, 
gravelly  places,  frequent  throughout  the  country.  Sts.  6'  to  If  high,  simple  when 
first  flowering,  becoming  often  much  branched.  Lvs.  thin,  about  1'  long.  Ped. 
less  than  1',  with  small  (near  2"  diarn.)  milk  white  fls.  A  white  spot  in  the  axils 
of  the  branches.  Jl. — Sept.  (North),  Apr.— -Jl.  (South).  (S.  floribunda  of  authors.) 

ORDER  LXXIX.     PLANTAGINACE^E.     RIBWORTS. 

Serbs  rarely  shrubby,  with  radical  leaves  and  the  flowers  in  a  spike  on  a  scape. 
Flowers  regular,  tetramerous.  Slamens  4,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla 
and  inserted  o'n  its  tube.  Anthers  versatile,  filaments  usually  slender  and  exserted. 
Fruit  a  membranous  pyxis,  with  1,  2,  or  many  albuminous  seeds. 

Genera  8,  species  200,  most  abundant  in  temperate  climates,  scattered  throughout  all  coun- 
tries of  the  globe.  Properties  unimportant. 

PLANTASGO,  L.  PLANTAIN.  RIBWORT.  Sepals  4,  membranous, 
persistent ;  corolla  monopetalous ;  border  4-toothed,  spreading,  per- 
sistent and  withering  on  the  fruit ;  stamens  4  (rarely  2),  the  long,  slen- 
der filaments  exserted,  or  in  some  of  the  fls.  included  ;  ovary  2  (-4)- 
celled  ;  pyxis  membranous,  opening  below  the  middle  by  a  lid,  when 
the  loose  dissepiment  falls  out  with  the  seeds. — (Herbs  acaulescent.) 
Fls.  small,  whitish,  in  a  slender  spike  raised  on  a  scape. 

§  Stamens  uniformly  exserted.    Corolla  lobes  spreading.    Flowers  reniform.  (a) 

a  Seeds  7  to  16.    Leaves  broadly  ovate,  7- veined.     Spike  dense No.  1 

a  Seeds  4  only.    Leaves  oblong  or  cordate,  3  to  7-veined Nos.  2,  8 

a  Seeds  2  only.    Leaves  lanceolate.    Scape  tall Nos.  4,  5 

a  Seeds  2  or  4.    Leaves  linear,  fleshy Nos.  C,  7 

§  Stamens  mostly  included,  with  short  anthers.    Flowers  dimorphous?  (b) 

b  Seeds  2  only.     Corolla  lobes  roundish,  reflexed.     Leaves  linear No.  8 

b  Seeds  2,  rarely  3  or  4.     Corolla  lobes  erect.     Leaves  lanceolate No.  9 

b  Seeds  4  to  20.    Leaves  linear.     Plauts  very  small Nos.  10, 11 

1  P.  major  L.     COMMON  PLANTAIN  or  RIBWORT.    Lvs.  ovate,  smoothish,  some- 
what toothed,  palmatdy  *l -veined,  with  long,  channeled  footstalks ;  scape  round ; 
fls.  densely  spiked;  seeds  7  to  16. —  1C  Common  always  at  the  door  and  by  tho 
wayside.     The  leaves  are  reputed  a  good  external  application  for  wounds,  &c. 
The  seeds  are  eaten  by  sparrows  and  other  small  birds.    Lvs.  broad,  flat,  with 
about  7  veins,  each  containing  a  strong  fibre  which  may  be  pulled  out.     Scape  1 
to  3f  high,  with  a  very  long  (5  to  20'),  cylindric  spike.    Fls.  white,  inconspicuous, 
appearing  in  succession  all  summer.     §  Eur.,  &c. 

2  P.  Rugelii  Dene.     Lvs.  oblong  or  oblong-elliptical,  obtuse,  3  to  5-veined,  atten- 
uated to  a  petiole ;  ped.  slender,  terete ;  spike  cylindrical,  more  or  less  loose-flow- 
ered ;  bracts  acutish,  shorter  than  the  smooth  sepals. — Ala.     (Decaisne  in  Prod. 
DC.  XIII,  p.  700).     Allied  to  P.  major,  perhaps  too  nearly. 

3  P.  cordata  Lam.     Lvs.  cordate-ovate,  broad,  smooth,  subpinnately  5  to  7-veined, 
obscurely  toothed ;  fls.  loosely  spicate,  lower  ones  scattered,  with  ovate,  obtuse, 
bracts;  pyxis  4-seeded. —  If  Can.  to  Tenn.  and  Ga.,  along  streams.     Our  largest 
native  species,  nearly  as  large  as  P.  major.     Spikes  6  to  8'  long,  on  scapes  twice 
as  high.     Lvs.  3  to  6'  long,  more  or  less  cordate  at  base.     Cor.  white,  with  obo- 
vate segments.     Pyxi3  a  third  longer  than  the  calyx,  with  2  margined  seeds  in 
each  cell.     Jn.,  Jl. 

4  P.  laiiceolata  L.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end,  petiole  channeled; 
spike  ovate  or  cylindric,  dense;  scape  angular;  bracts  and  cor.  lubes  acuminate. — 


ORDER  80.— PLUMBAGINACEJ3.  507 

1[  Can.  to  Ga.  Common  in  pastures  and  grass  lands.  Easily  known  Dy  its  longer 
Ivs.  tapering  at  the  base  into  a  broad  stalk,  and  with  from  3  to  5  strong  ribs ;  by 
its  shorter  spike  (1  to  2'  long),  with  dark  colored  corollas,  and  whitish,  projecting 
stamens,  and  its  slender,  upright  stalk  (8  to  15'  long)  with  prominent  angles. 
Flowering  from  May  to  Oct.  It  is  freely  eaten  by  cattle. 

5  P.  sparsiflora  MX.     Lvs.  lanceolate  or  oblong,  tapering  at  each  end,  petiole 
flat ;  ped.  slender,  terete,  much  longer  than  the  Ivs. ;  spike  long,  remotely-flowered, 
or  interrupted;  bracts,  sepals  and  brown  petals  obtuse. — Moist  pine  barrens,  S.  Car. 
and  Ga.  (Curtis).    Plant  usually  smooth  often  pubescent  below.    Flowers  all  sum- 
mer.    (P.  interrupta  Lam.) 

6  P.  maritima  L.     Lvs.  linear,  channeled,  nearly  entire,  woolly  at  base ;  spikes 
cylindrical,  dense ;  scape  round ;  posterior  sep.  concave  and  crested  on  the  back. — 
Grows  in  salt  marshes,  along  tho  coast,  Me.  to  N.  J.     It  has  a  large  perennial 
root  sending  up  a  scape  varying  in  height  from  3'  to  If,  and  numerous,  very 
fleshy,  dark  green,  linear  leaves,  deeply  grooved  on  the  inside  and  6  to  10'  long. 
Spike  slender,  of  numerous,  subimbricate,  whitish  fls.     Aug. 

P.  juncoides.  Lvs.  erect,  entire,  linear,  fleshy,  attenuated  to  the  subacute 
apex,  bearded  at  base ;  scapes  terete,  scarcely  longer  than  the  Ivs. ;  spikes  oblong, 

nostly  loose-flowered ;  bracts  orbicular-ciliate ;  sep.  not  crested. — Salt  marshes,  N. 
J.  Plant  more  slender  than  the  preceding.  Jl.  (P.  maritima  ft.  Poir.) 

8  P.  aristata  MX.     Lvs.  linear,  erect,  villous;  ped.  terete,  longer  than  the  leaves; 
spikes  cylindrical,  dense-flowered,  villous  when  young ;  bracts  attenuated  to  long, 
setaceous,  rigid  awns ;  cor.  lobes  round-cordate,  uniformly  colored,  conspicuous  j 
seeds  large,  finely  punctate  in  lines. — Prairies  in  111.,  abundant  at  Odin's  Station. 
Lvs.  3  to  4'  long.     Ped.  with  spike  about  9'  high,  tho  latter  beset  with  awns  3  to 
6  to  8''  long.     Jn.,  Jl.     (P.  Patagonica  Gray.) 

9  P.  Virginia  a  L.    LESSER  PLANTAIN.     Lvs.  obovate-lanceolate,  hoary  pubes- 
cent, subdenticulate ;  scape  angular ;  spikes  cylindric,  pubescent,  dense-flowered 
above,  often  loose-flowered  below  ;  seeds  rarely  more  than  2 ;  bracts  shorter  than 
the  ciliate  sep. — A  biennial  species  on  sandy  or  stony  hills  in  the  southern  part  of 
N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  La.     Much  smaller  than  P.  major.     The  whole 
plant  is  covered  with  soft,  gray  pubescence.     Scape  4  to  8'  high,  hairy.    Lvs.  2 
to  3'  long,  narrowed  at  base  into  petioles,  obtuse  at  tho  end.     Cor.  yellowish,  with 
very  acute  segments,  erect  when  including  tho  stamens..     Jl.     (P.  purpuruscens 
Nutt?) 

1Q  P.  heteroph^lla  Nutt.  Lvs.  linear,  entire,  and  with  a  few  slender  teeth  or 
lobes,  attenuate  at  each  end ;  ped.  many,  slender,  as  long  as  the  Ivs ;  spikes  loose- 
flowered;  cor.  closed  upon  the  conical  fruit,  the  short  lobes  crowning  it  as  a  crest; 
pyxis  10  to  20-seeded. —  ®(g)  Wet  grounds.  Md.  to  La,  Small  and  slender. 
Scape  almost  threadlike,  4  to  7'  high,  Ivs.  about  3'.  (P.  pusilla  Dene.  P.  Ludo- 
viciana  Eiddell.) 

11  P.  pusilla  Nutt.  Lvs.  linear,  entire,  thin,  pubescent ;  scapes  longer  than  the 
Ivs.,  very  slender,  with  scattered  or  approximate  fls. ;  fr.  scarcely  longer  than  the 
calyx,  crowned  with  tho  cor.  lobes,  4-seeded. —  (J)  The  smallest  species  of  the 
genus,  1  to  6'  high,  in  dry  soils,  K  Y.  to  Ga  and  W.  States.  (P.  perpusilla 
Dene.) 

ORDER  LXXX.     PLUMBAGINACE^E.     LEADWOKTS. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs  with  tho  leaves  alternate  or  all  clustered  at  the  root.  Flouft 
ers  regular.  Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  plaited,  persistent.  Corolla  hypocrateriform, 
of  5  petals  united  at  base,  or  sometimes  almost  distinct.  Sta.  5,  hypogynous  and 
opposite  the  petals  or  inserted  on  their  claws.  Ova.  1 -celled,  free  from  the  calyx. 
Styles  5  (seldom  3  or  4).  Fr.  a  utricle,  or  dehiscent  by  valves,  containing  1  ana- 
tropous  seed. 

Genera  10,  species  230,  mostly  seaside  or  salt  marsh  plants,  found  in  all  latitudes. 

Properties.— The  root  of  Statice  Limonium  is  one  of  the  best  and  most  powerful  of  all  astrin- 
gents. The  species  of  Plumbago  are  acrid  and  escharotic,  so  much  so,  that  the  roots  of  P.  Eu- 
ropaeus  are  said  by  Lindley  to  be  employed  in  Europe  by  beggars,  to  raise  blisters  on  the  face, 
in  order  to  excite  compassion. 


508  ORDER  80.—  PLUMBAGINACE^E. 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 

I   STATICE^E.    Styles  distinct,  at  least  above.    Utricle  not  valvate.    (a) 
a  Stigmas  capitate.    Style  connated  at  base.    Lvs.  acerous.    Scape  terete...  ACANTHOLOMON.  C 
a  Stigmas  capitate.    Styles  distinct  at  base.    Leaves  flat.    Scape  3-angled...  .GONIOLOMON.  4 

a  Stigmas  filiform.  —  Styles  glabrous.    Scape  branching  ...........................  STATICE.  1 

—  Styles  plutnous.    Scape  capitate  ............................  ARMEBJA.  2 

II.  PLUMB  AGE^E.     Styles  united  to  the  apex.    Pericarp  sub  valvate.    (b) 

b  Corolla  hypocrateriform.    Calyx  not  enlarged  in  fruit  ......................  PLUMBAGO.  8 


1.  STAT'ICE,  L.     MARSH  ROSEMARY.     (Gr.  arart^oj,  to   stop  ;   be- 
cause used  medicinally  it  stops  diarrhoea,  says  Pliny.)     Calyx  funnel- 
form,  limb  scarious,  5-nerved,  5-parted  ;  petals  scarcely  united  at  base  ; 
filaments  5,  adnate  to  the  very  base  of  the  corolla  ;  ovary  crowned  with 
the  5  glabrous,  filiform  styles,  utricle  regularly  or  irregularly  circum- 
scissile.  —  U  Herbs  with  the  scape  branching  the  flowers  3-bracted,  ses- 
sile on  the  3-bracted  branchlet. 

S.  Limdnium  L.  Very  smooth  ;  Ivs.  oblong-elliptical  or  oblaneeolate,  acute, 
tipped  with  a  bristle,  tapering  to  a  long  petiole  ;  scapes  terete,  fistulous,  bracted, 
paniculate;  spikelets  1-flowered  (rarely  2),  involucrate  with  3  bractlets,  remotely 
secund  on  the  branchlets  ;  cal.  lobes  very  acute.  —  Salt  marshes  along  the  coast, 
from  Newfoundland  to  S.  Car.  Scape  6  to  12'  high.  Lvs.  1'  to  18"  long,  the 
petioles  rather  longer.  The  root  is  large,  ligneous,  strongly  astringent,  much 
valued  in  medicine.  Jl.  —  Oct.  (S.  Carolinianum  Walt.)  —  Differs  from  the  Eu- 
ropean varieties  which  have  mostly  2  to  3-flowered  spikelets,  more  close  on  the 
branchlets,  caL  lobes  scarcely  acute,  &c. 

2.  ARMEVRIA,  Willd.     THRIFT.     Flowers  collected  in  a  dense  head  ; 
involucre  3  to  many-leaved  ;  calyx  tubular-campanulate,  5-angled,  with 
5  shallow  lobes,  scarious  and  plaited  ;  petals,  stamens,  &c.,  as  in  Statice.  — 
~4  Lvs.  radical,  mostly  linear.     Scape  simple,  appendaged  above. 

A.  vulgaris  "Willd.  Scape  terete,  smooth  ;  Ivs.  linear,  flat,  obtuse  ;  outer  bracts 
of  the  invol.  ovate-acute,  shorter  than  the  sheathing  appendage  at  their  base.  —  A 
neat  and  elegant  plant,  native  near  the  sea-coast,  Brit.  Am.  (Hook.)  Often 
cultivated.  Lvs.  3  to  4'  by  2  to  3",  numerous,  crowded.  Scape  about  If  high, 
bearing  a  singular  sheath  at  top,  formed  according  to  Lindley  by  the  adherent 
bases  of  involucral  Ivs.  Fls.  rose-colored.  Jn.  —  Aug. 

2  A.  latifolia  "Willd.  Scape  solitary,  tall  ;  Ivs.  very  broad,  oblong,  5  to  7- 
veined  ;  fls.  (rose-red)  in  a  large  head  from  a  long  sheath  ;  bracts  scarious,  the 
outer  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate-cuspidate.  —  f  Portugal. 

3.  PLUMBAGO,  Tourn.     LEADWORT.     (Lat.  plumbum  (lead),  a  dis- 
ease of  the  eyes,  which  it  was  reputed  to  cure.     Pliny.}     Calyx  herba- 
ceous, glandular,  5-lobed,  not  enlarged  after  flowering  ;  corolla  salver- 
form,  tube  longer  than  calyx,  limb  twisted  in  sBstivation  ;  anthers  5, 
linear  ;  style  1,  stigmas  5,  filiform  ;  utricle  membranous,  inucronate  with 
the  persistent  style.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs.     Fls.  cyanic,  numerous  through 
the  season. 

1  P.  Cap6nsis  Thunb.      St.  shrubby,  scarcely  climbing  ;  Ivs.  oblong  entire, 
glaucous-tubercular  beneath,  petiolate  ;  fls.  in  short,  dense,  terminal  spikes,  pale 
blue.  —  -j-  Cape  of  Good  Hope.     Very  pretty.     Southward  it  is  hardy. 

2  P.  ccerMia  Kunth.      St.  herbaceous,  erect;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  acuminate, 
petiole  winged  and  auriculate  at  base;  fls.  in,  terminal,  loose  spikes,  blue.  —  2f  f 
Peru  and  Chili. 

4  GONIOLOMON  speciosum  Boiss.  (Statico  speciosa  L.),  with  white 
fls.,  3  or  4  in  each  spikelet. 

Gr.  Tartaricum  Boiss  (S.  Tartarica  L.),  with  pink  fls.,  1  or  2  in  a  spikelet, 
both  from  Russia,  are  occasionally  cultivated.  Also 


ORDBB  81.— LENTIBULACE^E.  509 

5  ACANTHOLOMON  caryophyllaceum  Boiss.  (S.  Echinus  L.),  turfy, 
with  stiff,  h'near,  3-cornered,  needle-shaped,  recurved  Ivs.  arid  scape,  twice  as  high, 
bearing  a  single  spike. — f  From  Asia. 

ORDER  LXXXI.     LENTIBULACELE.     BUTTERWORTS. 

Herbs  small,  growing  in  water  or  wet  places,  with  showy,  bilabiate  fls.  on  scapes. 
Calyx  inferior,  of  2  or  3  sepals.  Corolla  irregular,  bilabiate,  personate,  spurred. 
Stamens  2,  included  within  the  corolla  and  inserted  on  its  upper  lip.  Anth.  1- 
celled.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  a  free,  central  placenta.  Style  1.  Stigma  cleft. 
fruit.  Capsule  many-seeded.  Seeds  minute.  Embryo  straight,  with  no  albu- 
men. 

Genera  4,  species  175,  natives  of  swamps,  pools,  and  rivulets,  diffused  throughout  nearly  all 
countries.  Properties  unimportant. 

1.  PINGUIC'ULA,  L.     BUTTERWORT.     (Lat,  pinguis,  fat,   from  the 
greasy  appearance  of  the  leaves.)     Calyx  5-parted,  somewhat  bilabiate  ; 
cor.  bilabiate  or  rarely  subregular,  upper  lip   bifid  or  2 -parted,  lower 
tvifid  or  3-parted,   spurred  at  base  beneath  ;  sta.  2,  very  short ;  stig. 
sessile,  2-lobed;  caps,  erect;  seeds  oo. —  2£  In  wet  places.     Lvs.  radi- 
cal, rosulate,  entire.     Scapes  1 -flowered,  nodding. 

*  Flowers  blue Nos.  1,  2,  3.  **  Flowers  yellow. No.  4 

1  P  vulgaris  L.     Lvs.  ovate  or  elliptic,  obtuse,  unctuous-puberulent  above,  scape 
and  calyx  subpubescent ;  cor.   lips  very  unequal,  lobes  obtuse,  entire ;  spur  cylin> 
drical,  shorter  than  the  corolla. — Wet  rocks  and  thin,  damp  soils,  N.  Y.  (near  Ro- 
chester, Dewey,  Beck.}  N.  to  Arctic  Am.  (Hooker.}     Scape  6 — 8'  high,  with  soli- 
tary, nodding  fls.     Leaves  all  springing  from  the  root,  fleshy,  spatulate  or  ovate, 
with  a  tapering  base,  fleshy  and  unctuous  to  the  touch.     Corolla  with  a  purplo 
tube,  lined  with  soft  hairs.     Flowering  early  in  Apr.  and  May. 

2  P.  elatior  MX.     Lvs.  ovate-spatulate,   scape  villous  at  base;  cal.  glandular- 
puberulent ;  cor.  tube  ventricous,  hairy  within,  lobes  subequal,  emarginate,  ;  spur 
compressed,  obtuse,  about  half  as  long  a-s  the  tube. — Wet  grounds,  S.  Car.  to  Fla., 
more  common  in  the  middle  districts.     The  Ivs.   are  very  small  proportionately 
(scarcely  1'  long  in  our  specimens),  while  the  slender  and  bractless  scape  is  8  to 
14'  high.     Sep.  oblong,  obtuse,  the  2  lower  approximating.     Cor.  1'  to  15"  long, 
greenish  blue?  with  purple  lines.     Mar.,  Apr. 

3  P.  pumila  MX.     DWARF  BUTTERWORT.     Lvs.  roundish-ovate,  glabrous ;  cor. 
tube  oblong,  lobes  emarginate,  spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube,  nearly  acute  ;  caps, 
globous. — G-a.  and  Fla.  to  La.,  common  in  springy  places.     Lvs.  3  to  4"  diarn., 
thin.     Scapes  filiform,  2  to  4'  high.     Fls.  vary  in  size  with  the  plant,  from  3"  to 
I'1  long,  pale  blue.     Apr. 

4  P.  Kitea  Walt.     Lvs.  obovate,  elliptic;    cor.  bell-shaped,  palate  hairy,  lobes 
subequal,  sinuate-dentate ;  spur  slender,  a  third  as  long  as  the  cor.-— Car.  to  Fla., 
common  in  the  low  country  in  wet  grounds.     Lvs.  1'  long,  nearly  as  wide,  soft, 
yellowish  green,  curled,  the  scape  about  6'  high.     Fls.  mucn  smaller  than  in  No. 

2,  bright  yellow.     Spur  2  to  3"  long.     Mar.,  Apr. 

2.  UTRICULA'RIA,  L.  BLADDERWORT.  (Lat.  utricula,  a  little 
bottle ;  alluding  to  the  air  vessels  appended  to  the  roots.)  Calyx  2- 
parted,  lips  subequal ;  corolla  irregularly  bilabiate,  personate,  spurred  ; 
stamens  2  ;  stigma  bilabiate  ;  capsule  globular,  1-celled. — Herbs  aqua- 
tic, loosely  floating,  or  fixed  in  the  mud. — Lvs.  radical,  multifid  or  lin- 
ear and  entire,  mostly  furnished  with  little  inflated  vescicles  as  buoys. 
Scape  erect. 

|  Floating.    Scape  involucrate,  with  a  whorl  oflanro,  inflated  petioles. No.  1 

I  Floating.     Scape  naked.     Branches  producing  bulblets  and  bladders  (a). 

a  Flowers  purple.    Branches  whorled,  submersed No.  2 


510  ORDER  81.— LENTIBULACEJ3. 

a  Flowers  yellow.     Loaves  (2-ranked)  and  bladders' on  separate  branches Jfo.  3 

a  Flowers  yellow.    Leaves  (capUlfteeous)  bearing  the  bladders  (b). 

b  Spur  acute  or  notched,  about  us  lung  as  the  lips Nos.  4  to  6 

b  Spur  obtuse,  short.    Flowers  of '2  kinds,  the  lipless  down  on  the  stems No.  7 

b  Spur  obtuse,  short.     Pedicels  all  on  the  scape, — erect  in  fruit Nos.  8,  9 

— recurved  in  fruit Nos.  10, 11 

IT.  inflata  "Walt.  Upper  Irs.  in  a  whorl  of  5  or  6  at  the  surface  of  the  water; 
petiole  and  midvein  inflated,  lower  Ivs.  capillaoeous,  dissected,  submerged ;  scape 
4  to  5-flowered. —  U  In  ponds,  Me.  to  Ma.  W.  to  Ohio.  The  proper  stem  (rhiz- 
ome) is  very  long,  branching,  suspended  in  the  water  by  innumerable  minute  air 
bladders,  and  the  5  or  6  involucrate,  hollow  Ivs.,  which  are  many-cleft  at  the  end. 
Pis.  4  or  5  together  upon  a  scape  8'  in  length,  pedunculated,  with  sheathing 
bracts.  Spur  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla,  appressed  to  the  lower  lip,  striate, 
emarginate.  Cor.  yellow,  the  upper  lip  broad-ovate,  entire,  lower  3-lobed. 
Aug. 

2  U.  purpdrea  "Walt.    -St.  long,  floating,  branched ;  Ivs.  submersed,  fibrillous, 
verticillate,  pinnately  dissected,  segments  capillary,  utriculate ;  scape  assurgent, 
2 — 3-flowered  upper  lip  roundish-truncate,  lower  lip  larger,  its  lateral  lobes  cucul- 
late,  smaller  than  the  central ;  spur  conical,  flattened,  appressed  to  and  shorter 
than  the  upper  lip. — ®  Pools,  Me.  to  Fla.  "W.  to  Wis.     Readily  known  by  the 
large,  bright,  purple  fls.     Stem  1 — 3f  long.     Leaves  about  1^'  long.     "Utricles 
small     Scape  3 — 5'  high.     Corolla  8"  broad,  the  spur  3",  greenish.     Aug. 

3  U.  intermedia  Hayne.     Lvs.  all  submersed,  in  2  rows,  alternate,  dichotom- 
ously  many-parted,    segm.    rigid,    linear-subulate,    ciliate-denticulate ;    leafless 
branches  bearing  all  the  bladders  and  terminal  bulblets  ;   scapes  2  to  3-flowered, 
upper  lip  entire,  twice  as  long  as  the  palate ;  spur  conical,  acute ;  ped.  of  the 
fruit  erect. — Swamps,  Can.  and  N".  States  to  Wis.     Scape  4  to  8'  high.     Leafy 
stems  3  to  6'  long,  and  the  leaves  about  3"  (in  our  specimens).     Jn.,  Jl. 

B1  ROBBINSII.  Leaf-segments  linear-setaceous,  flaccid,  entire,  8  to  12"  long; 
scape  tall  (7  to  12'),  3  to  7-flowered ;  spur  fusiform,  acute,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  lower  lip. — Swanaps,  Uxbridge,  Northbridge,  Mass.  (Robbins). — Quite 
unlike  the  preceding  in  its  leaves  and  spur. 

4  U.  striata  Le  Conto.     Lvs.  numerously  subdivided,  submerged,  capillary,  bear- 
ing the  bladders,  or  vesicles ;  scape  2 — 6-flowered,  with  a  few  scales ;  flowers 
large,  upper  lip  broad,  divided  into  3  lobes,  the  middle  lobe  striate  with  red,  lower 
lip  crenate,  sides  reflexed,  having  dark  spots  upon  the  palate  ;  spur  slender,  06- 
tuse,  with  a  notch  at  the  end,  pressed  against  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  and 
nearly  as  long. — (T)  Swamps,  L.  Isl.  to  Ma.    Root  submerged,  slightly  attached 
to  the  mud.     Leaves  (radicles  ?)  few,  capillary,  appendaged  with  few  air  vessels. 
Scape  a  foot  high,  generally  with  2  flowers.     June. 

5  U.  longirostris  Ell.     Lvs.  submersed,  dichotomously  divided,  segm.  setace- 
ous, bearing  the  vescicles;  scapes  1   to  2-flowered;  upper  lip  slightly  3-lobed, 
lower  entire ;  spur  linear- subulate,  ascending,  emarginate  at  apex,  longer  than  the 
lower  lip. — Stagnant  pools,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.     Scape  3  to   5'  high.     Ms.  yellow, 
middle  size.     Jn. 

6  U.  biflora  Lam.     Irregularly  whorled,  capillaceously  divided,  root-like,  bladder- 
bearing;  scape  slender,  2  to  3-flowered,  pedicels  many  times  longer  than  the 
bract  or  calyx ;  spur  straight,  oblong,  acute,  appressed  to  the  corolla,  and  of  equal 
length ;  fr.  erect. — Ditches,  S.  Car.  and  Ga.     Scape  3  to  4'  high,  pedicels  3  to  4". 
May,  Jn. 

7  U.  clandestina  Nutt     Lvs.  all  submersed,  capillaceous,   multifid,  bladder- 
bearing  ;  fls.  2  or  3  on  the  slender  scape,  also  solitary  on  slender,  axillary  pedi- 
cels among  the  Ivs.  on  the  stem,  the  latter  apetalous,  fertile  ;  spur  very  obtuse, 
shorter  than  the  3-lobed  lower  lip. — Ponds,  Mass.  (Robbins)  to  N.  J.     Sts.  almost 
capillary,  6'  to  2f  long,  with  many  bladders.     Scape  3  to  4'  high'  (seldom  seen), 
with  corollas  expanding  about  3''.     Cauline  pedicels  6  to  7"  long,  the  cor.  tubu- 
lar, never  opening.    JL 

8  U.  gibba  L.  (and  Le  Conte).     Minute,  floating,  with  hair-like  Ivs.  and  few 
utricles.;  scape  1  to  2-flowered,  naked;  segm.  of  the  yellow  cor.  roundish,  upper 
Up  emarginate,  lower  subtrilobate,  middle  lobe  crenate,  subrevolute ;  spur  gibbous 
(that  is),  very  short  and  obtuse. — 1±  In  pools,  R.  I  (Olney),  Mass.,  N.  Y.  to 


ORDER  82.—  OROBANCHAOE^.  511 

Car.  Submersed  stems  dichotomous,  short  and  filiform.  Scapes  2  to  3'  high, 
often  with  but  1  small,  yellow  flower  The  Ivs.  appear  rather  like  fine  radi- 
cles. Jl. 

9  U.  bipartita  Ell.     Lvs.  fibrillous-multifid,  bearing  the  bladders  ;  scape  1  to  3- 
flowered;  lower  lip  of  the  calyx  bifid  or  2-parted;  cor.  lips  entire,  the  lower  twico 
as  long  as  the  obtuse  spur.  —  3D  Ditches,  G-a.,  Fla.,  in  soft,  muddy  places  (Elliott), 
floating  (Le  Conte).     Scape  2  to  3'  high.     Oct. 

10  U.  minor  L.     Lvs.  submersed,  several  times  forked,  segm.  linear-setaceous, 
short,  utriculate  ;  scape  3  to  6-  flowered;  cor.  ringent,  upper  lip  ovate,  emarginate, 
as  long  as  the  palate,  lower  obovate,  flat,  much  longer  than  the  obtuse,  deflexed 
spur.  —  Pools,  Can.  and  KT.  States  to  Wis.     Plant  about  half  the  size  of  No.  11. 
Cor.  gaping,  pale,  yellowish.     Fruit  nodding.     Jl. 

11  U.  vulgaris  L.    Lvs.  capiUaceous,  multifid,  fibrillous;  vesicles  numerous,  small; 
sfc.  or  rhizoma  very  long,  floating;  scape  simple,  5  —  11-floweredl  spur  conical, 
obtuse,  shorter  than  the  closed  cor.  lips.  —  if  In  stagnant  pools,  U.  S.  and  Can, 
Floating  stems  several  feet  long,  very  branching.     Leaves  very  numerous,  1'  ia 
length.     Utricles   furnished  with   a   fringed,  valvate  aperture,  usually  inflated. 
Scape  5  —  10'  high,  stout,  arising  out  of  the  water.     Flowers  alternate,  showy, 
yellow,  5  —  8"  long,  lower  lip  larger,  with  a  projecting  palate,  striped  with  brown. 
Jn.,  Jl.     (U.  macrorhiza  Le  Conte.) 

12  U.  resupinata  Green.     Sts.  creeping,  fibrillous,  rooting;  Ivs.  linear-capillary, 
erect,  undivided  and  entire;  scapes  numerous,  simple,  1  -flowered,  with  a  minute 
clasping  bract  near  the  top  ;  spur  obtuse,  cylindric,  ascending,  shorter  than  the 
elongated  tube  of  the  purple  cor.  —  Muddy  shores  of  ponds,  Tewksbury  (Green), 
Plymouth  and  Uxbridge,  Mass.  (Robbins).     Leaves  generally  numerous,  6  —  15' 
high,  the  bract  1'  below  the  flower.     Corolla  light  purple,  4"  long,  lips  roundish, 
entire,  remote  from  the  spur.     Jl. 

13  U.  subulata  L.     Minnie;  st.  fibrillous,  rooting,  creeping,  urticulate;  Ivs.  few 
and  minute,  among  the  fibrillous  roots,  entire,  linear,  petiolate,  glandular-obtuse, 
sometimes  0  ?  scapes  few,  filiform,  1  to  5-flowered  ;  bracts  ovate,  clasping  ;  pedi. 
eels  4  to  5  times  longer  than  the  ovate,  obtuse,  veined  sepals  ;  cor.  upper  lip  ovate, 
entire,  lower  3-lobed  ;  spur  acute  appressed  to  and  nearly  equaling  the  lower  lip. 
—  A  minute  species  in  springy  places,  Can.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Scape  2  to  4'  high. 
Lvs.  2  to  3"  by  1".     Fls.  yellow,  3  to  4"  broad.     Jn. 

14  U.  cornuta  MX.     Scape  rooting,  tall,  erect,  scaly,  with  2  to  5  subsessile  fls.  ; 
Ivs.  fugacious  or  0  ;  lower  lip  very  broad,  3-lobed,  its  center  (palate)  very  prominent, 
sides  reflexed,  upper  lobe  much  smaller,  emarginate;  spur  subulate,  acute,  de- 
curved  away  from  the  cor.,  and  of  equal  length.  —  Can.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  in  shallow 
waters  or  mud.     St.  or  scape  9  to  12'  high.     Pedicels  scarcely  2"  long  in  flower, 
3  to  6"  in  fruit.     Spur  4  to  4"  long.     Fls.  large,  yellow.     Jn.  —  Aug.     (U.  per- 
sonata  Le  Conte.) 

ORDER  LXXXII.     OROBANCHACE^E.     BROOMRAPES. 

Herbs  fleshy,  leafless,  growing  parasitically  upon  the  roots  of  other  plants.  Calyx 
4  to  5-toothed,  inferior,  persistent.  Corolla  irregular,  persistent,  imbricate  in  aesti- 
vation. Stamens  4,  didynamous.  Anthers  2-celled,  cells  distinct,  parallel,  often 
bearded,  at  base.  Ovary  1-celled,  free  from  the  calyx,  with  2  or  4  parietal  placen- 
tae. Capsule  enclosed  within  the  withered  corolla,  1-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds  very 
numerous  and  minute,  with  albumen. 

Genera  12,  species  116,  mostly  natives  of  the  northern  temperate  zone.  Properties  astringent 
and  bitter. 

GENERA. 

*  Flowers  polygamous,  on  spicate  branches  ;  sterile  above,  fertile  below  ........  EpiPitEors.  1 

*  Flowers  perfect,—  in  a  dense,  thick  spike.     Calyx  2-bracted  .................  CONOPHOLIS.  2 

—on  naked,  terminal  peduncles.     Calyx  bractless  ............  APIIYLLON.  3 


1.  EPIPHE'GUS,  Nutt.     BEECHDROPS.     (Gr.  tTn,  upon,  ^yo?,  tho 
beech  ;  being  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  that  tree.)     Monoeciously  polyg- 


512  OEDER  83.—  BIGNONIACE^E. 

amous,  the  upper  flowers  complete  but  sterile,  the  lower  imperfect,  fer- 
tile ;  Calyx  5-toothed  ;  $  corolla  tubular,  compressed,  curved,  upper  lip 
emarginate  ;  stamens  barely  included  ;  $  corolla  4-toothed,  short, 
deciduous,  without  expanding  ;  stamens  imperfect  ;  capsule,  2-valvcd, 
opening  on  the  upper  side.  —  Parasite  on  the  roots  of  the  beech.  Branches 
simple,  spicate,  floriferous  their  whole  length. 

E.  Virginiana  Bart.  —  In  Beech  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.  Root  a  ball  of  rigid, 
short,  brittle  radicles.  Plant  If  high,  leafless,  of  a  dull,  red  color,  glabrous, 
branching  and  flower-bearing  its  whole  length.  Ms.  alternate,  subsessile,  brown- 
ish white,  the  sterile,  4  to  5"  long.  Aug.,  Sept. 


2.  CONOPH'OLIS,  Wallroth.  SQUAW  ROOT.  (Gr.  «<5vo?,  a  cone, 

a  scale  ;  from  its  resemblance.)  Flowers  perfect,  crowded,  spicate  ;  calyx 
with  2  bractlets  at  the  base,  unequally  5-cleft  ;  corolla  ringent,  2-  lipped, 
tube  curved,  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-parted  ;  anthers  sagittate  2-celled, 
cells  acute  at  base  ;  capsule  with  2  placentae  on  each  valve.  —  Stem 
short,  thick,  simple,  covered  with  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  imbricated 
scales,  the  upper  with  the  fls.  subsessile  in  their  axils. 

1  C.  Americana  TVallr.      Very  smooth  ;  stem  very  thick  ;  scales  oval-lanceolate  ; 
calyx  more  deeply  cleft  on  the  lower  side  ;  cor.  ventricous  ;  stam.  exserted.  —  Old 
woods,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  La.     Stem  4  —  7'  high,  and  near  1'  thick,  of  a  brownish 
yellow,  covered  with  pale,  polished  scales  regularly  imbricated  as  in  a  Pine  cone. 
July.     (Orobanche,  L.) 

2  C.  Ltidoviciana.     Glandular  pubescent  ;  stem  rather  thick,  very  short  ;  scales 
ovate;    cal.  subequally  and  deeply  cleft;    cor.  tubular,  much  longer  than  the 
bracts  ;  stam.  included.  —  Alluvial  soil,  111.     (Hall,  fide  Gray),  to  Nebraska.     St. 
3  to  4'  high.     Fls.  very  numerous  and  crowded.     Cal.  segm.  linear,  acute.     Cor. 
purple.     Oct.     (Orobanche,  Nutt.  Philips,  Don.) 

3.  APHYL'LON,   Mitchell.     (Orobanche,  L.)     NAKED   BROOMRAPE. 
(Gr.  a,  privative,  (pvXXov,  a  leaf;    alluding  to  its  leafless  character.) 
Flowers  perfect,  solitary,  on  long  bractless  peduncles  or  scapes  ;  calyx 
regularly  5-cleft,  campanulate  ;  corolla  tube  elongated,  curved,  border 
spreading,  subequally  5-lobed  ;  anthers  included,  cells  distinct,  mucron- 
ate  ;  capsule  with  4,  equidistant  placenta.     Plants  glandular,  pubes- 
cent.    St.  very  short,  producing  at  the  summit,  1,  2,  or  many  flower 
stalks,  and  few  if  any  scales. 

1  A.  uniflora  Torr.  &  Gr.     Fed.  in  pairs  or  simple,  naked,  each  1-flowered.  —  A 
small,  leafless  plant,  with  the  general  aspect  of  a  Monotropa,  found  in  woods  and 
thickets.     Can.  and  U.  S.     St.  not  exceeding  £'  in  length.     This  divides  at  its 
top  generally  into  2,  scape  like,  erect,  round,  simple,  naked  peduncles  4  to  5'  high, 
downy,  purplish  white,  with  a  nodding  flower  at  the  top,  of  the  same  hue.     Jn.,  Jl. 

2  A.  fasciculata  Torr.  &  Gr.     Ped.  many,  nearly  terminal,  about  the  length  of 
the  stem  ;  scales  few,  ovate  ;  cor.  lobes  short,  rounded.  —  Islands  in  Lake  Huron 
(Engelman,  fide  Gray),  TV.  to  Nebraska.     Stem  arising  2  to  3'  out  of  the  ground. 
Ped.  6  or  more,  same  length.     Fls.  pale  purple.     May. 

ORDER  LXXXIII.     BIGNONIACE^E.     TRUMPET  FLOWERS. 

Trees,  shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  often  climbing  or  twining,  with  opposite,  exstipu- 
late  leaves.  Flowers  monopetalous,  irregular,  5-merous,  showy.  Stamens  5,  1  or  3 
sterile,  didynamous,  or  diandrous.  Anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  2-celled,  seated  in  a 
fleshy  disk.  Style  1.  Stigma  of  2  plates.  Capsule  coriaceous,  1  to  2-cellcd, 
2-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  generally  winged,  destitute  of  albumen. 


ORDER  83.— BIGNONIACE^E.  513 

Gentra  44,  species  450.  mostly  South  American.  Others  are  diffused  in  all  countries,  par. 
ticularly  within  the  tropics.  Several  of  the  Brazilian  species  of  Bignonia  afford  a  valuable  tim- 
ber. But  this  order  is  best  known  for  the  beauty  of  its  flowers.  (Figs.  210,  2&t,  '285,  219.) 

*  Leaves  compound.    Vulves  of  the  pod  parallel  with  the  partition BIGNONIA.    1 

*  Leaves  compound.    Valves  of  the  pod  contrary  to  the  partition  TECOMA.       2 

*  Leaves  simple.    Pod  straight,  cylindric.    Partition  subcylindric CATALPA.     8 

1.  BIGNO'NIA,  Tourn.     (Named  for  the  Abbe  Bignon,  Librarian  to 
Louis  XIV.)     Calyx  margin   5-toothed  or  entire;    corolla  somewhsb 
bilabiate,  5-cleft,  funnel-shaped ;  stamens  didynamous,  4  fertile,  1  a  ster- 
ile filament;  capsule  long  and  narrow ;  valves  flat  or  scarcely  convex, 
parallel  with  the  partition. — Trees,  shrubs,  or  woody  climbers,  often 
with  tendrils. 

B.  capreolata  L.     CROSS-VINE.     Climbing,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  binate,  cirrhous,  leaf- 
lets 2,  lance-ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  entire,  a  branched  tendril  between ;  ped. 
1-flowered,  2  to  3  together,  axillary ;  calyx  nearly  entire. — Woods,  Va.  and  Tenn. 
(Miss  Dana),  to  Fla.  and  La.     A  vine  with  smooth,  reddish  brown  bark,  30  to 
60f  long,  very  slender,  over  shrubs,  up  tall  trees.     Fls.  large,  red,  orange  within. 
Pods  7  or  8'  long,  f '  wide,  curved,  flat,  with  many  broad-winged  seeds  both  sides 
of  the  broad  partition.     Mar. — May. 

2.  TECONMA,  Juss.    (Bignonia  L.)    TRUMPET  FLOWER.     Calyx  cam- 
panulate,   5-toothed  ;    corolla  tube  short,  throat  dilated,  limb  5-lobed, 
subbilabiate  or  equal ;  stamens  4,  didynamous,  with  the  rudiments  of  a 
fifth,  anther-cells  2,  diverging;    capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  the  valves 
contrary  to  the  partition  ;  seeds  winged. — Trees  or  shrubs,  often  climb- 
ing.    Lvs.  opposite,  digitate,  or  unequally  pinnate. 

1  T.  radicans  Juss.    Climbing  by  radicating  tendrils ;  Ivs.  unequally  pinnate,  Ifts. 
4  or  5  pairs,  ovate,  acuminate,  dentate-serrate,   puberulent  beneath  along  the 
veins  ;  corymbs  terminals ;  cor.  tube  thrice  longer  than  the  cal ;  stam.  included. — 
A  splendid  climber  in  woods  and  thickets,  along  rivers,  Penn.  to  Fla.,  W.  to  111. 
St.  20  to  8 Of  in  length,  ascending  trees.     Lvs.  10  to  15'  long,  Ifts.  2  to  3'  by  1  to 
2'.     Fls.  2£'  long,  of  a  bright  scarlet.     Pods  6'  long,  curved.     A  transverse  sec- 
tion showing  a  cross.     Seeds  very  numerous.     Jn. — Aug.  f 

2  T.  Cap^nsia  Lindl.    Glabrous ;  Ivs.  unequally  pinnate,  Ifts.  3  to  4  pairs, 
roundish -ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  bearded  in  the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath;  ra- 
cemes pedunculate,  dense-flowered;  cor.  long,  tubular,  incurved ;  stam.  and  sty.  ex- 
serted. — Cultivated.     Cor.    2'   long,  yellow  scarlet.     The  style  far  projecting,  f 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

3  T.  grandiflora  Delaun.    CHINESE  TRUMPET  FLOWER.    Climbing,  glabrous ; 
Ivs.  unequally  pinnate,  Ifts.  3  to  5  pairs,  ovate-acuminate,   dentate-serrate ;  pani- 
cle terminal ;  pedicels  nodding,  biglandular  ,*  cor.  tube  scarcely  longer  than  the  5-cleft 
calyx. — Fls.  of  a  rich  scarlet,  shorter  and  broader  than  in  T.  radicans.  f     China 
and  Japan. 

3.  CATAL'PA,   Scop.      CATALPA.      (The     Indian     name.)      Calyx 
2-parted  ;  corolla  campanulate,  4  or  5-cleft,  the  tube  inflated ;  stamens 

2  fertile,  2  or  3  sterile ;  stigma  2-lipped  ;  capsule  2-celled,  long,  cylin- 
dric.— Trees.     Lvs.   opposite  or   ternate-verticillate,  simple,   petiolate. 
Fls.  in  large,  showy,  terminal  panicles. 

C.  bignonioides  Walt.    Lvs.  membranous,   ovate-cordate,  pubescent  beneath, 
acuminate,  subentire  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  di-trichotomous ;  cal.  lips  mucro- 
nate. — A  fine,  wide  spreading  tree,  native  in  the  Southern  States,  but  cultivated 
at  the  North  for  ornament  and  shade.     In  favorable  circumstances  it  attains  tho 
height  of  6  0£  with  a  diam.  of  nearly  2f.    Lvs.  beautifully  heart-shaped,  with  a 
silky  luster,  often  a  foot  in  length.     It  blossoms  in  great  profusion.     Cor.  cam- 
panulate, white,  with  yellow  and  violet  spots.     Caps,  cylindric  near  a  foot  in 
length ;  seed  winged.    May — Jl.     (See  Figs.  210;  284,  5;  463.) 

33 


514  ORDER  85.—  LOGANIACE^E. 

ORDER  LXXXIV.     PEDALIACE^E.     PEDALIADS. 


mostly  strong-scented  and  glandular-hirsute.  Stipules  0.  Flowers  axillary, 
solitary,  large,  monopetalous,  didynaraous,  5-merous,  irregular.  Ovary  1  to  2-celled, 
of  2  carpels.  Style  1.  Stigma  divided.  Fruit  becoming  4  or  6-ceIled  by  the  diverg- 
ing lobes  of  the  2  placentas.  Seeds  few  or  many,  large,  wingless. 

Genera  14,  species  25,  natives  of  tropical  America,  etc.    Some  of  them  have  been  introduced 
iuto  the  United  States. 

TRIBES   AND    GENERA. 

I.  PEDALINEJ3.  Fruit  drupe-like,  fleshy  without,  produced  into  a  beak  .....  MARTTNIA.  1 
II.  8ESAMEJE.  Fruit  capsular,  dry,  dehiscent,  never  beaked  .................  SESAMUM.  2 

1.  MARTYFTIA,  L.     UNICORN  PLANT.     (In  honor  of  John  Martyn, 
botanical  author  and  professor,  Cambridge,  Eng.,  1760.)     Calyx  5-cleft, 
2  to  3-bracteolate  at  base  ;  cor.  campanulate,  tube  gibbous  at  base,  limb 
5-lobed,  unequal  ;  sta.  5,  one  rudimentary  and  sterile,  4  didynamous  ; 
caps,  coriaceous,  ligneous,  4-celled,  2-valved,  each  valve  terminating  in 
a  long,  hooked  beak.  —  0   Chiefly  southern,  branching,  viscid-pilous. 
Lvs.  opposite,  petiolate,  subcordate,  roundish. 

1  M.  proboscidea  Glox.  Brandies  mostly  decumbent  ;  Iva.  cordate,  entire,  sub- 
orbicular,  villous,  upper  ones  alternate  ;  fls.  on  long,  axillary  peduncles  ;  beaks 
much  longer  than  the  capsule.  —  A  coarse,  strong-scented  plant,  along  rivers,  fields, 
etc.,  S.  and  W.  States.  Stem  1—  2f  long.  Leaves  paler  beneath.  Corolla  pale, 
dull  yellow,  very  large,  the  limb  nearly  as  broad  as  the  leaves,  spotted  with 
brownish-purple.  Sta.  bright  yellow,  exserted.  The  curious  pods  are  furnished 
with  an  incurved  horn  (2  when  the  valves  separate)  abruptly  bent  at  the  end  into 
a  very  sharp  grappling  hook. 

2  M.  lutea  Lindl.  With  yellow  fls.  and  horns  longer  than  the  pod,  is  some- 
times cultivated,  also  M.  diandra,  with  pink  Us.  spotted  with  purple,  and  horna 
shorter  than  the  pod. 

2.  SES'AMUM,  L.     OIL-SEED.     Calyx   5-parted  ;    corolla   campanu- 
late,   3-cleft,  the  lower   lobes   the  longest;    stamens  4,  didynamous; 
stigma  lanceolate  ;  capsule  2-celled,  the   cells  divided  by  the  inflexec] 
edges  of  the  valves.  —  (D  Of  India.     Lvs.  petiolate,  the  lower  opposite, 
upper  alternate. 

S.  Indicum  DC.  Lvs.  lanceolate-ovate,  lower  ones  3-lobed,  upper  ones  un- 
divided serrate.  —  Native  of  E.  India.  Stem  erect,  about  18'  high.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, entire.  Flowers  axillary,  subsessile.  Corolla  pale  purple.  The  seeds 
yield  an  excellent  oil  which  will  keep  several  years  without  injury.  It  is  used 
in  cookery  for  all  the  purposes  of  sweet  oil.  Five  pounds  of  the  seeds  yield 
about  one  pound  of  oil.  The  leaves  are  emollient, 

ORDER  LXXXY.     LOGANIACE^E. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  opposite  leaves,  with  stipules  between  tho  petioles,  some- 
times reduced  to  an  elevated  line  or  ridge.  Flowers  4  or  5-parted,  monopetalous, 
regular,  aestivation  various.  Ovary  superior,  stylo  simple,  stigmas  as  many  as  tho 
cells  of  tho  ovary.  Fruit  capsular  or  baccate,  2-celled,  many-seeded,  or  a  1  to  2- 
•  seeded  drupe.  Seeds  albuminous,  mostly  winged  or  peltate.  (Fig.  221,  302.) 
Genera  25,  species  200,  chiefly  tropical. 

Properties.  —  Generally  poisonous,  often  possessed  of  the  highest  degree  of  venom.  The 
pervading  poisonous  principle  is  ttryehnia,  especially  abundant  and  fatal  in  the  seeds  of  Stryeh- 
nos  Nux-voinica,  an  East  Indian  tree,  with  small,  greenish  flowers.  S.  toxifera,  of  Guiana  fur- 
.  Dishes  the  terrible  Woorali,  poison  for  arrows,  likewise  8.  cogens  of  Central  America,  S.  Ticute 
of  Java,  yields  the  celebrated  Upas.  The  species  of  Spigelia,  under  the  name  of  Pink-root,  aro 
used  as  a  vermifuge,  but  are  dangerous. 

Ob*.—  This  order  has  been  appended  to  Rubiaceas,  but  Its  free  ovary  is  a  decisive  mark  of  di^ 
•-tlaction,  although  otherwise  nearly  related. 


OBDER  85.— LOGANIACEJE.  515 

GENERA. 
5  Corolla  tubular,  lobes  5,  valvate  in  bud.    Seeds  -wingless,    (a) 

a  Styles  wholly  united  into  one.    Corolla  tube  long SPIOELIA.  1 

a  Styles  distinct,  with  the  stigmas  united.  Cor.  tubeshort....MmiEOLA,  2 
^  Corolla  campanula^,  lobes  4  or  5,  imbricate  in  bud.    (b) 

b  Flowers  4-parted.    Diffuse  herbs POLYPBEMUM.  8 

b  flowers  5-parted.    Twining  shrubs, GELSEMIL-M.  4 

1.  SPIGEVLIA.  L.     PINK-ROOT.     (To  Adrian  Spigclius,  Professor  of 
Anat.  and  Surg.  at  Padua,  1578 — 1625.)     Calyx  5-partcd,  segments 
linear-subulate ;  corolla  narrowly  funnel-form,  limb  5-cleft,  equal ;  sta- 
mens 5  ;  anthers  convergent ;  capsule    didymous,  2-celled,  few-seeded. 
— Herbaceous  or  suffrutescent.    Lvs.  opposite.    Stip.  small,  interpetiolar. 
Fls.  sessile,  in  terminal  spikes. 

S.  Marilandica  L.  Erect,  simple,  nearly  glabrous ;  st.  square ;  Ivs.  sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  or  acuminate,  margin  and  veins  scabrous-pilous ;  spikes  3 
to  8-flowered ;  cor.  tube  4  times  longer  than  the  cal. ;  anth.  exserted ;  lobes  of  tho 
cor.  lanceolate;  caps.. glabrous,  shorter  than  the  cal. — 1[  In  woods,  Pen n.  to  111., 
S.  to  Fla.  An  elegant  dark  green  herb,  a  foot  high.  Lvs.  3  to  4'  by  l£  to  2£', 
entire,  often  ovate-acuminate,  the  stipules  scarcely  perceptible.  Pis.  H  to  2'  long, 
somewhat  club-shaped,  scarlet  without,  yellow  within.  Sty.  exserted.  Jn. — 
A  celebrated  anthelmintic. 

2.  MITRE'OLA,  L.     (Lat,  mitrcola,  a  little  mitre ;  from  the  form  of 
the  capsule.)     Calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  tubular,  short,  5-cleft,  hairy  in 
the  throat,  lobes  valvate  in  bud ;  stamens  5,  on  the  corolla  tube,  in- 
cluded ;    ovary   2-celled,  styles  2,  united  at  the  top  with  one   stigma, 
separate  below,  as  well  as  the  2  horns  of  the   co-seeded  capsule. — Q 
Glabrous  herbs.    Stipules  minute.    Fls.  small,  white,  in  scorpoid  racemes, 
forming  a  terminal,  stalked  cyme. 

1  M.  petiolata  Torr.  &  Gr.     Erect,  branched ;    Ivs.  lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate, 
acute,  tapering  at  the  base  into  apetiole;  fls.  somewhat  distant  in  the  racemes.— A 
plant  of  singular  aspect,  in  damp  shades,  Ya.  to  Fla.  and  La.     St  1  to  2f  high, 
Lvs.  thin,  about  2'  long,  including  the  short  petiole.     Cymes  about  twice  trichoto- 
mous,  the  small  fls.  all  on  the  upper  side  of  the  racemes.     Capsules  mitre-form. 
Jn. — Sept.     (Ophiorhiza  Mitreola,  L.) 

2  M.   sessilifolia  Torr.  &  Gr.     Erect,  nearly  simple ;  Ivs.  broad-oval',  or  ovate,  ses- 
sile, acute,  much  shorter  than  the  internodes ;  fls.  contiguous  in,  the  racemes. — 
Damp  soil,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     More  slender  than  the-  other,  10  to  18'  high. 
Lvs.  thickish,  not  veiny,  6  to  8"  by  4  to  6".     Cymes  small,,  compact.     Fls.  about 
half  as   large  as  in  No.   1.     Jn. — Aug.      (Anonymus,,  Walt.)    /?.  angustifolia, 
Torr.  &  Gr.  has  lance-elliptical  leaves ;  at  Quincy,  Flzu. 

3.  POLYPREVMUM,  L.     (Gr.  rrokvg,  many,  -rrpepvov,.  stem ;  a  charac- 
teristic of  the  plant.)     Calyx  4-parted,,  segm.  subulate,,  membranous- 
margined  at  base  ;  cor.  broadly  campanulate,  4-parted,  Lobes  slighly  un- 
equal, obtuse ;  throat  bearded;  stam.  4,  adherent  to  the- corolla- tube, 
included,  anth.  globular  ;  stig»  entire,,  subsessile ;  caps,  ovoid,  2-celled,. 
2-ovuled,   loculicidal,   oo-seeded.: — CD   Herb   glabrous,   diffusely  much, 
branched  from  the  brr^e,  with  opposite,  linear-subulate  Ivs.  connected  at 
base  by  a  slight  stipular  membrane.     Fls.  sessile,  cymous,  small,  white.. 

P.  procumbena  L.  Dry  fields,  Ya  to>  Fla..  and  La.  Plant  forming  roundish, 
patches,  with  somewhat  the  aspect  of  Scleranthus,  its  numerous  stems  procum- 
bent or  ascending,.  6  to  12'  long.  Lvs..  hardly  1'  long,  rigid.  Cal.  persistent,  its, 
pointed  sepals  exceeding  the-  capsule.  Hay — Sept. — Bentham  refers  this.gen.ua 
to  Serophulariacese.  Torr.  &  Gr.,  hither. 

4.  GELSE'MIUM,  Juss,    YELLOW  JESSAMINE.     (Ital.  gelsemw,  the 


516  ORDER  86.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

common  name  of  the  Jessamine.)     Calyx  5-parted,  lobes  oblong  ;  cor- 
olla funnel-form,  with  5,  short,  rounded  lobes,  quincunncial    in   bud ; 
lilameiits  5,  on  the  corolla ;  ovary  smooth,  short-stiped  ;  style  filiform  ; 
btigmas  2,  each   2-parted,  and  with  the    anthers   dimorphous,  i.  e.,  in 
somo  plants  the  stamens  exceed  the  stigmas,  in  others  the  stigmas  ex- 
ceed the  stamens,  as  in  Houstonia;  capsule  twin,  compressed,  with  a  very 
narrow  dissepiment  (or  0  ?),  valves  each  2-cleft  at  top,  cells  few  (4  to  6)- 
seeded,  seeds  winged. — Shrub  slender,  smooth,  climbing,  with  evergreen 
Ivs.  and  large,  showy  yellow  fls.     Stip.  reduced  to  a  raised  rim. 
G.  sempervirens  Ait     Woods  and  banks  of  streams,  Ya.  to  Ala.  and  Fla.,  very 
abundant.     A  slender  vine,  twining  and  overrunning  bushes  and  low  trees,  and 
profusely  flowering.     Lvs.  coriaceous,  shining,  revolute  at  edge,  lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end,  short-petioled.     Cor.  tube  1'  long,  of  a  rich  golden  yellow.     In  one 
variety  the  stamens  equal  the  corolla  and  the  style  but  half  as  long ;  in  the  other 
vice  versa  (a  fact  first  pointed  out  to  the  author  by  Professor  Pond,  March,  1857). 
Fls.  in  Mar.— May. 

ORDER  LXXXVI.     SCROPHULARIACEJE.     FIGWORTS. 

Herbs  chiefly,  without  fragrance,  the  leaves  and  inflorescence  various.  Flowers 
irregular,  5-merous,  didynamous  or  diandrous  (rarely  pentandrous).  Calyx  free  from 
the  ovary,  persistent.  Corotta  monopetalous,  imbricated  in  bud.  Stamens  inserted 
in  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  1  or  3  of  them  usually  rudimentary.  Ovary  free,  2-celled, 
with  1  style,  a  2-lobed  stigma,  and  becoming  in  fruit  a  2-celled,  many-seeded  cap- 
sule, with  axilo  placentae.  Seeds  albuminous.  (Fig.  20-i,  326,  362,  399,  427,  463.) 

Genera  ISO,  species  1800,  abundant  in  every  part  of  the  world,  from  the  equator  to  the 
regions  of  perpetual  frost.  They  constitute  about  1-36  of  the  Phaenogamia  of  N.  America. 

Proper-tie*.— Generally  acrid,  bitter  and  deleterious  plants.  The  most  remarkable  officinal 
species  of  the  tribe  is  the  Foxglove  (Digitalis),  which  exercises  a  wonderful  control  over  the 
action  of  the  heart,  in  regulating  its  pulsations.  It  is  also  employed  in  cases  of  dropsy,  hemor- 
rhage, &c.  Taken  in  excess  it  speedily  causes  death.  The  Veronica  Virginica  (Culver's  Physic) 
and  Linaria  vnlgaris  (Toad-flax)  are  purgative  and  emetic.  Numerous  species  are  cultivated  for 
ornament.  Many  are  parasitic  and  turn  black  in  drying. 

SUBORDERS,    TRIBES   AND    GENERA. 
•f  Leaves  alternate  (in  one  garden  plant  mostly  opposite,  No.  C.)  (*) 

*  Inflorescence  compound,  centrifugal,    (Showy  garden  exotics.)  (Tribo  1.) 

*  Inflor.  simple,  centripetal.— Stamens  5.    Corolla  rotate.  (Tribe  3.) 

— Stam.  4.     Corolla  spurred  or  saccate  at  base.  (Tribe  4,  a) 
— Stam.  4.     Climbing  vines,  in  gardens.     (Tribe  4,  b) 
— Stam.  4  or  2.     Herbs  small,  creeping,  leaves  linear.  (Tribe  7) 
—Stam.  4  or  2.     Herbs  erect.     Cor.  not  galeate,  (Tribe  S) 
— Stam.  4.    Cor.  upper  lip  galeate,  vaulted.  (Tribe  12,  n) 
T  Leaves  opposite  (or  in  one  southern  species,  scattered  No.  29).  (2) 

2  Stamens  2,  included.     Corolla  2-lobed,  the  lower  inflated.  (Tribe  2) 

2  Stamens  2,  included.     Corolla  tubular,  labiate.  (Tribe  6,  f) 

2  Stamens  2,  exserted.     Corolla  rotate  or  salver-form.  (Tribe  9) 

2  Stamens  4,  perfect,  the  fifth  rudiment  about  as  large,  conspicuous.  (Tribe  5,  c) 

2  Stamens  4,  perfect,  the  fifth  rudiment  minute  or  none.  (3) 

3  Inflorescence  compound,  in  panicles  or  verticillasters.  (Tribe  5,  d) 
3  Inflorescence  simple. — Corolla  labiate,  not  galeate.  (Tribe  6,  e) 
—Corolla  labiate,  and  galeate.  (Tribe  12,  o) 
— Corolla  salver-form.    Anthers  1-celled.  (Tribe  10) 
—Corolla  bell  or  funnel-form,  «kc.     Anthers  2-celled.  (Tribe  11) 

I.  BALPIGLOSSIDE^E.    (Corolla  in  bud  plicate  at  the  clefts.     Inflorescence  centrifugal.) 

TRIBE  1.    SALPIG  LOSSES.— Stamens  2.    Corolla  deeply  cleft - .SCHIZANTHUS.  1 

—Stamens  4.    Corolla  salver-form,  tube  long BROWALLIA.  3 

II.  ANTIRRHINIDE^E.    (Corolla  in  bud  imbricate,  upper  lip  covering  the  lower). 

TRIBE  2.    CALCEOLARIEJB.    Inflorescence  compound.    Calyx  4-cleft CALCEOLARIA.  S 

TRIBE  3.    YERBASCEJS.    Inflorescence  simple,  centripetal.    Cor.  rotate VERUABCUM.  4 


ORDEB  86.—  SCROPHULARIACE^S.  517 

TRIBE  4.    ANTHHUIINE^E.—  a  Corolla  spurred  at  the  base  ........................  LIN  ARIA.  0 

—a  Corolla  saccate  at  the  base,  large  ............  ANTIRRHINUM.  6 

—  b  Corolla  gibbous  at  base,  large  .............  MAURANDIA.  7 

—  b  Corolla  equal  at  base,  large  ............  LOPIIOSPERMUM.  8 

TBIBE  5.    CIIELONEJE.—  c  Sterile  filament  a  scale.     Fls.  small,  lurid  ......  SOROPIIULARIA.  9 

—  C  Sterile  fil.  shorter  than  the  rest    Seeds  winged  .....  CIIKLONE.  10 

—  C  Sterile  fil.  equaling  the  rest   Sds.  wingless  .......  PENTSTEMON.  11 

—  d  Corolla  bilabiate.     Herbs  .....................  COLLINSIA.  12 

—  d  Corolla  tubular,  bell-form.    Tree  .............  PAWLONIA.  13 

TMBB  6.    GBATIOLB^E.—  e  Calyx  prismatic,  5-angled.    Corolla  long  ...........  MIMULUS.  14 

—  6  Calyx  5-parted,  equal.    (Lvs.  many-cleft)  ..........  COMOBEA.  15 

—  e  Calyx  5-parted,  unequal.    (Leaves  entire)  ........  HERPESTIS.  16 

—  f  Calyx  5-parted.    Sterile  fil.  short  or  0  ........  GRATIOLA.  17 

—  f  Calyx  5-parted.    Sterile  fil.  exserted  ........  ILYSANTIIUS.  13 

—f  Calyx  4-lobed.  Sterile  fil.  0.    Fls.  minute  .....  MICRANTII.  19 

HI.  PJIIff  ANTHIDE.2E.    (Corolla  in  bud  imbricate,  the  lower  or  lateral  lobes  exterior.) 

TRIBE  7,    SIBTUORPE.E.—  Stamens  2.    Corolla  4-cleft  ....................  AMPHIANTHUS.  20 

—Stamens  4.    Corolla  5-cleft  ..............  .  .........  LIMOSELLA.  21 

TRIBK  S.    DIGITAL.EJE.—  Stamens  2.    Calyx  4-parted.    Flowers  small  .........  S  YNTIIIRIS.  22 

—Stamens  4.    Calyx  5-parted.     Flowers  large  .........  DIGITALIS.  23 

TRIBE  9.    YERONICE  Ji.—  Stamens  divergent.    Upper  Ivs.  often  alternate  ......  VERONICA.  2-4 

TUIBK  10,    BUCHNEBE^E.—  -Stam.  approximate  by  pairs.    Upper  Ivs.  alternate..  BUCHNERA.  25 
TEIBE  11.    GERARDIE^:  —  Stamens  long-exserted.    Corolla  tubular  ......  MACRANTIIERA.  26 

—  Starn,  short.  —  Cor.  yellow,  tube  short  as  limb  ......  SEYMERIA.  27 

—Cor.  yellow,  tube  elongated  .........  DASYSTOMA.  2S 

—  Cor.  purple.    Lvs.  very  slender  ......  GERARDIA.  29 

TEXISB  12.    EUPHRASIE-K.  —  n  Anther-cells  unequal,  separated  ..............  -CASTILLEJA.  30 

—  n  Anther-cells  equal.  —  Calyx  10-ribbed  .........  SCIIWALBEA.  81 

—  Calyx  not  ribbed  .......  PKDICULARIS.  32 

—  o  Cal,  inflated.    Sds.  many,  winged  ........  EHINANTHUS.  33 

—  O  Cal.  not  infl.  —  Sds.  many,  wingless  .........  EITPHRASIA.  84 

—  Sds.  1  to  4,  oblong  ........  MELAMPYRUM.  35 


!.  SCHIZAN'THUS,  Ruiz  &  Pavon.  (Gr.  o^i'ft),  to  cut,  avOog  ;  the 
cor,  is  much  divided.)  Corolla  irregular,  the  upper  lip  5-cleft,  external 
in  aestivation,  lower  much  smaller,  3-parted  ;  filaments  4,  2  of  them 
sterile;  capsule  2-celled.  —  ©  from  Chili.  Lvs.  pinnatifid,  alternate. 
Cymes  supra  axillary, 

S.  pinnatus  Ruiz  &  Pavon.  Lvs.  1—  2-pinnately  cleft;  cor.  tube  shorter  than  the 
calyx,  middle  segment  of  the  posterior  lip,  2-lobed,  eucullate,  lateral  segment 
falcate-spatulate,  middle  segment  of  the  anterior  lip  emarginate,  lateral  4-lobed; 
eta.  exserted.  —  Plant  1  —  2f  high,  with  delicate  and  beautiful  flowers  in  clusters 
opposite  the  leaves.  CaL  and  ped.  viscid-pubescent.  Cor.  purple  and  yellow, 
with  a  dark  spot  in  the  midst  f 

2.  BROWAL'LIA,  L.     (Named  for  JBiskop  Browallius,  a  friend  of 
Linnaeus,  and  defender  of  his  system.)     Corolla  salver-form,  with  a  long 
tube,  and  oblique,  5-lobed  limb  ;  anthers  of  the  two  posterior  stamens 
halved,  sub-  1  -celled  ;  lobes  of  the  stigma  broad,  divaricate;  capsule 
membranous,  valves  bifid.  —  South  American  herbs,  with  alternate,  en- 
tire Ivs.  and  cyanic  fls. 

1  B.  dimfssa  L.   Lvs,  petiolate,  ovate  ;  lower  fls.  axillary,  upper  in  a  racemo  ; 
calyx  hairy.  —  St  1  to  2f  high,  with  spreading  branches.     Cor.  tube  slender,  6" 
long,  limb  blue  or  violet     f  Brazil,  &c.     (B.  elata  L.  is  the  same.) 

2  B.  grandiflora  Grah.      Upper  Ivs.  sessile,  subcordate;    fls.   loosely  ra- 
cemed  ;  caL  teeth   nearly  as  long  as  the  tube.  —  Cor.  limb  broader  than  m  the 
other,  pale  blue,     f  Peru. 

3.  CALCEOLARIA,  L.     (Lat  calceolus,  a  slipper;  alluding  to  the 
shape  of  the  corolla.)     Calyx  4-parted,   valvate  in  the  bud;  corolla 
slightly  adhering  to  the  calyx,  the  tube  very  short,  limb  2-lobed,  lobea 


518  OBDEB  86.— SCROPHULARIACEJ3. 

entire,  concave  or  spur-like,  the  lower  inflated,  and  in  tlio  bud  slightly 
covered  by  the  smaller  upper  lobe  ;  stam.  2,  lateral,  with  no  rudiments, 
capsules  ovoid-conical,  valves  bifid,  seeds  striate. — Herbs  rarely  shrubby, 
from  S.  America  and  N.  Zealand.  Lvs.  opposite  or  verticillate.  Fls. 
of  all  colors,  endlessly  variegated  in  cultivation,  very  curious. 

1  C.  Corymbosa  Ruiz  &  Pav.     Somewhat  shrubby,  erect ;  root  Ivs.  ovate, 
crenate-dentate,  cauline  few,  opposite,  ovate  or  oblong,  sessile;  corymb  loose;  cor. 
upper  lip  shorter  than  calyx,  lower  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  contracted  at  base, 
open  beyond  the  middle. — Yellow,     f  Chili. 

2  C.  angustifolia  Euiz  &  Pav.     Half-shrubby,  very  branching ;  Ivs.  often 
whorkd  in  3s,  lance-ovate,  acute,  sharply  serrate,  pubescent ;  panicle  oblong ;  cor. 
upper  lip  very  short,  lower  ovate,  acutish,  incurved-spreading,  with  a  long,  con- 
tracted, narrow  base,  open  beyond  the  middle. — Yellow,    f  S.  Am. — Mr.  Ben- 
tham  enumerates  114  species  of  Calceolaria,  many  of  which  have  found  their 
way  into  our  greenhouses.     We  must  omit  further  notice  of  them. 

4.  VERBASCUM,  L.     MULLEIN.     (Lat.   barba,  beard;  a  name  sig- 
nificant of  the  beard  with  which  the  plant  is  covered.)     Corolla  rotate, 
5-lobed,  unequal ;  stamens  5,  declinate,  all  perfect ;  capsule  ovoid-glo- 
bous,  2-valved. — <l)  rarely  2£  or  suffruticous.     Lvs.  alternate.     Fls.  in 
spikes  or  paniculate  racemes. 

1  V.  thapsus  L.     COMMON  MULLEIN.     Lvs.  decurrent,  densely  tomentous  on  loth 
sides;  roc.  spiked,  dense;  three  of  the   stamens  downy,  two  of  them  smooth. — 
The  tall,  dense,  club-shaped  spikes  of  the  common  mullein  are  very  conspicuous 
in  every  slovenly  field  and  by  all  roadsides,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Stem  erect,  3 — 5f 
high,  woolly,  its  angles  winged  by  the  decurrent  base  of  the  leaves,  generally 
simple,  occasionally  with  one  or  two  branches  above.   Flowers  rotate,  of  a  golden 
yellow,  nearly  sessile.     Jn. — Aug.     §  Eur. 

2  V.  Blattaria  L.     MOTH  MULLEIN*.     Lvs.  clasping,  oblong,  smooth,  serrate  ;  ped. 
1 -flowered,  solitary,  racemous.— (D  Grows  in  waste  grounds,  roadsides,  N.  Eng. 
to  Ind.  and  S.  States.     Stem  3f  high,  branching  above,  bearing  a  terminal,  leafy 
raceme  2 — 4'  long.    Lower  leaves  oblong,  obovate ;  upper  ones  cordate-ovate,  all 
coarsely  and  doubly  serrate.    Flowers  on  pedicels  near  an  inch  in  length.    Corolla 
yellow  or  white,  marked  with  brown   at  the  back.     Stamens  unequal,  purplish, 
the  filaments  all  hairy.     Jn.,  Jl.     §  Eur. 

3  V.  Lychnitis  L.     "WHITE  MULLEIN.     "Whitish  subtomentous ;  st.  and  panicu- 
late branches  angular ;  Ivs.  green  above,  crenate,  lower  petioled,  narrowed  to  the 
base,  upper  ones  sessile;  panicle  pyramidal,  fascicles  loosely  many-flowered;  caL. 
small,  with  lance-subulate  segments;    fil.  with  white  wool. — Sandy  fields  near 
Oneida  Lake,  S.  to  Ga,,  rare.     Leaves  very  canescent  beneath.     Flowers  pale 
yellow.     §  Eur.  • 

5.  LIRA'RIA,  Juss.     TOAD-FLAX.     (Lat.  linum,  flax;  from  the  re- 
resemblance  of  the  leaves  of  some  of  the  species.)     .Calyx  5-parted ; 
corolla  personate,  upper  lip  bifid,  reflexed,  lower  3-cleft ;  throat  closed 
by  the  prominent  palate  ;  tube  inflated,  with  a  spur  behind ;  capsule  2- 
celled,  bursting  at  the  summit. — Herbs.     Lower  Ivs.  generally  opposite, 
upper  alternate.     Fls.  solitary,  axillary,  often  forming  terminal,  leafy 
racemes. 

§  Prostrate,  with  hastate  leaves,  nnd  capsule  opening  by  2  lids No.  1 

§  Erect,  with  narrow  leaves.     Capsule  with  valves.— Wild  plants Nos.  2,  3 

—Cultivated Noa.  4,  5 

1  L.  Elatine  L.  Procumbent,  hairy ;  Ivs.  alternate,  hastate,  entire ;  ped.  soli- 
tary, very  long. — 0  Fields,  Can.  to  Car.  A  small,  creeping  species.  St.  1  to  2f 
in  length.  Lvs.  6  to  8"  by  3  to  4",  with  a  conspicuous  auricle  each  side  at  base. 
Cor.  yellow,  the  upper  lip  bright  purple  beneath,  on  long  stalks.  Cal.  hairy,  as 
well  as  the  whole  plant.  Jn. — Sept. 


ORDER  86.—  SCROPIIULARIACE^E. 

2  L.  Canadensis  Dumont.    Lvs.  scattered,  erect,  linear,  obtuse:  fls.  racemed 
st  simple  ;  scions  procumbent  ;  fls.  blue.—®  A  small  species  in  road-sides,  fields, 
Can.  and  U.  S.     St.  very  slender,  nearly  simple,  6  to  12'  high,  smooth,  rarnished 
with  small,  remote  Ivs.     A  few  leafy,  prostrate  or  ascending  shoots  are  given  off 
fronrtho  base  of  the  stem,  having  roundish,  opposite  or  whorled  Ivs.     Fls.  small, 
in  a  loose  raceme.     Throat  closed  by  the  light  blue  palate.     Spur  filiform,  as  long 
the  corolla,  but  in  the  very  slender  Southern  variety  much  shorter  or  0     Jn.  _ 
Sept 

3  L.  vulgaris  Mill.     COMMON  TOAD-FLAX.    Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  crowded  ;  spikes 
terminal,  fls.  dense,   imbricate;  cal.  smooth,  shorter  than  the  spur.  _  If  A  very 
showy  plant,  common  by  roadsides,  N.  Eng.  to  Ky.  and  Ga.    St.  erect,  smootkish, 
1  to  2f.  high,  very  leafy,  and  with  numerous  short,  leafy  branches.     Cor.  yel- 
low, with  a  long  spur,  mouth  closed  with  a  prominent  orange-  colored  palate. 
JL—  Aug<i    §Eur. 

/?.  PELORIA.     Cor.  regular  or  nearly  so,  ventricous,  with  5  spurs  and  5  stamens, 
or  with  3  spurs.  Poughkeepsie  (W.  S.  Gerard),  Chester  Co.,  Pa.  (Darliugton.) 

4  L.  triornith6phorum  Willd.     THREE-BIRDS.     Erect,  spreading,  smootfa 
and  glaucous  ;  Ivs.  all  vtrticillate  in  3s  or  4s,  broad-lanceolate,  acute  ;  fls.  interrupt- 
edly racemous,   generally  verticillate,  on  long  pedicels.  —  If  A  showy  plant,  2 
to  4f  huh,  remarkable  for  the  form  and  hue  of  the  corolla,  which  resembles  three 
little  birds  seated  in  the  spur,     -j-  Eur. 

5  L.  bipartita  "Willd.     Glabrous,  erect;  Ivs.  linear,  alternate;  pedicels  much. 
longer  than  the  cal.  ;  scp.  lance-linear,  acute,  membranous  at  the  margin  ;  cor. 
upper  lip  deeply  2-parted;  spur  slender,  arcuate.  —  A  beautiful  annual.     Cor.  8  to 
10"  long,  violet-blue,  palate  orange,     f  Barbary. 

6.  ANTIRRHINUM,  L.    SNAP-DRAGON.    (Gr.  avri,  like,  /5n>,  a  nose; 
from   a  fancied  resemblance.)     Calyx  5-scpaled;  corolla  gibbous  (not 
spurred)  at  base,  the  upper  lip  bifid,  reflexed,  lower  trifid,  closed  by  the 
prominent  palate;  caps,  valveless,   dehiscent  by  3   pores.  —  European 
kerbs  with  the  lower  Ivs.  opposite,  the  upper  alternate.     Inflorescence 
as  in  Linaria. 

1  A.  Ma  jus  L.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  opposite  ;  fls.  racemed  ;  sep.  glandular-hairy, 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  short.  —  If  An  elegant  and  popular  garden  flower,  1  or  2f  high. 
1'lowers  large,  pink-colored,  the  lower  lip  white  and  tho  mouth  yellow,  with  a 
gibbous  prominence  at  base  beneath.     There  are  varieties  with  scarlet,  scarlet 
and  white,  and  double  flowers,  f 

2  A.  Orontium,  /?.  GRANDIFLORTTM  Chav.  —  Glabrous  or  hairy  above,  spread- 
ing;   Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate;    fls.  remote,   subsessile,  upper  ones  subracemous; 
£0.1.  segments  equaling  the  corolla,   and  ovoid  and  very  oblique  capsule.  —  ®  A 
showy  garden  plant,  1  —  2f  high.     Cor.  G"  long,  rose-color  or  white,  with  purple 
spots  and  veins,  f 

7.  MAURAN'DIA,  Ort.     (Named  for  the  lady  of  Dr.  Maurandy  of 
Carthagena.)     Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla  tubular,  gibbous  at  base  ;  palate 
prominent  or  with  2  folds  ;  capsule    ovoid-globous,  base   oblique,  cells 
opening  by  many  valve-like  teeth.  —  11  Mexican  herbs,  with  long,  flex- 
uous  branches,  climbing  or  twining. 

1  M.  sempervireris  Ort.      Glabrous;   Ivs.  cordate-hastate,  angular;   ped. 
axillary,  l-flo\vered;  cal.  segm.  lanceolate,  glabrous.  —  An  evergreen  climber  with 
large,  pale,  violet-purple  fls.     Cor.  !£'  long,  the  throat  open,  f 

2  M.  Barklayana  LindL     Glabrous  except  the  cal.  ;  Ivs.  broadly  triangu- 
lar-cordate. or  hastate;  cal.  segm.  linear-lanceolate,   clothed  with  long,  glandular 
hairs.  —  A  beautiful  climber.     Corolla  purple,  oblique,  rather  larger  than  in  No.  1. 


8.  LOPHOSPER'MUM,  Don.  (Gr.  Ao^o^  a  crest,  oneppa,  seed; 
'from  the  character.)  Calyx  5-parted,  leafy  ;  corolla  tube  dilated  up- 
wards, throat  open,  between  2  hairy  lines  ;  capsule  globular,  subequal, 


520  ORDER  SG.— SCROPHULARIACEJ5. 

opening  irregularly  by  a  rift  below  the  apex. —  It  Mexican,  climbing  by 
their  petioles.     Lvs.  mostly  alternate.     Ped.  long,  flexuous,  axillary. 

1  L.  erubescens  Zucc.   Lvs.  triangular-cordate,  coarsely  dentate  or  angular- 
lobed,  pubescent ;  cal.  segm.  ovate,  hirsute ;  cor.  pubescent,  limb  at  length  wide- 
spread.— A.  hairy  climber,  with  soft,  rugous  Ivs.  2  to  4'  broad.     Cor.  of  a  rich  red, 
2£  to  3'  long,  with  an  ample  border. 

2  L.  scandena  Don.     Lvs.  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  coarsely  dentate,  mi- 
nutely puberulent;   cal.  segm.  ovate-lanceolato ;  cor.  glabrous,  limb  erect-spread- 
ing.— Less  hairy  and  with  smaller  flowers.     Fls.  scarlet. 

9.  SCROPHULA'RIA,  L.     FIGWORT.     (So  named  from  the  resem- 
blance of  the  roots  to  scrofulous  tumors.)     Calyx  in  5  acute  segments; 
corolla  subglobous,  limb  contracted,  sub-bilabiate,  lip  with  an  internal, 
intermediate  scale   (sterile  filament) ;  capsule  2-cellcd ;  valves  with  2 
inflated   margins. — Herbs   or  suffruticous,  often  foetid.     Lvs.  opposite. 
Cymes  in  simple  or  compound  terminal,  thyrsoid  panicles. 

S.  nodosa  L.  Glabrous;  st.  angled;  Ivs.  ovate,  ovate-oblong,  or  the  upper  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  serrate  or  subincised,  base  broadly  cordate  or  rounded  or  acutish ; 
thyrse  oblong,  leafless  or  scarcely  leafy  at  base ;  cymes  pedunculate,  loosely  many- 
flowered;  cal.  segments  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  slightly  margined;  sterile  anlh. 
a  roundish,  green  scale  on  the  corolla. —  If  In  woods  and  hedges,  Can.,  and  U.  S. 
Rare  in  N.  Eng.  Stem  4 — 6f  high,  with  paniculate,  opposite  branches  abovo. 
Leaves  3 — 7'  long,  smooth,  thin,  often  long-acuminate.  Fls.  ovoid,  3 — 4"  long. 
Limb  very  small,  of  a  dull  olive  color.  July — Oct.  (S.  Marilandica  L,  and  lance- 
olata  Ph.) 

10.  CHELO'NE,  L.     TURTLE-HEAD.     SNAKE-HEAD.     (Gr.  %ekuv7]r  a 
tortoise ;  from  the  appearance  of  the  flower.)     Calyx  deeply  5-parted, 
with '3  bracts  at  base ;  corolla  inflated,  bilabiate,  the  fifth  filament  abor- 
tive, smooth  above,  shorter  than  the  rest;  anthers  woolly  ;  caps,  valves 
entire  ;  seeds  broadly  membranaceous,  winged. —  U  with  opposite  Ivs., 
distinguished  from  Pentstemon  chiefly  by  the  seeds. 

1  C.  glabra  L.     Smooth ;  Ivs.  subssssile,  oblvng-Ianceolate,  acuminate,  serrate ;  fig. 
densely  spiked. — A  plant  of  brooks  and  wet  places  (Can.  and  U.  S.),  with  flowers 
shaped  much  like  the  head  of  a  snake,  the  mouth  open  and  tongue  extended. 
Stem  mostly  simple,  2f  high,  erect.     Lvs.  of  a  dark  and  shining  green  above,  with 
irregular  serratures,  sessile  or  nearly  so.     Fls.  large,  in  a  short,  terminal,  dense 
spike.     Cor.  white,  often  tinged  with  red,  inflated,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  with 
short,  gaping  lips.     Aug.,  Sept. 

/?.  PURPUREA.  Lvs.  distinctly  petiolate,  acuminate;  cor.  rose-purple. — This 
variety  prevails  in  the  Western  States.  It  is  larger  in  its  leaves  and  flowers. 
Petioles  £ — 1'  long.  Flowers  very  fine.  (C.  purpurea  Mill.  ?) 

2  C.  Lyoni  Ph.     Smooth ;  Ivs.  ovate,  acuminate,  petiolate,  serrate,  the  lower  cor- 
date; 11s.  in  a  dense  spike. — N.  Car.  to  Ga.,  along  the  Mts.     Stem  1 — 2f  high. 
Leaves  3 — 6'  long,  2 — 4'  wide,  veins  very  prominent  beneath.     Fls.  purple,  1'  in 
length,  similar  to  No.  1.     The  spike  as  in  that  species,  often  branches,  becoming 
somewhat  capitate.     Jl. — Sept. 

11.  PENTSTE'MON,  L.     BEARD-TONGUE.     (Gr.  irevre,  five,  <rr/y//ov, 
a  stamen ;  on  account  of  the  fifth  large  abortive  stamen.)    Calyx  deeply 
5-cleft ;  corolla  elongated,  often  ventricous,  lower  lip  3-lobed,  spreading ; 
the  fifth  filament  sterile,  bearded,  longer  than  the  rest  or  about  as  long ; 
anthers  smooth  ;  seeds  oo,  angular,  not  margined. —  2£  rarely  ^>,  of  N. 
America,  branching,  paniculate.     Lvs.  opposite.    Fls.  showy,  red,  violet, 
blue  or  white. 

*  Leaves  dissected.     Sterile  filament,  bearded  at  tbo  apex No.  1 

*  Leaves  undivided.— Sterile  filament  glabrous  or  nearly  so Nos.  2,  S,  9 

—Sterile  filament  bearded.— Lower  lip  bearded  inside Nos.  S,  1 

— Lower  lip  not  bearded Nos.  4,  5,  (5 


ORDER  86.— SCROPHULARIACE^E.  521 

1  P.  dissectus  Ell.     Minutely  puberulent;  Ivs.  pinnately  parted,  segm.  linear, 
entire  or  few-lobed;  panicle  loose,  with  long,  few-flowered  peduncles:  cor.  some- 
what  bell-shaped,  sterile  filament  bearded  at  the  apex. — In  Middle  Ga.     St.  near 
2f  high.     Leaf-segm.  distant,  rather  obtuse,  margins  re  volute.     Cor  9  to  10"  long, 
purple,  resembling  that  of  Gerardia,  but  curved.     Jn.,  Jl. — Blackens  in  drying. 

2  P.  grandiflorus  Eraser.     Erect,  glabrous  and  glaucous ;  radical  Ivs.  petiolate, 
obovate-oblong,  cauline  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular,  sessile  or  clasping,  att  entire; 
panicle  long,  slender  and  racemous,  interrupted ;  cor.  broadly  campanulate ;  ster- 
ile fil.  dilated  and  puberulent  at  apex. — 111.,  near  Prairie  du  Chien  (Riddell)  and 
westward.     St.  3f  high.     Fls.  1  to  3  together  in  the  upper  axils.     Cor.  15"  long, 
variously  shaded  with  blue  and  purple. 

3  P.  pubescens  Soland.     More  or  less  pubescent;  radical  Ivs.  ovate  or  oblong, 
petiolate,  cauline  lanceolate-oblong  or  lance-ovate,   serrulate,    sessile;    paniclo 
loose ;  cor.  tube  gradually  dilated,  lower  lip  plaited  and  bearded  inside,  upper  lip 
shorter ;  sterile  stam.  longitudinally  bearded. — River  banks,  bluffs,  hills  and  bar- 
rens, Can.  to  Fla.  (rare  in  N.  Eng.).    A  handsome  plant,  1  to  2f  high.    St.  round, 
smooth  below,  supporting  a  loose,  oppositely  branched  panicle  of  bluish-purple 
fls.     Cor.  1'  in  length;  the  barren  fil.  broadest  at  end.     Jn. 

/?.  L.EVIGATUS.     Nearly  or  quite  glabrous;  Ivs.  clasping;  sterile  fil.  shorter. 

4  P.  gracilis  Nutt     Glabrous;    radical  Ivs.  petiolate,  elliptic-oblong  or  lanco- 
oblong,  cauline  linear  lanceolate,  amplexical,  entire  or  remotely  serrulate ;  panicle 
pubescent,  slender;  ped.  erect;  cal.  segm.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate;  cor.  tube 
long  and  narrow,  scarcely  dilated  upwards,  smooth  inside ;  sterile  stam.  longitudi- 
nally bearded. — River  bottoms,  near  Chicago,  111.  (Mead),  also  Mo.  and  Can.  W. 
Plant  simple,  glaucous,  2f  high.     Ped.  3  to  7 -flowered.     Fls.  nodding,  9  to  10" 
long,  pale  blue.     Jn. 

5  P.  digitalis  Nutt     Glabrous;    radical  Ivs.  petiolate,  oval-elliptic  or  oblong, 
cauline  lanceolate,   amplexicaul,  serrate,  or  rarely  entire ;    panicle  loose ;  ped. 
erect,  spreading;    cor.  tube  abruptly   campanulate-dilated,   beardless,    upper  lip 
shorter  than  the  lower ;  sterile  sta.  longitudinally  bearded.    Rich  soils,  Ohio,  Ind. 
to  Ga.  and  La.    St.  about  3f  high.    Lvs.  4  to  6'  long,  often  dilated  at  base.    Fls. 
numerous.     Cor.  12  to  15"  long,  bluish-purple,  varying  to  white.     Jn.,  Jl. 

6  P.  campamilatus  "Willd.     Glabrous;  Ivs.  acutely  serrate,  lance-linear  or 
lance-ovate,  long-acuminate,  often  dilated  at  base ;  panicle  long,  loose  and  secund ; 
cor.  tube  ventricous  above,  lobes  subequal;  sterile  fil.  bearded. — A  very  variable  spe- 
cies, 2  to  3f  high,  with  largo  Cowers,  varying  from  light  purple  to  dark  red  or 
purple,     f  Mexico. 

7  P.  barbatus  Nutt     SCARLET  PENT.     Glabrous  and  glaucous;  Ivs.  entire, 
lower  oblong,  upper  lance-linear;  panicle  long  and  loose;  cor.  tube  long,  scarcely 
dilated  upwards ;  lower  lip  and  sterile  fil.  densely  bearded. — Height  2  to  4f.     Cor. 
scarlet,  13"  long,     f  Mexico. 

8  P.  speciostis  Doug.     Erect,  glabrous,  glaucous;    radical  Ivs.  petiolate, 
oblong-spatulate,  cauline  sessile,  lanceolate;  panicle  elongated,  slender,  virgate,  se- 
cund; cal.  segm.   ovate-oblong,  acuminate,   margin  membranous;  cor.  tube  en- 
larged upwards ;  sterile  fil.  filiform,  glabrous. — Height  3  to  4£     Fls.  !£'  long, 
blue,     f  Oregon. 

9  P.  gentianoides,  with  the  panicle  long,  leafy  at  base;  fls.  15  to  18"  long, 
violet,  scarlet,  &c.,  and  a  few  other  species  are  rarely  found  in  gardens. 

•  12.  COLLIN'SIA,  Nutt.     INNOCENCE.     (In  honor  of  Z.  Collins,  Esq., 

of  Philadelphia.)     Calyx  5-cleft ;  corolla  bilabiate,  orifice  closed,  upper 

lip  bifid,  lower  trifid,  with  the  middle  segment  carinately  saccate  and 

closed  over  the  declinate  style  and  stamens ;  capsule  ovoid  or  globous, 

with  2  membranous,  bifid  valves ;  seeds  large,  concavo-convex. — 0  With 

verticillate  or  opposite  Ivs.,  axillary  and  terminal  inflorescence. 

1  C.  verna  Nutt.    (Fig.  362.)    Minutely  puberulent ;  lowest  Ivs.  ovate  or  oblong, 

petiolate,  middle  and  upper  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  cordate-amplexicaul,  dentate, 

floral  ones  lance-linear,  entire ;  verticillasters  2  to  6-flowered ;  cor.  2  or  3  times 

shorter  than  the  pedicels,  twics  longer  than  the  calyx.— Banks  of  streams,  shaded  or 


522  OEDEB  86.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

open,  K  T.  near  Utica  (Gray)  to  111.  A  tender  herb  8  to  18'  high,  branched  from 
the  base.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  -i  to  1',  dilated  at  base.  Pedicels  1  to  !£'  long.  Cor. 
5"  long,  variegated  with  blue  and  white,  singular  and  pretty.  May^  Jn. 
2  C.  parvifldra  Dougl.  Lower  Ivs.  ovate,  petiolate,  upper  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
few-toothed,  the  floral  lanceolate,  entire ;  verticillasters  2  to  6-flowered  ;  cor.  littie 
shorter  than  the  pedicels,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. — Shores  of  Lake  Superior 
to  Or.  (Pitcher).  A  smaller  plant,  with  smaller,  blue  fls. 

3  C.  bicolor  Benth.     Lower  Ivs.  ovate,  petiolate,   upper  ovate-lanceolate, 
sessile,  crenate,  the  floral  entire,  lanceolate ;  verticillasters  G  to  \b-flowered;  pedi- 
cels shorter  than  the  hairy  calyx. — Taller  than  C.  verna,  2f  high,  with  larger, 
showy  fls.     Cor.  8  to  10"  long,  rose- violet,  upper  lip  white,     f  California. 

13.  PAULOW'NIA,  Siebold.    Calyx  deeply  5-cleft,  fleshy;  corolla  tube 
long,  declinatc,  enlarged  above,  limb  oblique,  with  rounded  segments; 
stamens  4,  arched  downwards,  with  no  rudiment  of  a  fifth  ;  capsule  lig- 
neous, acuminate,  valves  septiferous  in  the  middle ;  seeds  oo,  winged. 
— Tree,  native  of  Japan. 

P.  imperialis  Sieb. — A  splendid  tree,  in  parks,  with  the  habit  of  Catalpa, 
Branches  crooked,  nearly  horizontal.  Lvs.  7  to  12'  by  4  to  9',  opposite,  petiolate, 
broad-cordate,  above  entire  or  somewhat  trilobate,  villous-canescent  both  sides, 
smoothish  above  when  full  grown.  Panicles  very  large,  terminal,  many -flowered. 
Cor.  1£  to  2'  long,  between  violet  and  rose-color,  striped  and  spotted  within,  j- 

14.  MIM'ULUS,  L.     MONKEY  FLOWER.-   (Gr.  \LI\L&,  an  ape;  from 
the  resemblance  of  the  ringent  or  grinning  corolla.)     Calyx  tubular,  5- 
angled,  5-toothed;  corolla  ringent,  the  upper  lip  reflected  at  the  sides, 
palate  of  the  lower  lip  prominent;  capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded  ;  stig- 
ma thick,  bifid. — Herbs  prostrate  or  erect,  with  square  stems  and  oppo- 
site Ivs.     Ped.  axillary,  solitary,  1-flowered. 

§  Leaves  pinnate-veined.     Flowers  bine  (wild)  or  yellow  (cultivated) Nos.  1,2,  6 

§  Leaves  pal  mate- veiued .     Flowers  yellow  or  scarlet Nos.  3,  4,  5 

1  M.  ringens   L.     Lvs.   sessile,   smooth,    lanceolate,    acuminate;  ped.   axillary, 
longer  than  the  flowers. —  U  A  common  inhabitant  of  ditches  and  mud  soils,  Can- 
and  U.  S.,  with  large,  blue,  ringent  flowers.     Stem  erect,  square,  smooth,  about 
2f  high.     Leaves  sessile,  opposite,  serrate,  acute,  lanceolate.     Peduncles  about  as 
long  as  the  leaves,  square,  curved  upwards,  axillary  and  opposite.     Calyx  tubu- 
lar, 5-angled  and  5-toothed.     Corolla  pale  blue,  yellow  within.     JL,  Aug. 

2  M.  alatus.     Lvs.  petiolate,    smooth,  ovate,   acuminate ;  ped.  axillary,  shorter 
than  the  flowers ;  st.  winged  at  the  4  corners. —  1J.  In  N.  Y.  to  Ind.  (Plummer),  and 
S.  States.     This,  like  the  last  species,  inhabits  ditches  and  other  wet  places, 
and  grows  to  nearly  tha  same  height.      The  square  stem,  erect,  smooth,  and 
•winged  at  the  4  angles,  affords  an  adequate  distinction.     Leaves  stalked,  ovate. 
Flowers  ringent,  on  short  stalks,  light  purple.     Calyx  teeth  rounded,  mucrunate. 
Aug. 

3  M.  Jamdsii  Torr.     St.  decumbent,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints ;  Ivs.  subentire, 
roundish-reniform,  tho  lower  on  long  petioles,  5  to  7-veined  ;   ped.  about  as  long 
as  the  leaf;  cal.  ovate,  upper  tooth  largest ;  cor.  tufa  scarcely  exserfed. — Shores 
of  L.  Superior,  Min.,  Nebr.     Fls.  small,  yellow. 

4  M.  Ititeus  L.    Ascending  or  erect ;.  Ivs.  orbicular-ovato   or  oblong,  lower 
long-petiolate,  sublyrate,  upper  sessile  or  clasping,  many-veined ;  ped.  longer  than, 
the  Ivs. ;  cal.  tube  ovoid,  upper  tooth  largest ;  cor,  tube  broad,  twice  longer  than 
the  calyx. — *2J.  Fls.  yellow,  often  spotted  with  rose  or  purple,  large  and  very 
fihowy.     f  California. — Varies  greatly. 

5  M.  Cardinalis  Dougl.     Erect,  branched,  villous ;  Ivs.  ovate,  erose~dentate> 
narrowed  and  ampkxicaul  at  base,  many- veined ;  ped.  longer  than  the  Ivs. ;  caL 
tube  large,  inflated ;  cor.  lobes  reflexed. — %  St.  loosely  branched,  2  to  3f  high. 
Cor.  scarlet,  the  tube  hardly  longer  than  tho  calyx,  limb  large  and  brilliant 
f  California. 


;  OEDER  86.—  SCROPHULAKIACEJE.  52b 

6  M.  moschatus  Doug.  MUSK  PLANT.  Decumbent,  hairy  and  viscid,  Ivs. 
ovate,  acute,  dentate,  feather-veined  ;  ped.  about  as  long  as  the  leaf;  cal.  teeth 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  unequal.  —  1\.  Herb  rooting  at  the  joiats,  a  foot  long.  Cor. 
tube  exceeding  the  calyx,  yellow.  The  plant  exhales  the  odor  of  musk. 
f  Oregon. 

15.  CONO'BEA,  Aublct.  Calyx  5-parted,  equal  ;  upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  2-lobed,  lower  lip  3-parted  ;  fertile  sta.  4  ;  anth.  approximating 
by  pairs,  cells  parallel  ;  caps,  globous,  ovoid,  valves  breaking  away 
from  the  placentiferous  dissepiment  ;  seeds  oo,  ovoid.  —  American 
branching  herbs,  with  opposite  Ivs.  Ped.  axillary,  solitary  or  in  pairs, 
1-flowered,  2  bracteoles  near  apex. 

C.  multifida  Benth.  Low,  diffusely  branched,  puberulent;  Ivs.  petiolate,  pin- 
nately  dissected  ;  segments  linear  Or  cuneate,  lobed  or  entire,  obtuse  ;  cor.  lobes 
entire  ;  caps,  ovoid,  valves  at  length  2  -parted.  —  (1)  Sandy  banks  of  rivers,  com- 
mon, Ohio  to  La.  A  plant  4  —  G'  high,  with  finely  divided  leaves,  and  of  a  gray- 
ish aspect.  Leaves  1  long,  in  5  or  7  segments,  the  petiole  as  long  as  the  flowers. 
Corolla  greenish,  hardly  exceeding  the  calyx.  Capsule  1J"  long.  Jl.  (Cap- 
raria,  MX.) 


16.  HERPES'TIS,  Gaert.  (Gr.  ipmjVTrfc,  a  creeper.)  Calyx  5-parted, 
unequal  ;  cor.  subbilabiate,  upper  lip  emarginate  or  2-lobed,  lower  3- 
lobed  5  sta.  4,  didynamous,  parallel  ;  caps.  2-furrowed,  2-celled,  valves 
parallel  with  the  dissepiment,  the  margins  inflexed  ;  seeds  oo,  small.  — 
Obscure  weeds  with  opposite  Ivs.  Ped.  1-flowered,  axillary,  or  subrace- 
mous,  often  with  2  bracteoles  near  the  calyx. 


Flowers  yellow,  corolla  4-cleft,  upper  segment  (lip)  entire.    Plant  erect No.  1 

Flowers  blue. — Corolla  4-cleft,  tipper  segment  (lip)  emarginate Nos.  2,  3 

— Corolla  5-cleft,  lobes  nearly  equal.     Leaves  crenate No.  4 


1  H.  nigrescens  Benth.     Tall ;  Ivs.  oblong,  crenate-serrate,  cuneate  at  base,  ob- 
tuse or  acute ;  ped.  bractless,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  leaves  •  the  posterior 
lobe  of  the  calyx  oblong-obtusish. — %  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     "Wet.     Plant  1  to  2f 
Ligh,  often  branched.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  thick,  obscurely  feather-veined,  the  up- 
per shorter  than  the  (I/)  pedicels.     Cor.  yellow,  rather  longer  (5")  than  the  calyx 
(4").     Aug.,  Sept.     (Gratiola  acuminata  Walt.) — Blackens  in  drying. 

2  H.  rotundifolia  Ph.     St.  mostly  glabrous,  creeping ;  Ivs.  orbicular-obovate,  en- 
tire, glabrous,  many- veined ;  pedicels  ebracteate,  1 — 3-together,  2  or  3  times  longer 
tiian  the  calyx;  lower  cal.  seg.  ovate;  cor.  £  longer  than  the  calyx. — If  A  prostrate 
mud  plant,  in  ponds,  111.  (Mead)  to  La.  (Hale.)     Stem  If  in  length.    Leaves  6 — 
12"  diam.,  about  9-veined,  sessile.     Peduncles  thick,  half  as  long  as  the  leaves. 
Calyx  2 — 3"  in  length.     Flowers  blue.     Aug. 

3  H.  amplexicaftlis  Ph.     St.  floating,  woolly;  Ivs.  arnplexicaul,  ovate,  obtuse, 
entire,  many- veined,  glabrous  above;  ped.  solitary,  shorter-  than  the  calyx;  caL 
lower  segm.  cordate;  cor.  -J- longer  than  the  calyx;  hypogynous  disk  long,  10- 
toothed  at  apex. — Swamps  and  ditches,   N.  J.  to  La.  (Hale.)     A  few  inches  in 
length,  with  leaves  6  to  8"  long.     Pis.  nearly  5"  long.     Sty.  dilated  at  the  end, 
Aug. 

4  H.  Monnidra  Hximboldt.     Glabrous,  fleshy,  prostrate;  Ivs.  cuneate-obovate, 
obscurely  crenate  or  entire,  1  to  3-veined ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  Ivs. ;  cal.  sub- 
tended by  2  linear  bractlets,  its  3  outer  segm.  ovate.— "4-  An  obscure  weed,  on 
inundated  banks,  Perm,  to  Ga.  and  La.     Lvs.  6  to  8"  long,  obscurely  veined,  ses- 
sile, or  the  lower  contracted  to  a  short  petiole.     Fls.  few,  cor.  spreading  3  to  4", 
pale  blue,  on  ped.  6  to  12"  long.     Aug.     (H.  cuneifolia  Ph.) 

17.  GRATTOLA,  HEDGE  HYSSOP.  (Lat.  gratia,  favor;  alluding  to 
its  medicinal  virtues.)  Calyx  5-parted,  subequal ;  cor.  upper  lip  entire 
or  slightly  bifid,  lower  trifid,  the  palate  not  prominent ;  sta.  2,  fertile, 
mostly  with  3  sterile  filaments ;  caps.  2-celled,  4-vaived,  valves  inflexed 


524  OEDEB  86.— SCROPHTJLARIACEJEL 

at  margin. — Herbs  with  opposite  Ivs.     Ped.  axillary,  1-fiowered,  usu- 
ally bibracteolate  near  the  calyx. 

§  Flowers  sessile.     Cells  of  anthers  vertical.     Plants  rigid,  Jbristly-hairy Xos.  7,  8 

§  Flowers  pedunculate.     Anther  cells  transverse.     Plants  smooth  or  viscid  (a). 

a  Sterile  filaments  none,  or  very  minute  and  pointed Nos.  1 — 3 

a  Sterile  filaments  thread-like,  tipped  with  a  small  head Nos.  4— fi 

1  G.  Virginiana  L.     St.  ascending,  branched ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  sparingly  toothed  *} 
ped.  as  long  or  longer  than  the  leaves ;  cor.  twice  longer  than  the  calyx;  sterile fiL 
none. — U  U.  S.  and  Can.     Stem  4 — 8'  high,  more  or  less  pubescent,  round,  de- 
clining, and  branching  at  base.     Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  and  ^  as  wide,  smooth,  lan- 
ceolate, sessile,  dentate  or  nearly  entire  near  the  ends,  subconnate  or  amplexicauL 
Cor.  white  or  pale-yellow,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx  or  the  2  bracts.     JL 

2  G.  Floridana  Nutt.     St.  erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  few-toothed ;  ped. 
longer  than  the  leaves ;  cor.  4  times  longer  than  the  calyx ;  sterile  fiL  none  ? — (§) 
Dry  soils,  fields,  &c.,  Ala.  and  Fla,     Plant  6  to  9'  high,  with  the  appearance  of  G. 
Yirginiana,  but  smaller  Ivs.  and  larger  fls.     Lvs.  hardly  1'  long.     Ped  1'  to  18" 
long.     Bractlets  scarcely  as  long  as  sepals.     Cor.  7"  long,  tube  yellow  within, 
limb  rose  color. 

3  G.  sphasrocarpa  Ell.     Glabrous,  ascending,  branched ;  Ivs.  lanceolate-ovate-, 
attenuate  to  the  base,  sparingly  toothed  ;  ped.  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. — Low 
grounds,  Western  States  to  Ga.     Plant  a  few  inches  high,  differing  from  the  last 
chiefly  in  the  short  peduncles,  round  capsules,  broader  leaves,  &c.    Flowers 
whitish,  5 — 6"  long.     Jn.     (G.  Caroliniensis  Le  Conte.) 

4  G.  aurea  Muhl.     Smooth;    Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,   subentire,  clasping;  ped.  as 
long  as,  or  longer  than  the  leaves ;  cor.  yellow  ;  sterile  fil.  2,  short. — A  small, 
perennial  herb,  6  to  8'  high,  in  muddy  places,  Mass,  to  Fla.     St.  declining  and 
rooting  at  the  base,  quadrangular,  simple  or  branching.     Lvs.  sessile,   a  little- 
clasping,  smooth,  punctate,  acute  or  nearly  so,  oftep  with  a  few  teeth  near  tho 
end.     Fls.  golden  yellow,  axillary,  alternate,  on  slender  stalks.     Fil.  4,  adhering- 
to  the  corolla,  2  of  them  minute,  sterile.     Aug. 

5  G.  viscosa  Schwein.     Yiscid-pubescent,  ascending ;  Ivs.  lance-ovate  or  oblong, 
clasping,  acute,  3-veined,  acutely  serrate;  ped.  longer  than  the  leaves;  bractlets 
(2)  and  sepals  (5)  twice  shorter  than  the  (white)  corolla  tube,  twice  longer  than 
capsule. — 11  Wet  places,  N.  Car.,  Ky.,  to  Fla.  and  La.     St.  simple,  obtusely 
angled,  9  to  12'  long.     Lvs.  6  to  9"  long,  teeth  slender.     Ped.   1'.     Cor.  white, 
tube  yellow  within.     (G.  Drummondii  Benth.) 

ft.  DRUMMONDII.     Sepals  and  bractlets  subulate,  thrice  longer  than  the  capsule. 
—La.  (Hale.) 

6  G.  ramosa  Walt.     Glabrous  or  viscid-puberulent ;  st.  ascending  from  a  pros- 
trate base,  terete ;  Ivs.  linear-acute,  with  few  teeth  near  the  summit ;  bractkts  min- 
ute or  none  ;  sepals  linear ;  sterile  fil.  filiform. —  If  Muddy  shores,  S.  Car.  to  Fla. 
Sts.  simple  or  branched  from  the  creeping  base.     Lvs.  6  to  9''  long,  1  to  2"  wide, 
with  2  or  4  teeth.     Ped.  nearly  equaling  the  leaves.     Cor.  white,  yellow  within. 
May — Jl.     (G.  quadridentata  MX.) 

7  G.  pilosa  MX.     Erect,  hispid ;  Ivs.  ovate,  few-toothed,  clasping,  rugous ;  cor- 
tube  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. — Tj-  Car.    to  Fla.  and  La,   in  wet  places. 
Plant  If  high,  rough  with  stiff,  white  hairs.     Lvs.  6  to  8"  long,  3  to  5''  broad, 
irregularly  3-veined.     Fls.  sessile,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  white.     Jl. — Sept 

8  G.  subulata  Baldw.     Erect,  hispid ;  Ivs.  linear  or  lance- linear,  margins  revo- 
lute,  entire ;  cor.  tube  slender,  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx. — 11-  Damp  sandy  places, 
Ga.  (Feay,  Pond),  Fla.  (Mettauer,  Chapman,  &c.)    Plant  generally  much  branched, 
5  to  8'  high.     Lvs.  5  to  8"  long,  rigid,  distant,  or  often  densely  imbricated. 
Cor.  tube  4 '  long,  persistent  and  recurved  after  flowering.     Sept.,  Oct. 

18.  ILYSANTHES,  Raff.  (Gr.  Uv?,  mud,  dvBog,  flower.)  Calyx  5- 
parted  ;  cor.  upper  lip  short,  erect,  bifid,  lower  lip  larger,  spreading,  trifid ; 
sta.  2  fertile  ;  2  sterile  fil.  forked,  one  of  the  divisions  glandular,  obtuse, 
the  other  acute,  or  rarely  with  half  an  anther ;  caps,  ovate  or  oblong, 
about  equaling  the  calyx. — With  opposite  Ivs.,  and  axillary,  1-flowered 
ped.,  resembling  Gratiola  in  habit.  (Lindernia,  L.) 


ORDER  86.—  SCROPHULARIACE^E.  525 

1  I.  gratioloides  Benth.     Glabrous,  ascending,   much  branched;   Ivs.  ovate  or 
oblong,  obtusish,  subdentate,  lower  attenuated  to  a  petiole  ;    cor.  erect,  twico 
longer  than  the  calyx,  on  bractless  peduncles  ;  sterile  fil.  bearing  the  glabrous, 
acute  lobe  below  the  middle.  —  Q)  Can.  and  U.  S.  in  wet  places.     A  low,  incon- 
spicuous plant,  3  —  6  or  8'  high.     Leaves  5  —  8"  long,  sometimes  mostly  sessile, 
commonly  the  lower  distinctly  petiolate.    Corolla  bluish-white,  much  exserted,  5" 
long.    JL,  Aug.  —  (L.  dilatata  and  attenuata  MuhL) 

2  I.  refracta  Benth.     Slender,  smooth,  erect  ;  mostly  subradical,  oval-oblong  and 
spatulate,  cauline  few,  small  and  remote,  lance-linear  ;  ped.   filiform,  subterminal, 
few,  deflected  after  flowering  ;  cor.  tube  4  times  longer  than  the  linear  sepals.  —  11 
Damp  pine-  woods,  K  Car.  to  Ga.     (Mettauer,  near  Macon).     St.  6  to  10'  high, 
sparingly  branched.     Lower  Ivs.  7  to  9"  long,  cauline  1  to  5".     Ms.  5"  long, 
light  blue.     Jn. 

3  I.  grandiflora  Benth.    .Smooth,  creeping,  diffuse;  Ivs.  thick,  orbicular,  entire, 
subclasping,  veinless  ;    ped.  very  hairy  ;  sterile  fil.  2  ;  partly  exserted,  lobe-bear- 
ing in  the  middle,  thickened  at  the  end.  —  1£  Ga.  (between  Savannah  and  Au- 
gusta, Nutt.)  in  sandy  swamps.     Lvs.  3  to  4"  diam.     Fed.  1'  long,  cor.  6'',  violet 
blue. 

19.  MICRANTHEMUM,  Rich.  (Gr.  pucpdg,  small,  dvOos,  flower  ;  such 
is  its  character.)  Calyx  4  -toothed  or  cleft  ;  corolla  upper  lip  shorter, 
entire,  lower  trifid  ;  stamens  2  fertile,  a  glandular  scale  at  the  base  of 
each,  sterile  filament  none  ;  style  short,  apex  clavate  or  spatulate,  en- 
tire ;  capsule  2-valved.  —  ©  Slender,  glabrous,  creeping,  with  opposite 
Ivs.  and  minute  flowers. 

§  Calyx  deeply  cleft,  segments  longer  than  the  unequal  corolla  lips  ......................  No.  1 

§  Calyx  merely  toothed",  segments  shorter  than  the  very  unequal  corolla  lips  ............  No.  2 

1  M  orbiculatum  MX.     Lvs.  orbicular  or  roundish-obovate,  obscurely  3-veined, 
entire,  contracted  to  a  very  short  petiole;  fls.  solitary,  axillary,  much  shorter  than 
the  leaves  and  on  pedicels  shorter  than  the  calyx.  —  N.  Car.  to  Ma.  and  La.,  com- 
mon, in  mud  or  shallow  water.     Sta  diffuse,  fiiform.     Lvs.  often  crowded,  2  to  4" 
long,  2  to  3"  wide.     Ms.  globular,  less  than  1"  long,  white.     All  summer.     (M. 
emarginatum  Ell.) 

2  M.  micrantha.     Los.  roundish,  ovate,  crowded,  sessile,  obscurely  3-veined;  fls. 
sessile,  axillary,  very  minute.  —  Inundated  banks  of  rivers,  Delaware  to  the  Ogee- 
chee,  probably  not  common.     Plant  a  few  inches  long,  branched.     Ms.  white,  tho 
middle  segm.  of  the  lower  lip  largest  and  spreading.      Sept.,   Oct.     (Herpestis 
micrantha  Ell.     Hemianlhus  micranthemoides  Nutt.) 


20.  AMPHIANTHUS,  Torr.     (Gr.  <fy*0&>,  both  or  twain,  &vBos  ;  allu. 
ding  to  its  two-fold  inflorescence.)     Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla  small,  fun- 
nel form,  limb  4-lobed,  lower  lobe  larger,  stamens  2,  included  ;  anthers 
2-celled  ;  style  lightly  bifid,  lobes  acute  ;  capsule  obcordate,  compressed, 
valves  septiferous  in  the    middle  ;  seeds  numerous.  —  (p  Acaulescent, 
minute,  with  fls.  both  sessile  and  on  scapes. 

A.  pusillus  Torr.  On  wet  rocks,  Newton  Co.,  Ga.  (Leavemvorth).  A  minute 
herb,  with  the  Ivs.  nearly  radical,  linear,  obtuse,  entire,  1  to  2"  long.  Ms.  white, 
hardly  1"  long,  some  sessile  among  the  leaves,  others  on  simple,  filiform  pedun- 
cles  1'  long.  Mar.,  Apr. 

21.  LIMOSEL'LA,  L.     MUDWORT.     (Lat.  limus,  mud  ;  its  locality.) 
Calyx  5-cleft  ;  corolla  shortly  campanulate,  5-cleft,  equal  ;  stamens  ap- 
proximating in  pairs;  capsule  partly  2-celled,  2  -valved,  many-seeded.  — 
Minute  aquatic  herbs.     Scape  1  -flowered. 

L.  tenuifolia  Nutt.  Acaulescent;  Ivs.  linear,  scarcely  distinct  from  the  petiole; 
scape  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  cor.  segments  oval-oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx.— 
CD  B.  L,  Mass.,  N.  Y.,  Penn.  A  minute  plant,  an  inch  in  height,  growing  on 
the  muddy  banks  of  rivers.  Leaves  and  flower-stalks  radical.  Mowers  very 
small,  blue  and  white.  Aug. 


526  OEDEB  86.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

22.  SYNTHHTRIS,  Benth.     (Gr.  ovv,  together,  Ovpig,   a  door;    sc. 
valves  closed.)     Calyx  4-parted ;  corolla  subcampanulate,  segments  4, 
erect-speading  or  0  ;  stamens   2,  inserted  into  the  tube  of  the  corolla, 
exserted ;  anther  cells  parallel,  distinct ;  capsule  compressed,  obtuse  or 
emarginate,  loculicidal,  seeds  plano-convex. —  2£   N.  American,  with  a 
thick  root.     Radical  Ivs.  petiolate,  caulirie  bract- like,  on  the  scape-like 
stem,  alternate.     Fls.  racemed  or  spicate. 

S.  Houghtoniana  Benth.  Hirsute,  radical  Ivs.  ovate,  subcordate  at  base,  crenu- 
late,  obtuse ;  scape  erect,  clothed  with  foliaceous  bracts,  dense-flowered  above ; 
cor.  as  long  as  the  calyx,  upper  segment  longer  than  the  other  very  short  ones. — 
Dry  hills,  Wis.  (Lapham).  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  1J  to  2',  on  petioles  about  an  inch 
loug,  some  of  the  leaves  often  suborbicular.  Bracts  much  smaller,  ovate  and 
ovate-lanceolate,  clasping.  Scapo  9  to  12'  high.  Spiko  elongated  in  fruit. 

23.  DIGITALIS,  L.     FOX-GLOVE.      (Lat.  digitabulum,  a  thimble.) 
Calyx  5-parted  ;    corolla  campanulate,  ventricous,  upper  lip  rcflexed, 
spreading,  middle  segment  of  the  lower  lip  broadest ;  capsule  ovate,  2- 
cclled,  2-valved,  with  a  double  dissepiment. — Herbs  or  shrubs  of  Europe 
and  Asia.      Lower  Ivs.   crowded,  petiolate,  upper  alternate.     Fls.  in 
showy  racemes.     Poisonous  and  medicinal. 

§  Corolla  tnbo  subglobons,  scarcely  longer  than  the  lower  lip Xos.  1,  2,  7 

§  Corolla  tube  campanukite,  \  wico  longer  than  the  lower  lip Nos.  3,  4,  G 

§  Corolla  tube  subcylindric,  twice  longer  tbuu  thw  lower  lip JNo.  5 

1  D.  orientalis  Lam.     St.  and  lance-linear  Ivs.  glabrous ;  spike  interrupted, 
glanuular-villous  •  pedicels  very  short ;  cal.  segments  ovate-lanceolate,  acute ;  cor. 
pubescent,  lower  segments  oblong,  obtuse. —  If  By  thin  ia.      Height  3f.     Corolla 
purplish,  spotted. 

2  D.  ferruginea.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate, very  smooth  ;  rac.  many-flowered;  cat. 
segments  ovql- elliptical,  obtuse;  cor.  limb  subglobous,  woolly,  lower  segment  ovate. 
—  i|  in  Greece,  Armenia  and  Circassia.     Corolla  rust-colored,  16"  long,  lower  lip 
longest,  densely  bearded,  f 

3  D.  purpurea  L.  Lvs.  oblong,  rugous,  petiolate,  crenate;  cal.  segm.  ovate  ob- 
long ;  cor.  obtuse,  upper  lip  entire ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  calyx.—®  Plant  2  to  3f 
high,  with  large,  rough,   downy  Ivs.      Fls.   numerous,  in  a  long,   simple  spike, 
large,  crimson,  often  white,  with  eye-like  spots  within.     Jl.  \  f  Eur. 

4  D.  graiidiflora  Allioni.     Lvs.  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  veiny,  serrulate, 
ampkxicaul ;  rac.  tomentous,  lax  ;   cal.  segments  lanceolate,  acute ;  cor.  ventricous- 
campanulate,  segments  broader  than  long,  lowest  twice  broader  than  the  lateral. 
If  in  Europe.     Plant  2 — 3f  high.     Flowers  !£'  long,  yellow,  varying  to  brown- 
ish or  orange,  f 

5  D.  hitea   L.     Very  smooth ;  Ivs.  oblong  or  lanceolate,  denticulate ;  rac. 
eecui id,  many-flowered ;  cal.  segments  lanceolate,  acute;  cor.  glabrous,  tube  sub- 
ventricous,  lower  segment  half  as  long  again  as  the  rest. — TJ.  Europe.     Stem 
3f  high.     Flowers  8 — 10"  long,  yellow,  varying  to  white,  f 

6  D.  Thapsi,  with  mullein-like  Ivs.  all  radical  and  flat  on  the  ground. 

7  D.  leucophsea,  with  very  largo,  dense,  leafy  racemes  of  dusky  white  fls.f 
and  a  few  other  species  may  bo  found  in  gardens.     There  are  also  many  hybrids, 
difficult  of  course,  to  determine. 

24.  VERON'ICA,  L.    SPEEDWELL.  (Perhaps  namea  for  St.  Veronica?) 
Calyx  4-parted  ;  corolla  subrotate,  deeply  4-cleft,  lower  segments  mostly 
narrow;  stamens  2,  inserted  into  the  tube,. exserted ;  sterjlc  fil.  0  ;  cap- 
sule   compressed,    2-sulcate,    often    obcordate,    2-celled,    few-seeded. — 
Herbs  or  shrubs  (the  following  species  herbs).     Lvs.  opposite.     Fls.  sol- 
itary, axillary  or  in  racjcmes,  blue,  flesh-colored  or  white. 

Tall,  erect  (IS'  to  4f ).     Fls.  In  dense,  terminal  spikes.     Corolla  tube  elon-atecl Nos.  1, 13 

Low,  weak  (8  to  12').    Leaves  opposite  (at  base).     Corolla  tube  very  short,    (a) 


ORDER  80.— SCROPHULARIACE^E.  527 

a  Racemes  opposite,  axillary.    Capsule  roundish,  emarjsrinate Nos.  2,  8 

a  Racemes  alternate,  axillary.     Capsule  not  rounded,  very  flat Nos.  4,  5 

a  Racemes  terminal,  or  the  flowers  axillary  and  not  racemed.     (b) 

b  Floral  leaves  like  the  rest,  not  longer  than  the  recurved  peduncles Nos.  6 — 3 

b  Floral  leaves  bractlike,  longer  than  the  erect  peduncles,     (c) 

C  Perennial.     Peduncles  equaling  or  exceeding  the  calyx Nos.  9,  10,  14 

C  Annual.     Peduncles  shorter  than  the  calyx  or  none Nos.  11,  12 

1.  V.  Virginica  L.  CULVER'S  PHYSIC.  Erect,  tall,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  verticillate  in 
45,  55,  or  6s,  lance-ovate  to  lance-linear;  spikes  mostly  several,  paniculate. — If 
Woods,  thickets  and  barrens,  Can.  to  Ga.,  "W.  to  Iowa.  A  conspicuous  plant  • 
arising  2 — 5f.  Stem  simple,  straight,  smooth,  with  whorls  of  acuminate,  finely 
serrate  leaves  -which  are  subpetiolate  and  glaucous  beneath.  Mowers  numerous, 
nearly  sessile,  in  spikes  3  to  10'  long.  Corolla  white,  tubular,  pubescent  inside. 
Stamens  and  style  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Jl.  (Leptandra  Virginica 
Nutt.) 

2  V.  Anagallis  L.     Glabrous  erect ;  Ivs.  sessile,  clasping  and  subcordate,  lanceolate, 
acutish,  entire  or  serrulate ;  rac.  in  opposite  axils ;  caps,  orbicular,  slightly  notched. 
— If  A  smooth,  fleshy  plant,  frequenting  the  borders  of  brooks  and  pools,  Can. 
and  TL   S.      Stem  about  If  high.      Leaves  2 — 3'  by  5 — 7".      Racemes  (some- 
times but  1  ^t  a  node)  longer  than  the  leaves,  loose,  pedicels  (2 — 3")  scarcely 
longer  than  the  bracts.     Flowers  bluish-purple,  small.     Jn.,  Jl. 

3  V.  Americana  Schwenitz.     BBOOKLIME.     Glabrous,  decumbent  at  base,  erect, 
above ;  Ivs.  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  obtusish ;  serrate,  petiolate,  abrupt  at 
base ;  rac.  opposite,  loose;  caps,  roundish,  turgid,  emarginate. —  if  In  brooks  and 
clear  waters,   Can.  and  U.   S.      Plant  rather  fleshy,  very  smooth,  12 — 18'  long, 
more  or  less  decumbent  and  rooting  at  base.     Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  petioles  mar- 
gined.    Racemes  longer  than  the  leaves.     Pedicels  (3 — 5")  twice  longer  than  tho 
bracts.     Flowers  blue  or  bluish-purple.     Jn.,  Jl. — (V.  Beccabunga  Am.  authors.) 

4  V.  Bcutellaria  L.    SKULL-CAP.    SPEEDWELL.    Glabrous,  ascending,  weak ;  Ivs. 
linear  or  lance-linear,  sessile,  acute,  remotely  denticulate ;  rac.  in  alternate  axils 
very  loose ;  pedicels  divaricate ;  capsule  flat,  broader  than  long,  cordate  at  both 
ends. — if  Slender  and  weak,  in  gwampa  and  marshes,  N.  Eng.  and  "W.  States,  and 
Brit.  Am.,  common.     St.  10  to  16'  high.     Lvs.  (2  to  3'  by  2  to  3")  much  longer 
than  the  internodes.     Ped.  and  pedicels  filiform,   tho  latter  (6  to  9")  six  times 
longer  than  tho  bracts.     Fls.  rather  large,  flesh-color,  with  purple  lines.    Jn, — 
Aug. 

5  V.  ofScinalia  L.    OFFICINAL  SPEEDWELL.    Roughish-pubescent ;  St.  prostrate, 
branched ;  Ivs.  briefly  petiolate,  and  subsessile,  obovate-elliptic  or  oblong,  obtuse,  ser- 
rate, mostly  narrowed  to  the  base ;  rac.  dense,  many-flowered ;  pedicels  shorter 
than  the  calyx;    caps,  puberulent,   obovate-triangular,  slightly  emarginate. — 2£ 
In  dry  woods  and  open  fields,  Can.  to  Ga.,  rare.     Plant  trailing,  6  to  12'  long, 
with  ascending  branches.     Lva.  1'  to  18"  by  6  to  9".     Fls.  pale  blue,  forming 
rather  long,  axillary,  erect,  pedunculate  spikes.     May — Jl.    §  Eur. 

6  V.  Buxbaumii  Tenore.     Prostrate,  hairy;    Ivs.  roundish-ovate,  coarsely  cro- 
nate-serrate,  the  floral  similar,  all  on  short  petioles ;  ped.  longer  than  the  Ivs.  /  caps, 
triangular-obcordate,  broader  than  long. — Rare  in  waste  grounds,  E.  States.  Plant 
7  to  12'  long,  Ivs.  nearly  1'  long.     CaL  spreading  4  to  6".     Cor.  larger  than  tho 
calyx,  blue.     Caps,   co-seeded. 

7  V.  agre  Btis  L.    NECKWEED.    St.  procumbent,  diffusely  branching ;  Ivs.  cordate- 
ovate,  deeply  crenate-serrato,  floral  similar,  all  petiolate ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  leaves  ; 
caps,  roundish,  acutely  notched,  co-seeded. — CD  In  cultivated  fields,  Can.  and  At- 
lantic States,  not  common.     A  small,  pilous  plant,  2  to  8'  long,  branching  mostly 
at  base.     The  Ivs.  are  roundish-ovate,  the  lower  shorter  than  their  petioles,  tho 
upper  alternate.     Fls.  small,   light  blue,   veined,  their  stalks  recurved  in  fruit. 
Segm.  of  tho  cal.  fringed,  ovate,  equal.     May— -Sept.     §  Eur. 

8  V.  hederaefdlia  L.    Prostrate,  pilous ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  cordate,  roundish,  coarsely 
3  to  ^-toothed  or  lobed;  ped.  scarcely  longer  than  tho  Ivs. ;  sep.  triangular,  suitor- 
date,  acute,  closed  in  fruit;  caps,  turgid,  4-seeded.— Dry  or  rocky  soils,  L.  Isl.  to 
Del.  rare.     St.  diffusely  branched.     Lvs.  rather  fleshy,  6  to  12"  dlam.,  tho  upper 
larger  and  alternate.    Cal,  segm.  ciliate.    Cor.  smaller  than  the  calyx,  blue, 

May.    §  Eur. 


528  ORDER  86.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

9  V.  serpyllifolia  L.     Subglabrous,  much  branched  below;  sts.  ascending;  Ivs. 
oval,    subcrenate,  obtuse,   lower  roundish  and   petiolate,  upper  sessile,   passing 
abruptly  into  oblong,  entire,  alternate  bracts ;  ped.  longer  than  the  ovate  sepals ; 
caps,  obcordate,  broader  than  long. —  If   Meadows  and  mountain  valleys,  in  grass, 
etc.,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Plant  varying  in  height  from  3'  to  12'.     Leaves  rather 
fleshy,  3 -veined,  4 — 12"  long,  petioles  0 — 2".     Racemes  bracted,  rather  close  in 
flower,  elongating  in  fruit  to  2 — 5'.     Corolla  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx,  blue 
and  white,  penciled  with  purple  lines.     May — Aug. 

10  V.  alpina  L.     Branched  at  base,   ascending;  Ivs.   roundish-oval,  subentire, 
very  obtuse,  short-petioled,  upper  elliptical  and  much  smaller ;   rac.  hairy,  few- 
flowered,  usually  dense ;  ped  about  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;   stam.  shorter  than  tbo 
corolla;  caps,  obovate,  emarginate. — White  Mts.,  N.  II.  and  Rocky  Mts.     Plant  1 
to  5'  long.     Lvs.   about  4"  by  5''.     Fls.  small,  blue. — Scarcely  distinguishable 
from  dwarf  specimens  of  No.  9. 

11  V.  peregrina  L.     Ascending,  subglabrous ;  Ivs.  petiolate,    oblong,  few-toothed, 
obtuse,  upper  sessile,  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate  or  entire,  lloral  oblong-linear,  entire, 
longer  than  the  subsessile  flowers ;  caps,  suborbicular,  slightly  notched,  the  lobes 
rounded. — CD  Throughout  N.  Am.,  in  fields  or  clayey  soils.    Plant  often  branched 
from  the  base,  4  to  10'  high.     Lvs.  rather  fleshy,  the  upper  cauline,  6  to  11"  long, 
floral  much  smaller.     Sepals  oblong,  longer  than  the  pale  blue  or  white  corolla. 
Caps,  hardly  broader  than  long.     May,  Jii.     (V.  Marilandica  Willd.) 

12  V.  arvensis  L.     CORN"  SPEEDWELL.     Puberuknt-pllous,  simple  or  branched, 
erect  or  assurgent ;  Ivs.  ovate  or  roundish,  subcordate,  incisely  crenate,  lower  ones 
petiolate,  upper  and  floral  alternate,  lanceolate,  crenate,  sessile ;   ped.  shorter  than 
the  calyx. — Frequent  in   dry  fields,  K  11.  to  Ga.  and  La.     A  small,  pubescent, 
pale-green  plant,   2  to  6'  high.     St.  nearly  erect,  branching  from   the  base,  the 
leaves  assurgent.     Cor.  shorter  than  tho  cal,  pale  blue,  penciled  with  purple 
lines.     May,  Jn.  § 

^.  REXIFORHIS.     Lvs.  sessile,  reniform,  entire.     (Y.  reniformis  Raf.) 

13  V.  spicata  L.     SPIKED  SPEEDWELL.     Erect,  tall ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  ovate- 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  lower  ones  obtuse,  crenate,  upper  acute,  crenate-serrate,  entire 
at  apex ;  rac.  mostly  solitary ;  pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  sepals ;  cal.  mostly 
hoary-pubescent. — U  Europe  and  Asia,     A  beautiful  garden  species  with  numer- 
ous varieties.     Flowers  blue,  roseate,  etc.  f 

14  V.  gentianoides  Vahl.    St.  csespitous;  flowering  branches  erect,  simple ; 
Ivs.  thick,  entire,  or  sparingly  crenate ;  lowest  crowded,  obovate  or  oblong,  the  rest 
remote,   oblong  or  lanceolate,  the  floral  bract-like  ;  rac.  loosely  many-flowered, 
pubescent;    ped.  many  times  longer  than  the  calyx. — Fls.  rather  large,  blue. 
f  Asia. 

25.  BUCHNE'RA,  L.     BLUE-HEARTS.     (In  honor  of  J.  G.  Buchner,  a 
German  botanist,  1743.)     Calyx  5-toothcd ;  corolla  salver  form,  tube 
slender,  limb  flat,  in  5,  obovatc-oblong,  subequal  lobes  ;  stamens  4,  in- 
cluded, anthers  halved,  i.  c.,  with  but  one  cell ;  capsule  2-valved. — Herbs, 
with  the  lower  Ivs.  opposite,  the  upper  alternate.     Fls.  in  a  terminal 
spike. 

B.  Americana  L.  Tall,  slender,  hispid,  very  rough ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  few- 
toothed,  obtuse,  3-veined,  the  lowest  oblong-obovate ;  highest  linear  ;  spike  long- 
peduncled;  fls.  dense,  becoming  remote  in  fruit;  cor.  tube  slender,  pubescent, 
twice  as  long  as  the  hispid,  tubular  calyx,  or  the  deep  blue  cor.  lobes. — N.  Y.  to 
Ga.  and  La.  Sts.  2  to  3f  high,  simple  or  few-branched,  the  upper  half  naked  or 
with  bracts  only.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long.  Fls.  6  to  12  in  the  spike,  6  to  7"  long.  Jn. 
— Aug.  (B.  elongata  Sw.  ?  (Darby)  is  the  same  plant).  Blackens  in  drying. 

26.  MACRAN'THERA,  Torr.     (Gr.  {uucpo?,  great,  Lat.  anthem,  an- 
thers ;  a  mongrel  word.)     Calyx  tube  campanulate,  lobes  5,  long  and 
narrow  ;  corolla  tubular,  limb  oblique,   segments  short,  entire,  stamens 
4,  long,  exserted,  subequal ;  style  long,  filiform  ;  capsule  ovate,  acumi- 


ORDER  86.— SCROPHULARIACE^E.  529 

. — 2£   Herbs  tall,  with  opposite,  pinnatifid  Ivs.,  long,  decurved  pe- 
duncles, and  cylindraceous,  yellow  fls. 

1  M.  fuchsioides  Torr.     Cal.  segm.  but  little  slwrter  than  the  corolla. — Ala.,  La. 
Plant  2  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  lanceolate,   2'  long,  with  lanceolate  segments.     Kac. 
long,  loose,  secund.     Cor  1'  long. 

2  M.  Lecontii  Torr.      Cal.  segm.  entire,   linear-lanceolate,   scarcely  one-third  the 
length  of  the  corolla. — Dry  pine  woods,  Ga.,  Fla.     Lvs.  etc.,  as  in  the  other. 

27.  SEYMEVRIA,   Ph.      (In   memory   of  Henry  Scymcr,  Esq.,  an 
English    naturalist.)     Calyx    deeply  5-cleft;    cor.  tube  short,  dilated, 
5-lobed,  lobes  ovate  or  oblong,  entire,  equaling  or  longer  than  the  tube ; 
sta.  4,  subequal ;  valves  of  the  capsule  loculicidal,  entire;  seeds   oo. — • 
Herbs  erect,  branching.    Cauline  Ivs.  mostly  opposite  and  incised.     Fls. 
yellow. 

§  Tube  of  the  corolla  broadly  campanulate,  incurved,  us  long  as  the  limb No.  1 

§  Tube  of  the  corolla  much  shorter  than  the  subrotate  limb Nos.  2,  3 

1  S.  macroph^lla  N"utt.     Erect,  tall,  sparingly  pubescent ;  Ivs.  large,  the  lower 
deeply  pinnatifid,  segments  lance-oblong,  incised,  terminal  one  the  largest,  upper 
lanceolate,  serrate  or  entire ;  cor.  tube  incurved,  scarcely  longer  than  the  limb ; 
sty.  short,   dilated  and  slightly  bifid  at  apex;    caps,  ovate-acuminate. — 1£   In 
woods,  White  River  Valley,  Ind.,  Ohio  (Clark)  to  Ark.     Height  4— 6f,  with  tho 
habit  of  Dasystoma.     Lower  leaves  (5 — 7'  by  2 — 3')  lance-ovate  in  outline,  floral 
(2 — 3')  mostly  opposite.     Corolla  £  long,  very  woolly  within.     July. 

2  S.  pectinata  Ph.     Yiscid-pubescent,  profusely  branched  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  half-pin- 
natifid  or  cleft  half  way  to  the  midvein,  segm.  few,  entire,  short,  linear,  obtuse, 
upper  Ivs.   merely  toothed ;  caps,  pubescent,  acute  with  the  style,  at  length  06- 
tuse. — 1ST.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  in  the  upper  districts.     Plant  2  to  4f  high,  tho 
numerous  branches  opposite.     Lvs.  small,  an  inch  (or  less)  long,  the  rachis  ob- 
lanceolate.     Sep.  oblong-linear,  longer  than  the  pedicel.     Cor.  subrotate,  5  to  6" 
broad.     Aug. — Oct. 

3  S.  tenuifolia  Ph.      Minutely  puberulent,  much  branched ;  Ivs.  setaceously  bi- 
pinnatifid,  rachis  and  segments  all  equally  attenuated ;  caps,  globular,  rostrate. — 
Wet  pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Plant  2  to  3f  high,  quite  slender  and 
nearly  smooth.     Lvs.  G"  and  less  long,  only  the  lower  segments  dissected,  upper 
entire.    Cor.  lobes  oblong,  spreading  about  4".    Ped.  twice  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Aug.,  Sept. 

28.  DASYS'TOMA,  Raf.  (Gerardia,  L.)     YELLOW  FOXGLOVE.     (Gr. 
daav$,  hairy,  aro^a,  mouth  ;  alluding  to  the  corolla.)     Calyx  campanu- 
late, half  5-cleft,  imbricate  in  aestivation ;  corolla  tube  dilated,  longer 
than  the  5  entire  lobes,  woolly  within ;  stamens  didynamous,  scarcely 
included,  woolly ;    anthers  all  equal,  awned  at  base ;  capsule  ovate, 
acute,  2  valves  bearing  a  septum  in  the  middle  ;  seeds  many. —  2£  Herbs 
tall,  erect.     Lower  Ivs.  opposite,  upper  generally  alternate.     Cor.  large, 
yellow.     All  blacken  in  drying. 

*  Segments  of  the  calyx  entire.    Plants  pubescent (No.  1)  or  glabrous Nos.  2,  3 

*  Segments  of  the  calyx  toothed  or  pinnatifid.     Plants  pubescent Nos.  4,  5 

1  D.  flava.     Plant  pubescent,  subsimple ;  Ivs.  nearly  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  en- 
tire or  toothed,  the  lower  pinnatifid  or  incised ;  cal.  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  rather 
shorter  than  its  tube  ;  ped.  very  short. — A  showy  plant,  2  to  4f  high,  in  woods 
throughout  the  U.  S.     Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  tapering  to  the  subsessile  base  or  petiole, 
the  upper  mostly  entire.     Cor.   about   18''  long.     Aug.,  Sept.     (D.  pubescena 
Benth.     G.  flava  L.) 

2  D.  integrifolia.     Plant  glabrous,   subsimplo ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  or 
the  lowest  somewhat  toothed ;  ped.  shorter  than  tJie  calyx. — Woods,  S.  E.  Ohio  to 
111.  and  Tenn.     Sts.  often  much  branched,  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  1  to  3'  long,  petio- 
late.    Fls.  smaller,  the  cor.  about  1'  long.    Not  at  all  glaucous  like  the  next.    Aug. 
(D.  quercifolia  /?.  ?  Benth.     G.  integrifolia  Gray.) 

34. 


530  OEDER  86.— SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

3  D.  quercifolia  Benth,     Plant  glabrous  and  glaucous,  paniculate-branched;  Ivs. 
paler  beneath,  petiolate,  lower  ample,  bipinnatifid,  upper  oblong  lanceolate,  pin- 
natifid or  entire ;  ped.  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  segm.  of  the  cal.  lance-acu/ninate,  longef 
than  its  tube. — Woods  and  thickets,  J5T.  Eng.  to  Ga.  and  Mich.,  common.     St.  tall, 
purplish,  covered  with  a  glaucous  bloom,  3  to  5f  high.     Lvs.  4  to  8'  long,  sinuate 
or  incised.     Fls.  large,  and  of  a  brilliant  yellow,  opposite  and  axillary,  near  the 
top  of  the  stem,  forming  a  loose  spike.     Cor.  trumpet-shaped,  near  2'  long.     Aug. 
(G.  quercifolia  Ph.     G.  glauca  Eddy.) 

4  D.  pedicularia  Benth.      Pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous,   branched;   Ivs.  ovate 
lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  with  toothed  or  incised  segments ;  pedicels  longer  than  the 
hairy  calyx,  segm.  tooth  or  incised,   equaling  the  top-shaped  calyx  tube. — Dry 
hilly  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.,  common.     St.  bushy,  very  leafy,  2  to  3f  high, 
sprinkled  with,  a  woolly  pubescence.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  divided  like  those  of  the 
Louse- wort.      Cor.  rather  bell-shaped,  15"  long,  the  cal.  5".     Aug.     (G.  pedicu- 
laria  L.) 

5  D.  pectinata  Benth.      Very  hirsute;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  pectinate-pinnatifid,  segm. 
subdentate  or  incised ;  ped.  shorter  than  the  hairy  calyx,  eegm.  toothed,  longer 
than  the  cal.  tube. — Pine  woods,  Car.  and  Ga.     Fls.  as  large  as  in  the  last.     JL, 
Aug.     (G.  pectinata  Torr.) 

29.  GERAR'DIA,  L.  (In  honor  of  John  Gerard,  an  English  botan- 
ist of  the  16th  century.)  Calyx  campanulate,  briefly  or  narrowly 
5-toothed ;  cor.  tubular,  ventricbus  or  subcampanulate,  tube  longer  than 
the  5  broad,  entire  unequal  lobes ;  sta.  didynamous,  in  pairs,  shorter 
than  the  corolla,  length  unequal ;  caps,  obtuse,  or  briefly  acuminate ; 
seeds  oo. — American  herbs,  rarely  suffruticous.  Lvs.  opposite.  Fls. 
axillary,  solitary,  purple  or  rose-color. 

1.  OTOPHTLLA.    Calyx  segments  longer  than  its  tube,  2  anthers  much  smaller No.  1 

2.  GKRAKDIA  proper.    Calyx  segments  short,  equal.     Anthers  all  equal.     (§) 

§  Corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  very  short,  erect.     Peduncles  longer  than  corolla. No.  2 

§  Corolla  lobes  subequal,  all  spreading,  throat  usually  hairy,    (a) 

a  Leaves  almost  none,  opposite  scales  instead.     Flowers  large No.  3 

a  Leaves  all  alternate,  filiform.    Flowers  large,  long-stalked No.  4 

a  Leaves  opposite. — Peduncles  not  longer  than  the  calyx N  os.  5,  6 

— Peduncle*  much  longer. — Flowers  large  (about  9"  long.)  —  Nos.  7,  8 
— Flowers  small  (about  G''  long)..  .Nos.  9, 10 

1  G.  auriculata  MX.     Scabrous,  hirsute,  subsimple ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly 
entire,  upper  auriculato  at  base ;  fls.  nearly  sessile. —  (£)  Penn.  to  Iowa  and  La., 
in  low  grounds.     A  rough,  rigid. plant,  12  to  18'  high.     Lvs.  1'  to  18"  long,  ses- 
sile, the  floral  with  an  oblong  lobe  on  each  side  at  base.     Cor.  dilated  and  spread- 
ing at  mouth ;  lobes  entire,  rounded,  purple,  rarely  white.     Short  stamens  similar, 
but  twice  smaller.     Aug.,  Sept. 

2  G.  Mettaderl      Glabrous,   slender,   diffusely  branched  ;    Ivs.  linear-filiform, 
scarcely  rough-edged ;  ped.  filiform  many  times  longer  than  the  calyx  which  has 
short,  triangular  teeth;  cor.  distinctly  bilabiate,  upper  lip  very  short,  emarginate, 
straight,  vaulted,  fringe-ciliate,  lower  lip  of  3  broad,  spreading  lobes. —  (I)  "Wet 
sandy  places,  Middle  Fla.    (Dr.  Mettauer).    Sts.  1  to  2f  high.    Lvs.  5  to  12"  long. 
Ped.  6  to  12"  long.     Fls.  purple,  with  2  yellow  stripes  in  the  spotted  tube. 

/?  ?  CLAUSA.     Cor.  tube  dorsally  compressed,  throat  closed  by  the  inflexed  upper 

lip. — With  the  others.     Fls.  light  purple, 
y  ?  NUDA.     Lvs.  (except  a  few  at  the  base)  reduced  to  minute  bracts,  scarcely 

1"  long;  fls.  all  terminal,  rather  smaller  (5"  long,)  light  purple. 

3  G.  aph^lla  Nutt.     Erect,  with  slender  branches,  leafless,  with  few,  remote, 
scarious  scales  or  short  bristle-like  Ivs ;    ped.  bracteolate ;    cul,  truncate,  with 
minute,  gland*liko  teeth ;  caps,  globular,  exceeding  tho  calyx.-—.  (j)  N.  Car.  to 
Fla.  and  La.  in  wet  places,  coastward.     Plant  2  to  3f  high,  often  sirnplo,  with  few 
flowers,  or  diffusely  few-branched  with  many  flowers,     Fls.  deep  purple,  iniddlo 
size,  lobes  Bubequal,  pedicels  short,  i.  e.,  the  bractleta  are  near  the  flowers,     Jn.,  JJ. 

4  G.  filifolia  Nutt.     St.  terete,  diffusely  branched ;  Iva.  filiform,  terete,  alternate 
and  much  fascicled ;  -ped.  alternate,  much  longer  than  the  Ivs. ;    cal,  teeth  short, 
sttaceously  acute;  cor,  ample,  smooth,— -  (p  St,  Mary's,  Ga,  to  Apulacbicola,  Fla, 


ORDER  86.— SCROPHULARIACEJS.  531 

Plant  rigid,  2  to  Df  high.     Lvs.  never  an  inch  long,  always  scattered.     Ped.  1  to 
2'  long.     Fls.  numerous,  large.     Aug. — Oct. 

5  G.  maritima  Raf.     St.  angular ;    Ivs.  linear,  fleshy,  short,  rather  obtuse ;  fls. 
small;  ped.  scarcely  as  long  as  the  truncate  calyx;  lobes  of  the  cor.  spreading,  2 
upper  fringed. —  (jJ)  Salt  marshes,  along  the  Atlantic  coast.     Plant  branched,  4  to 
10'  high.     Lvs.  6  to  8"  long,  subterete  and  quite  fleshy.     Fls.  about  6'  long,  in- 
clined to  be  terminal.     Caps,  globular.     Jl. — Sept. 

6  G.  purpdrea  L.     St.  angular,  branched;   Ivs.  linear,  acute,  scabrous  on  the 
margin;  ped.  shorter  than  the  calyx  which  has  a  truncate  tube  with  short  seta- 
ceomly  acute  teeth.     Cor.  ample,  smooth  or  pubescent. —  (T)  Wet  grounds,  N.  Eng. 
to  Fla.  and  La.     Plant  of  varying  form  according  to  situation,  1  to  2f  high  (2  to 
4f  South).     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  often  with  smaller  ones  fascicled  in  the  axils.     Fls. 
large,  (!'  long),  purple,  the  ped.  1",  rarely  2"  long.     Aug.     (G.  Plukenetii  Ell?) 

(3.  FASCICULATA.     Tall,  with  fascicles  of  smaller  Ivs.  in  the  axils ;   cor.  pubes' 
cent,  lobes  ciliate. — S.  States,  common  (G.  fasciculata  Ell.). 

7  G.  aspera  Doug.     Sparingly  branched ;  Ivs.  scabrous,  long  and  narrowly  linear, 
the  floral  exceeding  the  calyx;  ped.  twice  longer  than  the  calyx-  cal.  teeth  lan- 
ceolate, acute,  nearly  as  long  as  its  tube;  cor.  ample,  smooth.     (J)  111.  to  Iowa 
(Cousens),  &c.     Closely  allied  to  G.  purpurea.     Sts.  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  18"  to  2' 
long,  rigid,  rough.     Cor.  deep  purple,  about  1'  long,  not  always  smooth.     Ped. 
3  to  5".     Aug. 

8  G.  linifolia  Nutt.     St.  terete,  virgate,  inclined,  subsimple,  several  from  the 
same  base ;  Ivs.  opposite,  smooth,  thick,  long,  lance-linear,  and  linear,  erect,  the  upper 
reduced  to  bracts ;  ped.  many  times  longer  than  the  calyx  which  is  truncate,  with 
scarcely  any  teeth. — N.  Car.  to  Fla.,  in  wet  pine  barrens.     Sts.  2  to  3f  high,  terete. 
Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  2  to  3".     Cor.  large,  pubescent,  its  lower  lip  spotted.     Aug. — Sept 

9  G.  temiifolia  Yahl.     Paniculate,  much-branched;    sts.  angular;    Ivs.  linear; 
ped.  axillary,  longer  than  the  flowers,  about  equaling  ihe  Ivs. ;  caps,  globular. — 
(P  A  slender  and  delicate  species,  usually  very  branching,  in  fields  and  woods,  U. 
S.  and  Can.     St.  6  to  12'  high.     Lvs.  about  an  inch  long,  very  narrow  (1"  in 
width)  entire,  rough-edged,  often  coiled.     Fls.  opposite,  axillary,  on  slender  stalks, 
an  inch  or  less  in  length.     Cor.  purple,  spotted  within,  border  much  spreading, 
smooth  and  nearly  equal.     Cal.  teeth  short  and  acute.     Aug. — Sept. 

10  G.  setacea  Walt.     St.  erect,  sparingly  branched,  slender,  4-angles  margined  ; 
Ivs.  remote,  linear  or  setaceous,  acute  at  each  end,  the  floral  ones  2  or  3  times 
shorter  than  the  very  long  peduncles  ;  cal.  teeth  very  short,  acute ;  cor.  lobes  short, 
spreading ;  caps,  roundish  ovoid,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx. —  (L)  S.  and  W. 
States,  dry  grounds.     Plant  12  to  18'  high,  the  stem  and  few  branches  quite 
slender  and  rough  on  the  slightly  winged  angles.     Lvs.  5  to  10"  long,  few  and 
far  between.     Ped.  1  to  !£'  long.     Cor.  (5  to  6")  glabrous,  light  purple  or  rose- 
color.     Jl.,  Aug.     (G.  Skinneriana>  2d  edit.)— Scarcely  blackens  in  drying. 

30.  CASTILLEMA,  L.  (Eucliroma,  Nutt.)  PAINTED  CUP.  (Named 
for  one  Castillcjo,  a  Spanish  botanist.)  Calyx  tubular,  2 — 4-cleft ;  cor. 
galea  (upper  lip)  linear,  very  long,  carinate-concave,  lower  short,  3-lobed ; 
sta.  beneath  the  galea,  didynamous ;  anth.  oblong-linear,  with  unequal 
lobes,  cohering  in  the  form  of  an  oblong  disk,  the  exterior  fixed  by  the 
middle,  interior  pendulous. — Herbaceous  or  suffruticous.  Lvs.  alternate, 
the  floral  often  colored  at  the  apex.  Fls.  subsessile,  in  termioal,  leafy- 
bracts. 

1  C.  coccmea  Spreng.  Lvs.  sessile,  pinnatifid,  with  linear  and  divaricate  seg- 
ments; bracts  about  3-cleft  and  colored  at  the  summit,  longer  than  the  corolla; 
cal.  2-cleft,  nearly  equaling  the  corolla,  segments  retuse  and  emarginate. —  U  Wet 
meadows,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  rare  in  N.  Eng.,  remarkable  for  its  large,  bright,  scarlet 
(or  bright  yellow!)  bracts.  Stem  angular,  simple,  8—12'  high.  Leaves  with 
about  2,  long,  linear  segments  on  each  side.  Bracts  crowded  near  the  summit 
of  the  stem,  each  with  a  dull  yellow  flower  ia  its  axil,  less  showy  than  itself. 
May,  Jn. 


532  ORDER  86.— SCROPHULARIACEJE. 

2  C.  sessiliflora  Ph.      Pilose-pubescent;    Ivs.   sessile,    clasping,   oblong-linear, 
mostly  triftd  with  the  lobes  divaricate ;  cal.  sessile,  elongated ;  spikes  dense ;  cor. 
long,  exserted,  arched,  segments  of  the  lower  lip  acuminate. —  If.  Prairies,  "Wis. 
(Lapham)  and  westward.     Stem  8 — 14'  high,  several  from  the  same  root,  simple, 
leafy.     Leaves  grayish,  2 — 2£'  long.     Flowers  crowded.     Corolla  tube  slender, 
2—3'  in  length,  greenish- white,  with  a  slight  tinge  of  purple.    Style  and  stamens 
enfolded  by  the  upper  lip,  and  a  iittlo  exserted.     May.     (E.  grandiflora  Nutt.) 

3  C.  septentrionalis  Lindl.     Lvs.  linear,  undivided,  the  upper  lanceolate,  tho 
floral  subovate,  subdentate  at  the  end.  all  3-veined ;  cal.  with  acute  teeth,  shorter 
than  the  corolla. —  2{   A  hardy  inhabitant  of  Alpine  and  high  northern  regions, 
White  Mts.,  N.  H.  to  Hudson's  Bay.     St.  a  foot  high,  simple.      Lvs.   sessile, 
smoothish,  becoming  lanceolate  towards  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  and  near  2' 
long.    Tuft  of  fls.  at  top  of  the  stem.    Bracts  broader  and  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
5  to  7-veined,  of  a  pale  straw  color  tipped  with  purple.    Fls.  straw-colored,  nearly 
concealed  by  the  bracts.     Aug.     (Bartsia  pallida  Ph.) 

31.  SCHW  AL'BEA,  L.  CHAFF-SEED.  (In  honor  of  Schwalbe,  a  German 
botanist.)     Calyx  tube  10-ribbed,  inflated,  obliquely  4-cleft,  upper  divi- 
sion small,  lower  large,  emarginate  or  2-toothcd ;  corolla  ringent,  upper 
lip  entire,  arched,  lower  3-lobed  ;  capsule  oblong ;  seeds  many,  chaffy. — 
2£   With  alternate  leaves  and  flowers  in  a  terminal  spike. 

S.  Americana  L.  In  sandy  barrens  and  marshes,  N".  Y.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Stem  1 — 
2f  high,  pubescent,  stout,  simple.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong, 
3-veiiied,  1'  to  20"  long,  with  a  ciliate  margin.  Bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  dimin- 
ishing upwards.  Flowers  on  simple,  alternate,  very  short  pedicels,  in  a  long 
Bpike.  Corolla  dull  purple  or  brownish-yellow,  twice  as  long  (1 — 1J')  as  the  per- 
manent, strongly-ribbed  calyx.  Jn. 

32.  PEDICULA^RIS,  L.    LOUSEWORT.  (Lat.  pediculus,  a  louse  ;  prob- 
ably from  its  efficacy  in  destroying  that  insect.)    Calyx  ventricous,  2  to 
5-cleft,  the  segments  leafy,  or  sometimes  obliquely  truncate ;   corolla 
vaulted,  upper  lip  compressed,  emarginate  ;  lower  lip  spreading,  l3-lobed ; 
capsule    2-celled,   oblique,  mucronate;    seeds   angular. — Herbs.      Lvs. 
alternate,  rarely  subopposite,  often  pinnatifid.     Fls.  spicate. 

1  P.  Canadensis  L.     Hirsute;  st.  simple;  Ivs.  alternate,  pctiolate,  lance-oblong, 
pinnatifid,  lobes  oblong-ovate,  crenate-dentate ;    spike  short,  dense,   leafy;    cal. 
truncate  downwards;   cor.  galea  abruptly  incurved,  with' 2,  setaceous  teeth;  caps. 

'ending  in  a  prolonged  ensiform  bea7;. —  If  Pastures  and  low  grounds,  U.  S.  and 
Can.  St.  erect,  If  high.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  by  1  to  2',  chiefly  radical.  Spike  short, 
hairy,  with  a  few  small  leaves  at  tho  base.  Cor.  yellowish  and  purple,  the  upper 
lip  long,  erect,  forming  a  galea  or  helmet,  cut  square  off  at  the  end,  with  a  bristle- 
like  tooth  at  each  corner.  Beak  of  the  capsule  often  near  1'  in  length.  May — 
JL  (P.  gladiata  MX.) 

2  P.  lanceolata  MX.      Nearly  glabrous;  st.  branched;   Ivs.  subopposite,   briefly 
petiolate  or  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  doubly  incised  crenate;  spike  rather  dense; 
cal.  2-Jobed ;  cor.  galea  as  long  as  the  lip,  incurved  over  it  and  closing  the  throat; 
caps,  short,  ovoid. —  2£  In  alluvial  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Wis.  (Lapham),  S.  to  Ya.    St. 
1  to  2f  high,  smooth,  with  pubescent  lines,  nearly  opposite  Ivs.,  and  P,  few  axillary 
branches.    Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  1  to  1  £'.    Spike  1  to  3'  in  length,  with  ovate-lanceolato 
bracts.     CaL  and  cor.  smooth,  the  latter  greenish  yellow,  1'  long.     Style  a  little 
exserted.     Sept.     (P.  paUida  Ph.) 

33.  RHINANTHUS,  L.      YELLOW  RATTLE.     (Gr.  piv,  nose,  dvOo$ ; 
alluding  to  the  singular  appearance  of  the  compressed  galea.)     Calyx 
4-toothed,  ventricous;  corolla  tube  cylindrical,  as  long  as  the  calyx, 
limb  ringent,  galea  appendaged,  compressed,  lip  broader,  deeply  divided 
into  3  obtuse  segments ;  capsule  2-valvcd,  compressed,  obtuse. — D  Erect, 
with  opposite  Ivs. 


ORDER  87.— -ACANTHACE^E.  533 

R.  Crista-gcilli  L.  Mostly  glabrous;  Ivs.  oblong  or  lanceolate?;  cor.  scarcely  a 
third  longer  than  the  calyx ;  appendages  of  the  galea  transversely  ovate,  broader 
than.  long. — Meadows,  Plymouth,  Mass,  to  Arc.  Am.  St.  a  foot  high,  smooth, 
branching.  Lvs.  opposite,  nearly  sessile,  cordate-lanceolate,  acutely  serrate, 
rough.  Fls.  axillary,  crowded  into  a  leafy  spike.  Cal.  inflated,  contracted  at  tho 
mouth,  with  4  nearly  equal  teeth,  and  much  shorter  than  the  yellow,  ringent 
corolla,  but  becoming  very  large  and  inflated  in  fruit,  rattling  with  the  ripe  seeds. 
Jl.  §  Eur. 

34.  EUPHRASIA,  L.     EYEBRIGHT.     (Named  for  Euphrosinc,  one  of 
the  Graces,  meaning  cheerfulness.)    Calyx  4-cleft ;  upper  lip  of  the  cor- 
olla galeate,  concave,  apex  2-lobed,  the  lobes  broad  and  spreading,  lower 
lip  spreading,  trifid,  palate  not  folded ;  stamens  didynamous,  ascending 
beneath  the  galea ;  capsule  oblong,  compressed,  co-seeded. — Herbs  with 
opposite  Ivs.  and  the  fls.  in  spikes. 

E.  officirialis  L.  Lvs.  ovate  or  oblong,  the  cauline  obtuse,  crenate,  floral  (or 
bracts)  acute,  cut-serrate  with  cuspidate  teeth ;  cal.  lobes  subequal ;  lower  lip  of 
cor.  with  its  lobes  deeply  emarginate. — (J)  A  diminutive  tenant  of  the  White  Mts. 
and  Can.,  rare  (common  in  Europe).  Plant  branched,  slender,  2  to  G'  high.  Lvs. 
1  to  3''  long.  Fls.  bluish  white,  3"  long. 

35.  MELAMPY'RUM,  L.     Cow  WHEAT.     (Gr.  jutUar,  black,  irvpo^ 
•wheat ;  the  seeds  blacken  the  flour  of  wheat  if  ground  with  it.)     Calyx 
4-cleft ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  compressed ;  the  margin  folded  back ; 
lower  lip  grooved,  trifid ;  capsule  2-celled,  oblique,  opening  laterally ; 
seeds  1  to  4,  cylindric-oblong,  smooth. — Herbs  with  opposite  Ivs.     Fls. 
solitary  in  the  upper  axils. 

M.  pratense  L.  Lvs.  linear  and  lanceolate,  petiolate,  glabrous,  the  upper  gener- 
ally broader  and  toothed  at  base ;  fls.  axillary,  distinct ;  cal.  teeth  slender,  half 
as  long  as  the  corolla. — (T)  Inhabits  woods,  Can.  to  Ga.  W.  to  Ky.  St.  with  oppo- 
site branches,  8  to  10'  high,  round,  erect.  Lvs.  opposite,  1  to  H'  by  3  to  5",  tho 
floral  ones  broader,  with  (or  without)  setaceous  teeth  at  base  and  tapering  to  an 
obtuse  point.  Fls.  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves,  yellowish,  slender,  the  corolla 
twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Jl.  (M.  Americanum  MX.  differing  from  tho 
European  variety  in  its  more  slender  corolla.) 

ORDER  LXXXYII.     ACANTIIACE^E.     ACANTHADS. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  opposite,  simple  leaves  an'd  regular,  bracted  flowers.  Calyx 
pentamerous,  equal  or  unequal,  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Corolla  5-merous,  tubular 
below,  limb  more  or  less  bilabiate,  convolute  in  bud.  Stamens  didynamous  or  dian- 
drous,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Fruit  a  2-celled,  4  to  12-seeded  capsule. 
Seeds  supported  by  hooks  or  cup-shaped  processes  of  the  placenta?,  exalbuminous. 

Genera  155,  species  1450,  chiefly  tropical,  a  few  only,  extending  into  the  United  States.  They 
are  mostly  destitute  of  active  properties,  and  in  aspect  inero  weeds.  Yet  among  them  are  many 
remarkable  for  their  beauty.  Acanthus  mollis  is  celebrated  as  having,  by  its  leaves,  suggested 
the  stylo  of  the  Corinthian  capital  in  architecture. 

|  SUBORDERS  AND    GENERA. 

I.  ANECMATACANTHE^E.    Seeds  destitute  of  hooked  supports,    (a) 

a  Corolla  regular.    Seeds  few,  adnate  to  a  cup  instead  of  a  hook TIIUXBEIIGIA.  1 

a  Corolla  bilabiate.    Seeds  many,  with  papilla)  instead  of  hooks ELYTKAKIA.  2 

II.  ECIIMATACANTHE^E.    Seeds  subtended  by  hooked  processes,    (b) 

b  Corolla  funnel-form,  subregular  stamens  didynamous.    (RUELLIE^E.)    (c) 

C  Anthers  2-spurred  at  base.     Capsule  4-seedcd  in  the  middle CALOPHANES.  5 

C  Anthers  not  spurred.     Capsule  2  to  16-seeded  from  the  middle DIPTERACANTHUS.  4 

c  Anthers  not  sparred.    Capsule  12  to  16-seeded  from  the  base CRYPUIACANTHUS.  5 

b  Corolla  bilabiate,  ringent.    Stamens  4.    Capsule   00  -seeded  frora  the  base.HYGKOPiiiLA.  6 

b  Corolla  bilabiate.    Stamens  2.— Corolla  resupinate,  upper  lip  8-toothed DICLIPTERA.  T 

— Corolla  straight,  lower  lip  8-toothed.  "Wild-RiiYTiGLossA.  8 
—Corolla  straight,  lower  lip  3-parted.  Cult.CYBTANTnEBA.  9 


534  ORDER  87.—  ACANTHACE^E. 

1.  THUNBER'GIA,  L.     (In  honor  of  C.  P.  Thunlcrg,  Prof,  of  Bot.  at 
Upsal).     Calyx  short,  truncate  or  many-toothed,  subtended  by  2  bract. 
lets  ;  corolla  funnel-bell-form,  throat  inflated,  limb  5-cleft,  subregular  ; 
stamens  4,  didynamous  ;  anthers  cells  parallel,  ciliate,  one  of  them  avvned 
at  base  ;  capsule  globular,  3  to  4-seeded.  —  Shrubs  or  climbing  herbs  of 
the  Old  World. 

1  T.  grandiflora  Roxb.     Climbing;  Ivs.  cordate,  angled,  acuminate,  hispid? 
col.  limb  truncate,  entire.  —  In  cultivation,  a  hardy  perennial  climber,  clothed  all 
over  with  fine  reversed  hairs,  with  large  blue  flowers  1J'  deep  and  3'  broad,  f  E. 
Ind.     Variable. 

2  T.  alata  Bojer.    Twining,  silky-  villous  ;   Ivs.  cordate-sagittate,  acute,  cm 
•winged  petioles;  cal  12-cleft,  bracteoles  repand.  —  In  cultivation,  perennial,  the 
whole  plant  soft-villous.    Lvs.  repand,  and  5-veined.     Fls.  large,  yellow,  with  a 
purple  base,  !£'  deep,  campanulate  with  a  curved  tube,  f  E.  Africa.     Variable. 

2.  ELYTRAVRIA,  Yahl.     (Gr.  eAvrpov,  an  envelope  or  bract  ;  from 
the  bracted  inflorescence.)     Calyx  5  or  4-parted,  segments  unequal  ; 
corolla  bilabiate  lower   lip  or  3  bifid  segments  ;    stamens  2   fertile,  2 
sterile,  included  ;    anther   cells   parallel  ;    capsule    8-seeded    from   the 
base,  without  hoots.  —  -llerbs  acaulcscent,  with  radical  Ivs.     Scape  cov- 
ered with  appressed  leaf-like,  clasping  scales.     Fls.  email,  one  beneath 
each  bract  of  the  terminal  spike. 

1  E.  virgata  MX.  Scapes  several,  slender,  terete,  glabrous,  erect,  covered  with 
ovate,  clasping,  cuspidate,  alternate  scales;  Ivs.  radical,  narrow-oblong,  tapering 
long  to  the  petiole,  repand  or  wavy  ;  fis.  in  a  dense,  imbricated  spike,  each  flower 
covered  by  a  broadly  ovate,  coriaceous,  cuspidate,  ciliate  scale  ;  cal.  with  2  linear 
bractlets  which  are  villous-  ciliate  as  well  as  the  segments  ;  cor.  white,  with  its  5 
segm.  nearly  equal.  —  Wet  plains  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  (Mettauer).  Scapes  If  high. 
Lvs.  3  to  6'  long,  5  to  8"  wide.  Fls.  4"  broad.  Summer.  (Anonymus  Caroli- 
nensis  Walt.) 

3.  CALOPH'ANES,  Bon.     (Gr.  KaMg,  fair,  <j>aiva),  to  appear.)    Calyx 
segments  setaceous,  much  longer  than  the  tube  ;  corolla  funnel-form, 
limb  subregular,  5-lobed  ;  stamens  4  ;  anther  cells  spurred  or  mucron- 
ate  at  base,  parallel;  capsule  lanceolate,  empty  below,  4-seeckd  in  the 
middle  ;  flowers  axillary,  opposite,  mostly  solitary,  with   narrow  bracts 
and  bractlets.  —  Low,  pubescent  herbs  with  blue  corollas  spotted  in  the 
throat. 

1  C.  oblongifolius  Don.    Densely  pubescent,  ascending  from  a  procumbent  or 
creeping  base  ;  Ivs.  obovate,  obtuse,  obscurely  denticulate,  narrowed  to  the  sub- 
sessile  base  ;  fls.  solitary,  subsessile,  opposite,  with  oblong  bractlets  equaling  the 
deeply  parted  calyx  and  the  corolla  tube.  —  If  Pine  barrens  and  gravelly  plains, 
Ga.  and  Fla.  common.     Herb  6  to  12',  branched  at  base,  gimple  above.     Lvs. 
1'  long,  rarely  rather  acute.    Cor.  showy,  a  little-  exceeding  the  Ivs.,  purplish 
blue,  with  deeper  purple  spots.     Apr.     (Ruellia  oblongifolia  MX.  Ph.) 

2  C.  humistratus  Shutt.     Smooth,  prostrate,  diffuse;   Ivs.   oblong,  oval,  rather 
obtuse,  entire,  narrowed  to  a  petiole;  fls.  axillary,  subsessile,  solitary  or  2  or  3 
together;  bracts  oblong-spatula  te,  shorter  than  the  strict,  setaceous  calyx  segm.  —  • 
1[  S.  Car.  to  Fla.,  in  rich  soils.    Lvs.  distinctly  petiolate.     Cal.  segm.  very  slender, 
scabrous,  membranous  edged  below,  5"  long,  equaling    the   4-seeded  capsule. 
(Ruellia  humistrata,  MX.) 


4.  DIPTERACANTHUS,  Nces.  (Gr.  dfrrrepof,  two-winged,  a 
Acanthus.)  Calyx  deeply  5-cleft  ;  corolla  funnel-form,  limb  subequally 
5-lobed  ;  stamens  4,  included  ;  anther  cells  parallel,  not  awned  ;  cap- 
sule compressed  and  empty  at  base,  2  to  IS-seeded  above  ;  seeds  orbic- 
ular, compressed,  with  hooked,  abrupt  processes.  —  Mostly  herbs  with 


OEDEB  87.—  ACANTHACE^E.  535 

opposite,  solitary  or  fascicled  flowers.     Bracts  leafy,  often  stalked.     Fls. 

large,  showy,  blue  or  purple. 

*»  D.  strepens  Nees.  Herb  erect:  Ivs.  ovate  or  obovate-oblong,  somewhat  rcpand, 
cuneate  at  base  and  petiolate,  smootnisfi  or  thinly  downy  ;  ped.  axillary,  very  short, 
about.  3  (1  to  4)-flowered;  bractlets  lance-oval,  equaling  or  exceeding  the  calyx; 
sep.  lance-linear,  ciliate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  loug-funnel-form  corolla. 
Dry  soils,  Mid.  W.  and  S.  States,  common.  Plant  variable,  9  to  16'  high,  often 
branched,  nearly  smooth.  Lvs.  large,  2  to  3'  long,  the  fls.  half  or  two-thirds  as 
long.  Caps,  oblanceolate,  6-seeded  or  by  abortion  fewer.  Hooks  grooved.  Jn.  — 
Sept.  (Ruellia  strepens  L.) 

£  D.  ciliosuB  Nees.  Herb  erect,  hoary-hirsute  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  the  lower  obovate, 
upper  oblong,  all  obtusish  at  apex  and  abrupt  at  base,  subsessile;  fls.  subsessile, 
with  oblong  or  lanceolate  bracts  not  longer  than  calyx  j  sep.  setaceous,  hairy,  not 
half  as  long  as  the  long  tube  of  the  corolla.  —  Rich  soils  W.  and  S.  States.  Plant  If 
or  more  high.  Lva.  18  to  30"  long,  the  fls.  nearly  as  long.  A  variety  has  smaller 
leaves  almost  dentate.  (Ruellia  ciliosa  Ph.) 

/?.  HYBBIDUS.     Low,  decumbent,  very  hirsute.  —  Near  Savannah  (Feay).     Stems 
2  to  4'  long,  with  short  internodes.     Fls.  sometimes  shortened. 

3  D.  noctifldrus  Nees.  —  Cal  segm.  linear-lanceolate,  thrice  shorter  than  the  very 
long  corolla  tube.  Otherwise  as  in  D.  ciliosus.  —  Ga.  (near  Savannah,  Lo  Conte) 
and  Fla.  (Ruellia  tubiflora  Le  Conte.) 


5.  CRYPHIACANTHUS,Nees.     (Gr.  Kpyfaos,  clandestine,  duavOog.) 
Calyx   deeply   5-parted,    spreading  in  fruit;    corolla   bcll-funnel-form, 
limb  equal  ;  stamens  4,  included  ;  anthers  sagittate  ;   stigma  simple  ; 
capsule  oblong,  terete,  12  to  1  6-seeded  from  the  base  ;  seeds  roundish, 
cordate,  compressed,  silky,  subtended  with  hooks.  —  Herbs  villous,  with 
corm-like  base  and  fasciculate  roots.     Ped.  3-flowered. 

C.  Barbadense  Nees.  Caulescent;  Ivs.  ovate,  cuneate  at  base  and  petiolate, 
entire  or  undulate-dentate,  smoothish  or  hairy  ;  ped.  somewhat  cymous,  longer 
than  the  petiole  or  even  than  the  leaves  ;  cal.  segm.  subulate-acuminate,  glandu- 
lar, hirsute  ;  cor.  tube  shorter  than  the  limb.  —  If  A  low,  leafy  plant,  Va.  to  Fla., 
Tex.  Mex.  &c.  (Nees).  (Ruellia  tuberosa  and  clandestina  L.) 

6.  HYGROPH'ILA,    R.   Br.       (Gr.  £7/377,  waters,   0iAe«,  to   love.) 
Calyx  tubular,  about  half  5-cleft,  with  narrow,  equal  segments  ;  corolla 
bilabiate,  ringent,  lower  lip  convex  and  rugulous  in  the  midst,  trifid  j 
stamens  4,  didynamous,  not  exserted  ;  anther  cells  divergent-sagittate, 
violet-colored  ;    stigma  simple,  subulate  ;    capsule    6-striate,  oo-seeded 
from   the   base  ;    seeds  small.  —  Herbs   in  swamps,    <fcc.,  stoloniferous, 
4-angled.     Fls.  clustered  in  the  axils. 

H.  lacustris  Nees.  Erect,  subsimple,  minutely  pubescent  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
narrowed  to  both  ends,  sessile,  subentire  ;  verticils  many-flowered  ;  cal.  smooth- 
ish. —  Borders  of  lakes  near  N.  Orleans.  (Hale).  Sterna  1  to  2f  high  above  the 
water,  very  straight  and  simple.  Fls.  white.  (Ruellia  justiciseflora  Hook) 

A  7.  DICLIP'TERA,  Juss.  (Gr.  dig,  double,  AcAe/w,  to  shut  ;  referring 
|to  the  2-valved  capsule.)  Calyx  5-parted,  equal,  sessile,  in  a  bracted 

head  ;  corolla  resupinatc,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  3-toothed  ;    stamens  2  ; 

anther  cells  straight,  placed  one  above  the  other  ;  capsule  4-seeded  ; 

dissepiment  and  walls  separating  from  the  back  of  the  valves  and  curv- 

ing upwards  ;  seeds  discoid,  on  hooks.  —  Herbs  with  the  small  flowers, 

in  axillary,  involucrate,  finally  terminal  heads. 

P.  brachiata  Spr.  St.  6-angled,  brachiate-branched.  glabrous  ;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong, 
subentire,  obtusely  acuminate,  contracted  at  base  to  a  long  petiole;  hds,  few- 
flowered,  sessile  or  the  lower  on  a  leafy  peduncle,  the  upper  at  length  spicate  • 
involucrate  Ivs,  very  unequal  ;  capsule  oval  the  valves  first  curving  backwards, 


536,  ORDER  88.— TERBENACE^E. 

then  each  splitting  from  the  dorsal  rib  and  curving  upwards  from  the  base. — 
Roanoke  R.,  N.  Car.  (Pursh)  to  Ga.  (Pond)  aud  La.  (Hale).  Plant  2  to  3f  high, 
Ivs.  2  to  3'  long,  on  stalks  half  as  long.  Fls.  purple,  5  or  6"  long. 

8.  RHYTIGLOS'SA,  Nees.     (Gr.  f>vri$,  a  wrinkle,  yAwatfa,  tongue  ; 
referring  to  the  wrinkled  palate.)     Calyx  4  or  5-parted  ;  corolla  bilabi- 
ate, upper  lip  narrow,  lower  3-lobed,  with  a  rugous,  veiny  palate  ;  stam- 
ens 2 ;  anther  cells  more  or  less  distinct,  subtransverse,  placed  one 
above  the  other ;  capsule  compressed,  4-seedecl  from  the  middle  up- 
wards ;  seeds  tuberculate,  with  hooks. — Herbs,  loose-leaved,  with  axil- 
lary or  spicate,  bracted  flowers. 

1  R.  pedunculosa  Nees.     Erect,   angular,    very  smooth ;    Ivs.    long-lanceolate, 
scarely  oblique  or  ensiform,  obscurely  crenate  or  wavy,  subpetiolate ;  spikes  axil- 
lary, subcapitate,  on  very  long  peduncles  opposite  or  alternate ;  bracts  and  sepals 
lanceolate,  subequal,  half  as  long  (3")  as  the  ringent  corolla ;  lower  half  of  the  cap- 
sule empty,  valves  recurved  when  ripe. — River  banks,  Niagara  to  Tex.  and  Ga. 
Plant  2  to  3f,  Ivs.  2  to  4'  by  6  to   12".     Corollas  6"  long,  violet-purple.     Caps, 
same  length.     Jn.  Jl.    (Dianthera  Americana  L.     Justicia  pedunculosa  MX.) 

2  R.  ensiformis.     Decumbent  at  base,  then  erect,  very  slender,  4-angled.  smooth ; 
Ivs.  linear,  oblique  or  ensiform,  very  entire,  thick,   sessile ;  peduncles  subterminal, 
very  long ;  spikes  at  length  loose-flowered ;  bracts  half  as  long  as  the  linear  sub- 
ulate sepals  which  are  a  third  as  long  as  tho  showy  corollas. — E.  Ga.  to  Apalachi- 
cola,  Fla.     St.  1  to  2f  high,  in  bogs.     Lvs.  3  to  6'  by  2  to  3".     Ped.  twice  as 
long.     Cor.  purple,  1'  or  more  long,  resembling  those  of  Arethusa.     Confounded 
with  the  preceding  hitherto,  but  very  different.     (Justicia  eusiformis  Walt.  ?) 

3  R.  humilis  Nees.     Glabrous,   ascending,  4-angled ;  Ivs.  oblong  or  lanceolate,  or 
the  lower  oval,  obtusish,  subcrenate,  attenuate  at  base  to  a  short  petiole ;  spikes 
simple,  axillary,  pedunculate ;  fls.  loose,  mostly  secund ;  bractlets  much  shorter  than 
the  subulate  calyx  lobes,  which  equal  the  tube  of  the  small  corolla;  caps,  acumi- 
nate, the  lower  half  empty  and  stalk-like. — S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Plant  1  to  '2f 
high,  often  much  lower.     Lvs.  2  or  3'  long,  the  spikes  at  length  exceeding  them, 
5  to  10-iiowered.     Cor.  5"  long,  light  purple?     (Justicia  humilis  MX.) 

9.  CYRTAN  THERA,  Nees.     (Kvpr6$,  curved,  avOr]pa.)    Calyx  5-cleft 
or  parted,  equal ;  corolla  ringent,  upper  lip  falcate,  lower  in  3  narrow 
segments;  stamens  2,  recurved  at  apex,  anthers  short,  nodding,  capsule 
4-seeded  ? — Herbs  from  tropical  America,  with  showy  clusters  of  flowers. . 
C.  carnea.     Stem  stout,  tall,  half-shrubby ;  Ivs.  ample,  ovate,  subdeltoid  or  oval- 
oblong,  lor.g-cuneate  at  base,  petiolate;    bracts  and   bractlets   lanceolate,   acu- 
minate, ciliate,  larger  than  the  calyx ;  fls.  in  a  dense,  thyrse-like,  terminal  head, 
light  purple  or  flesh-colored,  large,  many  in  bloom  at  once. — In  the  greenhouse.  \ 
(Justicia  carnea  Hook.     C.  magniiica  Nees.) 

ORDER  LXXXVIII.     VERBENACE^E.     VERVAINS. 

Herbs  (or  generally  shrubs  and  trees)  with  opposite,  exstipulato  leaves.  Flowers 
with  a  bilabiate  or  more  or  less  irregular  monapetalous  corolla.  Stamens  4,  didyna- 
mous,  rarely  equal,  sometimes  only  2.  Style  1.  Fruit  dry  or  drupaceous,  2  to 
4-celled  (l-celled  in  Phryma)  forming  as  many  1-seeded  nutlets.  Seeds  erect  or 
pendulous,  with  little  or  no  albumen. 

Genera  56,  species  700,  the  herbs  chiefly  natives  of  temperate  regions,  the  shrubs  and  trees  of 
•warm  and  tropical  regions,  where  in  some  instances  they  are  very  large.  The  Teak-tree  (Tcc- 
toria  grandis)  of  India,  justly  styled  the  "Oak  of  the  East"  is  n  timber  tree  of  great  size,  often 
100  feet  in  height  The  wood  is'grcatly  durable,  and  contains  silex.  Medicinal  properties  un- 
important. The  order  affords  many  fine  ornaments  for  the  garden. 

GENERA. 

§  Ilerbs.    Fruit  dry, — of  4  1-seeded  carpels.    Corolla  5-parted VERBENA.  1 

— of  2  one-seeded  carpels.    Corolla  4-partcd LIPPIA.  2 

— of  1  one-seeded  nutlet.     Corolla  bilabiate PHRYMA  3 


ORDER  88.— VERBENACE^E.  537 

f  Shrubs,    fruit  fleshy.— Flowers  4-parted,  axillary.    Drnpe  4-seeded CALLICABPA.        4 

—-Flowers  4-parted,  axillary.    Drupe  2-seeded LANTAN A.  6 

—Flowers  4-parted,  terminal.    Drupe  2-seeded ALOYSIA.  6 

— Flowers  5-parted.— Seeds  4.    Leaves  simple CLERODENDRUM.  1 

— Seed  1.    Leaves  compound... VITEX.  8 

1.  YERBErNA,  L.  VERVAIN.  (Celtic  fer-fcen,  to  expel  stone ;  hence 
Eng.  vervain,  Lat.  verbena.)  Calyx  5-toothed,  with  one  of  the  teeth 
often  shorter ;  corolla  funnel-form,  limb  somewhat  unequally  5-lobed  ; 
stamens  4,  included,  the  upper  pair  sometimes  abortive ;  drupe  splitting 
into  4,  1-seeded,  indehiscent  carpels. — Herbs  or  undershrubs.  Lvs.  op- 
posite. Fls.  sessile,  mostly  in  spikes  or  hds. 

*  Spieate ;  the  open  corollas  lateral  in  slender  spikes,  (a) 

a  Stem  simple  (mostly)  bearing  a  single  spike.    Leaves  oblonsj Nos.  1, 2 

a  Stem  branched,  with  many  spikes. — Leaves  mostly  simple ..." Nos.  3 — 5 

— Leaves  much  divided No.s.  6 — 8 

*  Corymbed ;  the  open  corollas  forming  a  terminal  (spike)  corymb Nos.  9 — 11 

1  V.  angustifolia  MX.     Erect,  mostly  simple ;  Ivs.  oblong-linear,  tapering  to  the 
base,  remotely  serrate,  with  furrowed  veins ;  spikes  filiform,  solitary,  axillary  and 
terminal ;  cor.  blue ;  bracts  as  long  as  calyx.    A  small,  hairy  species  found  on  rocky 
hills  and  other  dry  soils,  N.  Y.  to  Va.,  "W._  to  the  Miss.     St.  not  more  than  a  foot 
high,  with  narrow  (2  to  3'  by  3  to  5"),  rough  Ivs.  and  slender  spikes  of  deep 
blue  fls.     Jl.    (V.  rugosa  Willd.) 

2  V.  Caroliniana  L.     Assurgent  subsimple,   scabrous-puberulent ;   Ivs.  oblong- 
obovate,  obtuse  or  bluntly  acute,  crenate-dentate,  sessile ;  fls.  in  a  loose  terminal 
spike :  cor.   large,   rose-colored ;  bracts  minute,  half  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  carp.  4, 
not  separating. —  If  Dry  soils,  S.  States,  common.     St.  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs,  18"  to 
3',  varying  to  oval,  and  in  some  specimens  decidedly  hastate !  often  acute.    Spike 
G  to  12'  long.    Fls.  showy,  6"  long,  cal.  2".     May — Jl. 

3  V.  hastata  L.    COMMON  VERVAIN.     Erect;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  incisely 
serrate,  petiolate,  the  lower  ones  lobed  or  hastate;  spikes  erect,  dense,  slender, 
panicled ;    fls.  imbricated. — 1$.    Frequently  by  roadsides  and  in  low  grounds, 
mostly  throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.     St.  3  to  6f  high,  with  paniculate,  opposite 
branches  above.     Lva  rough  and  rugous,  2  to  4'  long,  variously  toothed.     Fls. 
small,  blue,  arranged  in  long,  close,  imbricated  spikes  which  are  erect  and  parallel. 
Jl. — Sept.     §  Eur.    (V.  paniculata  Lam.) — Varies  with  the  Ivs.  incised  or  pinnati- 
iid,  and  spikes  loose^flowered ; — evidently  hybrids.     (Engelm.) 

4  V.  urticaefdlia  L.     Erect,  subpubescent ;  Ivs.  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate, 
acute,  petiolate ;  spikes  axillary  and  terminal,  loose  filiform  ;  fls.  separate  ;  bracts 
shorter  than  the  calyx. — If  About  roadsides  and  rubbish.    A  weed  of  uninviting 
appearance,  2  to  3f  high,  with  Ivs.  resembling  those  of  the  nettle.     It  has  long, 
slender,  weak,  green  divergent  spikes  remotely  filled  with  small,  white,  distinct 
flowers.     Seeds  4.     Jl.,  Aug.     §  Eur. 

5  V.  stricta  Vent.     MULLEIN-LEAVED  VERVAIN.     Hirsute  and  hoary ;  st.  thick 
rigidly  erect,  branched  above ;  Ivs.  oval  or  obovate,  unequally  dentate,  sessile,  acute, 
rugous;  spikes  erect,  strict,  imbricate  and  dense-flowered. —  If   An  erect,  rigid, 
and  rather  handsome  species,  in  dry  fields,  "W.  States,  common.     Very  hirsute,  L 
to  3f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  1  to  2',  numerous,  veiny  and  whitish  beneath.     Cor. 
blue,  thrice  larger  (4'''  broad)  than  in  V.  hastata.     Jl. 

6  V.  bractiosa  MX.     Decumbent,  branched,  divaricate,  very  hairy ;  Ivs.  laciniate, 
rugous ;  spikes  terminal,  thick,  many-flowered ;  bracts  lance-linear,  longer  than  the 
Jls.,  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx. — 2£  Dry  fields  and  roadsides,  Mid.  "W.  and  S. 

States.     "Whole  plant  hairy  and  hoary,  8  to  16'  long,  remarkable  for  its  squarrous, 
bracted  spikes.    Lvs.  1  to  2'  long.    Fls.  small,  blue.    Jn. — Sept.    (Zapania,  Lam.) 

7  V.  spftria  L.  Assurgent,  divaricately  branching,  hairy ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  3-cleft, 
laciniately  lobed  and  toothed;  spikes  slender,  loose;  bracts  a  little  longer  than  the 
calyx. —  U  Conn.,  Md.  to  Ga.     An  unsightly  plant,  with  a  square  stem,  I  to  2f 
high,  half  erect,  di-  and  trichotomous  above.     Lvs.  attenuate  and  sub  petiolate  at 
base.     Spikes  3  to  6'  long,  dense  before  flowering,  loose  after.     Cal.  I1'  long,  cor. 
2",  blue.     Aug.,  Sept. — Differs  from  V.  ofQcinalis  of  Europe  in  its  petiolate  lvs» 
and  longer  bracts. 


538  ORDER  88.— VEKBENACEJE. 

8  V.  strigdsa  Hook.     Erect,  rigid,  strigous-pubescent,  hoary,  branched ;  Ivs.  cb» 
long,  3-parted  to  the  base,   incisely  lobed   and  toothed,  sessile ;  fls.  in  loose,  strict 
spikes;  cor.  large;  bracts  as  long  as  the  calyx;  carp.  4,  not  separating. — X.  Or- 
leans (Hale).     St.  hollow,  2   to  3f  high,  acutely  4-angled.     Lf.  lobes  all  acute, 
very  veiny.     Cor.  purple  ?  4  to  5''  long. 

9  V.  Aubletia  L.     Weak,   assurgent,   rather  hairy ;    Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  ^-parted, 
pinnatifid  or  incisely  lobed  and  toothed,  acute  at  base  and  petiolate  ;  spikes  soli- 
tary, pedunculate ;  bracts  half  as  long  as  the  cylindrical  calyx ;  corollas  showy, 
corymbed,  segm.  emarginate. — (J)  Ya.  to  111.  (Lapham),  La.  and  Fla.  in  dry  soils, 
also  in  gardens  where  its  beautiful  flowers  present  every  variety  of  color.     Apr., 
May. 

10  V.  chamaedrifolia  Smith.     Ascending,  hispid ;  Ivs.  oblong,  acute,  serrate, 
lower  somewhat  lobed,  upper  subentire ;  spike  long-pedunciecl ;  bracts  a  third  as 
long  as  the  long-cylindric  calyx;  cor.  showy,  corymbed;  segm.  emarginate. —  2£ 
Many  of  the  pretty  garden  Verbenas  aro  varieties  of  this  species  from  Buenos 
Ayres. 

11  V.  sororia  Don?    Prostrate,  somewhat  hairy;  Ivs.  multifid,  with  narrow, 
ciliate  segments ;  spikes  pedunculate,  short;  bracts  half  as  long  as  the  slender 
calyx ;  cor.  small,  lobes  emarginate. — Garden  Verbenas,  with  much  smaller  flow- 
ers, usually  pure  white,     f  Asia, 

2.  LIP'PIA,  L.     FOG-FRUIT.     (To  Augustus  Lippi,  a  French  physi- 
cian.)    Calyx  2 -parted,  compressed,  erect,  membranous,  shorter  than 
the  tube  of  the   corolla ;  corolla  funnel-shaped,  limb  sublabiatc,  upper 
lip  entire  or  emarg.  lower  3-lobed ;  stam.  didynamous,  included  ;  drupe 
dr}^  thin,  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  2-scedcd. — Shrubs  or  prostrate  herbs, 
with  opposite  Ivs.     lids,  of  fls.  on  axillary  peduncles.     (Zapan.ia,  Juss.) 
L.  nodi  flora  MX.     Glabrous,  procumbent ;    st.  4-angled,  geniculate,  simple,  Ivs. 

lanceolate,  varying  to  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute,  cuneate  at  base,  petiolate, 
shorter  than  the  peduncles. —  if  On  river  banks,  Penn.  to  Ind.,  III.  and  La.  Sts. 
If  or  more  long.  Lvs.  with  conspicuous  veins,  1  to  2'  long,  ^  to  i  as  wide,  pe- 
tioles 3  to  6".  Ped.  2  to  3'.  lids,  ovoid  or  roundish,  at  length  cylindric-oblong. 
Fls.  small,  purplish  white.  Jl.,  Aug.  (Z.  nodiflora  and  lanceolata  Ph.  &c.) 

3.  PHRYVMA,  L.     LOP-SEED.     Calyx  cylindric,  bilabiate,  upper  lip 
longer,  3-cleft,  lower  lip  2-toothcd  ;  corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  emargi- 
nate, much   smaller  than  the  3-lobed  lower  one  ;    stamens  included  \ 
fruit  dry,  oblong,  striate,   1-celled,  1-seeded. — 11  Herbs  with  opposite 
Ivs.     Fls.  opposite,  spicate,  deflcxed  in  fruit. 

P.  leptostachya  L.  Rocky  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Stem  2 — 3f  high.  Leaves 
large  (3 — 6'  long)j  thin  and  coarsely  toothed,  on  short  stalks.  Fls.  small,  oppo- 
site, light  purple,  in  very  long  and  slender  spikes,  of  which  one  is  terminal,  tho 
rest  opposite  and  axillary,  each  often  with  a  pair  of  bracts  below.  After  flower- 
ing the  calyx  closes  upou  the  fruit  and  becomes  reflexed  backwards  close  to  the 
stem.  Jl. 

4.  CALLICAR'PA,  L.     FRENCH  MULBERRY.     (Gr.  /£a/U,o£,  beautiful, 
Kap7ro£,  fruit ;  for  its  abundant  purple  berries.)     Calyx  4-toothed,  bell- 
shaped  ;  corolla  short-bell-shaped,  limb  of  4  obtuse  segments ;  stamens 
4,  unequal,  exserted;  stigma  capitate,  2-lobed;  drupe  juicy,  enclosing  4 
nutlets. — Shrubs  with  opposite  Ivs.  and  axillary,  subumbc'llate  fls. 

C.  Americana  L.  Branches  and  Ivs.  beneath  downy ;  Ivs.  ovate,  acuminate  at 
each  end,  crenate-dentate,  smooth  above;  clusters  cymous  compound,  shorter 
than  the  petioles ;  fruit  forming  dense  verticils. — Light  soils.  S.  States  common. 
Shrub  much  branched,  3  to  5f  high.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  2  to  3'  discolored  beneath. 
!\s.  small,  purple.  Berries  abundant,  as  large  as  in  Elder,  sweetish.  May — Jl. 

5.  LANTA^NA,  L.     (An  ancient  name  for  the  Viburnum  ;  from  tho 
resemblance.)     Calyx  membranous,  minute,  obsoletely  4-toothed  ;  cor. 


OBDER  89. —LABIATES.  539 

funnel-form,  the  tube  long-exserted ;  limb  oblique,  sublabiate,  upper  lip 
bifid  or  entire,  lower  trifid  ;  stam.  didynaraous,  included,  inserted  in  the 
cor.  tube ;  drupe  fleshy,  double,  the  parts  separable,  1-seeded. — Tropi- 
eal  shrubs  with  square  stems,  opposite  leaves,  and  capitate,  showy 
flowers. 

1  L.  Caniara  L.  Branches  and  ped.  scabrous-pubescent,  often  aculeate;  Ivs. 
ovate  and  ovate-oblong,  or  subcordate,  short-petiolate,  serrate  ;  reticulate-rugous, 
scabrous ;  ped.  many,  dense-flowered,  subumbellate,  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  bracts 
lance-linear,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla. — S.  G-a.,  JFla.  to  La.,  and  S.  to  Brazil 
Shrub  2  to  6f  high.  Fls.  at  first  golden  yellow,  soon  becoming  orange  and  finally 
red.  Drupes  small,  blue.  Jn. — Aug.  (L.  Bartramii  Baldw.)  f 

2  L.  mixta  L.  Plant  pilous-hirsute,  with  wide-spread  branches,  mostly  armed 
with  reversed  prickles ;  Ivs.  shaped  as  in  No.  1 ;  ped.  longer  than  the  leaves;  bracts 
linear-lanceolate,  hairy,  the  outer  as  long  as  the  corolla. — Greenhouse  shrub 
3  to  4f  high.  Fls.  at  first  whitish,  then  yellow,  next  orange,  lastly  red.  f 

6.  ALOYS'IA,  Ortega  &  Palan.     (To  Mary  Louisa,  queen  of  Spain, 
mother  of  Ferdinand.)     Calyx  deeply  4-cleft ;  corolla  tubular,  limb  4- 
lobed,  oblique;  stam.  didynamous,   included;  capsule  double,  parts  1- 
seeded ;  stig.  emarginate. — Shrubs  with  the  small  fls.  in  a  panicle  of 
spikes  or  racemes.     From  S.  Am.     (Lippia,  Schauer.) 

A.  citriodora  Kunth.  LEMON-SCENTED  ALOYSIA.  Smooth  or  the  branches 
roughisli ;  Ivs.  verticil,  in  3s  and  4s,  linear-lanceolate,  short-petioled,  acute  at 
each  end,  mostly  entire,  glandular-punctate  beneath,  coriaceous,  with  divaricate, 
straight  veinlets ;  panicle  terminal,  naked  or  leafy  below. — Gardens,  cult,  for  its 
delightful  fragrance  which  is  exhaled  by  the  numerous  small  fls.  as  well  as  tho 
bruised  leaves,  f  Paraguay. 

7.  CLERODEFTDRUM,  L.     (Gr.  Khfjpog,  chance,  dcvdpov,  a  tree ;  re- 
ferring to  its  doubtful  medicinal  effects.)     Cal.  bell-shaped,  5-toothed ; 
cor.  salver-form,  tube  often  elongated,   limb  subequally  5-cleft ;  drupe 
baccate,  4-carpeled,   carpels,    1-seeded. — Tropical  shrubs  or  trees,  with 
opposite  leaves  and  fls.  in  cymes. 

1  C.  paniculatum  L.    Lvs.  long-petioled,  cordate-hastate,  5  to  7-lobed,  lobes 
acute ;  panicle  of  cymes  terminal,   large,  pyramidal ;   cor.  tube  slender,  4  times 
longer  than  the  calyx. — Shrub  with  ample  leaves  and  scarlet  (6"  long)  corollas. 
f  Asia. 

2  C.  squamatum  Vahl.    Lvs.  roundish,  deeply  reniform-cordate,  lobes  acumi- 
nate, repand-dentate ;  pyramidal  panicle  terminal,  loose,  wholly  colored. — Shrub 
8  to  lOf  high.     Fls.  scarlet.     Stam.  long-exserted.     Cor.  limb  rovolute.     f  Japan. 
— Other  species  are  rarely  cult. 

8.  YITEX,  L.      CHASTE-TREE.      Calyx  5-toothed ;  cor.   cup-shaped, 
limb  5-lobed ;  bilabiate ;  stern,  didynamous,  ascending,  exserted  ;  drupe 
entire,  4-celled,  4-seeded. — Shrubs  with  opposite,  mostly  digittate  leaves, 
and  paniculate  cymes. 

1  V.  Negundo.     Leaves  long-petiolate,  digitately  ternate  or  quinate,  Ifts.  ob- 
long, acuminate,  serrate ;  panicle  compound. — Shrub  4f  high.    Cor.  purple,  pulver- 
ulent.    Stam.  little  exserted.     f  Mauritius. 

2  V  Agnus-castus  L.      Lvs.  long-petioled,   5— 7-foliate ;    Ifts.   lanceolate, 
acuminate,   entire ;  panicles  terminal  and  axillary,  interrupted ;  cymes  subses- 
sile. — Shrub  6f  high.     Cor.  pale,  lilac.     Stam.  long  exserted.     f  S.  Eur. 

ORDER  LXXXIX.     LABIATJ2.     LABIATE  PLANTS. 

Herlta  with  square  sterna  and  opposite,    aromatic,  exstipulato  leaves.     Flowers 
axillary,  in  verticillasters,    Borne  times   as  if  spiked  or  in  heads.     Corolla  labiate 


540  ORDER  89. — LABIATE. 

(rarely  regular),  upper  lip  2 -cleft  or  entire,  arched  or  almost  wanting,  overlapping 
in  bud  the  lower  3-cleft,  usually  larger  lip.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  or  only  2. 
Anthers  2-celled,  cells  often  separated.  Ovary  free,  deeply  4-lobed,  the  single  style 
arising  from  the  base  of  the  lobes.  Fruit  composed  of  4,  or  by  abortion  fewer,  sep- 
arable, 1 -seeded  nuts  or  achenia. 

Illustrations  in  Figs.  75,  86, 117,  325,  273,  851. 

Genera  125,  species  2350,  chiefly  natives  of  temperate  regions,  being  most  abundant  between 
latitudes  40°  and  50°  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Properties.— This  well  known  family  is  universally  pervaded  by  an  aromatic,  volatile'  oil,  nnd 
a  bitter  principle  ;  the  former  rendering  them  eminently  tonic,  cordial,  and  stomachic;  the  lat- 
ter, where  it  prevails,  febrifugal.  The  Pennyroyal,  Lavender,  Suge,  Hoar-hound,  Thyme, 
Spearmint,  Peppermint,  Horsemint,  Rosemary,  <fbc.,  <fec.,  plants  whose  qualities  are  too  well 
known  to  require  particular  mention  here,  are  all  members  of  this  useful  family.  Not  one  epo- 
ciea  is  poisonous  or  even  suspicious. 

TRIBES  AND  GENERA. 
§  Stamens  2,  perfect,— ascending  beneath  the  galea ;  anthers  1-celled.    (Tribe  IV.) 

— cxsevted,  distant ;  anthers  2-celled  (d). 

§  Stamens  4,  perfect,— all  declined  towards  the  lower  lip.    (Tribe  I.) 
— erect,  or  ascending  towards  the  upper  lip  (2). 
2  Stamens  of  equal  length,  corolla  almost  regular,  4  to  5-lobed  (*e). 

2  Stamens,  the  upper  pair  longer  than  the  lower  (outer)  and  calyx  13  to  15-veined.  (Tribe  V.) 
2  Stamens,  the  lower  pair  longer  than  the  upper  (interior)  pair  (3). 
3  Stamens  divergent,  apart,  mostly  straight  and  cxserted  (e). 
3  Stamens  parallel,  ascending  and  long-exserted  from  the  upper  side  (b). 
3  Stamens  parallel,  ascending  in  pairs  beneath  the  upper  lip  (<!). 
4  Calyx  13-veined,  5-toothed,  and  somewhat  2-lipped  (f). 
4  Calyx  5  to  10-veined,  or  irregularly  netted  (5). 

5  Calyx  strongly  2-lipped,  upper  lip  truncate,  closed  in  fruit  (h). 

6  Calyx  not  2-lipped,  3  or  4-lobed,  open  in  fruit  (k). 

5  Calyx  subequally  5-toothed,  teeth  not  spinescent  (m). 
5  Calyx  subequally  5-tcothed,  teeth  spinescent  (n). 
5  Calyx  unequally  8  to  10-toothed  (o). 

L  OCIMOIDE^E.— Corolla  upper  lip  4-lobed,  lower  entire,  flattish OCIMUM.    1 

— Corolla  upper  lip  4-lobed,  lower  saccate,  deflexed II  YPTIS.    2 

— Corolla  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed LAVANDULA.    3 

II.  AJUGOIDE.JS. — b  Stamens  exserted  through  a  fissure  in  the  tube TEUCRIUM.     4 

b  Stamens  very  long,  involute,  arching  the  corolla.. . .  .TKICUOSTEMMA.    6 
*C  Corolla  limb  equally  5-lobed.    Stamens  short ISANTIICS.     6 

III.  SATUEEJE^E.— (Stamens  diverging  or  ascending,  2-celled.     Cor.  lobes  flattish,  spreading.) 

*C  Corolla  limb  4-lobed,  upper  lobe  broadest MENTIIA.    7 

d  Corolla  nearly  regular,  4-lobcd.    Calyx  naked  in  the  throat LYCOPUS.    8 

d  Corolla  bilabiate,— cyanic,  throat  naked.    Stamens  straight CUNILA.    9 

— cyanic,  throat  naked.     Stamens  ascending HEDEOMA.  10 

—yellow,  throat  with  a  hairy  ring  inside COLLINSONIA.  11 

e  Calyx  15-veined.    Stamens  cxserted,  divergent HTSSOPUS.  12 

e  Calyx  10-veined,  the  veins  obscured  by  hairs.     Cor.  yellow,  fringed COLLINSONIA.  11 

e  Calyx  10  to  13-veined,— throat  naked.— Stamens  straight,  divergent. .  PYCNANTHEMUM.  13 

— Stamens  ascending,  anth.  spurle.j>3..SATUREjA.  14 
— Stamens  ascending,  anth.  spurred.DiCERANDP.A.  15 

—throat  hairy— Bracts  roundish,  large ORIGANUM.  16 

— Bracts  narrow,  minute. . , TIIYMCS.  17 

f  Tube  of  the  corolla  straight.    Leaves  small,  subcrenate  or  entire CALAMINTHA.  18 

f  Tube  of  the  corolla  curved  upwards.    Leaves  large,  coarse-crenate MELISSA.  19 

IV.  MONARDEJ2.— Conncctile  long,  transverse,  distancing  the  anther  cells SALVIA.  20 

— Connectile  continuous  with  fll.  toothed  at  the  juncture ROSMARINUS.  21 

— Connectile  inconspicuous. — Calyx  subequally  toothed MONARDA.  22 

— Calyx  bilabiate,  aristate BLEPIIYI.LIA.  23 

V.  NEPETEJ2.— Stamens  distant,  cxserted.    Flowers  in  terminal  spikes LCPHANTIIUS.  24 

— Stamens  all  ascending. — Anther  cells  divergent,  much NEPETA.  25 

— Anther  cells  divergent,  little... DRACCKEPHAI.CM.  26 
— Anther  cells  parallel.    Fls.  large. .  .CEDRONELLA.  27 

VL  BTACHYDE^E.— (Stamens  parallel,  ascending.    Cor.  upper  lip  galeate!    Cal.  5  to  10-veined.) 
h  Calyx  lips  toothed,  upper  3  teeth  minute,  lower  2  large ERIINSLLA.  28 


ORDER  89.— LABIATES.  541 

h  Calyx  lips  entire,  upper  with  an  appendage  on  the  back BCPTELLARIA.  29 

k  Calyx  3-lobed.    Anthers  all  distinct.    Flowers  purple  streaked MACBBIDEA.  80 

k  Calyx  4-lobed.     Anthers,  the  highest  pair  connate SYNANDKA.  31 

m  Corolla  tube  inflated  in  the  midst,  whitish.     Lips  small PIIYSOSTKGIA.  32 

m  Corolla  tube  inflated  at  the  throat,  purple.    Lower  lip  long LAMIUM.  33 

m  Corolla  inflated  in  the  broad,  concave  upper  lip,  purple  or  yellow PIILOMIS.  34 

m  Corolla  not  inflated,  short.— Calyx  salver-form,  10-ribbed BALLOTA.  85 

—Calyx  broad-bell-form,  netted MOLLUCELLA   36 

n  Anthers  opening  transversely,  ciliate  fringed.    Lvs.  notched GALEOPSIS.  3T 

n  Anthers  opening  lengthwise.— Achenia  rounded  at  the  top STACHYS.  33 

— Achenia  truncate,  3-angled  at  top LEONURUS.  39 

O  Corolla  white,  upper  lip  flattish.    Style  equally  bifid ...MARRUBIUM.  40 

O  Corolla  white,  upper  lip  concave.    Style  unequally  bifld LEUCAS.  41 

O  Corolla  scarlet,  exserted.     Calyx  upper  tooth  longest LEON  OTIS.  42 

1.  O'CIMUM,  L.     SWEET  BASIL.     (Gr.  o^>,  to  smell ;  the  plants  arc 
strongly  aromatic.)     Upper  lip  of  calyx  orbicular,  lower  4-fid ;  corolla 
resupinate,  one  lip  4-cleft,  the  other  undivided  ;  stamens  4,  declined, 
the  lower  pair  longer,  the  upper  often  with  a  process  at  their  base. — • 
Verticels  6-flpwered,  in  terminal,  interrupted  racemes. 

O.  basilicum  L.  Lvs.  smooth,  ovate  oblong,  subdentate,  petiolate ;  cal.  cili- 
ate.— (D  Plant  6  to  12'  high,  with  peculiarly  smooth  and  soft  leaves,  variously 
colored,  exhaling  a  delightful  odor.  St.  retrorsely  pubescent  above,  branched. 
Stam.  exserted.  Ms.  white  or  bluish.  Jl.,  Aug.  \  E.  India.  Cultivated  as  a 
culinary  herb. 

2.  HYP'TIS,  L.     (Gr.  VTTTIOS,  supine ;  from  the  apparently  resupin- 
ate corolla.)     Calyx   5-toothed,  teeth   acute  or  subulate ;  corolla  tube 
cylindric,  limb  5-lobed,  the  lower  abruptly  deflexed,  contracted  at  its 
base,  the  4  others  flat,  erect  or  spreading ;  stamens  4,  declinate ;  ach- 
enia  ovoid  or  oblong. — In  our  species  the  flowers  are  capitate. 

1  H.  radiata  "Willd.     Herbaceous ;  Ivs.  glabrous,  lance-ovate,  unequally  crenate- 
serrate,  narrowed  to  a  petiole;    hds.  globular,  long-pedunculate;  bracts  lance- 
oblong,  obtuse,  forming  an  involucre,  longer  than  the  calyx,  as  if  radiate  ;  cal.  teeth 
acutely  subulate,  rigid. — U  In  damp  fields,  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  common.     St. 
18'  to  3f  high,  square  and  hollow.     Lvs.  with  their  stalks  3  to  5'  long.     Hds. 
hemispherical  in  flower,  in  fruit  globular.     Invol.  about  12-leaved.     Jl. — Sept. 

2  H.  spicata  Poit.     Branches  aculeate-scabrous  on  the  angles ;  Ivs.  ovate,  un- 
equally serrate,  acute,  petiolate,  whitish puberulent  beneath;  hds.  loosely  racemed, 
semi-oval,  scarcely  as  long  as  their  peduncles ;  racemes  panicled ;  bracts  ovate, 
much  shorter  than  the  calyx. —  1£  In  Fla.    Plant  1  to  2f  high.    Hds.  4  to  7-flowercd. 
Cal.  inflated  at  base,  truncate,  with  short,  setaceous  teeth.     Cor.  violet-blue. 

3.  LAVAN'DULA,  L.     LAVENDER.     (Lat.  lavare,  to  wash.     Used  in 
perfumery.)     Calyx  ovoid-cylindric,  with  5  short  teeth,  the  upper  one 
often  largest ;  corolla  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower  3-lobed,  lobes  all  nearly 
equal ;  tube  exserted  ;  stamens  included. —  ^  . 

L.  spica  L.  Lvs.  linear-oblanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  sessile,  revoluto 
at  the  edge,  the  upper  ones  linear-lanceolate,  the  highest  shorter  than  the  calyx ; 
spike  interrupted;  bracts  subulate. — Plant  12 — 18'  high,  suffruticous,  branching 
from  the  base.  Leaves  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  branches,  clothed  with  a  whit- 
ish down.  Calyx  villous.  Cor.  much  exserted,  lilac-colored.  Jl.  \ — The  plant 
is  delightfully  fragrant,  and  by  distillation  yields  the  well  known  oil  of  lavender. 

4.  TEITCRIUM,  L.     GERMANDER.     (Teucer,  the  founder  of  Troy,  is 
said  by  Pliny  to  have  first  employed  it  medicinally.)     Calyx  subcam- 
panulate  and  subregular,  in  5  acute  segments ;  corolla  with  the  4  upper 
lobes  nearly  equal,  the  lowest  largest,  roundish ;  stamens  4r  exserted 
from  the  deep  cleft  ia  the  upper  side  of  the  tube. 


542  ORDER  89. — LABIATE. 

T.  Canadense  L.  Plant  erect,  hoary-pubescent;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate, 
petiolate ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  spike  long,  of 
many  crowded  verticils  of  flowers;  upper  teeth  of  calyx  broader. —  2£  Can.  and 
U.  S.,  fields  and  road-sides.  St.  about  2f  high,  usually  simple,  square,  with  con- 
cave sides.  Lvs.  3  times  as  long  as  wide,  somewhat  rounded  at  base,  green 
above,  more  or  less  hoary  beneath.  Ms.  disposed  in  a  terminal  spike.  Cor.  pur- 
plish, apparently  without  the  upper  lip,  instead  of  which  is  a  lissure  through 
which  the  stamens  are  exserted.  Jl. 

ft.  VIRGINICUM.     Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  crowded,  large,  subsessile.     (T.  Yirgini- 
cum  L.) — A  well  marked  variety. 

5.  TRICHOSTEM'MA,  L.     BLUE  CURLS.     (Gr.  Opil-,  hair,  a-ri^a, 
ttanien ;  for  its  long,  hair-like  filaments.)     Calyx  very  oblique,  veiny, 
unequally  5-toothed,  lower  lip  of  2  short  teeth,  upper  twice  as  long,  of 
3  teeth,  all  acute;  corolla  tube  slender,  short,  limb  obliquely  5-lobed; 
stamens  4,  filaments  very  long,  exserted  and  curved ;  anther  cells  divari- 
cate.— ®  Cymes  loose,  the  central,  that  is,  terminal  fls.  incurved,  or  re- 
supinate  by  the  continued  growth  of  the  stem.     Cor.  blue. 

1  T.  dichotoma  L.     Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  obtuse,  entire  pu- 
bescent, as  well  as  the  stem  and  branches. — Dry  or  rocky  soils,  Mass,  to  Ga.,  La., 
111.     An  interesting  plant  a  foot  high.      St.   obtusely  4-angled,   hairy,   bushy. 
Branches  opposite  and  dichotomous.     Lvs.  slightly  petiolate,  1'  to  18"  long,  4  to 
7"  wide.     Fls.  axillary  and  terminal,  becoming  inverted  by  the  bending  of  the 
pedicel.     Cor.  purple.     Stain,  slender,  of  a  delicate,  purplish  hue,  gracefully  bend- 
ing from  the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  to  the  upper,  forming  an  arch.     Aug. 

2  T.  line  are  Nutt.     Lvs.  linear,  nearly  smooth ;  st.  and  branches  puberulent. — 
Dry  soils,  N.  Y.  (at  Salem)  to  Ga.  and  La.     Very  slender,  a  foot  high,  branched 
above,  or  often  its  whole  length.     Lvs.  1'  to  18''  long,  2"  rarely  3"  wide.     Cal. 
very  veiny,  the  short  triangular  teeth  setaceously  acuminate.   Fls.  as  in  the  other, 
about  4"  long.     JL,  Aug. 

6.  ISANTHUS,  MX.    FALSE  PENNYROYAL.    (Gr.  lao?,  equal,  dvdoc, 
the  flowers  being  regular ;  a  character  very  rare  among  the  Labiatse.) 
Calyx  subcampanulate,  equally  5-toothed,  throat  naked ;  corolla  5-parted, 
tube  straight  and  narrow,  segments  of  the  border  ovate  and  equal ;  sta- 
mens subequal,  incurved,  ascending,  longer  than  the  corolla. —  If  Herb 
viscid  pubescent,  with  lance-elliptic,  entire  Ivs.  acute  at  each  end.     Fls. 
axillary. 

I.  cceruleus  MX. — Branching,  leafy,  in  dry  fields,  N.  and  "W.  States,  with  the  as- 
pect of  Pennyroyal.  St.  rounded,  slender,  12 — 18'  high,  with  branches  and  Ivs. 
opposite.  Lvs.  an  inch  or  less  in  length,  and  a  fourth  as  wide,  distinctly  tripli- 
veined.  Fls.  numerous,  1  or  2  in  each  axil,  blue.  Calyx  leaves  lanceolate, 
longer  than  the  tube.  Jl 

7.  MENTHA,  L.    MINT.    (Mintha,  the  daughter  of  Cocytus,  is  fabled 
to  have  been  changed  into  one  of  these  plants.)    Calyx  equally  5-toothed ; 
corolla  nearly  regular,  tube  scarcely  exserted,  border  4-cleft,  the  broad- 
est segment  emarginate ;  stamens  4,  straight,  distant ;  anther  cells  par- 
allel ;  filaments  naked. —  2£  Strong  scented  herbs.     Fls.  in  dense  ver- 
ticils. 

§  Verticils  approximating,  forming  a  terminal,  leafless  spike Nos.  1,  2 

§  Verticils  remote,  axillary.    Calyx  naked  in  the  throat Nos.  3,  4 

1  M.  viridis  L.  SPEARMINT.  Lvs.  subsessile,  oblong-lanceolato,  acute,  inciaely 
serrate ;  bracts  setaceous,  and,  with  the  teeth  of  the  calyx,  somewhat  hairy ;  spikes 
slender,  interrupted,  attenuate  above. —  If  Can.  and  U.  S.  Plant  highly  esteemed 
for  its  agreeable,  aromatic  properties.  In  wet  soils,  rapidly  spreading  by  its  creep- 
ing roots,  with  erect,  branching,  4-angled  stalks,  1 — 2f  high.  Spikes  composed  of 


ORDER  89.— LABIAT^E.  543 

distinct,  axillary  cymes,  apparently  whorled,  a  little  remote  from  each  other. 
Peduncles  smooth,  round,  shining.  Corollas  pale  purple.  Jl.,  Aug.  §  Eur. 

2  M.  piperita  Smith.     PEPPERMINT.     Lvs.  smooth,  ovate,  and  lanceolate,  serrate, 
petiolate;  bracts  lanceolate;  cal.  quite  smooth  at  base,  punctate  ;  spikes  oblong  or 
cylindric,  obtuse. — Wet  places,  and  cultivated  in  gardens.     It  has  a  more  pene- 
trating taste  and  stronger  smell  than  the  other  species,  pungent  to  the  tongue, 
followed  by  a  sensation  of  coldness.     The  plant  has  a  purplish  stem,  2  to  3f  high, 
with  scattered,  deflexed  hairs.     Lvs.  sharply  serrate,  dark-green.     Spikes  seldom 
more  than  1'  in  length.     Cor.  purplish.     Jl.     §  Eur. 

3  M.  arv£nsis  L.    CORN  MINT.     FIELD  MINT.     St.  ascending,  much  branched, 
retrorsely  hirsute ;  Ivs.  ovate,  serrate,  petiolate,  acute,  rounded  or  abrupt  at  base; 
verticils  axillary ;  pedicels  smooth ;  cal.  hirsute. — Penn.,   Ohio,  rare.     St.  stout, 
often  erect,  about  If  in  height.    Lvs.  varying  to  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  some* 
times  nearly  smooth,  about  twice  longer  (1  to  2')  than  wide,  several  times  longer 
than  the  petioles.     Fls.  small,  numerous,  pale  purple.     The  plant  smells  like  de- 
cayed cheese.     Jl.     §  Eur. 

4  M.  Canadensis  L.    HOBSEMIKT.    Ascending,  soft-pubescent  with  spreading 
hairs;  Ivs.  petiolate,  lanceolate,   serrate,  acute  at  each  end;  fls.  in  axillary  cymes; 
stam.  generally  exserted. — Can.  to  Ky.  and  Penn.    An  herbaceous,  grayish  plant, 
1  to  2f  high,  growing  in  muddy  situations.     St.  square,   usually  branched  and 
beset  with  spreading  hairs.     Lvs.  serrate,  on  opposite,  downy  footstalks.     Fls. 
apparently  in  whorls,  pale  purple.     Calyx  hairy.    Aromatic  like  Pennyroyal  but 
less  so.     Jn.,  Jl. 

/?.  BOREALIS.  Plant  nearly  smooth.     (M.  borealis  MX.) 

8.  LYC'OPUS,  L.     WATER  HOARIIOUND.     (Gr.  kvicog,  a  wolf,  irovg,  a 
foot;  a  fanciful  name.)      Calyx  tubular,  4 — 5-cleft;  cor.  subregular,  4- 
cleft,  the  tube  as  long  as  the  calyx,  upper  segment  broadest,  emargi- 
nate ;  sta.   2  distant,  diverging,  simple ;  £ty.   straight,  as  long  as  tho 
stamens;  ach.  4,  obliquely  truncate  at  apex. —  2£  Bog  herbs,  with  the 
very  small  fls.  in  axillary,  dense  clusters. 

1  L.  Virginicus  L.     BUGLE  WEED.    Lvs.  broad-lanceolate,  serrate,  tapering  and 
entire  at  both  ends;  cal.  teeth  4,  obtuse,  spineless,  shorter  than  the  achenia. — Can. 
and  TJ.  S.,  in  wet  soils.     St.  smooth,  obtusely  4-angled,  with  the  sides  concave, 
12  to  18'  high,  usually  simple,  bearing  small  whorls  of  minute  purplish  fls.    Lvs. 
•jvith  remote,  teeth-like  scrratures,  petiolate  or  very  slender  at  base.     The  whole 
plant  often  changes  to  purple.     It  often  sends  out  long  slender  runners  from  tho 
base.     JL,  Aug. 

2  L.  Europa^us  L.      Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate  or  lance   ovate,  petiolate.  acute, 
sinuate-toothed  or  lobtd,  the  lower  incised  /  calyx  teeth  5,  acuminate-spinescent,  longer 
than  the  smooth  achenia. — A  plant  in  wet  places,  widely  diffused  and  exceedingly 
variable,  scarcely  two  specimens  similar.     St.  1  to  2f  high,  sharply  angled  rarely 
stoloniferous.     Lvs.  1  to  2  to  4'  long,  the  segments  quite  unequal.     Clusters  very 
small.     Aug.     (L.  sinuatus  Ell.,  Benth.,  &c.) — It  dyes  a  permanent  black. 

(3.  EXALTATUS.  Lower  Ivs.  pinnatifid,  with  the  segments  subserrate;  st.  usually 
tall.— With  the  others,  Y.  to  Fla.  (L.  exaltatus  Ph.) 

y.  ANGUSTIFOLIUS.  Lvs.  only  serrate,  narrowly  lanceolate  or  oblong,  taper- 
ing to  both  ends.  Sometimes  nearly  entire  I  Fls.  exactly  as  in  the  other 
varieties.  S.  W.  States.  (T.  angustifolius  Nutt.) 

9.  CUNPLA,  L.     DITTANY.     (The  ancient  Roman  name  for  Penny* 
royal.)     Calyx   10-ribbed,   equally  5-toothed,  throat  densely  villous; 
upper  lip  of  corolla  flat,  emarginate ;  stamens  2,  erect,  exserted,  distant. 
C.  Mariana  L.     Lvs.  ovate,  serrate,  subsessilo ;  cymes  pedunculate,  coryrabous, 

axillary  and  terminal. — 1±  Grows  on  rocks  and  in  dry  woods,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and 
Ark.  Stem  4-angled,  mostly  purple,  branching,  smoothlsh,  1 — 2f  high.  Leavea 
small,  nearly  smooth,  roundish  or  subcordato  at  base,  tapering  to  a  point  and 
punctate  with  pellucid  dots.  Flowers  with  subulate  bracts  at  the  baso  of  tho 
3-forked  pedicels.  Calyx  punctate.  Corolla  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx, 


544 


ORDER  89.— LABIATE. 


pubescent,  palo  red.  Stamens  and  style  much  exserted,  of  the  same  hue  as  tho 
corolla.  The  herb  is  delightfully  fragrant,  and  used  in  febrifugal  infusions. 
JL,  Aug. 

10.  HEDEOVMA,  Pers.     AMERICAN  PENNYROYAL.     (Gr.  ?]dv$,  sweet, 
od/zTJ,  smell.)     Calyx  13-striate,  gibbous  at  base,  bilabiate,  throat  hairy, 
upper  lip  3-toothed,  lower  2-cleft ;  corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  erect,  flat, 
emarginate,  lower  spreading,  3-lobed  ;  stamens  2  fertile,  ascending. — 
Low,  fragrant  herbs. 

1  H.  pulegioides  Pers.     Los.  oblong,  few-toothed,  petiolate,  narrowed  to  each  end; 
verticils  axillary,  6-flowered ;  cor.  equaling  the  calyx. — Cp  A  small,  strong-scented 
herb,  held  in  high  repute  in  the  domestic  materia  medica.     Stem  erect,  branching, 
6'  high.     Leaves  opposite,  with  1 — 2  teeth  eacli  side,  on  very  short  petioles, 
smooth  on  the  upper  surface,  roughish  beneath.     Calyx  ciliate,  2  lower  divisions 
spined.     Abundant  in  dry  pastures,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Flowering  all  summer. 

2  H.  hispida  Ph.     Lvs.  linear,  entire,  sessile,  obtuse;  verticils  about  6-flowered; 
cor.  scarcely  as  long  as  the  calyx. — CD  Borders  of  the  Mississippi  and  Missouri,  to 
Ark.     Herb  a  few.  inches  high,  branching,  very  leafy  and  somewhat  hairy.     Lvs. 
6"  long.     Cal.  teeth  awned.     JL 

3  ?  H.  bractiolata  Nutt.      Pubescent,  simple,   slender ;  Ivs.  linear  lanceolate, 
acute  at  each  end,  entire;  pedicels  setaceously  bracteolate,  3  to  5-flowered;  cal. 
oblong,  equal ;  cor.  minute  ? — Car.  (Nuttall).     (Micromeria  ?  Benth.) 

11.  COLLINSOVNIA,  L.      HORSE  BALM.       (To   John    Collinson,    an 
English    botanist.)     Calyx   ovoid,    10-striate,   upper   lip   truncate,    3- 
toothed,  lower  2-cleft ;  corolla  exserted,  campanulate-ringent,  upper  lip 
in  4  subequal  lobes,  lower  lip  longer,  declined,  fimbriate ;  stamens  2 
(rarely  4),  much  exserted,  divergent. — 11  Herbs  strong  scented,  with 
large,  ovate,  serrate,  petiolate  Ivs.  and  yellowish  fls.,  in  a  terminal,  leaf- 
less panicle  or  raceme. 

*  Stamens  2  perfect — the  upper  pair  of  filaments  minute  points Nos.  1,  2 

— the  upper  pair  of  filaments  capitate.    Southern No.  3 

*  Stamens  4  perfect,  long  exserted.    Leaves  very  large.    Southern Nos.  4,  5 

1  C.  Canadensis  L.     Glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent ;  Ivs.  acuminate,  coarsely 
serrate,  abrupt  or  subcordate  at  base ;  panicle  loose,  elongated  ;  cal.  teeth  sub- 
ulate, not  longer  than  its  tube ;  stam.  2,  exserted. — A  coarse  herb,  in  woods  and 
fields,  Can.  to  Ky.  and  Car.      St.  4-sided,  3  to  4f  high  (smooth  or  a  little  pubes- 
cent).    Lvs.  thin,  G  to  8'  long  and  3  to  4'  wide.     Fls.   in  a  large  compound  ra- 
ceme, with  opposite  branches  and  pedicels.     Cor.  5   to  6"  long,  greenish-yellow, 
the  lower  lip  elongated  and  fringed.     Style  and  stamens  very  long.     Flowering 
in  summer. 

(3.  TUBEROSA.     Lvs.  somewhat  rhombic-oval,  acute  at  both  ends ;  fls.  smaller. 
— Car  to  La.  (Hale).     (C.  tuberosa  MX.) 

2  C.  scabriiiscula  Ait.      Nearly  glabrous;  Ivs.  small  (18"  to  3'  long),   acute, 
rather  abrupt  at  base,  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface ;  panicle  very  loose,  leafy  at 
base;  fls.  small;  cal.  teeth  subulate,   scarcely  longer  than  its  tube;  stam.  2, 
sterile  fil.  minute. — S.  Car  to  Fla.,  near  Savannah.     Plant  2  to  Gf  high.     Petioles 
half  as  long  as  the  leaves.     Fls.  opposite.     Cor.  thrice  as  long  (4  to  5")  as  calyx. 
Sept. — Nov. 

3  C.  ptmctata  Ell.     Pubescent,  Ivs.  large  (5  to  7'  long),  acuminate,  rather  acuto 
at  base,   conspicuously  resinous-punctate  beneath ;  rac.  paniculate,  the  lower  axil- 
lary; fls.  small;  cal  teeth  subulate-aivned,  longer  than  its  tube;  stam.  2,  exserted, 
sterile  fil.    capitate. — Rich  soils,  S.  Car.  and  Ga.  (Feay).     Plant  2   to  Gf  high. 
Petioles  a  third  as  long  as  the  leaves.     Cor.  twice  longer  (4  to  5")  than  calyx 
teeth.    Sept.,  Oct. 

4  C.  verticillata  Baldw.      Viscid-pubescent  above  ;  Ivs.  broad-oval,  acute  or 
acuminate,  abrvpt  at  lose,  coarsely  dentate,  falsely  verticillate  by  the  proximity  of 
pairs;  rac.  simple,  elongated,  with  the  fls.  verticillate ;  cal.  teeth  setaceous-pointed ; 


ORDER  89.— LABIATJE.  545 

stam.  4. — On  Lookout  Mt  Tenn. !  to  Middle  Ga.  Plant  1  to  2f  high,  simple. 
Lvs.  large  (6  to  8'  long),  petioles  about  2'.  Rac.  5  to  10'.  Fls.  twice  larger  (7 
to  9"  long)  than  in  Nos.  2  and  3.  Stam.  and  sty.  very  long,  spreading.  Lower 
lip  strongly  fringed.  May,  Jn. 

5  C.  anisata  Ph.  Yiscid-pubescent ;  Ivs.  broad-ovate,  acute,  subserrate,  at  base 
cordate  or  truncate,  scabrous  above,  the  floral  similar,  very  small,  sessile ;  pan- 
icle dense-flowered ;  fls.  opposite ;  cat.  teeth  ovate,  obtuse,  with  a  short  mucro,  tJie 
3  upper  longer;  stam.  4. — Middle  Ga.  (Feay),  Ala.,  Fla.  ?  Plant  1  to  2f  high. 
Lvs.  5  to  7'  by  3  to  5',  very  rugous,  often  short  acuminate,  petioles  1'  to  15". 
Fls.  about  as  large  as  in  No.  1.  Jl. — Sept. 

12.  HYSSO'PUS,  L.     HYSSOP.     (Hebrew  ezeb  ;  Arabic  uzzof  ;  English 
hyssop.)     Calyx  tubular,  15-striate,  equally  5-toothed,  upper  lip  of  the 
corolla  erect,  flat,  emarginate,  lower  lip  3-parted,  the  middle  segment 
largest,  tube  about  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  stamens  5,  exserted,  diverging. 
H.  officinalis  L.    Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  sessile ;  cal.  teeth  erect ; 
fls.  in  racemous,  secund  verticils;  middle  division  of  the  corolla  2-lobed,  entire. 
—  It  Cultivated  for  its  reputed  medicinal  properties.     A  handsome  plant,  grow- 
ing in  tufts  2f  high,  with  delicate  foliage  and  bright  blue  flowers.     Jl.     \  S.  Eur. 
13.  PYCNANTHEMUM,  MX.     BASIL.     (Gr.  TTVKVO^  dense,  dvdot; ; 
alluding  to  the  dense,  capitate  inflorescence.)     Calyx  tubular,  10  to  13- 
striate,  5-toothed,  teeth  equal  or  subbilabiate,  throat  naked  within ;  up- 
per lip  of  corolla  nearly  entire,  lower  lip  trifid,  middle  lobe  longest,  all 
ovate,  obtuse,  stamens  4,  distant,  subequal,  anthers  with  parallel  cells. — 
It  Erect,  rigid  herbs,  all  N.  American.     Verticils  dense,   many-flow- 
ered. 

§  Calyx  subbilabiate,  in  flattish,  often  loose  cymes.    Leaves  petiolatc.    (a) 
§  Calyx  subequally  cleft,  in  roundish,  dense  heads,    (b) 

a  Teeth  of  the  calyx  ovate,  acute,  awnless No.  1 

a  Teeth  of  the  calyx  produced  into  bearded  awns,  shorter  than  corolla Nos.  2—4 

b  Calyx  teeth  and  bracts  with  naked  awns  equaling  the  corolla Nos.  5,  6 

b  Calyx  shorter  than  tho  corolla. — Heads  panicled.  Leaves  subpetiolate..  .Nos.  7 — 9 

— Heads  coryrnbed.    Leaves  sessile Nos.  10 — 12 

—Head  solitary,  large No.  13 

1  P.  albescens  Torr.  &  Gr.   Lvs.  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  subserrate,  acute  at  each  end, 
subglabrous,  whitened  beneath,  the  upper  whitened  both  sides,  all  petiolate ;  fls. 
separate,  at  length  in  little  secund  racemes;  cal.  teeth  much  shorter  than  its 
tube.— Ala.  to  La.     St.  2  to  3f  high,  much  branched.     Lvs.  18''  to  3'  long,  often 
puberulent  beneath.     Cymes  many,  in  fruit  1'  to  18"  broad.     Fls.  as  in  all  the 
species,  small,  reddish. 

2  P.  Tullia  Benth.     Lvs.  ovate  or  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,   subserrate,  and 
with  the  stem  mllous-pubescent,  the  floral  whitened,  fls.  separate,  at  length  in  little 
secund  simple  racemes ;  cal.  teeth  ending  in  subulate,  bearded  awns,  about  equal- 
ing the  tube. — Mts.  of  E.  Tenn.,  N.  Car.  to  Ga.     Lvs.  as  in  No.  1,  varying  from 
ovate  to  lanceolate.     Lower  lip  of  calyx  somewhat  shorter. 

3  P.  incanum  MX.     WILD  BASIL.     Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  acute,  subserrate,  rounded 
at  the  base,   petiolate,  hoary-tomentous  beneath,  the  floral  whitened  both  sides ; 
cymes  dilated,  not  in  racemes ;  cal.  teeth  subequal,  subulate,  aristate,  bearded  at 
apex. — Rocky  woods  and  barrens,  Can.,  N.  Mid.,  "VV.  States.     St.  2  to  4f  high, 
covered  with  soft,  whitish  down  like  the  rest  of  the  plant.     Cymes  all  canescent, 
1'  or  less  broad.     Cor.  pale  red,  dotted  with  purple.     Aug.     (P.  Loomisii,  Nutt) 

4  P.    clinopodioides    Torr.   &   Gr.       Lvs.    oblong-lanceolate,   acute   at   each 
end,  subserrate,  smoothed  above,  pubescent  beneath ;  sts.  and  branches  villous- 
pubescent ;  cymes  contracted  and  almost  capitate,  terminal  and  sessile  at  the  upper 
nodes ;  bracts  ciliate ;  cal.  teeth  subulate,  often  tufted  with  hairs  at  apex. — Dry 
soils,  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  to  Ind.     Plant  corymbously  branched,  2  to  3f  high,  scarcely 
canescent,  never  whitened.   Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.    Cymes  less  than  G"  broad.    Aug.r 
Sept 

5  P.  aristatrum  MX.     Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  acute,  subserrate,. rounded  at  base,  on  short 
petioles,  and  with  tlia  stem  glabrous  or  minutely  canescent-downy ;  bracts  rigid, 

35 


546  ORDEB  89.— LABIATE. 

pointed  with  beardless  awns  like  the  calyx  teeth,  as  long  as  the  corolla. — Pino 
barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  18"  to  2'  long,  the  floral  sometimes 
whitened.  Heads  few,  rather  larger  (6  to  9"  diam.) 

G  P.  hyssopifolium  Benth.  Lvs.  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  subentire,  subsessile,  and 
with  the  stem  glabrous  or  minutely  canescent-downy ;  hds.  few,  large  (nearly  1' 
diam.).  Barrens,  Ya,  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  1'  to  18"  long,  less 
rigid  than  in  No.  5. 

7  P.  Torreyi  Benth.    Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  thin,  nearly  entire,  tapering  at 
base  to  a  very  short  petiole,  and  with  the  stem  slightly  pubescent ;  bracts  and 
subulate  calyx  teeth  white-pubescent. — Dry  soils,   near  N.  Y.  city,  and  in  N.  J. 
Perhaps  too  near  P.  lanceolatum,  but  the  tapering,  petiolate  base  of  the  long,  nar- 
row,  thin  leaves  are   usually  well  denned.      Cymes  scarcely  capitate.     Aug., 
Sept. 

8  P.  pilosum  Nutt.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  subentire,  acute  at  each  end,  subsessile,  and 
with  the  stem  and  branches  more  or  less  clothed  with  soft,  spreading  hairs  /  caL 
teeth  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  and  with  the  bracts  canescent-villous. — Prairies,  &a, 
W.  States  to  Tenn.  and  Ga.     Plant  about  2f  high,  paniculately  branched  (but  the 
lower  branches  longer,  ascending),  hoary  with  a  pubescence,  never  whitened. 
Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.  Cymes  somewhat  dilated,  hardly  capitate,  6  to  9"  broad.  Aug. 

9  P.  muticum  Pers.     Lvs.  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,    acute,  remotely  subserrate, 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  subpetiolate,  the  upper  with  the  corymbously 
paniculate  branches  minutely  pubescent  and  whitened ;  cal.  teeth  triangular-ovate, 
equal,  short,  the  bracts  scarcely  longer. — Dry  woods,  Me.  to  La.     Plant  2  to  3f 
high.     Lvs.  of  a  firm  texture,  1  to  2^'  long,  usually  half  as  wide.     Heads  small, 
compact,  roundish,  -4  to  6"  diam.     Cor.  purplish  white,  dotted.     Aug. 

10  P.  lanceolatum.  Ph.     Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  entire,   acute,   rigid,  rounded  at 
base,  sessile,  nearly  glabrous,  tho  corymbous   branches  pubescent  on  the  angles; 
caL  teeth  short,  triangular-ovate,   hairy. — Common  in  dry  woods,  Mass,  to  111., 
Tenn.  and  X.  Car.     Handsome  and  fragrant,  1  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  18"  to  2'  long, 

.  2  to  5"  wide.  Hds.  dense,  all  raised  to  near  the  same  level,  4  to  6"  broad.  Cor. 
purplish,  spotted.  Aug. 

11  P.  linifolium  Ph.     Glabrous,  corymbed ;    Ivs.  linear,  attenuated  to  each  end, 
sessilo,  entire,  rigid ;  hds.  compact ;  bracts  ciliate  and  cal.  teeth  pungently  awn- 
pointed. — Dry  woods    and  prairies,   Mass,  to  Iowa,  Ky.   and  Ga.     Plant  very 
smooth,  little  fragrant,  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  1'  to  18"  long,  1   to  3"  wide.     Hds. 
small,  numerous,  dense.     Fls.  whitish.     Aug. 

12  P.  nudum  Nutt.     Glabrous,  pale  green,  subsimplo;  Ivs.  small,  fciv  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse  at  each  end,  entire,  sessile ;  fis.  in  loose  heads,  terminal,  corymbed,  inner 
bracts  subulate,  very  short. — Mts.  N.  Car.  to  Ga.     St.  strict,  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs. 
erect,  1'  long  or  less.     Hds.  few-flowered.     Cor.  pubescent.     Jl,  Aug. 

13  P.  montanum  MX.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate,  acute,  the  lower  rounded  at 
base,  glabrous  as  well  as  the  stem ;  hds.  globous,  subtended  by  many  bracts,  ter- 
minal or  sessile  at  the  upper  nodes ;  bracts  villous-ciliate,  very  acute,  outer  ovate, 
inner  linear;  cal.  teeth  short,  acute. — Mts.  Va.  and  Car.     Plant  resembling  a  Mo- 
narda,  1  to  2 f  high,  fragrant.     Jl.     (Monardella,  MX.) 

14.  SATURE^JA,  L.     SUMMER  SAVORY.     (Arabic  satur,  the  general 
name  lor  labiate  plants.)     Calyx  tubular,  10-ribbed,  throat  not  hairy, 
segments  of  the  bilabiate  corolla  not  equal ;  stamens  diverging,  scarcely 
exserted. — Herbs  with  small  Ivs.  and  purplish  fls. 

S.  hortensis  L.  St.  branching ;  Ivs.  linear  oblong,  entire,  acute  at  the  end ; 
ped.  axillary,  cymous. — U  River  banks,  W.  States,  rare.  St.  branching  and 
bushy,  l^f  high,  woody  at  base,  frequently  changing  to  purple.  Lvs.  numerous, 
small  and  narrow,  with  axillary  cymes  of  pink-colored  fls.  CaL  about  as  long  as 
the  cor.  JL  Aug.  \  Italy.  A  culinary,  aromatic  herb. 

15.  DICERAN'DRA,  Benth.     (Gr.  dig,  twice,  Kspag,  a  horn,  avdpa, 
anthers.)     (Elliott's   name  had  been  preoccupied.)     Calyx   13-striate, 
tubular,  upper  lip  subentire,  lower  bifid,  throat  hairy;  corolla  tube  ex- 


ORDER  89.— LABIATE.  547 

sertcd,  straight,  strongly  bilabiate,  upper  lip  erect,  emarginate,  lower  3« 
lobed,  spreading;  stamens  4,  the  lower  pair  larger  exserted,  distant, 
anther  cells  distinct,  divaricate,  horned  at  apex. — GD  Southern.  (Cer- 
anthera  Ell.  nee  Beauv.) 

1  D.  linearifolia  Benth.     St.  and  branches  virgato ;  Ivs.  linear;  cymes  axillary, 
pedunculate,  1  to  3  to  5-flovvered,  with  minute  bracts ;  cor.  twice  longer  thau 
calyx. — Dry  woods  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  (Misses  Keen).     Fragrant,   smoothish  plant?, 
about  If  high.     Lvs.  1'  long,  or  the  lower  nearly  2'.     Fls.  showy  pink-colored, 
forming  slender,  raceme-like  panicles.     Sept.,  Oct.     (C.  linearifolia  Ell.) 

2  D.  densiflora  Benth.     St.  diffusely  branched ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  the  upper 
linear ;  cymes  axillary,  subsessile,  5  to  10-flowered. — E.  Fla.     A  variety  ? 

16.  ORIG'ANUM,  L.    MARJORAM.    (Gr.  opo^,  a  mountain,  and  ydvo$, 
joy.)    Calyx  tube  10-striate,  5-toothed,  hairy  in  the  throat ;  corolla  tube 
scarcely  exserted,  upper  lip   erect,   flat,   emarginate,  lower  lip  with    3 
nearly  equal  segments  ;  stamens  4,  ascending,  distant. —  1C  Lvs.  suben- 
tire.     Fls.  in  dense  oblong  spikes,  with  imbricated,  colored  bracts. 
1  O.  vnlgare   L.     Lvs.  ovate,  entire,   hirsute,   petiolate;  spikes  in  a  paniculate 
corymb;  bracts  ovate,  longer  than  the  calyx;  cal.  teeth  equal. — In  fields  and  thick- 
ets.    St.  12  to  18',  purple,  leafy,  branching  above.     Lvs.  a  very  little  serrate,  op- 
posite, hairy,  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots,  paler  beneath.     Petioles  hairy,  £  as 
Icng  as  the  leaves.     Bracts  tinged  with  purple.     Fls.  purplish  white.     The  plant 
has  a  highly  aromatic  taste.     JL,  Aug.  \  §  Eur. 

2  O.  Majorana  L.  Lvs.  oval,  or  obovate,  obtuse,  entire,  petiolate,  hoary- 
pubescent  ;  spikes  roundish,  compact,  pedunculate,  clustered  at  the  end  of  tho 
branches ;  bracts  roundish ;  cal.  upper  lip  roundish,  'tube  cleft  below. — It  has  a  plea- 
sant aromatic  flavor,  and  is  employed  in  various  ways  as  a  seasoning.  Plant  soft 
downy,  a  foot  high.  Fls.  pink-colored.  Jl.,  Aug.  \  Portugal. 


17.  THY^MUS,  L.     THYME.     (Gr.  Ov^og,  courage  ;  from  its  invigora- 
ting smell.)     Flowers  capitate  or  verticillate ;  calyx  ovoid,  10  to  13- 
nerved,  bilabiate,  hairy  in   the  throat,  upper  lip  2-fid,  lower  3 -fid,  sta- 
mens 4  exserted,  diverging,  anther  cells  parallel. —  2£  With  small  entire 
strongly-veined  Ivs.,  minute  bracts,  and  purple  or  white  fls. 

1  T.  Serp^llum  L.  WILD  THYME.  MOTHER  OP  THYME.  St.  decumbent ;  Ivs.  flat, 
elliptical,  obtuse,  ciliate  at  base;  fls.  capitate. —  If  Mass.,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  An 
aromatic  plant,  similar  to  the  following,  but  milder  and  rather  more  pleasantly 
flavored.  Stems  suffruticous,  wiry,  slender,  and  wavy,  with  leafy,  downy,  and 
ascending  branches,  each  terminating  in  a  small,  dense,  oblong  head  of  purplo 
flowers,  much  frequented  by  bees.  Leaves  entire,  petiolate,  punctate,  smooth- 
ish,  ciliate.  Corolla  purple,  spotted.  June.  J  §  Eur- 

2  T.  vulgaris  L.  St.  erect  or  decumbent  at  base ;  Ivs.  revolute  at  the  sides, 
oblong-ovate  and  lanceolate ;  verticils  in  terminal,  leafy  spikes. — Sts.  sufiruticous, 
numerous,  branched,  6  to  10'  high.  It  is  highly  aromatic,  as  well  as  the  othet^ 
species,  and  is  peculiarly  attractive  to  bees.  Jn.,  JL  \  Eur.  A  culinary  vege- 
table. 

18.  CALAMIN'THA,  Mcench.      CALAMINTH.     (Gr.  /raAo^,  beautiful, 
Htvda,  mint.)     Calyx  ^tubular,  13-nerved,.  throat  mostly  hairy,  upper  lip 
3-clcft,  lower  2-cleft ;'  corolla  tube  straight,   exserted,  throat  inflated, 
limb  bilabiate,  upper  lip  erect,  entire  or  emarginate,  lower  spreading, 
its  middle   lobe  largest;    stamens   4,  the  lower  pair  longer,,  usually 
ascending. —  It 

|  Herbs  hairy.    Cymes  dense,  capitate,  bracted.    Calyx  tube  curved,  2-lipped No-.  1 

§  Herbs  hairy.     Cymes  loose,  pedunculate,  axillary.    Calyx  tube  straight,  2-lipped No.  2 

§  Herbs  smooth.     Cymes  loose,  sessile,  bracted.     Calyx  straight,  teeth  subregular No.  3 

§  Shrubs  low,  slender,  nearly  smooth.     Cymes  few-flowered.    Flowers  large ... . . . .  .Nos.  4  to.  5 


548  ORDER  89. — LABIAT^E. 

1  C.  Clinopodium  Benth.     WILD  BASIL.     Villous ;  Ivs.  ovate,  sub&errate ;  ver- 
ticils dense,  sessile,  many-flowered,  hairy;  bracts  numerous,  subulate. — If  Low- 
woods,  X.  and  "W.  States.     Plant  1  to  2f  high.     St.  square,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched,  and  as  well  as  the  whole  plant,  clothed  with  whitish  hairs.     Lvs.  peti- 
olate,  tapering  to  an  obtuse  point,  pale.     Fls.  purplish,  in  heads  mostly  terminal, 
near  1'  wide,  involucrate  with  bracts. 

2  C.  Nepeta  Link.      Villous  with  soft,  whitish  hairs,  much  branched  below; 
Ivs.  small,  broad-ovate,  obtuse,  subserrate,  petiolate ;  cymes   few-flowered  in  the 
upper  axils,  becoming  somewhat  racemed ;  cal.  teeth  subulate,  the  2  lower  longer ; 
cor.  upper  lip  emarginate,  the  lower  in  3  equal  lobes. — Dry  hills,  roadsides,  &c., 
throughout  Tenn.  and  Va.     Plant  about  2f  high,  strongly  aromatic.     Lvs.  about 
half  an  inch  long.     Cor.  white,  thrice  longer  (3  to  4"),  than  the  calyx.     JL,  Aug. 
§Eur. 

3  C.  glabella  Benth.      Glabrous,  decumbent  at  base,  diffusely  branched ;  Ivs. 
narrowly  oblong,  subpetiolate,  few-toothed  or  entire,  tapering  to  the  base ;  verti- 
cils 6  to  10-flowered ;  cal.  teeth  subulate-acuminate;  bracts  as  long  as  the  pedicels 
— On  limestone  rocks,  Ohio  to  Ark.    Sts.  1  to  2f  long.    Lvs.  1'  to  1 8"  long.    Cor. 
moderately  bilabiate,  near  twice  longer  (4  to  5")  than  the  calyx,  pale  violet.    Jn. 

/?.  DIVERSIFOLIA.  Flowering  stems  nearly  erect,  the  barren  prostrate,  like 
runners,  bearing  small,  ovate,  entire  Ivs. ;  plant  generally  smaller,  with  the 
floral  Ivs.  narrow,  and  mostly  entire. — Limestone  rocks,  Niagara  Falls,  to  the 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  and  to  Ark.  Fragrant  like  pennyroyal.  Upright  sts. 
6  to  12'  high.  Lvs.  1'.  Lvs.  of  the  runners  3  to  4"  long.  (C.  Nuttallii 
Benth.) — These  two  very  diverse  forms  are  connected  by  specimens  found  in 
Ohio  (Sullivant  apud  Torrey),  having  the  characteristics  of  both. 

4  C.  canescens  Torr.  &  Gr.     Minutely  canescent-downy,  shrubby ;  Ivs.  linear, 
obtuse,  entire,  revolute-edged,  much  fascicled;  verticils  of  2  opposite  fls. ;  cor.  thrice 
longer  than  the  strongly  2-lipped  calyx. — Sandy  seaboards,  Fla.     Shrub  scarce  a 
foot  high,  with  numerous  Ivs.,  7  to  8"  by  1",  and  few  rose-red  pretty  fls.,  as  largo 
as  in  No.  2.     May. 

5  C.  coccinea  Benth.     Lvs.  narrowly  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  short-peti- 
oled ;  verticils  of  2  to  6  fls. ;  cal.  upper  lip  very  short,  tube  3  or  4  times  shorter 
than  the  ample  corolla. — E.  Fla.    Shrub  with  virgate  branches.    Lvs.  6  to  8"  long. 
Cor.  a  fine  scarlet,  glandular-pubescent,  15  to  18"  long.     (Cunila  coccinea  Nutt.) 

6  C.  Caroliniana  Swartz.     Sts.  glabrous  and  simple ;  Ivs.  very  smooth,  ovate, 
obtuse,  crenate-serrate,  tapering  to  a  petiole :  cymes  few-flowered,  on  short  pedun- 
cles ;  cal.  strongly  2-lipped,  nearly  naked  in  the  throat ;  cor.  ample,  tube  enlarged 
upwards. — Dry  woods,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     A  pretty  flowerer,   somewhat 
shrubby,  If  high  or  more.     Cymes  in  the  upper  axils  3  to  5-flowered.     Lvs.  1'  or 
less  long.     Bracts  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  corolla  thrice  longer  (7  to  8"),  rose- 
purple,  spotted.     Jn. — Aug.     (C.  grandiflora  Ph.) 

19.  MELIS'SA,  Tourn.     BALM.      (Gr.  name  of  the  bee,  from  //eA, 
honey ;  which  bees  seek  in  these  flowers.)     Calyx  13-ribbed,  the  upper 
lip  3-toothed,  flattened  and  dilated,  lower  bifid ;  corolla  tube  recurvccl- 
ascending,  upper  lip  erect,  flattish,  lower  spreading,  3-lobed,  the  middle 
lobe  mostly  broadest ;  stamens  ascending. 

M.  ofacinalis  L.  Pubescent ;  st.  erect,  branching ;  fls.  in  loose,  axillary  cymes, 
subscssile ;  Ivs.  ovate,  acute,  coarsely  crenate-serrate,  on  slender  petioles ;  bracts 
few,  ovate-lanceolate,  petiolate. —  If  N.  Eng.  to  Ind.  and  Tenn.,  in  waste  grounds 
and  in  the  deepest  forests.  A  well  known  garden  plant.  St.  1  to  2  to  3f  high. 
Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  petioles  1'  or  more.  Bracts  of  the  same  form,  diminished.  Cor. 
twice  longer  (7")  than  the  calyx,  yellowish  white.  Jl.,  Aug.  |  §  Eur.  Fra- 
grant of  lemons.  Balm  tea  is  a  popular  remedy. 

20.  SAl'VIA,  L.     SAGE.     (Lat,  salvco,  to  be  in  health ;  probably 
from  its  salutary  qualities.)     Calyx  striate,  bilabiate,  upper  lip  3-toothed 
or  entire,  lower  bifid,  throat  naked ;  corolla  ringent,  tube'  equal,  upper 
lip  straight  or  falcate,  lower  spreading  or  pendent,  3-lobed ;  stamens  2, 
connectile  transversely  articulated  to  the  filament,  supporting  at  each 


ORDER  89. — LABIATJEL  549 

end  a  cell  of  the  dimidiate  (halved)  anther;  achenia  4. — A  large  genus 
of  400  species,  usually  with  showy  fls.  The  transverse  connectile  con- 
stitutes the  essential  character.  (Fig.  7ot  351.) 

§  Herbs  native.— Calyx  slightly  2-lipped,  sub-3-toothed,  equal Nos.  1—3 

—Calyx  deeply  2-lipped,  5-toothed,  lower  lip  longer Nos.  4—6 

§  Herbs  or  shrubby,  in  gardens.     Flowers  blue.     Calyx  teeth  bristle-pointed Nos.  7,  8 

|  Shrubby,  in  garden  and  greenhouse.    Flowers  large,  scarlet Nos.  9, 10 

1  S.  azurea  Lara.     Erect,  puberulcnt  above,  branching;  Ivs.    linear-oblong  and 
linear,  remotely  toothed,  or  the  upper  entire,  all  attenuate  at  base ;  rac.  slender, 
many-flowered,  verticils  about  6-flowered;  cal  of  3  broad,  acute,  subequal  teeth, 
half  as  long  as  the  pubescent  corolla;  sty.  bearded. — S.  Car.  to  Fla,  and  La.    Plant 
of  varying  aspect,  according  to  soil,  &o,  usually  slender  and  subsimple,  1  to  2  or 
3f  high,  with  Ivs.  narrow,  subentire,  2  to  3'  long,  2  to  4"  wide.     Fls.  7"  long,  of 
a  fine  azure  blue.     Summer, 

2  S.  urticifdlia  L.      Erect;  Ivs.  cauline,   rhombic-ovate,  acute,  crenate-serrate, 
truncate-cuneate  at  base  to  a  short  or  winged  petiole ;  verticils  4  to  10-flowered, 
distant,  in  a  terminal,  interrupted  raceme ;  cor.  smooth,  tube  but  o,  little  longer 
than  the  calyx,  the  lower  lip  thrice  longer. — If  In  hilly  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.  and 
Ala.    St  simple,  12  to  18'  high.     Lvs.  thin,  2  to  4'  long,  the  upper  larger.     Cor. 
blue,  5"  to  6"  long.     May. 

/3.  LONGIFOLIA,    Tall  (3  to  6f),  with  panicled  racemes;  Ivs.   all  serrate,  the 
lower  lance-oblong;  fls.  larger  (8 — 9"  long). — Ga.  to  Ark.    (S.  longif.  Nutt.) 

3  S.  coccinea  L.     Erect,  Jioary-pubescent ;  hs,  ovate,  cordate,  acute,  finely  cren- 
ate,  petiolate,  whitish-tomentous  beneath;  verticils  G  to  10-flowered,  in  a  simple 
raceme;  cal.  teeth  acute;  cor,  red,  smooth,  twice  longer,  tube  dilated  upwards, 
upper  lip  erect,  much  the  shorter. — r4-  Ga^  Fla.  to  La.     St.  1  to  2f  high,  often 
branched.     Lvs.  6"  to  1  to  2'  long,  the  middle  largest     Cor.  bright  red  or  scan* 
let,  8"  long.     Upper  lip  of  the  calyx  often  purple.     Summer. 

4  S.  lyrata  L.     Erect;  Ivs.  radical,  rosulate,   lyrate,  crose-dentate,   the  cauline 
about  one  pair  alsove,  bract-like,  linear-spatulato ;  fls.  in  whorls  of  6,  racemed  at 
top  of  the  square  scape;  caL  upper  lip  shorter,   teeth  subspinous;  cor.  thrice 
longer  than  the  calyx,  its  lower  lip  much  the  longer. —  U  Woods,  W.  Can.  to  Fla., 
rare  in  N.  Eng.     Scape  6  to  15'  high.     Lvs.  oblong-oval  in  outline,  18"  to  3' 
long,  petioles  half  (or  more)  as  long.     Fls.  showy,  near  lf  long,  violet-purple. 
The  whole  plant  is  usually  purplish.     Apr. — Jn. 

5  S.  obovata  Ell     Erect;  Ivs,  broadly  obovate,  entire,  sinuate,  narrowed  to  a  long 
tapering  base,  the  floral  ovate,  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  verticils  6-flowered,  re- 
mote, in  a  simple  raceme;  csd.  •zipper  lip  truncate,  with  3  minute  teeth;  cor.  thrice 
longer,  with  the  galeate  upper  lip  thrice  shorter  than  the  lower. — 2{  Middle  Ga. 
to  La.    St  I  to  2f  high.    Lvs.  larger  above  and  clustered  4  to  7'  by  2  to  5'.    Fls. 
blue.    Jix,  JL 

6  S.  Claytoni  E1L     Erect ;  Ivs.  cordate-ovate,  or  lance-ovate,  sinuate-pinnalifid,  the 
segm.  toothed,  rugous,  more  or  less  pubescent  beneath ;  verticils  6-flowered ;  floral 
Ivs.  ovate-acuminate,  smaller;  cal  teeth  of  the  upper  lip  connivent,  of  the  lower 
longer,   acuminate. —  2£  Sandy  pastures,   Beaufort,    S.  Car.  (Bachman).     Sts.  If 
high.     Fls.  small     Summer. 

7  S.  Sclarea  L.    CLARRY.    Lvs.  ample,  rugous,  broad-ovate,  cordate,  doub!y 
crenate ;  bracts  colored,  concave,   longer  than  the  calyx ;  upper  lip  of  the  cor. 
high-arched,  much  longer  than  the  lower. — ®  A  strong-scented  exotic,  1  to  3f 
high,  with  viscid  Ivs.  as  large  as  the  hand.     The  fls.  and  bracts  are  variegated 
with  pale-purple  and  yellowish- white,  in  whorled  spikes.    CaL  with  spinous  teeth. 
Xative  in  Italy.  £ 

8  S.  officinalis  L.     COMMON  SAGE.     Shrubby,  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  crenu- 
late,  rugous ;  whorls  few-flowered ;  cal.  mucronate ;  upper  Up  of  the  cor.  as  long 
as  the  lower  and  somewhat  vaulted. — A  well-known  garden  plant,  with  a  shrubby 
stem,  rugous  leaves  of  a  dull  green  color  and  an  aromatic  fragrance.     Flowers  in. 
whorls  forming  a  spike.    Corolla  ringenfc,  blue,  with  a  lengthened  tube  and  viscid 
calyx,  somewhat  brown.     July.  \     S.  Eur, — Very  useful  ia  domestic  economy 
and  medicine. 


550  ORDER  89. — LABIATJE. 

9  S.  fulgens  Car.     St.  branching  at  base,  weak,  ascending,  pubescent ;  Ivs. 
Jong-petiolate,  ovate-lanceolate,  subcordate,  crenate-dentate,  smooth  above,  pubes- 
cent beneath ;  fls.  opposite,  in  terminal  racemes ;  bracts  deciduous ;  cal.  slightly 
colored,  upper  lip  truncate,   subentire;  cor.   fimbriate-ciliate,   3 — 4  times  longer 
than  the  calyx;    sty.    exserted. —  If    A  beautiful  greenhouse   plant.     Flowers 
bright  crimson  or  scarlet,  near  2'  long.     There  are  several  varieties,  f     Mexico. 

10  S.  splendens  Sellow.     St.  erect,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  broad-ovate  and  ovate, 
petiolate,  rounded  or  acute  at  base,  glabrous  loth  sides,  dent-serrate,  acuminate ; 
fls.  opposite,  racemous ;  bracts  deciduous ;  cal  scarlet,  and,  with  the  corolla,  pu- 
bescent, upper  lip  entire,  acuminate,  lower  lip  2-toothed. — 1£   Gardens.     Plant 
2 — 4f  high,  branched.     Flowers  2'  long,  scarlet.     After  flowering  the  calyces  en- 
large, and  become  as  brilliant  as  the  corollas,  f     Mexico. 

21.  ROSMARPNUS,  L.     ROSEMARY.     (An  ancient  Latin  name,  com- 
pounded of  ros,  clew,  and  marinus,  of  the  sea.)    Calyx  bilabiate,  upper 
lip  entire,  lower  bifid ;  corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  2-parted,  lower  lip 
reflexed,  in  3  divisions  of  which  the  middle  is  the  largest ;  fil.  2  fertile, 
elongated,  ascending  towards  the  upper  lip,  having  a  tooth  on  the  side. — 
Shrub,  with  sessile,  linear  Ivs. 

R.  officinalis  L.  An  erect,  evergreen  shrub,  4f  high,  much  branched. 
Leaver  opposite,  obtuse,  linear-oblong,  entire,  smooth,  dark  green  and  shining 
above,  downy  and  sometimes  whitish  beneath.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal, 
of  a  bright  blue  color,  having,  like  the  leaves,  a  strong  aromatic  fragrance  Jike 
camphor.  It  yields  by  distillation  a  largo  proportion  of  fragrant  oil.  \  S.  Eur. 

22.  MONAR'DA,  L.     MOUNTAIN  MINT.     (Name  in  honor  of  Monard- 
«.?,  a  Spanish  botanist  of  the  16th  century.)     Calyx  elongated,  cylin- 
dric,   striatc,    subequally  5-toothed ;    cor.   ringent,  tubular,  upper   lip 
linear,   lower  lip  reflexed,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  narrowest ;  sta.  2, 
fartile,  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip,  and  mostly  exserted  ;  anth.  cells 
divaricate  at  base,   connate  at  apex. —  2£  Verticils  few,  dense,  many- 
flowered,  bracted. 

*  Calyx  densely  hairy  in  the  throat.     Corolla  purple  or  whitish Nos.  1,  2 

*  Calyx  naked  in  the  throat.     Corolla  scarlet  or  yellow Nus.  8,  4 

1  M.  fistulosa  L.     HOESEMINT.     WILD  BERGAMOT.     Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate-  and 
lanceolate,  obtuse  at  base,  acute  or  acuminate,  petiolate,  more  or  less  pubescent ; 
lids,  cf  fls.  terminal,  few,  but  many-flowered,  bracts  sessile ;  cal.  slightly  curved, 
with  the  throat  hirsute. — Hedges,  thickets,  rocky  banks,  "W.  Yt  and  Can.  to  Ga. 
Common  westward.     Exceedingly  variable.     St.  2  to  4f  high,  acutely  4-angled, 
often  hollow,   frequently  purple,  simple,  or  with  a  few  opposite  branches.     Lvs. 
mostly  acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  nearly  smooth,  2  to  4'  long  and  on  petioles  \ 
their  length.     Outer  bracts  leafy,  often  partially  whitened.     Cor.  much  exserted, 
1'  in  length,  varying  from  greenish-white  and  pale  purple  to  blue.     Jl.,  Aug.    (M. 
allophylla,  oblongata,  clinopodia  and  twenty  other  synonyms  are  enumerated  ia 
Borith.) 

2  M.  Bradburiana  N"utt.     St.  simple,  glabrous ;  Ivs,  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
subsessik,  rounded  at  base,  hirsute  pubescent  both  sides,  margin  subdentate,  apex 
acute ;  cal.  pilous,   curved,  densely  bearded  at  throat,  segm.  subulate  spinous ; 
lids,  large,  terminal ;  outer  bracts  broad-lanceolate,  ciliate,  colored. — Prairies  and 
bottoms,  Ohio  to  111.     St.  slender,  about  3f  high.     Lvs.  sometimes  slightly  potio- 
late,  2  to  3'  long,  5  to  8"  wide,  with  long,  bristly  hairs  beneath.     Bracts  purple. 
Cor.  purple.     Jl. 

3  M.  punctata  L.     HORSEMINT.     Minutely  pubescent ;  st  obtusely  angled ;  Ivs. 
oblong -lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  petiole,  remotely  and  obscurely  serrate,  the  upper 
and  bracts  sessile ;  bracts  colored,  longer  than  the  verticils ;  caL  teeth  unequal, 
rigid,  throat  naked ;  cor.  glabrous,  strongly  punctate. — Barrens,  N.  J.,  common, 
to  Fla.  (Miss  Keen)  and  W.  States.     St.  2  to  3f  high,  branched.     Lvs.  18"  to  2'. 
Cor.  pale  yellow,  with  brown  spots,  upper  lip  villous  at  the  apex.     Bracts  large^ 
yellow  and  red.     Sept. — Medicinal 


ORDER  89.—  LABIATE.  551 

4  M.  didyma  L.  St.  branched,  acutely  4-angled  ;  Ivs.  broadly  ovate,  acuminate, 
somewhat  rough,  on  short  petioles,  veins  and  veirilets  hairy  beneath  ;  fls.  (crim- 
son) in  terminal,  often  axillary  heads;  bracts  colored',  cal.  throat  naked.  —  Swamps, 
Can.  to  the  Mts,  of  Ga.  Plant  2  to  3£  Lvs.  2  to  5'  long,  very  broad  at  base, 
often  cordate,  serrate.  Heads  often  proliferous,  with  large,  ovate-lanceolato 
bracts  tinged  with  the  same  color  as  the  11s.  Cor.  15"  long.  Abortive  fil.  2, 
short,  the  perfect  exserted.  Jl.  Handsome  and  fragrant  f 


23.  BLEPHII/IA,  Raf.     (Gr.  /ttetfwzp/V,  the  eyelash  ;  probably  refer- 
ring  to   the   ciliate   bracts.)      Calyx    13-ribbed,    bilabiate,    upper   lip 
3-toothed,  lower  lip  shorter,  2-toothed,  the  teeth  setaceous  ;  corolla  bila- 
biate, upper  lip  short,  erect,  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  lower  lip  of  3  un- 
equal, spreading   lobes,  the  lateral  ones  orbicular  ;  stamens  2,  fertile, 
ascending,  exserted.  —  2£  Verticils  dense,  terminal  and  subterminal. 

3.  B.  hirsuta  Benth.  Whole  plant  hirsute  ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanoeolate,  acuminate,  serrate, 
petiolaie  •  tts,  in  axillary  verticillastera  and  terminal  heads  ;  bracts  colored,  shorter 
than  the  flowers,  oblong,  acuminate,  —  In  damp  woods,  rare  N.  Eng.,  common  in 
"W.  States.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  diffusely  branching,  roughly  pubescent.  Petiole  3 
to  6"  long,  Ivs.  3  to  4  times  as  long,  somewhat  rounded  at  base.  Fls.  small, 
forming  several  dense  whorls  near  the  end  of  each  branch.  Cor.  5"  long,  pale 
purple,  with  spots  of  a  deeper  hue.  Jn.,  JL 

2  B.  ciliata  Raf.  SL  hirsute,  simple,  acutely  4-angled  ;  Ivs.  f3w  oblong-lanceolate, 
<icute  at  the  base,  subsessik,  serrate,  minutely  pubescent  ;  fls.  in  dense,  approximate? 
involucrate,  terminal  and  subterminal  verticils,  bracts  ovate,  veiny,  glabrous,  ciliate, 
as  long  as  the  calyx.  —  Fields,  barrens,  Penn.  to  Miss.,  very  abundant  in  tho  W- 
States.  Plant  2  to  4f  high,  generally  simple,  rarely  with  1  or  2  branches.  Lvs. 
18"  to  30'f  long,  a  fourth  as  wide.  Hds.  larger  than  in  No.  1,  an  inch  in  diam. 
Jn.  —  Aug.  (Monarda  ciliata  L.  nee  MX.) 

24.  LOPHAR'THUS,  Benth.    (Ilyssopus  L.)    HEDGE  HYSSOP.     (Gr. 
Ao^o^,   a  crest,    dvOog  ;    flowers    in   dense,    terminal   spikes.)      Calyx 
15-ribbed,  oblique,  5-cleft,  upper  segments  longer  ;   corolla  bilabiate, 
upper  lip  bifidly  emarginate,  lower  lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  broader 
andcrenatej  stamens  diverging.  —  It  Tall,  erect.     Verticils  spicate. 

1  L.  nepetoides  Benth.     St  smooth,  quadrangular,  with  the  angles  acute  and 
slightly  winged  ;  Ivs.  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  acutely  serrate  ;  petioles  smooth- 
ish,  calyx  teeth  ovate,  green,  obiusish.  —  If   Middle  and  Western  States,  common 
about  fences  and  dry  hedges.     Stem  3  —  Gf  high,  the  sides  somewhat  concavo 
and  the  angles  prominent.     Lvs.  acuminate,  about  4'  by  2'.     Flowers  in  crowded 
axillary  verticils,   forming  a  terminal,    green  spike,  which  is  nearly  continuous 
above.     Corolla  greenish-yellow.     July,  Aug. 

2  Ii.    scrophularifdliiis  Benth.     St.  pubescent,  quadrangular,  with  tho  angles 
obtuse  ;  Ivs.  cordate-ovate,  crenate-serrate  ;  petioles  ciliate-pubescent,  cal   teeth 
lanceolate,  colored,  acute.  —  With  the  general  aspect  of  the  former  species,  and 
found  in  similar  situations.     The  herbage  is  often  changed  to  dark  purple.     Stem 
2  —  4f  high,  purple.     Leaves  about  5'  by  3',  coarsely  serrate,  acuminate.     Flowers 
in  crowded,  axillary  verticils,  forming  a  long,  dense,  terminal  spike.     Corolla  palo 
purple,  more  conspicuous  than  in  the  first.     JL,  Aug. 

25.  KEP'ETA,  L.    CATNEP.    GROUND  IVY.     (Said  to  be  from  Nepct, 
a  town  in  Tuscany.)     Calyx  tubular,   5-toothed  ;  corolla  tube  slender 
below,  dilated  and  naked  in  the  throat,  upper  lip  emarginate,  lower 
3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  largest  and  crenate,  margin  of  the  orifice  re- 
flected ;  stamens  approximate,  ascending  ;  anther  cells  divergent     (-Fig. 
117.) 

§  Tall.     Verticils  in  a  terminal-raceme.     Calyx  nearly  regular  .......  .  .................  No.  1 

§  GLECIIOMA.    Low,  diffuse.     Flowers  axillary.     Calyx  curved,  obliqiio  ................  No.  JZ 

1  JNT.   cat  aria  L.      CATMINT.      Erect,    lioary-tomentous;    Ivs.    petiolate,    cordate, 


552  ORDEII  89. — LABI  AT  JE. 

coarsely  crenate-serratc ;  fls.  spiked,  the  whorls  slightly  pedunculated. — 1(  About 
old  buildings  and  fences.  St.  square,  pubescent,  branching  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs. 
very  evenly  bordered  by  tooth-like  or  crenate  serratures,  and  as  well  as  the  whole 
plant  covered  with  a  soft,  hoary  down,  paler  beneath.  Fls.  many,  white  or  pur- 
plish, the  lower  lip  dotted  with  crimson.  Jl.  §  S.  E.  Europe. — Eaten  greedily 
by  cats. 

2  N.  Glechoma  Benth.  GILL-OVER-THE-GROFND.  Lvs.  reniform,  crenate;  cor. 
about  3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. —  It  A  creeping  plant,  about  walls,  hedges, 
etc.  Sts.  radicating  at  base,  square,  varying  in  length  from  a  few  inches  to  1  to 
2f.  Lvs.  petiolate,  downy,  glaucous,  1'  or  less  broad.  Fls.  axillary,  about  3  to- 
gether. Cor.  bluish  purple,  with  a  variegated  throat.  Usually  the  anthers  are 
so  collated  as  to  form  2  littla  crosses.  May.  §  Eur.  and  Asia. 

26.  DRACOCEPH'ALUM,  L.     DRAGON-HEAD.     (Gr.  dpdiewv,  dragon, 
Ke<£a/l?7,  head).    Calyx  subequal,  oblique,  5-cleft,  upper  segments  larger ; 
cor.  bilabiate,  upper  lip  vaulted,  emarginate,  throat  inflated,  lower  lip 
spreading,  3-cleft,  middle  lobe  much  larger,  rounded  or  subdivided; 
sta.  distinct,  ascending,  the  upper  pair  longer  than  the  lower. 

D.  parviflorum  Nutt.  Subpubescent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  deeply  serrate,  petiolate ; 
bracts  leafy,  ovate,  ciliate,  mucronate-serrate ;  caL  upper  segment  nrach  the 
largest;  fls.  small,  verticillate,  subcapitate,  cor.  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx. — 
(2)  Borders  of  the  great  lakes,  Northern  N.  Y.  to  L.  of  the  "Woods,  very  rare.  Fls. 
bluish,  small,  the  verticils  almost  spicate.  Cal.  dry  and  membranous.  Upper 
Up  of  the  corolla  arched,  emarginate,  central  lobe  of  lower  lip  crenate.  Jl. 

27.  CEDRONEL'LA,  Mcench.     (Gr.  Ksfyov,  oil  of  cedar;  from  the 

fragrance.)  Calyx  subcampanulate,  5-toothed ;  corolla  tube  exserted, 
throat  dilated,  upper  lip  straight,  flattish,  emarginate  or  cleft,  lower  3- 
fid,  middle  lobe  largest;  stamens  4,  ascending,  the  upper  longer,  anther- 
cells  parallel. — Fls.  spicate,  bracted. 

C.  cordatum  Nutt.  Stoloniferous:  st.  and  elongated  petioles  pubescent;  Ivs. 
cordate,  obtusely  crenate,  sparingly  hirsute  above ;  spike  unilateral ;  bracts  broad- 
ovate,  entire,  nearly  as  long  as  the  calyx;  ped.  bibracteolate,  mostly  1 -flowered  ; 
cal.  segments  acute,  almost,  pungent. — 14  Rocky  streams  and  Mts.  Ohio  and  Va. 
Stem  about  If  high,  quadrangular.  Leaves  3  or  4  pairs,  almost  as  broad  as  long, 
petiole  about  as  long  as  the  lamina  (I'),  upper  pairs  subsessile.  Cor,  pale  blue, 
about  1'  long,  orifice  much  dilated-  Jn. 

28.  BRUNEI/LA,  Tourn.  SELF-HEAL.   BLUE-CURLS.    (German  Brune, 
a  disease  of  the  throat  for  which  it  was  a  reputed  remedy.)     Calyx 
about  10-ribbed,  upper  lip  dilated,  truncate,  with  3  short  teeth,  lower 
lip  with  2  lanceolate  teeth  ;  filaments  forked,  one  point  of  the  fork  bear- 
ing the  anther. —  ~H   (Prunella,  L.) 

B.  vulgarig  L.  St.  ascending,  simple ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  toothed,  petiolate ;  ver- 
ticils close,  spicate ;  upper  lip  of  cal.  truncate,  with  3  awns. — A  very  common 
plant,  in  meadows  and  low  grounds.  N".  Am'.,  lat.  33°  to  the  Arc.  Sea.  St.  vary- 
ing from  8'  to  2f  high,  obtusely  4-angled,  hairy,  simple  or  slightly  branched. 
Leaves  few,  opposite,  slightly  toothed,  the  stalks  gradually  becoming  shorter  from 
the  lower  to  the  upper  pair  which  are  sessile.  Flowers  blue,  in  a  large,  oblong- 
ovate  spike  of  dense  verticils.  Bracts  imbricated,  reniform,  2  beneath  each  ver- 
ticil. Flowering  all  summer.  A  var.  with  white  fls.  occurs  in  N.  T.  ( G.  M.  Wilbur.) 

29.  SCUTELLA^RIA,  L.     SKULL-CAP.     (Lat.  scutella,  a  small  vessel ; 
from  the  resemblance  of  the  calyx.)     Calyx  campanulate,  bilabiate,  lips 
entire,  upper  one  appendaged  on  the  back  and  closed  after  flowering ; 
cor.  bilabiate,  upper  lip  vaulted,  lower  dilated,  convex,  tube  much  ex- 
Berted,  ascending,  throat  dilated;  sta.  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip; 
anth.  approximate  in  pairs ;  ach.  tubercular. 


ORDES  89.— LABIATES.  553 

§  Flowers  large  (7  to  13''  Ions:),  racemed  at  top  of  the  stem,  with  bracts,  (a) 

a  Bracts  "ovate,  abrupt  at  base.    Lips  of  the  corolla  short Nos.  1,  2 

a  Bracts  lance-oblong,  acuta  at  base.     Leaves  notched,  petiolate.  (b) 

b  Galea  of  the  corolla  longer  than  the  lower    p Nos.  3,  4 

b  Galea  of  the  corolla  not  longer  than  the  lip Nos.  5.  6 

a  Bracts  leaf-like,  longer  than  the  calyx.     Leaves  entire,  sttbsessile No.  7 

§  Flowers  large,  or  small,  opposite,  solitary,  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves Nos.  8 — 10 

§  Flowers  small  (3"  long),  in  slender,  axillary,  one-sided  racemes No.  11 

1  S.  versfcolor  Nutt.    Erect,  branching,  glandular-hirsute ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  broadly 
ovate,  crenate,  cordate,  pubescent,  veiny,  the  floral  sessile,  l>road-ovate,  not  cordate, 
entire,  as  long  as  the  calyx;  rac.  simple  or  branched,  long,  man}'-- flowered ;  fls. 
opposite ;  cal.  hirsute ;  cor.  lower  lip  scarcely  longer  than  the  upper. — Prairies  and 
open  woods,  Ohio  to  Mo.  and  La.    St.  18'  to  3  to  4f  high.    Lvs.  very  veiny,  thin, 
2  to  4'  by  18"  to  3',  petioles  nearly  as  long.     Rac.   3  to  6'  long.     Fed.  shorter 
than  calyx.     Cor.  6  to  1"  long,  blue  above,  lateral  lobes  little  shorter  than  the 
lips.     Jl.     (S.  cordifolia  Mulil.) 

2  S.  saxatilis  RiddelL     Weak,   branched,   ascending,  pubescent;  Ivg.  petiolate, 
cordate-ovate,  coarsely  crenate,  upper  oval,  obtuse,  floral  ovate,  short-petiolate, 
entire ;   rac.  loose,  elongated ;  cor.  lower  lip  twice  longer  than  the  upper. — Rocky 
banks,  S.  Ohio  to  Va.  and  Tenn.,  along  the  Mts.     Plant  1  to  2f  long,  rac.  5  to  8'. 
Lvs.  usually  thin  and  rugous,  1'  to  187  long,  scarcely  longer  than  the  petioles. 
Cor.  8"  long,  blue,  tube  pale.     JJ.  Aug.     (S.  rugosa,  2d  Ed.) 

13.  CRASSIFOLIA.     Lvs.  mostly  ovate,  of  firmer  texture. — New  Orleans  (Hale). 
CaL  more  enlarged  in  fruit. 

3  S.  canescens  Nutt     St.  erect,  tall,  pubescent;  Ivs.  petiolate,  oblong-ovate  or 
ovate,  rounded  or  attenuate  at  base,  minutely  pubescent  both  sides,  paler  beneath, 
margin  crenate,  apex  acute,  the  lower  cordate ;  rac.  terminal  and  axillary,  pedun- 
culate, paniculate,  bracts  lance-linear;  fls.  canescent;  upper  lip  the  longer,  tube  grad- 
VMlly  enlarged. — Dry  grounds,  Mid.  and  W.  States,  abundant.     St.  usually  purple, 
1  to  3f  high.    Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  1  to  2'  wide,  often  with  a  purple  margin  and  pur- 
plish spots.    Cor.  10''  long,  tube  white,  lips  blue,  lateral  lobes  very  short.    Jn.,  Jl. 

4  S.  villosa  Ell.  ?     St.  villous-pubescent,  slender,  branching ;   Ivs.  lanceolate  or 
lance-ovate,  acute  at  each  end,  sparingly  hispid  above,  the  petioles  and  veins 
beneath  villous,  deeply  serrate;    rac.   paniculate,   loose;    cal.   hispid;    cor.   tube 
slender,  expanding  only  at  the  throat,  gaka  large,  inflated,  strongly  incurved,  many 
times  longer  than  the  lip. — G-a.  (Feay).     Apparently  2   to  3f  high.     Lvs.   1  to  2' 
long.     We  have  but  a  single  specimen. 

5  S.  serrata  Andr.      Erect,  subsimple,   nearly  glabrous;   Ivs.   petiolate,  ovate, 
acuminate,  crenate-serrate,  cuneate  at  base,  the  floral  lance-oblong;  rac.  subsimple, 
fls.  large,  pubescent  (not  hoary)  lips  of  equal  length. — "Woods,  111.  and  S.  States. 
St.  2  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  green  both  sides,  or  often  purplish.     Rac.  few-flowered. 
Cor.  more  than  1'  in  length,  the  lip  as  long  or  a  little  longer  than  the  galea.     JL 

6  S.  pilosa   MX.      St.  erect,  mostly  simple,  hirsute-pubescent ;    Ivs.  pubescent, 
rhomboid-ovate  or  oval,  obtuse,  crenate-serrate,  petiolate,  in  remote  pairs;   rac. 
terminal,  rather  short,  bracts  elliptic-ovate ;  lips  of  the  cor.  large,  the  lower  a  little 
longer. — Open  woodlands,  Penn.  to  Ga.     St.  1  to  2f  high,  purplish.     Lvs.  few,  1 
to  2£'  by  8  to  18",  more  or  less  acute  at  base  and  obtuse  at  apex;  narrowed  to 

•  the  petiole.  Rac.  generally  simple  and  few-flowered,  with  opposite,  elliptical 
bracts.  Pedicels  and  cal.  hairy.  Cor.  tube  nearly  white  below,  blue  at  the  sum- 
mit, 9"  long,  the  later  fls.  shorter.  Jn. — Aug.  (S.  ovalifolia  Bart.) 

7  S.  integrifolia  L.    Erect,  nearly  simple,  densely  pubescent ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceo- 
late, and  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to  the  base,  subacute,  entire,  subsessile,  the 
lower  ovate;  rac.  loose,  leafy;  bracts  lanceolate,  fls.  large. — 1£  Mid.  andS.  States, 
dry  soils.     St.  9'  to  2f  high,  with  large  blue  fls.  in  terminal  racemes.     The  Ivs. 
(1  to  2'  long),  vary  in  breadth  and  margin,  the  lowest  being  sometimes  ovate  and 
crenate.     Cor.  blue  and  white,  slender  at  base,  enlarged  above,  8  to  9"  long. 
Jn.,  JL    (S.  hyssopifolia  Pers.    S.  Caroliniana  Ph.) — The  plant  is  intensely  bitter. 

8  S.  nervosa  Ph.     Slender,  erect,  subsimple,  stoloniferous ;  Ivs.  broad-ovate*  sub- 
cordate,    crenate-serrate,    sessile,   glabrous,    3 — 5-veined,   lower  roundish-ovate, 
upper  ovate  and  lance-ovate,  slightly  petioled;   fls.  axillary,  solitary. — Rocky 
shades,  along  streams,  Penn.  to  111.  and  La.     Roots  creeping,  often  sending  out 
long,  filiform  stolons.     Stem  8— 15'  high,  weak.     Leaves  2 — 15"  by  5 — 12",  the 


554  ORDER  89. — LABIATE 

middle  pairs  largest,  acute  or  obtusish.    Floral  leaves  entire,  sraali.    Flowers  few, 
pale  blue,  4''  long.     May — Jl. 

9  S.  parvula  MX.     St.  simple  or  branching  at  base,  square,  puberulent ;  Ivs.  ob- 
long-ovate, obtuse,  entire,  sessile;  fts.  small  (3")  axillary,  opposite. — Pastures,  Mid. 
and  W.  States.     Plant  3  to  G'  high.     Root  generally  with  tuberous  internodes, 
and  fibrous  at  each  joint.     Lvs.   3  to  6"  long,  ^  as  wide,  lower  3"  diarn.     Fls. 
rather  numerous,  longer  (4 ')  than  the  leaves,  blue.     Jn. 

10  S.  galericulata  L.     COMMON  SCULL-CAP.    St.  erect,  simple,  or  branched ;  Ivs. 
lanceolate-cordate,  remotely  crenate-serrate ;  fls.  axillary,  solitary,  large  (!'  long). — 
It  Meadows  and  ditches.  Can.  to  Penn.     Abundant.     The  whole  plant  glabrous. 
Stem  square,  12 — 18'  high.    Leaves  truncate-cordate  at  base  and  acutish  at  apex, 
scarcely  petiolate,  !£'  by  £'.     Flowers  much  larger  than  the  preceding,  rarely 
more  than  1  from  the  same  axil,  with  a  vizor-like   calyx  like  that  of  the  other 
species.     Cor.  an  inch  in  length,  blue.     Aug. 

11  S.  lateriflora  L.    MAD-DOG  SKULL-CAP.    St.  branching,  nearly  glabrous ;  Ivs. 
ovate-lanceolate,    acuminate,    serrate,  petiolate  ;    rac.   lateral,    axillary,  leafy. — 
Meadows  and  ditches,  lat  38°  to  Arc.  Am.    St.  square,  1  to  2f  high,  very  branch- 
ing.    Lvs.  opposite,  rounded  at  base,  acuminate  or  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  on 
petioles  an  inch  in  length.     Eac.  opposite,  axillary,  somewhat  1 -sided;  on  long 
stalks,  with  small  blue  fls.  and  small  Ivs.     Jl.,  Aug. — The  English  name  is  duo 
to  the  singular  form  of  the  calyx,  which  after  flowering,  closes  upon  the  seeds  liko 
a  cap  or  vizor. 

30.  MACBRrDEA,  Ell.     (Dedicated  by  Elliott  to  Dr.  Wm.  Macbridc, 
of  Charleston.)     Calyx  campanulate,  3-Jobed,  upper  lobe  oblong,  nar- 
row, lower,  rounded ;  corolla  tube  long-exserted,  throat  inflated,  upper 
lip  erect,  entire,  lower  short,  spreading,  the  middle  lobe  rounded,  broad- 
est ;   stamens  ascending  under  the  upper  lip,  anthers  approximate  by 
pairs. —  2£   Glabrous.     Verticils  G-flowered,  subterminal,  bractless. 

M.  pulchra  Ell. — Swamps,  middle  districts,  N.  Car.  to  Ga.  St  obtusely  4-angled, 
1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  oblong-elliptical,  petiolate,  obscurely  serrate  or  sinuate,  tho 
floral  short,  sessile,  ovate-entire.  Verticils  1  or  2.  Cal.  green,  thin,  veiny,  6" 
long,  cor.  18",  streaked  with  bright  purple  and  white.  Aug.,  Sept. 

31.  SYNAN'DRA,  Nutt.     (Fig.  86,  325.)    (Gr.  ovv,  together,  dvdpeg  ; 
in  allusion  to  the  coherence  of  the  anthers.)     Calyx  4-cleft,  segments 
unequal,  subulate,  converging  to  one  side ;  upper  lip  of  corolla  entire, 
vaulted,  the  lower  obtusely  and  unequally  3-lobed ;   throat  inflated ; 
stamens  ascending  beneath  the  galea,  upper  pair  of  anthers  cohering, 
having  the  contiguous  cells  empty. — (2)  Us.  solitary,  axillary,  somewhat 
spicate  above. 

S.  grandiflora  Nutt.  St.  subsimple,  nearly  smooth,  subterete ;  Ivs.  cordate-ovate, 
acuminate,  obtusely  dentate,  often  dilated  at  base,  petiolate,  the  floral  sessile ;  fls. 
solitary,  sessile ;  caL  segm.  ovate,  setaceously  acuminate,  two  upper  larger  than 
the  two  lower;  cor.  tube  somewhat  funnel-form,  mouth  much  inflated. — Woods, 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  to  Tenn.  St.  6  to  18'  high.  Lvs.  1-to  2'  long,  nearly  as  wide, 
petioles  1  to  3^.  Cor.  1'  long,  upper  lip  very  large,  rounded,  white,  lower  lip 
striated  with  purple  lines.  Jn. 

32.  PHYSOSTE^GIA,  Benth.     LION'S-HEART.     (Gr.  (j>vea,  a  bladder, 
and  crrey??,  a  covering ;  from  the  inflated  corollas.)    Calyx  campanulate, 
subcqually  5-toothed ;  corolla  tube  much  exserted,  throat  inflated,  upper 
lip  concave,  middle  division  of  lower  lip  largest,  roundish,  emarginatc ; 
stamens  4,  unconnected,  ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip,  the  two  lower 
rather  longer. —  ~4  Fls.  opposite,  in  a  terminal,  bracteate,  4-sided  spike. 
P.  Virginiana  Benth.     Cal.  in  fruit  ovate,  inflated ;  cor.  gaping,  upper  lip  con- 
cave.— A  beautiful  plant,  native  in  Penn.,  S.  and  W.  States,  often,  in  gardens. 
It  varies  much  in  stature,  is  very  smooth,  dark-green.     St.  square,  thick,  rigid,  1 


ORDER  89.— LABIATE.  555 

to  4f  high.  Lvs.  opposite,  closely  sessile,  3  to  6'  by  3"  to  3'  (the  lower  often 
very  large),  with  remote  and  shallow  teeth.  Fls.  numerous,  dense,  or  often  sub- 
remote.  Bracts  subulate.  Cor.  pale  purple,  about  an  inch  long,  spotted  inside. 
Aug.,  Sept.  (D.  Virginiana,  denticulatum,  variegatum  and  obovatum  of  authors.) 

33.  LA^MIUM,  L.     HENBIT.     (Lat.  lamia,  the  name  of  a  sea  mon- 
ster, to  which  the  grotesque  flowers  may  be  likened.)     Calyx  5-veined, 
with  5  subequal,  subulate  teeth ;  corolla  dilated  at  throat,  upper  lip 
vaulted,  galeate,  nearly  entire,  lower  lip  broad,  emarginate,  lateral  lobes 
truncate,  often  toothed  on  each  side  near  the  margin   of  the  dilated 
thpoat ;  stamens  4,  ascending. 

1  L.  amplexicaulis  L.     Lvs.  roundish,  incisely  crenate,  floral  broadly  cordate, 
obtuse,  sessile,  amplexicaul,  lower  one  petiolate ;  anth.  hairy. — CD  Waste  grounds, 
Mid.,  S.  and  "W.  States.     Sts.  ascending,  several  from  the  same  root,  6  to  10'  high, 
with  opposite,  broad,  short,  hairy  Ivs.,  lower  ones  on  stalks  1  to  2'  in  length.    Fls. 
In  dense  verticils,  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.     Cor.  purple,  downy,  the  tube 
much  exserted,  the  lower  lip  spotted  with  white.     May — Nov.     §  Eur. 

2  L.  purpfrreum  L.     Lower  Ivs.  roundish,  the  floral  ovate,  all  crenate,  $e tiolate, 
the  petioles  longer  than  the  calyxes;  cor.  tube  straight ;  anth.  hairy. — ®  Waste 
grounds,  Penn.,  rare.     §  Eur.    f-   Varies  with  the  Ivs.  white-striped. 

34.  PHUTMIS, -L.      JERUSALEM  SAGE.      (Gr.  0A6£.  a  flame;  the 
dried,  woolly  leaves  of  P.  lychnitis  were  used  in  ancient  lamps.)     Calyx 
5  to  10-veined,  limb  equal,  truncate  or  5-toothed;  corolla  upper  lip 
galeate,   carinate,  broad,  entire   or   emarginate,    incurved,    the   lower 
spreading,  trifid ;  stamens  ascending  beneath  the  galea ;  upper  filaments 
adnate,  often  with  a  subulate  appendage  at  base ;  anther  cells  divari- 
cate, confluent ;  achenia  3-angled. — Fls.  often  showy,  in  axillary,  bracted 
verticils.     Lvs.  rugous. 

1  P.  tuberosa  L.  Tall,  smoothish;  Ivs.  ample,  ovate,  obtuse,  crenate,  deeply  cor- 
date, floral  lance-oblong ;  bracts  subulate  and  with  the  calyx  somewhat  ciliate; 
cal.  lirnb  truncated,  with  5  rigid  points ;  cor.  galea  very  hairy  inside. — 1\-  Shores 
of  L.  Ontario,  near  Rochester  (Dewey)  and  Can.  Plant  3  to  5f  high,  with  Ivs. 
near  a  foot  long.  Verticils  remote,  with  30  to  40  purple  fls.  §  E.  Eur. 

2  P.  fmticosa  L.  Branches  and  oblong-ovate  Ivs.  beneath  cottony-tomentous ; 
verticils  dense-flowered,  very  woolly.  Shrubby,  ;3f  high.  Curious  in  cultivation 
with  its  grotesque  yellow  fls.  S.  Eur. 

35.  BALLOTA,  L.     BLACK  HOARHOUND.     (Gr.  /fcaAw,  to  reject; 
on  account  of  its  offensive  odor.)     Calyx  funnel-form,  10-veined,  5- 
toothed ;  corolla  bilabiate,  tube  cylindrical,  as  long  as  the  calyx,  upper 
lip  concave,  crenate,  lower  lip  3 -cleft,  middle  segment  largest,  emargin- 
ate ;  stamens  4,  ascending,  exserted ;  ach.  ovoid-triangular. —  2f . 

'B.  nigra  L.  Lvs.  ovate,  subcordate,  undivided,  serrate;  bracts  linear-subulate; 
cal.  somewhat  truncate,  throat  dilated,  teeth  spreading,  acuminate. — Is  frequent 
about  hedges,  &c.,  Mass,  and  Conn.  Stem  2 — 3f  high,  pubescent,  as  well  as  the 
opposite,  broad  leaves.  Flowers  purple  or  white,  in  axillary  verticils.  Jl.  Has 
the  general  appearance  of  Hoarhound  (Marrubium),  but  not  its  fragrance.  §  Eur. 

36.  MOLUCCEL'LA,  L.   MOLUCCA  BALM.  SHELL  FLOWER.   (Brought 
from  the  Molucca  Islands,  <fcc.)     Calyx  campanulate,  very  large,  the 
margin  expanding,  often  repand-spinous ;  cor.  tube  included,  limb  bila- 
biate ;  stamens  4,  ascending. — 0. 

M.  lEevis  L.  St.  ascending,  subsimple,  glabrous;  Ivs.  petiolate,  roundish- 
ovate,  incisely  crenate;  fls.  in  a  terminal,  leafy  raceme;  cal.  campanulate, 
equally  5-toothed,  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  corolla,  teeth  awnless.  A  curious 
plant  in  gardens,  smooth  in  all  its  parts  and  of  a  glaucous  green,  1 — 2f  high.  It  ia 


56  ORDER  SO.—  LABIATE 

chiefly  remarkable  for  its  ample,  bell-shaped  calyx,  in  the  bottom  of  which  fs 
seated  the  yellowish-green  flower,     f  Syria. 


37.  GALEQFSIS,  L.     HEMP  NETTLE.     (Gr.  yatij,  a  weasel,  ty 
appearance  ;  its  grotesque  flowers  are  likened  to  that  animal.)     Calyx 
5-cleft,  spinescent  ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  vaulted,  subcrenate,  lower  lip 
with  3  unequal  lobes,  having  2  teeth  on  its  upper  side,  middle  lobe  lar- 
gest, cleft  and  crenate  ;  stamens  exserted  beyond  the  tube  ;  anther  cells 
opposite,  transverse.  —  Verticils  distant,  many-flowered. 

1  G.  tetrahit  L.     St.  hispid,  the  internodes  thickened  upwards  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  hispid, 
serrate  ;  cor.  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  the  upper  lip  nearly  straight,  concave.  — 
A  common  weed,  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  N.  States.     St.  1  to  2  to  3f 
high,  obtusely  4-angled,  remarkably  tumid  below  the  joint,  and  covered  with 
prickly,  deflexed  bristles.     Leaves  hairy  on  both  sides,  ovate,  acute,  serrata    Fls. 
in  dense  verticils.     Calyx  with  5  acute,  bristly  teeth.     Corolla  variegated  with 
white  and  purple,  upper  lip  concave,  purple,  longer  than  the  lower.    June,  July. 
§  Eur. 

2  G.  ladamim  L.     St.  glabrous  or  pubescent,  internodes  equal  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  sub- 
serrate,  pubescent  ;  upper  lip  of  the  cor.  slightly  crenate.  —  A  smaller  species, 
growing  among  rubbish  in  gravelly  soils,  «fcc.,  N.  Eng.,  rare.     Stem  about  a  foot. 
high,  not  swollen  below  the  joints,  with  opposite  branches.     Flowers  in  dense, 
remote  whorls.     Corollas  usually  rose-colored,  often  white  or  variegated,  spotted 
with  crimson.     Aug.,  Sept.     §  Eur. 

38.  STA'CHYS,  L.     HEDGE   NETTLE.     (Gr.  oro^vf,  a  spike;  from 
the  inflorescence.)     Calyx  tube  angular,  campanulatc,  5  or  10-ribbed, 
5-toothed,  upper  teeth  often  larger  ;  corolla  bilabiate,  upper  lip  erect, 
spreading  or  somewhat  vaulted,  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed,  middle 
lobe  largest  ;  stamens  ascending,  lower  ones  longer  ;  anthers  approxi- 
mate  in  pairs.  —  Verticils  2  to  10-flowered,  approximate  in  terminal 
racemes. 

*  Plants  glabrous,  or  nearly  so.    Calyx  teeth  divaricately  spreading  ................  Nos.  t,  2 

*  Plants  hispid.     Calyx  teeth  suberect.  —  Leaves  stibsessile,  petioles  0  to  W  lonir  ----  No?.  3,  4 

—  Leaves  all  petiolate,  petioles  (5  to  12//long..Nos.  5,  6 

1  S.  hyssopifolia  MX.     St.  ascending  or  erect,  glabrous  or  sparsely  hairy  ;  Ivs. 
sessile,  lance-linear,  finely  serrulate,  acute,  small,  margin  and  base  hispid  •  verticils 
4-flowered,  distant  ;   cal.  and  very  short  bracts  ciliate,  teeth  subulate,  spreading, 
twice  shorter  than  the  corolla.  —  If  Wet  soils,  in  barrens,  Mass,  to  Mo.  and  S. 
States.     Plant  slender,  6  to  12'  high.     Lvs.  1'  in  length,  rarely  longer,  2  to  4'' 
wide.    Fls.  sessile,  7"  long.     Teeth  of  calyx  shorter  than  its  tube.    JL 

2  S.  glabra    Kiddell.      St.  glabrous  or  slightly  hispid  downward,  erect,  often 
branched  ;  Ivs.  glabrous,  oblong-ovate,  rounded  or  truncate  at  base,  all  petiolate, 
acute  or  subacuminate,   serrate;    cal.  glabrous,  teeth  lance-  subulate,   spinulous, 
divaricate,  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  —  If  "Woods,  streams,  N.  Y.  to  Mich. 
and  S.  States.     Plant  slender  or  rather  stout,  15'  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  4'  long, 
the  petioles  6  to  12".     Spikes  at  length  3  to  1'  long.     Fls.  slender,  pale  red  and 
purple.     JL,  Aug. 

P.  DEBILIS.     Weak,  much  branched,  from  a  decumbent  base.  —  Ga.,  La.  \ 

3  S.  palustris  L.     St.  stout,  erect,  hispid,  with  retrorse  bristles  ;  Ivs.  many,  his- 
pid, hoary  beneath,  on  short  petioles,  oblong-lanceolate,  subacuminate,  narrowed 
towards  the  obtuse  base,  crenate-serrate  ;  cal.  hispid,  teeth  acuminate-spinulous, 
erect-spreading  ;  cor.  twice  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  If  By  streams  and  in  moist 
shades,  Can.  and  Wis.  to  Car.     Herb  rough  and  coarse,  1  to  4f  high.     Lvs.  3  to 
6'  long,  petioles  a  few  lines.     Bracts  longer  than  the  calyx.     Fls.  widely  gaping, 
7  to  8V'  long,  pale  red  spotted  with  puiple.     Jn.  —  Aug.     (S.  hispida  Ph.) 

4  S.  aspera  MX.     St.  slender,  erect  or  flexuous,  retrorsely  hispid  ;  Ivs.  sparsely 
hispid,  subsessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  obtuse  at 
base  ;  cal  glabrous,  but  ciliate  on  the  angles,  and  the  lanceolate,  spinulous,  sub- 
erect  teeth.  —  H  Can.  and  U.  S.,  in  damp  places,  common.     Plant  much  moro 


ORDER  89.— LABIATE  557 

slender  and  smooth  iu  aspect  than  the  preceding,  yet  technically  scarcelj  different. 
It  is  green  rather  than  hoary,  about  2f  high,  simple.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  6  to  9". 
Gal.  smoothish,  the  teeth  usually  purple,  equaling  the  tube  of  the  purple  spotted 
corolla.  JL,  Aug. 

5  S.  Nuttalliana  Shuttles.     St.  stout,  erect,  often  branched,  hispid  with  bristly, 
spreading  hairs;  Ivs.  elliptical-ovate,  acuminate,  crenate-serrate,  sparsely  hispid, 
narrowed  to  a  cordate  base,  petiolate ;  cal  pubescent,  teeth  triangular,  very  acute, 
shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla  or  calyx. — %  Ohio  to  Tenn.,  along  shaded  banks. 
Plant  light  green,  3  to  5f  high,  with  large  leaves.     St.  with  grooved  sides  and 
hispid  angles.      Lvs.  4  to  9'  by  18"  to  40".     Yerticila  remote.     Cor.  light  red, 
with  purple  stripes  and  dots,  the  tube  much  exserted.     Jl.,  Aug.     (S.  sylvatica 
Nutt.) 

6  S.  arvensis  L.     Annual;  st.  decumbent,  hairy;  Ivs.  ovate,  cordate,  petiolate, 
obtuse,  crenate,  the  highest  shorter  than  the  lanceolate,  acute  teeth  of  the  hispid 
calyx ;  cor.  tube  included,  lips  short. — In  waste  grounds  near  Boston,  &c.     Plant 
slender,  3'  to  If  long,  with  long,  spreading  hairs.     Lvs.  1'  or  less.     Cor.  pubes- 
cent.    §  Eur. 

39.  LEONITRUS,  L.     MOTHER-WORT.     (Gr.  Xtuv,  a  lion,  ovpd,  tail; 
from  the  appearance  of  the  spikes  of  flowers.)     Calyx  5  to  10-striate,  5- 
toothed,  teeth  subspinescent ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  entire,  hairy,  con- 
cave, erect,  lower  lip  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  obcordate ;  stamens  4, 
ascending  beneath  the  upper  lip.     Mostly  1^ . 

1  L.  Cardiaca  L.     Lvs.  palmate-lobed,  uppermost  lanceolate,  often  trifid,  all  of 
them  toothed,  cuneiform  at  base ;  cor.  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  tube  with  a 
hairy  ring  within. — Tartary,  whence  it  was  first  introduced  into  Europe  and  thenco 
to  America,  ever  following  the  footsteps  of  civilized  man.     Common  in  waste 
places.     Stem  3 — 5f  high,  downy,  square,  large,   purplish,  bearing  its  opposite, 
stalked,  rough  leaves  arranged  in  4  vertical  rows.     Pis.  in  many  whorls.     Calyx 
rigid  and  bristly.     Cor.  purplish,  hairy  without,  variegated  within.     July. — It  has 
reputation  as  an  ingredient  in  herb  drinks  for  colds,  coughs,  &c.  § 

2  L.  marrubiastrum  L.    Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  incisely  and  coarsely  serrate,  the  floral 
lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end,  incisely  dentate ;  cor.  shorter  than  the  calyx 
teeth,  tube  naked  within,  upper  lip  somewhat  vaulted,  pubescent. — Penn.,  Ind., 
rare.     A  plant  of  vigorous  growth,  2 — 4f  high,  with  opposite,  ascending  branches. 
Leaves  2 — 3'  in  length,  the  lowest  on  long  petioles.     Verticils  many-flowered, 
remote  but  numerous,  forming  an  interrupted,  leafy  spike.     Corolla  reddish  white. 
July,  Aug.     §  Eur. 

40.  MARRITBIUM,  L.     HOARHOUND.     Calyx  tubular,  5 — 10  striate, 
with  5  or  10  subequal  teeth;  cor.  bilabiate,  upper  lip  erect,  flattish  or 
concave,  entire  or  bifid,  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed,  middle  lobe  broad- 
est, emarginate,  tube  included ;  sta.  included  in  the  tube. —  2f . 

M.  vulgare  L.  St.  ascending,  hoary  pubescent;  Ivs.  roundish,  ovate,  crenate- 
dentate,  downy  canescent  beneath;  cal.  of  10  setaceous,  uncinate  teeth. — Fields 
and  roadsides.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  branching  at  base,  or  several  from  the  same  root. 
Lvs.  petiolate,  1  to  2'  diam.,  whitish  and  rough  veined  above,  very  woolly  be- 
neath, rounded  and  toothed.  Pis.  white,  in  sessile,  axillary,  dense,  hairy  verticils. 
CaL  woolly,  the  teeth  spreading  and  alternately  shorter.  Jl.,  Aug.  §  Eur.  "Well 
known  as  an  ingredient  in  cough  candy. 

41.  LEITCAS,  L.     (Gr.  Xevno^  white;  the  usual  color  of  the  densely 
woolly  flowers.)     Calyx  tubular,   8  to   10-toothed,  subequal;  corolla 
tube  included,  upper  lip  concave,  erect,  entire,  very  hairy  without,  the 
lower  longer,   spreading,  trifid,  middle  lobe  the  largest ;  stamens  be- 
neath the  galea ;  filaments  not  appendaged,  achenia  3-angled. — Fls.  in 
axillary  verticils. 


558  ORDER  90.—  BORR  AGIN  ACE  JE. 

L.  Martimcensis  Br.  Erect,  pubescent  ;  Ivs.  petiolate,  ovate,  crenate,  rugous, 
the  floral  lanceolate  ;  verticils  distant,  large,  globular,  many  -flowered  ;  cal.  in- 
curved, oblique,  upper  tooth  longest.  —  CD  Herbs  1  to  2f  high,  with  small  white 
flowers.  Escaped  from  gardens,  Ga.  §  W.  Ind. 


42.  LEONOTIS,  Br.  LION'S-EARS.  (Gr.  Afc'wv,  a  lion,  wra,  ears; 
a  fanciful  name  alluding  to  the  corollas.)  Calyx  10-veined,  apex  in- 
curved, throat  oblique,  sub-10-toothed,  upper  tooth  largest  ;  corolla 
tube  exserted,  limb  bilabiate,  upper  lip  concave,  erect,  entire,  lower 
short,  spreading,  trifid  ;  stamens  4,  ascending  under  the  galea  ;  anthers 
in  pairs.  —  Verticils  dense,  with  numerous,  linear-subulate  bracts.  Fls. 
scarlet-yellow. 

L.  nepetaefolia  Br.  Herb  stout,  erect;  Ivs.  thin,  ovate,  cronate;  cal.  teeth  8, 
the  upper  much  the  largest,  all  spinescent  ;  cor.  scarlet,  about  twice  longer  than 
the  calyx.  —  CD  Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  S.  Car,  and  Ga.,  common.  Plant 
large  and  very  showy,  4  to  If  high.  St.  deeply  2-grooved  on  the  4  sides,  angles 
rounded.  Lvs.  comparatively  small,  18"  to  30"  by  12  to  20",  on  long  petioles. 
Clusters  terminal  and  subterminal,  near  2'  diam.,  beset  with  the  calyx  spines  and 
the  brilliant,  downy  corollas  10"  in,  length.  §  Africa. 

ORDER  XC.     BORRAGINACEJS.     BORRAGEWORTS. 

Herbs  (shrubs  or  trees),  with  round  stems  and  branches,  not  aromatic.  Leaves 
alternate,  generally  rough,  with  stiff  hairs.  Stipules  none.  Flowers  seldom  yel- 
low, generally  in  a  coiled  (scorpoid)  inflorescence.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  united  ber 
low,  regular,  very  rarely  irregular.  Stamens  5,  inserted  in  the  tube.  Ovary  deeply 
4-lobed,  forming  in  fruit  4  separate,  1  -seeded  achenia  in  the  bottom  of  the  persis- 
tent calyx.  Style  1,  gynobasic,  seed  separable  from  the  pericarp,  exalbuminous. 

Illust.  in  figs.  220,  372. 

Genera  54,  species  6S3,  mostly  natives  of  temperate  climates  in  the  Northern  hemisphere. 

Properties.  —  Mucilaginous  and  emollient  plants,  never  poisonous.  The  important  red  dye, 
ftlfcanet,  is  the  product  of  Anchusa  tinctoria,  &c.  Many  are  esteemed  for  their  beauty  in  cul- 
tivation. 

TRIBES  AKD    GENERA. 

I.  EII11ETIEJ3.    Ovary  entire,  4-celled.   Sty.  terminal.   Fr.  baccate.   Shrubs.TouRNEFORTiA.  1 

II.  HELIOTROPES.     Ovary  entire.     Style  terminal.     Fruit  dry  separating  into  parts,  (a) 

a  Corolla  tube  cylindrical,  throat  open.     Fruit  separating  into  4  parts  .....  HKLIOTROPIUM.  2 
a  Corolla  tube  conical,  throat  constricted.    Fruit  separating  into  2  parts.  .  .UEI.IOPIIYTUM.  3 

III.  BOERAGE^E.     Ovary  deeply  4-lobed.     Style  basilar.     Fruit  4,  achenia.  (b) 

b  Corolla  irregularly  5-lobed,  throat  open,  naked.     Blue  ........................  ECIIIUM.  4 

b  Corolla  regularly  5-lobed.  (c) 

C  Achenia  unarmed,  fixed  by  their  excavated  base,  throat  closed,  (d) 

d  Corolla  wheel-form.    Anthers  exserted.    Blue  .....................  BORRAGO.  5 

d  Corolla  tubular-bell-form.    Style  exserted.    White  ...............  SYMPIIYTUM.  6 

d  Corolla  salver-form,  with  the  slender  tube  bent.    Blue  ...............  LYCOPSIS.  1 

C  Achenia  unarmed,  fixed  by  their  small,  flat  base.    Throat  open  or  closed,  (e) 

6  Corolla  tubular,  with  the  lobes  erect  and  acute.     White  .  .  ........  ONOSMODIFM.  8 

6  Corolla  lobes  rounded,  imbricated  in  bud.    White  or  yellow  ----  LITIIOSPERMUM.  9 

o  Corolla  lobes  rounded,  imbricate  in  bud.    Purple,  blue,  large  ......  MERTENSIA.  10 

o  Corolla  lobes  rounded,  convolute  in  bud.     Blue  or  white,  small  .....  MYOSOTIS.  11 

C  Achenia  armed  with  barbed  prickles.  —  Corolla  salver-form  ........  ECHINOSPERMUM.  12 

—  Corolla  funnel-form  ..........  CYNOGLOSSUM.  13 

1.  TOURNEFOR'TIA,  L.  SUMMER  HELIOTROPE.  (Dedicated  to 
Joseph  Pitton  de  Tournefort,  the  founder  of  Systematic  Botany.) 
Calyx  5-parted,  corolla  salver-form,  throat  naked  ;  stamens  5,  included  ; 
style  short  ;  fruit  2-carpeled,  4-celled  and  4-seeded.  —  Shrubs,  with  en- 
tire Ivs.  and  secund  spikes. 


ORDER  90.— BORRAGINACE^E.  559 

T  heliotropoides  Hook.  Shrubby  at  base,  with  herbaceous,  hairy  branches, 
erect;  Ivs.  oval,  pubescent,  obtuse,  undulate  on  the  margin;  ped.  terminal,  2  or 
3  times  dichotomous ;  cor.  tube  included,  lobes  obtuse,  fruit  globular. — The  fls. 
are  numerous,  small,  pale  lilac,  and  inodorous,  f  Buenos  Ayres. 

2.  HELIOTROVPIUM,  Tournef.     HELIOTROPE.     (Gr.  f)?uog,  the  sun, 
rpKTTW,  to  turn  ;  the  flowers  were  said  to  turn  with  the  sun.)     Calyx  5- 
parted,  corolla  salver-form,  lobes  shorter  than  the  tube,  the  sinuses  pli- 
cate and  prominent  in  the  bud ;  anthers  sessile ;  style  short,  stigma 
conical,  the  achenia  cohering  at  base,  at  length  separable. — Herbs  or 
shrubs.     Fls.  white  or  purple,  in  unilateral,  scorpoid  spikes. 

1  H.  Europium  L.     Herb  erect,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  oval,  obtuse  at  each  end,  petio- 
late,  wavy;  spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  single  or  forked ;  cal.  lobes  hirsute,  obtuse, 
equaling  the  cor.  tube,  and  also  as  long  as  the  fruit. — CD  Rocky  banks,  at  Har- 
per's Ferry,  &c.     A  delicate  annual  8  to  12'  high.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  two-thirds 
as  wide.     Fls.  small,  white,  in  spikes  several  inches  in  length.     Aug.     f  §  Eur. 

2  H.  curassavicum  L.     Herb  glabrous,  procumbent  at  base ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceo- 
late, obtuse,  entire,  glaucous;  spikes  usually  forked;  sep.  obtuse,  much  shorter  than 
the  fruit. — (D  Sandy  shores,  St.  Louis  to  1ST.  Orleans.    A  foot  high.     Lvs.  1  to  2' 
by  2  to  3".     Fls.  very  small,  bluish.     §  W.  Ind. 

3  H.  Feruvianum  L.  Shrubby,  erect,  pubescent,  somewhat  hoary;  Ivs. 
short-petiolate,  lance-ovate,  rugous  ;  spikes  numerous,  aggregated,  corymbous ;  cor. 
tubetwice  longer  than  the  calyx.- — A  pretty  green-house  shrub,  1  to  2f  high.  Lv:s. 
serrulate,  twice  as  long  as  wide.  Fls.  very  fragrant,  white  or  tinged  with  purple. 
f  Peru. 

3.  HELIOPH'YTUM,  DC.    (Gr.  ijkiog,  the  sun,  Qvrov,  a  plant ;  from 
its  relation  to  Heliotropium.)       Calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  salver-form, 
throat  constricted,  5-rayed ;  anthers  included;  style  very  short;  nuts 
2,  each  2-celled  (sometimes  with  2  additional  empty  cells). — Herbs  with 
habit  of  Heliotrope. 

H.  Indicum  DC.  Herbs  erect,  branching,  hairy ;  Ivs.  ovate,  erose-serrulate,  acute, 
base  abruptly  contracted  into  a  petiole,  often  subcordate,  rugous,  very  veiny; 
spike  terminal,  solitary,  simple  (rarely  forked !) ;  cor.  much  exserted,  pubescent ; 
fr.  miter-form,  the  two  nuts  divaricate,  showing  the  4  empty  cells  between. — 
"Waste  grounds,  pastures,  111.,  Ind.  to  Ga.  St.  furrowed,  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  2  to 
3'  long,  or  more.  Spikes  2  to  6'  long.  Cor.  blue  or  purple.  Carpels  bifid  at  apex. 
§  S.  Am.  E.  Ind. 

4.  ECH'IUM,  Tourn.     VIPER'S  BUGLOSS.     (Gr.  «%£?,  a  viper ;  from 
the  spotted  stem  of  some  species.)     Calyx  5-parted-,  segments  subulate, 
erect;  corolla  campanulate,  obliquely  and  unequally  lobed,  with  a  short 
tube  and  naked  orifice  ;  stigma  cleft ;  achenia  tuberculate,  base  flat, 
imperforate. — Herbs    or   shrubs.     Fls.    irregular,  in   spicate,  panicled 
racemes. 

B.  vulgare  L.  St.  herbaceous,  rough  with  bristles  and  tubercles;  cauline  Ivs. 
lanceolate,  and  rough  with  bristles ;  spikes  lateral,  hairy,  deflected. —  (L)  A  rough 
plant,  with  large,  handsome,  violet-colored  flowers,  found  in  fields  and  waste 
grounds,  N.  States.  Stem  18 — 20'  high,  round,  with  entire,  dull  green  leaves, 
which  are  2 — 6'  long,  and  ^  as  wide,  lower  ones  petiolate,  upper  ones  amplexi- 
caul.  Flowers  in  numerous,  crowded,  axillary,  recurved  spikes,  appearing  in 
June  and  July,  §  Eur. 

5.  BORRA'GO,  Tourn.     BORRAGE.     Calyx  5-parted;  corolla  rotate, 
with  acute  segments;  orifice  crowned;  filaments  converging;  achenia 
ovoid,  muricate,  excavated  at  base,  inserted  lengthwise  into  an  excavated 
receptacle. — European  herbs. 


560  ORDER  90.—  BORRAGINACE^E. 

1  B.  officinalis  L.   Lvs.  ovate,  alternate,  the  lower  ones  petiolate  ;  cal.  spread- 
ing  •  ped.  terminal,  many-flowered  ;  filaments  included.  —  (f)  A  common  inhabitant 
of  the  garden.     The  whole  plant  is  rough  with  short,  bristly  hairs,  erect,  2f  high, 
with  terminal  clusters  of  handsome,  sky-blue  flowers  during  summer.     It  was 
formerly  in  high  repute  as  a  cordial.     Tho  young  leaves  form  a  good  salad  and 
pot-herb.  \  Eur. 

2  B.  orientalis.    Lvs.  cordate,  petiolate  ;  ped.  many-flowered  :  fil.  exserted,  vil- 
lous.  —  (J)  An  ornamental  garden  plant,  E.  Eur.    Stem  and  leaves  hairy.    Flowers 
blue,  appearing  in  the  spring  months.  \     (Psilostemon,  DC.) 


6.  SYM'PHYTUM,  Tourn.     COMFREY.     (Gr.  ffvjjup&ats,  a  joining  or 
healing  ;    from    its  reputation  for  healing  wounds.)     Calyx  5-parted  ; 
corolla  tubular-campanulate,  orifice  closed  with  5,  subulate  scales,  con- 
verging into  a  cone  ;  achenia  smooth,  ovoid  fixed  by  an  excavated  base. 
—  H  Oriental  herbs. 

S.  officinale  L.  Hairy,  branching  above  ;  Ivs.  extensively  decurrent,  the  lower 
and  radical  petiolate,  ovate-lanceolate,  upper  and  floral  lanceolate  ;  sep.  lanceolate, 
acuminate;  cor.  limb  with  5-recurved  teeth.  —  A  large,  coarse-looking  mucilagi- 
nous plant,  in  gardens  and  low  grounds,  Mid.  States.  Whole  plant  rough  with 
dense  hairs.  Stem  3  —  if  high,  winged  by  the  decurrent  leaves,  bearing  terminal, 
revolute  racemes.  Corollas  white,  pink  and  red,  appearing  all  summer.  \  § 

7.  LYCOP'SIS,  L.     WILD  BUGLOSS.     (Gr.  Av«o?,  a  wolf,  and  6i/>,  the 
eye  ;  name  suggested  by  the  small  blue  flowers.)     Calyx  5-cleft  ;  corolla 
funnel-form,  tube  incurved,  orifice  closed  with  ovate,  converging  scales  ; 
achenia   perforated   at  base,  ovoid,  angular.  —  ®  Distinguished  mainly 
by  the  curved  corolla  tube. 

L.  arvensis  L.  Plant  hispid  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  repand-denticulate  ;  rac.  leafy  ;  fls. 
sessile  ;  cal.  shorter  than  the  curved  tube  of  the  corolla.  —  A  very  hispid,  almost 
bristly  plant,  in  fields  and  roadsides,  N.  States,  probably  introduced.  Stem  erect, 
branching,  roundish,  about  a  foot  high.  Leaves  5  or  6  times  as  long  as  wide,  the 
margin  irregularly  and  slightly  toothed.  Fls.  small.  Calyx  erect.  Corolla  sky- 
blue  with  white  scales  within.  June,  July.  §  S.  Eur. 

8.  ONOSMOVDIUM,  MX.    (From  Onosma,  another  genus  of  this  order, 
and  eldog,  appearance.)     Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  with  linear  segments; 
corolla  cylindrical,  having  a  ventricous,  half  5-cleft  limb,  with  the  seg- 
ments converging  and  the  orifice  open  ;  anthers  sessile,  sagittate,  in- 
cluded ;  style  much  exserted  ;  achenia  imperforate,  whitish,  shining.  — 
H  North  American.     Rac.  terminal,  subspicate,  one-sided.     Fls.  white. 

1  O.  Virginicum  Alph.  DC.     Clothed  with  appressed,  stiff  bristles  from  a  tuber- 
cular base  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  sessile,  entire,  acute  or  rather  obtuse,  5-veined,  cal.  very- 
bristly,  lobes  lance-linear;  cor.  hispid  or  nearly  smooth,  a  third  longer  than  the 
calyx,  the  segm.  lance-subulate  ;  ant/t.  strongly  sagittate.  —  Dry  soils,  N.  Eng.  to  Fla. 
and  La.     Plant  mostly  erect,  15  to  30'  high,  branching,  very  rough.     Lvs.  varia- 
ble, 15  to  30''  by  5  to  9".     Floral  Ivs.  bractliko.     Cor.  4  to  5''  long.     Jn.—  Aug. 
(0.  hispidum  MX.) 

2  O.  Carolinianum  DC.     Tall,  clothed  with  long  spreading,  rusty-white,  bristly 
hairs  tubercled  at  base;  Ivs.  lance-oblong,  sessile,  entire,  7-veined,  acute,  gradually 
diminished  upwards  ;  fls.  shaggy,  bristly  ;  cal.  lobes  lance-oblong  ;  cor.  near  twice 
longer,  limb  dilated,  segm.  ovate,  obtusitli;  anth.  linear-oblong,  cells  scarcely  di- 
verging at  base.  —  By  streams,  "W.  N.  Y.  to  Wis.,  La.  and  Ga.     St.  hollow,  2  "to 
4f  high,  branched.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  or  more  long,  near  1'  wide.     Cor.  5  to  6".    Ach. 
large,  white.     May  —  Jl.    Varies  in  leaves  and  hairiness. 

p.  MOLLE.     Bristles  short,  appressed,  and  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  oblong-ovate 

Ivs.  soft  downy,  except  the  7  prominent,  bristly  veins.  —  Plant  smaller.     Lvs. 

I  approaching  to  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse.     (0.  molle  MX.)  —  Chiefly  S.  Western, 


ORDER  90.— BORRAGINACEJE.  561 

9.  LITHOSPER'MUM,  L.  GRAMMELL  OR  GROMWELL.  (Gr.  Mtiog, 
a  stone,  and  aneppa,  seed ;  the  seeds  being  hard  and  shining  like  little 
pebbles.)  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent;  corolla  funnel-form  or  salver- 
form  ;  limb  5-lobed,  orifice  open,  or  with  5  gibbous  appendages,  alter- 
nating with  the  stamens ;  anthers  included ;  stigma  obtuse,  bifid ; 
achenia  bony,  rugous  or  smooth,  imperforate  at  base. — Herbaceous  or 
suffruticous,  generally  with  a  thick,  reddish  root.  Fls.  spiked  or  ra- 
cemed,  bracted,  white  or  yellow. 

§  Achenia  rugous-tubercled.     Corolla  throat  open,  not  appendaged No.  1 

§  Acheiiia  smooth  and  white.     Corolla  throat  appendaged. — Flowers  white Nos.  2 — t 

— Flowers  yellow Nos.  5 — 1 

1  L.  arveiise  L.    "WHEAT-THIEF.    Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  hairy ;  cal.  nearly 
equal  to  the  corolla,  with  spreading  segments ;  ach.  rugous. —  0  A  rough,  trou- 
blesome weed,  in  fields  and  waste  grounds.     Stem  branching,  erect,  12 — 15'  high, 
from  a  fusiform  root  with  reddish  bark.     Lvs.  bright  green,  rough,  sessile,  1 — 2' 
in  length,  with  only  the  central  vein ;  the  lower  ones  obtuse  and  narrowed  to  the 
base ;  upper  ones  subacute.     Fls.  small,  white,  subsessile,  solitary,  in  the  axils 
of  the  upper  leaves.     May,  Jn.     §  Eur. 

2  L.  officinale  L.     Erect,  very  branching  above;    Ivs.  lanceolate,  acute,  veiny; 
cal.  nearly  equal  to  the  tube  of  the  corolla  ;  ach.  smooth. —  if  A  rough,  grayish  plant, 
in  dry,  gravelly  soils,  N.  and  Mid.  States.     Sts.  much  branched,  clustered,  arising 
1  to  2f  from  a  white,  fusiform  root.     Lvs.  grayish  green,  rough  on  the  upper  side, 
hairy  beneath,  rather  acute,  entire,  2  to  3'  by  G  to  9'/.     FJs.  small,  white,  axil- 
lary,- solitary,  pedicellate,  in  recurved,  leafy  spikes.     Achenia  ovate,  polished, 
stony,  usually  but  1  or  2  perfected.     Jl.   §  Eur. 

3  L.  latifolium  MX.     Erect,  subsimple,  scabrous ;  Ivs.  ovate,  sharply  acuminate, 
tapering  to  the  sessile  base,  veined,  scabrous ;  rac.  leafy,  few-flowered ;  sep.  lance- 
linear,  longer  than  the  corotta,  and  spreading  in  fruit ;  ach.  punctate  with  minute 
impressions,  shining  white,  ovoid-turgid. — Woods  and  thickets,  N.  Y.  to  111.  and 
Ya.     Sts.  many  from  the  same  root,  strict,  2f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  4'  by  1  to  2', 
strongly  veined.     Nuts  generally  but  2,  half  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Fls.  small, 
white. 

4  L.  angustifolium  MX.     Procumbent  at  base,  much  branched,  roughish  and 
somewhat  hoary  with  an  appressed  pubescence ;  Ivs.  linear,  rigid,  edges  slightly 
revolute;  fls.  scattered,  lateral;  ach.  roundish-ovoid,  shining,  but  punctate  with 
minute  impressions. — Sand  prairies,  along  rivers,  "Wis.  (Lapham)  to  Ark.  and 
westward.     Plant  6  to  15'  high.     Lvs.  1'  long.     Fls.  small,  cor.  white,  scarcely 
longer  than  the  calyx. 

5  L.  canescens  Lehmann.    PUCCOON.     Erect,  subsimple,  softly  villous;  Ivs.  ob- 
long or  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  silky-canescent  above,  villous  beneath ;  fls.  axil- 
lary; tube  of  the  cor.  thrice  as  long  as  the  very  short  calyx. — 14  Prairies,  fields,  and 
dry  hills,  Can.  1ST.  Y.  to  111.  and  S.  States.     St.  8  to  12'  high,  erect,  simple,  rarely 
a  little  branched  above.     Lvs.  sessile,  2  to  3"  wide  and  4  times  as  long,  1-veined. 
Fls.  crowded  near  the  summit  of  the  stem.     Cal.  segm.  lanceolate,  acute,  2"  long. 
Cor.    bright  orange-yellow,    G"  long.     Jri.,   Jl.     The  root  dyes  red.     (Bats- 
chia,  MX.) 

6  L.  hirtum  Lehm.     Erect,  simple,  rough-hairy ;   Ivs.  sessile,  linear-lanceolate, 
obtuse,  ciliate-hirsute  both  sides,  floral  ovate-lanceolate ;  cal.  lobes  linear,  hirsute, 
half  as  long  as  the  corolla;  cor.  segm.  spreading,  obovate,  entire,  tube  hispid  in- 
side at  base :  ach.  ovoid,  shining. — 1\.  W.  and  S.  States,  in  dry  soils.     Sts.  8  to 
15'  high,  clustered.     Fls.  crowded.      Cor.  orange-yellow,    7  to  8"  long.     Cal. 
segm.  enlarged  in  fruit.     Apr. — Jn.     (Batschia  Carolinensis  Gmel.) 

7  L.  longifloms  Spreng.     Erect,  strigous  with  a  cinerous  pubescence ;  lower  Ivs. 
lance-linear,  attenuated  to  the  base,  upper  ones  linear,  acutish ;  rac.  leafy,  termi- 
nal ;  cal.  segm.  linear,  much  longer  than  the  pedicel ;  cor.  tube  4  times  longer  than 
the  calyx,  lobes  crenulate,  wavy. — %  Wis.  to  Natchitoches,  La  (Hale.)     St.  10  to 
15'  high,  slender,  branched  near  the  top.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  2  to  4"  wide,  the 
floral  scarcely  as  long  as  the  flowers.     Cor.  yellow,  the  tube  9  to  12"  long.     Fr. 
much  shorter  than  tho  calyx,  smooth,  white.    Jl.     (Pentalophus,  DC.) 

36 


562  OHDER  90.— BORRAGINACE^E. 

10.  MERTENSIA,    Roth.      (Pulmonaria,  Tourn.)      SMOOTH   LUNG- 
WORT.    (Named  for  Prof.  F.  C.  Mertcns,  of  Bremen,  Germany.)     Calyx 
short,  5-cleft;  cor.  tube  cylindric,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  limb 
subcampanulate,  5-cleft,  throat  naked,  or  oftener  with  5  folds  or  ridges 
between  the  insertion  of  the  stamens  ;  sta.  inserted  at  top  of  the  tube  ; 
anth.  subsagittate  ;  ach.  smooth  or  reticulated. —  2£  St.  and  leaves  usu- 
ally glabrous  and  pellucid-punctate,  the  radical  many-veined,  cauline 
sessile.     Rac.  terminal. 

1  M.  Virginica  DC.     Erect  or  ascending,  very  smooth  ;  radical  Ivs.  large,  petio- 
late,  oval,  ovate  or  obovate,  cauline  sessile,  lance-ovate  or  oblong,  all  entire,  ob- 
tuse ;  cor.  tube  3  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  twice  longer  than  the  limb. — Dry, 
rich  soils,  N.  Y.  to  S.  Car.  and  Iowa.     A  plant  of  rare  beauty,  12  to  18'  high. 
Lvs.  2  to  6'  long,  the  cauline  feather-veined.     Fls.  numerous,  nodding,  somewhat 
trumpet-shaped,  10"  long,  varying  through  every  shade  of  blue  and  lilac  even  on 
the  same  plant.     May.    (Lithospermurn  pulchrum  Lehrn.) 

2  M.  maritima  Don.     Glabrous,  procumbent  or  ascending;  Ivs.  ovate,  obtuse, 
fleshy,  glaucous,  the  radical  petiolate,  cauline  sessile ;  rac.  leafy ;  cal.  deeply  cleft, 
scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  glabrous,  5-cleft  corolla. — Sea  shore,   N.  Eng.,  rare, 
Can.  and  northward.     St.  diffusely  branched.     Fls.  purplish  blue,  limb  longer 
than  the  tube,  which  exhibits  5  folds  at  its  summit.     Jl. 

3  M.  paniculata  Don.     Scabrous  with  minute  hairs,  erect;  radical  Ivs.  petio- 
late, ovate,  cordate,  cauline  ovate-oblong,  sessile,  all  acuminate  and  veined ;  cal. 
hispid,   thrice  shorter  than  the  subcampanulate  corolla. — Shores  of  the  •  great 
Lakes,  from  Superior  to  Bear  L.,  also  in  gardens.     An  elegaiit  plant,  with  fls. 
varying  from  bright  blue  to  white,  paniculate,  nodding. 

11.  MYOSOTIS,   Bill.     FORGET-ME-NOT.     (Gr.   p)f,   a   mouse,  and 
(cwf )  &~og ,  an  ear  ;  from  the  form  of  the  leaves.)     Calyx  5-cleft ;  cor- 
olla salver-form  or  funnel-form,  tube  about  equaling  the  calyx,  the  5 
lobes  convolute  in  bud,  orifice  closed  with  short,  concave  scales ;  achc- 
nia  ovate,  smooth,  with  a  small  cavity  at  base. — Herbs,  slightly  villous. 
Eac.  at  length  elongated,  bractless,  or  with  a  few,  small  Ivs.  at  the  base. 
Fls.  never  axillary. 

§  Racemes  one-sided.    Calyx  clothed  \vith  minute,  appressed  hairs,  if  any No.  1 

§  llacemes  two-sided.     Calyx  beset  with  spreading,  minutely-hooked  bristles Nos.  2,  3 

1  M.  palustris  Roth.     p.  LAXA   (Fig.   220).     Minutely  strigous  or  smoothish, 
somewhat  branched,  erect ;  Ivs.  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  with  short,  scattered  hairs ; 
rac.  without  bracts;  pedicels  divaricate  in  fruit,  twice  as  long  as  the  short,  spread- 
ing, smoothish,  equal  calyx. — %.  Ditches  and  marshes,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  very  slen- 
der, about  a  foot  high.     Lvs.  scattered,  sessile,  about  1'  by  2  or  3".     Eac.  termi- 
nal, or  often  one  of  them  supra-axillary,  one-sided.     Fls.  2  to  3'' broad,  blue,  with 
a  yellow  center.     Fed.  3  to  6"  long.     May — Aug.     (M.  caespitosa  Schultz.) 

2  M.  arvensis  L.     Hirsute  with  tubercular  hairs,  branching;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute ;  pedicels  spreading  in  fruit,  twice  as  long  as  the  open,  equal  calyx,  in 
loose  racemes,  which  are  not  at  all  leafy  among  the  flowers  at  their  lose.—® 
Fields,  &c.     Sts.  G  to  15'  high.     Lvs.  1'  and  less  in  length.     Fls.  2  to  3''  broad, 
white?    Jl.,  Aug.      We  describe  from  English  specimens,  having  seen  none 
native.     (M.  intermedia,  Link.) 

3  M.  stricta  Link.     Roughly  hirsute  with  spreading,   mostly  tubercled  hairs; 
Ivs.  oblong,  or  the  lower  spatulate-oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  pedicels  ascending,  as 
long  as  the  closed,  uncinate-bristly,  unequal  calyx,  in  racemes  which  are  leafy  at 
base. — (g)  Dry  fields  and  hills,  Conn.,  N.  Y.,  to  Wis.,  La.  and  Ala.     Plant  varying 
greatly  in  aspect  at  different  stages  of  growth,  yet  always  recognized  by  its  calyx, 
which  is  decidedly  bilabiate,  the  lower  lip  of  2 'longer  teeth.     Plant  6  to  16'  high, 
grayish.     Lvs.  1'  long,  or  in  larger  specimens  2;.     Fls.  very  small  (I"  broad), 
white.     May — Jl.     (M.  verna  Nutt.     M.  arvensis  Torr.) 


ORDER  90.—  BORRAGINACE^E.  563 


12.  ECHINOSPER'MUM,  Swartz.    BURR-SEED.     (Gr.  Itfvos,  the  sea- 
urchin,  arrfc'p/m,  seed  ;  from  the  character.)     Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla 
hypocrateriform,  orifice  closed  with  concave  scales  ;  achenia  4,  erect, 
bearing  1  to  3  rows  of  echinate  prickles,  smooth  between,  compressed 
or  angular,  fixed  to  a  central  column.  —  Herbs  with  bracted  rac.  and 
small,  blue  fls. 

E.  Lappula  Lehm.  St.  branched  above;  Ivs.  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate, 
hairy  ;  cor.  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  border  erect-spreading  ;  ach.  each  with  2 
rows  of  hooked  prickles  on  the  margin.  —  CD  An  erect  herb,  in  dry  soils,  roadsides, 
K  States  to  Arc.  Am.  Stem  having  a  dry,  grayish  aspect,  from  its  dense  hairs, 
about  a  foot  high,  undivided  except  at  the  top,  where  it  branches  into  a  kind  of 
panicle.  Leaves  1'  by  1  —  2",  sessile.  Flowers  very  small,  blue.  Jl.  (Roche- 
lia  Rcem.  Cynoglossum  Scop.) 

13.  CYNOGLOS'SUM,  Tourn.     HOUND'S  TONGUE.     (Gr.  KVUV,  a  dog, 
yAtocraa,  tongue  ;  from  the  form  of  the  long,  soft  leaves.)     Calyx  5- 
parted  ;  corolla  short,  infundibuliform,  vaulted  ;  orifice  closed  by  5  con- 
verging, convex  scales;  achenia  covered  with  echinate  prickles,  de- 
pressed, forming  a  broad,  pyramidal  fruit,  and  each  fixed  laterally  to 
the  style.  —  Cor.  blue,  purple  or  white. 

§  Racemes  without  bracts  or  nearly  so  .............................................  Nos.  1,  2 

§  Eacemes  bracted  at  base,  but  the  pedicels  always  extra-axillary  ......................  No.  3 

1  C.  officinalis  L.     COMMON  HOUND'S  TONGUE.     Silky-pubescent,  leafy  to  the  top; 
root-lvs.  lance-oblong,  attenuate  at  base  to  a  petiole,  upper  sessile  or  amplexicaul  ; 
rac.  bractless,  paniculate,  not  stalked  ;  nuts  margined  in  front.  —  U  Waste  grounds, 
pastures,  common.     Plant  of  a  dull  green  color,  emitting  a  disagreeable  smell. 
St  erect,  hairy,  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  with  soft  down  on  both  sides,  entire,  6  to  10' 
by  1  to  2',  tapering  into  a  long,  attenuated  base,  the  upper  much  smaller.     Clus- 
ters terminal,  panicled,  recurved  at  the  end.     Fls.  with  a  downy  calyx  and  a 
dull  red  corolla.     Cal.  leaf-like  in  fruit.     Sds.  rough  with  hooked  prickles.    Jl. 
§Eur. 

2  C.  Virginicum  L.     IJjrsule-pilous  ;  Ivs.  oblong-oval,  acute,  upper  ones  clasp- 
ing, cordate,  all  on  the  lower  half  of  the  stem  ;  corymb  terminal,  leafless,  on  a  long, 
naked  peduncle.  —  If  Inhabiting  woods  and  thickets,  Vt.  to  Va.  and  111.,  rare  in  N". 
Eng.     A  hairy  plant,  2f  high,  simple,  bearing  at  the  top  of  its  leafless  summit  a 
small,  panicled  corymb  of  pale  purple  flowers.     Radical  Ivs.  5  to  6'  long  and  half 
as  wide.     Cal.  and  pedicels  very  hairy.     Jn.     (C.  amplexicaule  MX.) 

3  C.  Morrisoni  DC.     BEGGAR-TICKS.     St.  widely  branched  ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath  ;  rac.  divaricate,  dichotomous  ; 
fr.  densely  covered   with  prickles,    doubly  barbed  at  the  point.  —  CD  In  rocky 
grounds  and  rubbish,  Can.  to  Fla.     St.  furrowed,  2  to  3f  high,  with  many  slen- 
der, remote,  wide-spread  branchts,  each  terminating  in  a  centrifugal,  racemous 
inflorescence.     Lvs.  entire,  remote,  large  (4  to  8'  long),  tapering  to  each  end,  the 
lower  ones  petioled.     Fls.  very  smal^  white,  the  pedicels  nodding  in  fruit.     JL 
(Echinospermum  Tirginicum  Lehm.) 

ORDER  XCI.     HYDROPHYLLACEJE.     HYDROPHYLLS. 

Herbs  mostly,  with  alternate  lobed  leaves  and  regular  bluish  flowers.  Calyx  5- 
cleft,  usually  with  appendages  at  the  clefts,  persistent,  free.  Corolla  5-lobed,  often 
with  10  honey  scales  or  furrows  near  the  base.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  cor- 
olla, with  a  deeply  bifid  style.  Ovary  entire,  ovoid,  free,  1-celled,  with  2  parietal, 
several-seeded  placentae.  Fruit  2-valved,  filled  by  the  placenta.  Seeds  reticulated, 
albuminous. 

Genera  18,  species  77,  chiefly  American.    Properties  unimportant 


564 


OEDEB  91.— -HYDROPHYLLACE^:. 

i 


FIG-.  673.  Hydrophyllnm  Yirginicum, 
flower:  a,  corolla  cut'opcn,  showing  tha 
honey-grooves ;  6,  ovary  and  style ;  c, 
section  of  seed.  GENERA. 

§  Placentae  central,  large,  many-seeded.    Cymes  not  scorpoid HYDBQLBA.  6 

§  Placenta!  parietal  (at  least  in  the  middle),  bearing  few  (1  to  4,  rarely  many)  seeds,    (b) 
b  Lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  aestivation,     (c) 
b  Lobes  of  the  corolla  imbricate  (quincuncial)  in  the  bud.    (d) 

C  Stamens  cxserted.    Flowers  in  forked,  scorpoid  racemes HTDROPHYLLUM.  1 

C  Stamens  included.    Flowers  solitary,  opposite  the  leaves NEMOPIIILA.  2 

d  Flowers  solitary.    Calyx  much  enlarged  in  fruit ELLISIA.  8 

d  Flowers  racemed. — Lobes  of  the  corolla  entire  (seeds  4.) PHACELIA.  4 

— Lobes  of  the  corolla  entire  (seeds  oo) ECTOCA.  5 

— Lobes  of  the  corolla  fringed COSMANTHUS.  6 

1.  HYDROPHYl'LUM,  Tourn.  WATER-LEAF  BURR-FLOWER.  (Gr. 
vd(*)p,  water,  <^w/l/loi>,  leaf;  the  leaves  in  spring  are  said  to  hold  water.) 
Sepals  slightly  united  at  base,  the  sinuses  sometimes  appendaged  ;  cor- 
olla campanulate,  convolute  in  bud,  with  5  longitudinal,  margined  nec- 
tariferous grooves  inside  ;  stamens  exserted  ;  capsule  globous,  1- celled, 
2-valved,  4-seeded,  3  of  the  seeds  mostly  abortive ;  placenta?  2,  fleshy, 
free  except  at  the  base  and  apex. —  2£  Radical  Ivs.  on  long  petioles, 
pinnately  or  palmately  veined,  cauline  alternate.  Cymes  scorpoid, 
bractless. 

§  Calyx  appendaged  between  the  sepals  at  base.    Stamens  as  long  as  the  corolla No.  1 

§  Calyx  not  appendaged.    Filaments  much  exserted » Nos.  2—4 

1  H.  appendictdatum  MX.     Lvs.  subpalmately  5-lobed,  the  lower  almost  pin- 
natifid,  tho  lobes  dentate,  diverging,  and  with  the  long  petioles,  ped.  and  cal.  hir- 
sute ;    sep.   lance-subulate,   the   appendages   at  the  base  ovate,  acute,   4  times 
shorter;  cor.  glabrous  except  the  minute  appendages  inside ;  stam.  included. — 
N.  Y,,  near  Rochester,  to  "Wis.  and  Va.,  in  woods.     Sts.  12  to  18'  high,  branched. 
Petioles  1  to  4'  long.     Lvs.  roundish  in  outline,  the  broad,  acute  lobes  pointed 
and  diverging  in  a  stellate  manner.     Cal.  4  to  5"  long,  appendages  deflexed,  1" 
long.     Cor.  blue.     May. 

2  H.  Virginicum  L.     Plant  nearly  smooth ;  Ivs.  pinnatifid  and  pinnate,  the  seg- 
ments oval-lanceolate,  incisely  serrate ;  fascicles  conglomerate  ;  ped.  longer  than 
the  petioles. — An  inhabitant  of  moist  woods,  Can  to  Car.   and  Western  States. 
Stem  a  foot  high,  bearing  large,  roundish  tufts  of  flowers,  stamens  and  style  very 
conspicuous,  twice  the  length  of  the  bell-shaped  corollas.     Leaves  few,  on  long, 
clasping  petioles,  with  about  5  distinct  leaflets,  tho  upper  3  more  or  less  confluent 
at  base,  all  irregularly  toothed.     Corollas  varying  from  white  to  sky-blue.     Jn. 

3  H.  Canadense  L.     Lvs.  smoothish,  palmate,  roundish,  with  5 — 7  shallow  lobes, 
unequally  dentate,  teeth  obtuse-mucronate ;  fls.  in  crowded  fascicles ;  ped.  shorter 
than  the  forked  petioles. — Quite  different  in  aspect  from  the  last.     Found  in  alpine 
woods,  Can.  to  Car.  "W.  to  Ind.     Stem  12 — 18'  high,  with  large,  rough ish  leaves, 
divided  into  5 — 7  lobes.     Fascicles  of  fls.  dense,  terminal,  but  shorter  than  the 
petiole  which  seems  to  continue  the  stem.     Cor.  white  or  variously  tinged  with 
purple,  much  longer  than  the  pedicels.     Jn.,  Jl. 

4  H.  macroph^lhim  Nutt.     Whole  plant  reversely  hispid  with  white  hairs ;  Ivs. 
ollong-oval,  in  outline,  pinnatifid.  lower  segments  distinct,  upper  confluent,  all  incised 
into  rounded,  mucronate  teeth,  cauline  solitary  or  few,  much   smaller ;  cymes  ter- 
minal, long-pedunculate,  dense-flowered ;  cor.  glabrous  except  the  grooves  inside. 


ORDER  91.— HYDROPHYLLACE^E.  565 

«. 

— Ohio,  to  the  Alleghany  Mts.  of  Va.  Stem  a  foot  high,  almost  leafless,  with  a 
terminal  globous  cyme  of  white  flowers.  Radical  leaves  6  to  10'  long,  the  seg- 
ments ovate-oblong.  Corolla  6"  long,  stam.  10".  Jn. 

2.  JNEMOPH'ILA,  Nutt.     (Gr.  v^o^  a  grove,  ^At'w,  to  love ;  such 
is  their  usual  locality.)     Calyx  5-parted,  the  sinuses  with  reflexed  appen- 
dages ;  corolla  rotate-campanulate,  the  5-lobes  convolute  in  bud,  obtuse, 
the  tube  inside  bearing  10  minute  folds  or  scales;  stamens  included; 
ovary  globous,  1-celled,   2-valved,  with   2   placentae,  free  except  at  the 
ends,  each  2  to  12-ovuled. — CD  Herbs  fragile,  diffuse,  with  opposite  or 
alternate,  pinnately  parted  Ivs.,  one-flowered,  ped.  and  cyanic  fls. 

1  N.  microcalys:  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Glabrous,  decumbent,  branched ;  Ivs.  trian- 
gular in  outline,  3-cleft,  or  the  lower  5-parted,  segm.  with  rounded  mucronato 
lobes ;  ped.  slender,  opposite  to  and  nearly  equaling  the  petioles ;  cor.  small,  about 
twice  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  seeds  1  to  2. — Damp  woods,  Macon,  Ga.,  Ala.,  to 
Ark.  and  La.  Sts.  many,  6  to  12'  long,  or  often  but  3  to  6',  very  tender.  Lvs. 
all  alternate,  less  than  1'  long,  the  petioles  often  longer.  Fls.  white,  1  to  2" 
broad.  Lvs.  ovoid,  pitted.  Apr.  (N.  evanescens  Darby.  Ellisia,  Nutt.) 

2  N.  insignis   Benth.      Lvs.  oblong,  pinnately  7  to  9-lobed,  lobes  ovate, 
acute,  ped.  longer  than  tho  leaves ;  cor.  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  rotate-campan- 
ulate; seeds  10  to  12.     Plant  procumbent,  in  gardens,  somewhat  hairy,  Ivs.  1  to 
2'  long.     Fls.  1'  or  more  broad,  white  with  a  blue  border.     -J-  California. 

3  N.  maculata  Benth.     Procumbent,  with  Ivs.  similarly  lobed  with  the  last, 
and  with  the  fls.  white,  with  5  largo  violet-colored  spots  on  the  border,     f  Cali- 
fornia. 

3.  ELLIS'IA,  L.      (In  honor  of  Joseph  Ellis,   F.E.S.,  an  English 
naturalist,   correspondent  of   Linnaeus.)     Calyx   5-parted,   equaling  the 
tubular-cam  panul  ate,  caducous  corolla,  sinus  naked;  cor.  tube  with  5-pairs 
of  minute  appendages  within,  limb  5-lobed ;  sta.  included  ;  nectary  annu- 
lar,  5-toothed  ;  sty.   bifid,  with  linear  lobes ;    caps,   ovoid-globous,  2- 
valved ;  seeds  4  or  fewer  ripening. — (X)  Herbs,  with  pinnatifid.  Ivs.    Cor. 
white. 

E.  Nyctel&a  L.  Ascending,  branching,  with  few,  scattered  hairs ;  Ivs.  petiolate, 
upper  ones  alternate,  segments  9  to  11,  linear-oblong,  nearly  distinct,  sparingly 
dentate ;  ped.  1-flowered,  opposite  tho  leaves,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  cal. 
seg.  triangular-acuminate,  broad  at  base,  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla. — (1) 
"Woods  arid  river  banks,  Md.  to  Jowa  and  Ala.  Stem  4 — 10'  long.  Leaves  1 — 2' 
long.  Calyx  at  length  remarkably  largo  for  the  size  of  the  plant,  nearly  an 
inch  in  diam.  Corolla  lobes  obtuse,  emarginate,  with  purple  spots  at  base  inside. 
May — Jl. 

4.  PHACE'LIA,  L.     (Gr.  <£a/ceAof,  a  bundle  or  fascicle  ;  alluding  to 
the  fasciculate  racemes.)       Calyx  5-parted,  not  appendaged ;    corolla 
tubular  campanulate,  caducous,  5-lobed,  lobes  entire,  imbricate  in  bud, 
tube  within  furnished  with  5  margined  grooves ;  stamens  5,  mostly  ex- 

Iserted  ;  ovary  1-celled,  hispid ;  style  bifid  ;  capsule  ovoid,  2-valved, 
valves  bearing  tho  placenta  in  the  middle ;  seeds  4  to  10. — Herbs  his- 
pid, with  alternate  Ivs.  and  loose  or  dense,  one-sided  racemes. 

*  Racemes  forked  or  coiymbed Nos.  1, 4.     **  Eacemes  simple Nos.  2,  8. 

1  P.  bipirmatiflda  MX.  Hairy,  suberect;  Ivs.  incisely  pinnatifid,  long-petiolate^ 
lateral  segm.  2  to  4,  incisely  lobed  and  toothed,  terminal  trifid;  rac.  elongated, 
forked  subpaniculate  ;  cor.  lobes  entire,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  shorter  than 
(sometimes  as  long  as)  the  stamens.  2£  or  @  "Woods  and  hill  sides,  Penn.  to  Ind. 
(Plummer),  Mo.  and  N.  Car.  Plant  sometimes  nearly  smooth,  1  to  2f  high, 
bearing  several  leafless  racemes  at  top.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  long,  including  the  pe- 
tiole. Cor.  G"  broad,  blue,  the  grooves  bordered  with  narrow,  pubescent  mar- 
gins. May,  Jn. 


506  OED-ER  91.— HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 

2  P.  hirsuta  Nutt?    Erect,  branching,  sparingly  hirsute ;  Ivs.  pinnatifid,  5  io  7- 
lobed,  the  lower  petiolate,  almost  pinnate,  upper  sessile,  lobes  oblong,  acutish,  thoso 
of  the  radical  Ivs.  rounded ;  rac.  simple,  terminal,  9  to  15-flowered,  pedicels  twico 
longer  than  the  linear-oblong  bristiy-ciliate  sepals. — A  more  delicate  species,  on 
Stone  Mt.  Ga.  and  Ark.     Sts.  smoothish,  G  to  12'  high,  sparingly  leafy.     Cor.  7" 
broad,  violet  blue,  10-spotted  around  the  yellowish  throat.     Grooves  obscurely 
bordered.     Stara.  not  longer  than  cor.     May,  Jn. 

3  P.  parviflora  Ph.    Sts.  weak,  smoothish,  procumbent,  subsimple;  Ivs.  all  petiolate, 
the  lowest  elongated,  with  roundish,  remote,  stalked   leaflets,  the  upper  with  dis- 
tant oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  acute  segm. ;  rac.  simple,   loose,  terminal,  6  to  12- 
flowered ;  pedicels  at  length  twice  longer  than  the  oblong-spatulate,  smoothish 
sepals ;  fls.  small.— (g)  Shaded  banks,  Penn.  to  Ga,     Plant  diffuse,  ascending,  6  to 
10'  long.     Lvs.  with  their  petioles  1  to  3'  long,  lobes  distant,  small.    Fls.  pale 
blue,  4"  wide.     Apr.,  May. 

4  P.  congesta  Hook.  Downy-canescent ;  Ivs.  pinnate,  Ifts.  alternate,  very 
unequal,  some  sessile,  others  petioled,  all  incisely  lobed,  the  terminal  confluent  ; 
rac.  corymbous;  sep.  lance-linear;  cor.  campanulate,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx; 
stain,  exserted. — (T)  Herb  a  foot  high,  in  gardens,  with  numerous  bright  blue  fls. 
f  Texas. 

5.  EUTOVCA,  R.  Br.    Calyx  5-parted ;  cor.  deciduous,  5-lobed,  imbri- 
cate in  bud  ;  nectary -grooves  0  ;  filam.  exserted,  with  minute  scales  at 
base  ;  style  half  2-cleft ;  ovary  hairy  above,  half-2-celled,  4 — oo-sceded. 
— CD  Lvs.  hairy,  pinnately  lobed  or  entire. 

1  E.  vfscida  Benth.     Glandular-pilous,  viscid,  branched,  suberect ;  Ivs.  peti- 
olate, ovate,  coarsely,  and  unequally  dentate  or  lobed ;  racemes  scorpoid,  at  length 
elongated;  sep.  linear,  a  third  as  long  as  the  tubular-campanulate,  deep  blue  corolla  ; 
seeds  oo. — Gardens.     If  high.     Fls.  near  1'  long,     f  California. 

2  E.  Franklfnii  Br.  Pubescent,  simple,  erect ;  root-lvs.  crowded,  cauline  alter- 
nate, all  pinnatifid,  lobes  5 — 7  ;  rac.  short,  spike-like,  cor.  blue,  spreading-campan- 
ulate,  a  third  longer  than  the  calyx;  seeds   00. — Gardens.     Fls.  numerous.     Cali- 
fornia. 

6.  COSMANTHUS,  Nolte.      MIAMI   MIST.     (Gr.  Koapog,  elegance, 
civOog,  a  flower.)     Calyx  5-parted  ;  cor.  broadly  campanulate,  caducous, 
5-cleft,  tube  without  appendages ;  sta.  5,  about  equaling  the  (fringed) 
corolla;  nectary  minute ;  ova.  hairy  except  at  base,  1-celled;  sty.  bifid  ; 
caps.  2-valved,  valves  septiferous  in  the  middle ;  seeds  4,  rugulous. — (I) 
Delicate   herbs,  with   alternate  Ivs.     Kac.  long,  bractless.     Fls.  small, 
white  or  pale  blue. 

1  C.  Ptirshii.  Nearly  glabrous;  lower  Ivs.  petiolate,  pinnatifid,  segments  few, 
entire,  ovate,  terminal  one  largest,  upper  Ivs.  sessile,  pectinately  pinnatifid,  with  5 
to  7  oblong,  acute,  lobes;  rac.  terminal,  simple,  9  to  15-flowered;  pedicels  longer 
than  the  lance-linear  sepals. — Fields  and  river  bottoms,  Penn.  to  Ga.,  "W.  to  la. 
and  Ky.  Plant  8 — 12'  high,  with  slender  branches.  Radical  leaves  with  obtuso 
lobes,  mostly  shorter  than  the  petiole.  Cor.  delicately  fringed,  light  blue,  5  to  6'' 
broad,  spreading.  May,  Jn.  (C.  limbriatus  Nolte.  Phacelia  fimbriata  Ph.  not 
MX.  P.  Purshii  Buckley.) 

2.  C.  fimbriatus  MX.  Much  branched  from  the  base,  pubescent ;  Bts.  slender, 
assurgent;  lower  Ivs.  petiolate,  pinnate,  with  roundish  segments,  upper  sessile, 
cleft  into  5  to  7  oblong,  obtuse  lobes;  rac.  terminal,  simple,  5  to  12-flovvered;  pedi- 
cels about  as  long  as  the  oblong-spatulate,  obtuse  sepals. — Mts.  Va.,  Tenn.  (Miss 
Dana),  to  Ga.  Sts.  4  to  8'  long.  Fls.  white,  delicately  fringed,  4  to  5"  diam. 
May.  5 

6.  HYDRO'LEA,  L.  (Gr.  vdup,  water,  eXaia,  oil;  "a  viscid  (oily) 
water  plant.")  Calyx  5-sepaled,  persistent ;  corolla  rotate-cam panulate, 
5-lobed  ;  stamens  5,  adherent  to  the  corolla  tube ;  styles  2,  stigmas 
capitate-depressed  ;  capsule  2-celled,  2-valved,  the  large,  fungous  pla- 


ORDER  92.— POLEMONIACE^E.  567 

ccntae  axial,  borne  on  each  surface  of  the  free,  false  dissepiment,  seeds 
many. — Herbs  with  alternate,  undivided  Ivs.,  and  axillary  or  terminal 
cymes  of  blue  fls. 

1  H.  corymbosa   Macbride.      Unarmed,  sparingly  hirsute  above;    Ivs.  sessile, 
lance-ovate;  branchkts  corymbed,  each  bearing  a  terminal  flower  ;  sep.  lanceolate, 
acute,  hispid ;  cor.  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx ;  caps,  roundish-ovoid,  glabrou?. 

— 1£  Ponds  in  pine  barrens,  Ga.  and  S.  Car.  (Bachman).     Sts.  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs, 
1'  to  18"  long,  with  downy  veins  and  margins.     Fls.  showy,  nearly  bell-shaped,  • 
1'  broad,  "  azure  with  yellowish  veins  and  5  white  spots  near  the  base,"  (Elliott.) 
Jn. — Aug. 

2  H.  quadrivalva  Walt.     Spiny,  more  or  less  hispid ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  petiolate, 
very  acute   at  botli  ends,   entire ;  cymes  4  to  S-flowered,  axillary,  upper  sessile, 
lower  pedunculate  ;  sepals  ovate,  acuminate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  corolla. — It 
In  stagnant  waters,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  to  La.     St.   2f  high.     Spines  straight,   slender, 
axillary,  3  to  5"   long.      Lvs.   2  to  3'  long.      Cor.  azure  blue,  5   to  6"  broad. 
Caps,  as  large  as  a  pea,  with  numerous  minute  seeds.     Jl. — Sept. 

3  H.  ovata  Nutt.    With  ovate-acuminate  Ivs.  and  terminal  clusters  is  found  in  "W. 
La.  and  Ark.,  probably  not  native  within  our  limits.     Karely  seen  in  gardens. 

ORDER  XCII.     POLEMONIACE^E.     PHLOXWORTS. 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves  and  5-parted,  regular,  showy  flowers. 
Corolla  monopetalous,  the  lobes  convolute,  rarely  imbricate  in  aestivation.  Sta- 
mens 5,  adherent  to  the  corolla  tube,  and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Ovary  3-celled, 
stigma  3-cleft ;  capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  loculicidal.  Seeds  few  or  many,  albumin- 
ous, attached  to  a  permanent  columella.  (Illustr.  in  Fig.  301.) 

Genera  17,  species  104,  chiefly  N.  American.  They  are  valued  and  cultivated  only  as  orna- 
mental plants. 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 
I.  POLEMONIEJ3.    Sepals  united  at  base.    Lobes  of  the  corolla  convolute  in  bud.  (a) 

a  Corolla  salver-form.    Filaments  unequal.     Leaves  entire PHLOX.  1 

a  Corolla  bell-form.     Filaments  equal.    Leaves  pinnate POLEMONIUM.  2 

a  Corolla  funnel-form.     Filaments  equal.     (Leaves  pinnately  dissected) GILIA.  3 

II.  DIAPENSIE^E.     Sepals  distinct,  oval.    Lobes  of  corolla  imbricated DIAPENSIA.      4 

1.  PHLOX,  L.  PHLOX.  LYCHNIDIA.  (Gr.  </>/lo£,  a  flower ;  from 
the  color  and  profusion  of  trie  flowers.)  Calyx  prismatic,  deeply  5-cleft ; 
corolla  salver-form,  the  tube  more  or  less  curved ;  stamens  very  un- 
equally inserted  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla  above  the  middle ;  capsule 
3-celled,  cells  each  1-seeded. — A  highly  ornamental,  North  American 
genus.  Lvs.  mostly  opposite,  sessile,  simple,  entire.  Fls.  in  terminal, 
cymes,  corymbed  or  panicled.  (Fig.  301.) 

*  Lobes  of  the  corolla  rounded  and  entire  at  the  end.  (1) 

1  Panicle  of  cymes  oblong  or  pyramidal,  many-flowered Nos.  1,  2 

1  Panicle  of  cymes  corymbed,  level-topped,  flowers  fewer.  (2) 

a  Plants  glabrous.    Calyx  teeth  shorter  than  its  tubes Nos.  3,  4 

2  Plants  hairy.     Calyx  teeth  attenuated,  longer  than  the  tube.  (3) 

3  Leaves  narrow,  linear  or  nearly  so Nos.  5,  6 

3  Leaves  broad,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  etc -Nos.  7,  8,  £.,  9 

*  Lobes  of  corolla  notched  or  bifid  at  the  end.— Leaves  distant Nos.  8, 10 

—Leaves  imbricated No.  11 

1  P.  paniculata  L.  Glabrous,  erect ;  Ivs.  oblong  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate 
at  each  end,  or  the  upper  abrupt  at  base,  rough-edged,  flat ;  corymbs  paniculate, 
subpyramidal,  many-flowered ;  cal.  teeth  setaceous-acuminate,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
tube;  pet.  roundish-obovate,  entire. — if  This  favorite  is  found  native  in  woods 
and  river  banks,  W.  States  to  Penn.  and  Car.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  ending  in  a  large, 
oblong-pyramidal  panicle  of  innumerable  pink-colored,  scentless  flowers.  Lvs.  3 
to  5'  by  9  to  16",  lower  ones  distinctly  petioled.  Cor.  tube  a  little  curved,  12  to 
15"  long.  JL— Sept.  f 


5C8  ORDER  92.— POLEMONIACE.E. 

,&  ACUMINATE  Lvs.  ovate-acuminate,  pubescent  beneath  as  well  as  the  stem', 
panicle  with  fewer  flowers. — In  rich  alluvion.  (P.  acuminata  Ph.) 

2  P.  maculata  L.     St.  erect,  scabrous  or  nearly  smooth,  purple-spotted ;  lower 
Ivs.  lanceolate,   the  highest  ovate,  cordate  at  base,  all  subcoriaceous,  roughish  or 
smooth ;  panicle  oblong  or  subpyramidal ;  cal  teeth  lanceolate,  acute,  about  half  as 
long  as  its  tube;   pet.  orbicular. —  it  Moist  fields,   Penn.  to  Car.  and  Western 
States.     Stem  2 — 3f  high,  mostly  punctate,  with  purple  spots.     Lower  branches 
of  the  panicle  shorter  than  the  leaves,  or  often  elongated.     Corolla  tube  more  or 
less  curved,  smooth.     Petals  obtuse  or  retuse,  purple,  varying  in  gardens  from 
white  to  crimson.     Jn.  f     (P.  pyramidalis  Sm.) 

(3.  GRACILIOR.    Tall,  slender,  scabrous ;  Ivs.  linear  and  lance-linear.    Ga.  (Feay). 
y.  SUAVEOLENS.     Smooth  •  fls.  white,   sweet-scented. — Gardens.     (P.  suaveo- 
leus  Ait.) 

3  P.  Carolina  L.     Glabrous ;  si.  dedinate  at  base,  ascending,  often  branched ;  Ivs. 
lanceolate  from  an  ovate  (rarely  cordate)  base,  acuminate  or  gradually  acute  •  pani- 
cle corymbous,  of  dense,   few-flowered  cymes ;  cal.  teeth  lanceolate,  acuminate. — 
"Woods,  prairies,  Mich,  to  Ga.     St.  often  procumbent  at  base,  thickish,  smooth,  9' 
to  2f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  variable  in  form.     Corymb  simple  or  often  com- 
pound and  rather  diffuse.     Sep.  united  two-thirds  their  length,  the  points  soft, 
spreading.     Cor.  tube  1',  lobes  rose  purple,  roundish,  spreading  1'.     May — Jl.  f 

/?.  OVATA.     St.  roughish  or  puberulent ;  Ivs.  broad  (!');  corymb  loose. — South. 

(P.  ovata  Ph.) 
y.  KITIDA.     Lvs.  lance-oblong,  dark  green,  shining. — S.  W.  (P.  nitida  Ph.  ?) 

4  P.  glaberrima  L.     Glabrous ;  sis.  slender,  clustered,  subsim,ple,  erect ;  Ivs.  lance- 
linear  or  oblong-linear,  gradually  acute  or  acuminate,  rounded  or  acute  at  base, 
thickish,  often  with  revolute  margins  ;  corymb  subsimple,  few-flowered  ;  cal.  teeth 
lanceolate,  sharply  acuminate. — Prairies  and  barrens,  Wis.  to  Ga.  and  Tenn.     Sts. 
1  to  3f  high,  with  light  green  foliage.     Lvs.  2  to  3  to  4'  long,  3  to  5"  wide,  very 
smooth  except  the  rough  edges.     Sep.  united  two-thirds  their  length.     Cor.  tube 
9  to  12"  long,  slightly  Curved,  lobes  pale  pink.     Jn.,  Jl. 

5  P.  pilosa  L.    Smooth  or  puberulent  below,  glandular  pilous  above ;  st.  declinato 
at  base,  slender,   assurgent,   subsimple ;  Ivs.  linear  and  lance-linear,  margin  sub- 
revolute,  base  half-clasping,  attenuate  to  an  acute  apex ;  panicle  corymbous,  few- 
flowered,  loose ;  cal.  segm.  subulate-aristate,  much  longer  than  the  tube. — Prairies 
and  copses,  Wis.  to  N.  J.,  Ga.,  Fla.  and  La.     A  common,  slender  Phlox,  1  to  2f 
high.     Lvs.  1  to  3'  long,  rigid.     Cor.  small,  palo  red  or  bluish,  tube  7  to  8"  long, 
lobes  spreading  *7  to  8".     May,  Jn.     (P.  aristata  MX.)     Varies  to  glabrous  (La. 
Ilale)  when  it  still  differs  from  No.  4  by  its  long  setaceous  calyx  teeth. 

(3.  FLORIDANA.  Smoothish  below ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate ;  sep.  lanceolate- 
setaceous. — Fla.  (at  Quincy!)  and  elsewhere.  Approaches  the  next.  (P. 
Floridana  Benth.) 

6  P.  involucrata.    Hoary-pubescent ;  sts  decumbent  and  branching  at  base,  thin, 
simple  and  erect ;  Ivs.  linear-oblong,  rather  obtuse  at  each  end,  half-clasping,  sub- 
erect,  flat,  the  floral  similar  and  closely  subtending  the  dense  corymbs  as  if  involu- 
crate ;  cal.  teeth  longer  than  its  tube,  linear  or  subulate-spatulate ;  cor.  lobes 
roundish-obovate,  angled  at  apex. — Very  elegant,  common  in  dry  soils,  through- 
out the  S.  States.     Sts.  6  to  12'  high.     Lvs.  about  1'  long.     Cor.  deep  purplo 
varying  to  carmine-red.     May,  Jn.     (P.  pilosa  Walt.,  MX.,  Benth.,  etc.,  not  L. 
p.?    Walteri,  Gray.) 

7  P.  reptans  MX.     Stolons  creeping  ;  sts.  assurgent ;  Ivs.  ovate,  obovate  or  ob- 
long, obtuse ;  corymbs  few-flowered ;  cal.  puberulent,  segments  linear-subulate ; 
pet.  obovate,   entire. — 1[  Hillsides  and  mountains,  Ind.  (Plummer)  to  S.  Car, 
Flowering-stems   6'  high  (Southern  specimens  6  to  12'),  with  small  (4 — 9"  by 
2 — 4'')  and  remote  leaves.     Stolons  with  leaves  2 — 3  times  larger,  somewhat 
crowded  at  the  end.     Flowers  3 — 8.     Corolla  bluish-purple,  tube  scarcely  twice 
longer  than  the  calyx.     June. 

8  P.  divaricata  L.     Low,  diffuse,  pubescent;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  ovate  or  oblong, 
acutish ;  panicle  corymbous,  loose ;  cal.  roughish-puberulent,  segm.  linear-subu- 
late; cor.  lobes  emarginate  at  the  end. — If  Can.,  Wis.,  N.  Y.  toGa.  and  Ala,  (banks 
of  the  Chattahoochee!).     Sts.  loosely  branched,  a  foot  or  more  long,  flaccid:    Lva. 


ORDER  92.— POLEMOXIACE^E.  569 

1  to  2'  long,  acute,  the  lower  tapering  to  the  base,  the  upper  broad  and  clasping 
at  base,  the  floral  linear  setaceous.  Pedicels  diverging,  as  long  as  the  calyx  which 
is  half  as  long  as  the  corolla  tube.  Cor.  of  a  peculiar  light  but  brilliant  grayish 
blue.  Apr.,  May. 

p.  LAPHAMIL    Lvs.  ovate,  pet.  obtuse,  entire. — "Wis.  (Laphain)  Western-  Re- 
serve  (Cowles)  and  southward,  not  uncommon. 

9  P.    Dnimmondii   Hook.     DRUMMOND'S  LYOHNIDIA.     Erect,  dichotomously 
branched,  glandular-pilous ;  Ivs.  mostly  alternate,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  scabrous ; 
corymb  dense-flowered ;  col.  hairy,  segm.  lanceolate,  setaceous,  elongated,  revo- 
lute  ;  cor.  tube  pilous,  segm.  obovate,  entire. — OP  Banks  of  Flint  R.,  S.  E.  Ga. !  and 
Tex.     One  of  the  handsomest  species  of  the  genus,  common  in  cultivation. 
Whole  plant  glabular-scabrous,  8  to  12'  high.     Fls.  very  showy,  all  shades  from 
white  to  dark  purple,  and  exquisitely  penciled  with  a  star.     May,  Jn. 

10  P.  bifida  Beck.     Low,  assurgent,  diffusely  branched,  puberulent ;  Ivs.  am- 
plexicaul,  subrevolute  on  the  margin,  acutish,   lower  lance-ovate,  upper  lance- 
linear  ;  corymbs  very  loose,  2 — 5-flowered ;  cal.  segments  linear,  acute ;  cor.  tube 
curved,  segments  deeply  bifid. — A  very  distinct  species,  and  very  rare,  in  Mo. 
(Beck),  CasaCo..  111.  (Mead).     Stem  brownish-purple,   slender,  6' high.     Leaves 
12 — 15"  by  1 — 2",  lower  much  shorter.     Pedicels  1'  long.     Cor.  purple,  tube 
much  curved.    Apr. 

11  P.  subulata  (and  P.  setacea  L.)    Moss  PINK.    Procumbent,  caespitous,  much 
branched,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  rigid,  subulate  or  linear-subulate,  ciliate,  fascicled  in 
the  axils ;  cal.  teeth  linear-subulate,  very  acute ;  cor.  lobes  cuneate,  emarginate. 
Rocky  hills,  Penn.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.,  abundant  in  its  localities,  in  dense,  turfy 
masses,  spangled  over  in  May  with  rose-colored  flowers.     Corymb,  3 — 6-flowered. 
Cor.  white  or  pink,  deeper  purple  in  the  center.     May.  \ 

2.  POLEMCTNIUM,  L.      GREEK  YALERIAN.     (Gr.   TroASfiog,  war; 
Pliny  relates  that  two  kings  fought  for  the  merit  of  its  discovery.) 
Calyx   campanulate,  5-cleft;  corolla  rotate-campanulate,  limb  5-lobed, 
erect,  tube  short ;  stamens  declined,  equally  inserted  at  the  throat,  fila- 
ments with  hairy  appendages  at  base  ;  capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  cells 
many-seeded. — Herbs  with  alternate,  pinnately  divided  Ivs.     Fls.  ter- 
minal. 

1  P.  reptans  L.  St.  smooth,  branching,  diffuse;  Ivs.  pinnately  T — ll-foftate, 
leaflets  oval-lanceolate,  acute ;  fls.  terminal,  nodding ;  cells  of  caps.  2 — 3-seeded. — 
if  Woods  and  damp  grounds,  Wis.  to  N.  Y.  and  mts.  of  S.  Car.  Stem  12 — 18' 
high,  weak,  fleshy.  Leaflets  mostly  7,  subopposite,  smooth,  entire,  sessile,  an 
inch  long  and  half  as  wide.  Segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate-acute,  persistent, 
much  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Corolla  blue,  lobes  short,  rounded  at 
the  ends.  Anthers  introrse.  Root  creeping.  May.  f 

2  P.  coeruleum  L.  St.  smooth,  simple,  erect;  Ivs.  pinnately  II  t<(p.7 -foliate, 
segm.  acuminate  •  fls.  erect ;  cal,  equaling  the  tube  of  the  corolla ;  cells  of  caj)s.  6 
to  IQ-seeded. — @  A  handsome  plant,  in  gardens.  Sts.  clustered,  about  2f  high, 
hollow,  stout,  each  dividing  at  top  into  a  corymbous  panicle.  Lvs.  mostly  radi- 
cal, on  long,  grooved  petioles;  Ifls.  all  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  subopposite, 
oblique,  odd  one  lanceolate.  Fis.  terminal,  suberect.  Cor.  blue,  6"  diam.  f  Eur. 

3.  GIL'IA,  Ruiz  &  Pavon.      (Named   for  P.  S.  Gilio,  a  Spanish 
botanist.)     Calyx  5-cleft,  segments  acute ;  corolla  tube  long  or  short, 
limb  regularly  5-lobed  ;  stamens  5,  equally  inserted  at  top  of  the  tube  ; 
disk  cup-form ;  capsule  oblong  or  ovoid,  few  or  many-seeded. — Herbs 
with   alternate,   pinnatifid  Ivs.     Fls.  paniculate,  capitate  or  scattered, 
elegant  and  showy,  lilac  purple  to  white. 

§  1.  IPOMOPSIS.    Corolla  funnel-form,  the  tube  mnch  exserted No.  1 

§  2.  GILIA  proper.     Cor.  lobes  subrevolute,  tube  included  in  calyx No.  2 

I  G.  coronopifolia  Pers.  STANDING-  CYPRESS.  St.  strictly  erect,  tall,  hairy ; 
Ivs,  crowded,  pinnatifid  with  subulate  divisions ;  thyrse  elongated,  with  very  short 


570  ORDER  93.— CONVOLVULACE^E. 

branches ;  cor.  tube  thrice  longer  than  calyx,  segm.  oval-oblong,  erect-spreading ; 
stam.  barely  exserted. —  ®  Along  rivers,  S.  Car.,  Ga.,  Ala.  A  splendid  herb,  2 
to  4f  high,  its  plume-like  form  closely  beset  with  delicate  fringe-like  leaves  and 
bearing  at  top  a  long  (If)  thyrse  of  scarlet  red  flowers.  Cor.  15"  long.  Jl. 
(I  pomopsis,  MX.  Cantua,  Juss.). — A  more  slender  form  found  in  Fla.  is  G.  Florid- 
ana  Don. 

2  G.  tricolor  Benth.  TRICOLORED  GILIA.  St.  erect,  nearly  smooth ;  Ivs.  twice 
or  thrice  pinnatifid,  with  narrow,  linear  segments ;  cymes  paniculate,  3  to  6-flow- 
ered;  cor.  tricolored,  2  or  3  times  ionger  than  the  calyx,  tube  very  short. —  (J)  An 
elegant  little  garden  plant,  from  California,  If  high.  Fls.  numerous,  limb  pale 
lilac-blue,  throat  purple  and  tube  yellow.  J 

4.  DIAPEN'SIA,  L.  Calyx  of  5  oval  imbricated  sepals,  closely  sub- 
tended by  imbricated  bracts ;  corolla  campanulate,  imbricated  in  the 
bud  ;  filaments  5,  flat,  arising  from  the  sinuses  of  the  corolla ;  anther- 
cells  diverging  at  base  and  the  dehiscence  transverse ;  capsule  papery, 
enveloped  in  the  persistent  calyx,  3-celled>  many-seeded. — Prostrate 
undershrubs  with  densely  imbricated,  linear  Ivs.  and  solitary  terminal  fls. 

§  1.  DIAPENSIA  proper.    Anthers  without  awns.    Flowers  pedicellate No.  1 

§  2.  PYXIDANTHERA.    Anthers  with  the  lower  valve  awned.    Flowers  sessile No.  2 

1  D.  Lapponica  L.     Csespitous;  Ivs.  dense,  spatulate,  fleshy,  evergreen,  obtuse 
and  entire;  fls.  pedunculated. —  If  A  little,  leafy  plant,  2 — 3'  high,  growing  on 
the  summits  of  the  White  Mts.  in  N.  Hampshire,  forming  dense  tufts  among  the 
rocks.     Leaves  crowded,  pale  beneath,  fleshy,  5 — 8"  by  I1'  with  a  revolute  margin, 
clasping  base,  and  broadly  obtuse  point.     Fls.  on  slender  (!'  long)  terminal,  soli- 
tary peduncles.     Calyx  of  5,  obtuse  leaves,  longer  than  the  leafy  bracts  at  its 
base.     Corolla  white,  with  5,  flat  segments.     July. 

2  D.  barbulata  Ell.     Branches  short,   ascending;   Ivs.  lance-cuneiform,  acute, 
pubescent  at  base ;  fls.  terminal,  sessile ;  lower  valve  of  the  anther  beaked  or 
awned  at  base. — A  prostrate,  creeping  plant,  abundant  in  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to 
Car.,  forming  dense  beds.     Stems  3 — 6'  long,  subhispid.     Leaves  1 — 2"  by  •£ — 1". 
Flowers  white,  3"  diam.     Sepals  denticulate,  as  long  as  the  corolla  tube.     May, 
Jn. — The  beak  of  the  anther  is  variable,  sometimes  reduced  to  an  acute  point. 
(Pyxidanthera  barbulata  MX.     D.  cuneifolia  Ph.) 

ORDER  XCIII.     CONVOLVULACEJE.     BINDWEEDS. 

Chiefly  twining  or  trailing  herbs,  sometimes  parisitic,  sometimes  shrubby.  Leaves 
(or  scales  when  leafless)  alternate.  Flowers  regular,  pcntamerous  and  5>androus. 
Sepals  imbricated.  Corolla  monopetalous,  5-plaited  or  lobed,  convolute  in  bud. 
Ovary  frce,  2  (rarely  3)-celled  or  falsely  4-celled,  or  of  2  distinct,  1-ovuled  pistils. 
Capsule^to  6-seeded.  Embryo  large,  coiled  in  mucilaginous  albumen.  (Illustr.  in 
fig.  49,  56,  303,  321,  338,  455,  456.) 

Genera  50,  species  700,  abundant  in  tropical  climates,  rare  in  cold. 

Properties. — The  roots  of  many  species  abound  in  an  acrid,  milky  juice  which  is  strongly 
purgative.  Jalap  of  the  shops  is  the  product  of  the  root  of  Exogoniuin  purga,  of  Mexico,  and"  of 
other  species ;  scammony,  of  Convolvulus  scammonia,  native  of  Levant.  The  drastic  qualities 
of  both  depend  upon  the  presence  of  a  peculiar  resin.  Other  species  have  large  farinaceous 
tubers.  The  Sweet  Potato,  a  valuable  article  of  food,  is  the  product  of  C.  Batatas,  native  at  the 
South. 

TRIBES   AND    GENERA. 

III.  CUSCUTINE^E.  Leafless,  parasitic,  twining.  Embryo  without  cotyledons... CUSCUTA.  10 
II.  DICHONDEEyE.  Leafy.  Ova.  2,  distinct,  with  2  distinct  styles.  South... DICHONDKA.  9 
L  CONVOLVULE^E.  Leafy.  Ovary  1.  Capsule  dehiscent.  Cotyledons  leafy,  (a) 

a  Ovary  2-celled.    Styles  2.    Peduncle  longer  than  the  leaves STYLISMA.  8 

a  Ovary  2-celled.    Styles  united  into  one.    (b) 

b  Calyx  enveloped  in  2  large  bracts CALYSTKGIUM.  7 

b  Calyx  naked. — Stamens  exserted.    Tube  of  the  corolla  slender CALYNYCTIOX.  6 

—Stamens  included — Stigmas  2,  linear CONVOLVULUS.  5 

*  —Stigma  capitate IVOUJKJL.  4 


ORDER  93.— CONVOLVULACE^E.  571 

a  Ovary  3-cclletl.    Stigma  capitate,  granulate,  not  lobed PnAnBiris.  3 

a  Ovary  4-celled.— Stamens  included.     Corollas,  large. BATATAS.  2 

— Stamens  exserted.     Corollas  rather  small QUAMOCLIT.  1 

1.  QUA'MOCLIT,  Tourn.     CYPRESS-VINE.     Sepals  5,  mostly  mucron- 
ato ;  corolla  tubular-cylindric,  with  a  salver-form  border ;  stamens  ex- 
serted ;  style  1,  stigma  capitate,  2 -lobed ;  ovary  4-celled,  cells  1-seeded. 
— Twining  herbs,  mostly  American.     (Fig.  303.) 

1  Q.  vulgaris  Choisy.     CYPRESS-VIKE.     Lvs.  pinnatifid  to  the  midvein,  segments 
linear,  parallel,^  acute ;  ped.  1-flowered;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate. —  (D  An  exceed- 
ingly delicate  vine,  Penn.  (Eaton)  and  S.  States  generally  cultivated.     Stems 
glabrous,  very  slender,  twining  and  climbing  to  the  height  of  5 — lOf.     Fls.  much 
smaller  than  those  of  the  common  morning  glory,  scarlet,  varying  to  crimson  and 
rose-color.     Trained  upon  twine  it  forms  an  exquisite  awning.     July,  Aug.  f  § 
E.  Ind. 

2  Q.  coccinea  Moench.     Lvs.  cordate,  acuminate,  entire  or  angular  at  base ;  ped. 
elongated,  about  5-flowered ;    cal  awned. —  X>  S.  States,  rare  in  the  Western, 
along  rivers,  frequent  in  gardens.     Fls.  very  delicate,  1'  long,  limb  spreading  9", 
light  scarlet,  nearly  entire.     Jn. — Aug.     (Ipomsea  L.) 

2.  BATATAS,  Humph.    SWEET  POTATO.     (The  original  Indian  name 
of  the  common  potato,  transferred.)     Calyx  of  5  sepals ;   corolla  cam- 
panulate,  with  a  spreading  limb;  stamens   5,  included;  style  simple; 
stigma  capitate,  2-lobed ;  capsule  4-celled,  4-valved,  with  4  erect  seeds. 
— Herbs,  or  shrubby,  chiefly  American.     Juice  milky. 

1  B.  littoralis  Chois.     Creeping,  sending  out  runners;    Ivs.  smooth,  petiolate, 
thick,  sinnate,  with  3  to  5  rounded  lobes,  or  somewhat  panduriform,  emarginate, 
cordate;  ped.  \-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaf;  sepals    ovate,  abruptly  acuminate ; 
seeds  tomentous. — 2£  Sand  hills  near  the  coast,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.    Fls.  large.    Stam. 
much  shorter  than  the  tnbe  of  the  yellowish  white  corolla.     Sty.  with  2  capitata 
stigmas.     Aug. — Oct.     (Convolvulus  L.     C.  obtusilobus  MX.) 

2  B.  macrorhiza.      Creeping  or  twining ;  Ivs.  cordate,  entire,  sinuate  or  lobed, 
tomentous-pubescent  beneath ;  ped.  1   to  5-flowered,   longer  than  the  petioles  but 
shorter  than  the  leaves;  sep.  ovate,  obtuse;  seeds  villous  with  long  hairs. —  H 
Sandy  soil,  islands  of  S.  Car.  and  G-a.  (Elliott).     Et.  fusiform,  attaining  a  largo 
size.     Sts.  several  feet  in  length,  pubescent.     Ped.   2  to  3'  long.     Cor.  large, 
purplish,  white.      Stam.  barely  included.      Stig.  2,   capitate.     Jn. — Oct.      (B. 
Jalapa  (?)  Chois.     Convolvulus  Ell.) 

3  B.  edulis  Chois.  SWEET  POTATO.  Creeping,  or  twining ;  Ivs.  variously  3 
to  5-palm.ate  or  pedate-lobed  or  angled,  lobes  acute,  base  cordate  with  a  broad  sinus, 
5-veined,  smoothish;  ped.  3  to  5-flowered,  as  long  or  longer  than  the  petioles. —  U 
Boot  bearing  oblong,  terete  tubers  which  taper  to  both  ends.  Sts.  4  to' $f  long. 
Lvs.  2  to  5'  long,  on  petioles  2  to  G'.  Fls.  showy,  rose-purple.  \  E.  India.  (Con- 
volvulus Batatas  L.)—Extensively  cultivated  West  and  South  for  its  rich,  nu- 
tritious tubers.  (Fig.  56.) 

3.  PHAR'BITIS,  Chois.     MORNING  GLORY.     (German  farbe,  color ; 
in  reference  to  the  brilliant  flowers.)     Calyx  5-sepaled ;  corolla  cam- 
panulate  or  inclining  to  funnel-form;    style   single;   stigma  capitate, 
granulate ;  ovary  3   (rarely  4)-celled,  cells  2-seeded. — Beautiful  climb- 
ing and  twining  herbs,  everywhere  cultivated  for  ornament. 

1  P,  purpurea.  St.  climbing  and  twining,  retrorsely  pilous;  Ivs.  cordate,  entire; 
fl.  nodding;  ped.  2 — 5-flowered;  pedicels  thick;  cal.  hispid.— (1)  In  fields,  Mid. 
and  W.  States.  Stems  climbing  many  feet.  Leaves  roundish,  heart-shaped. 
Flowers  large,  beautiful,  generally  of  a  dark  purple,  sometimes  blue,  flesh-colored, 
Btriped,  &c.  A  well  known  and  favorite  climber  and  free  flower,  of  the  easiest 
culture.  Jn.  §  f  (Fig.  49,  338.)  (P.  hispida  Chois.  Convolvulus  L.) 


572  ORDER  93.— CONVOLVULACE^E. 

2  P.  Nil  Chois.  MORNING  GLORY.  Los.  cordate,  3-lobed-,  fig.  half  5-cleft;  ped. 
shorter  than  the  petioles,  1 — 3-flowered ;  sep,  ovate,  long-pointed,  densely  hairy 
below. — A  very  beautiful  twining  plant,  found  wild.  Penn.  to  Flor.,  in  fields,  but 
best  known  as  a  garden  annual.  Stem  and  leaves  somewhat  hairy.  Flowers 
large,  the  tube  white  and  the  border  of  a  clear  blue  color  (whence  its  specific 
name,  Anil  or  Nil,  indigo),  drying  light  scarlet.  It  is  of  the  easiest  culture,  and 
raised  from  the  seed.  July — Sept.  f 

4.  IPOWKPA,  L.  FALSE  BIND-WEED.  (Gr.  lip,  lirog,  bind-weed  (or 
perhaps  tyog,  ivy),  and  ofioiog,  similar.)  Calyx  5-sepaled ;  corolla  cam- 
panulate ;  stara.  included ;  style  1 ;  stigma  capitate,  Usually  2-lobed ; 
ovary  and  capsule  2-celled,  cells  2-seeded. — A  large  genus  of  herbs, 
shrubs  or  trees,  chiefly  tropical.  Our  species  are  herbs,  creeping  or 
climbing. 

*  Flowers  capitate,  involucratc,  small,  blue.    Sepals  hairy No.  1 

*  Flowers  separate. — Sepals  bristly  eiliate,  capsules  somewhat  hairy Nos.  2,  3 

— Sepals  glabrous. — Flowers  purple.     Maritime Nos.  4,  5 

— Flowers  white,  rarely  yellow Nos.  <J—3 

1  I.  tamnifolia  L.     St.  terete,  hirsute;  Ivs.  hirsute  ovate,  cordate,  acuminate; 
ped.  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  fa.  (small,  blue)  in  involucrate  heads,  bracts  unequal, 
lanceolate  or  linear,  acute ;  sep.  very  hairy,  linear-subulate. — Qp  Middle  Ga.  to 
La.     Vine  trailing  and  climbing,  clothed  all  over  with  tawny  hairs.     Lvs.  large, 
on  long  petioles.     Ped.  2  to  3'  long.     Fls.  crowded,  9"  long,  blue. 

2  I.  commutata  R.  &  S.     St.  slightly  pubescent;  Ivs.  cordate,  entire  or  3-lobed, 
smoothish,  hairy  at  the  insertion  of  the  long  petiole,  auricles  obtuse  below,  middlo 
lobe  dilated  at  base  or  ovate;  ped.  about  equaling  the  petioles,  2  to   5-flowered; 
sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate,  ciliate-hirsute,  4  times  shorter  than  the  corolla;  caps, 
hairy. — CD  In  dry  fields,  S.  Gar.  to  La.     Sts.  twining  and  climbing.     Petioles  1  to 
2'  long.     Fls.  usually  3  on  each  peduncle,  purple,  varying  to  pink,  bell-shaped, 
18"  long.    Jl.— Oct.     (I.  trichocarpa  Ell.) 

3  I.  lacunosa  L.     Minutely  pubescent ;  st.  twining;  Ivs.  cordate,  acuminate,  an- 
gular-lobed  or  entire,  on  long  petioles;  ped.  1  to  3-ftowered,  half  as  long  as  the 
petioles;  sep.  bristly  ciliate,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  half  as  long  as  the  corollci; 
caps,  pilous. — (1)  Penn.,  Md.  to  Fla.,  La.  and  111.     A  small,  prostrate  species,  2  to 
Cf  long,  in  dry  fields  and  hills.     Lvs.  2'  by  1|',  deeply  cordate,  often  deeply  3- 
lobed,  petioles  1  to  3'  long.     Fls.  about  1'  long,  white  with  a  purplish  rim.     Aug., 
Sept.     (C.  micranthus  Riddell.) 

4  I.  Pes-caprae  Sw.     St.  prostrate,  slightly  scabrous ;  Ivs.  roundish,  emarginaie 
or  2-lobed,  rather  thick,  petiolate,  strongly  veined;  ped.  I  to  5  (generally  3)-flowered, 
as  long  as  the  petioles ;  sep.  ovate-lanceolate  ;  cor.  ample,  with  a  short  tube. — • 
Coast  and  Isl.  of  Ga.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long  and  wide,  as  long  as  the  petioles  and 
peduncles.     Pedicels  bracted,  1  to  2'  long.     Cor.  near  3'  long,  purple.     Jn. — 

5  L  sagittata  Desf.     Glabrous ;  Ivs.  cordate-sagittate,  veiny,  gradually  acute  and 
mucronate,  auricles  acute  or  rounded,  petioles  elongated;  ped.  as  long  as  the 
petiole,  but  much  shorter  than  the  solitary,  ample  flower;  sep.  ovate,  obtuse, 
short. — It  Borders  of  salt  marshes,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  to  La.    St.  long  and  twining.   Lvs. 
2  to  3'  long,  the  sides  nearly  straight.     Ped.  very  thick.     Cor.  3'  long,  the  bor- 
der spreading  2'  or  more,  purple.     Jn. — Aug. 

6  I.  sinuata  Ort.     St.  hirsute;  Ivs.  glabrous,  or  the  veins  beneath  hirsute,  pal- 
mately  7 -cleft,  the  segm.  pinnatifid,  with  obtuse  teeth;  ped.  1  to  2 -flowered,  as 
long  as  the  petioles ;  sepals  lance-ovate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  cam- 
panulate  corolla. — U  Ga.,   Fla.,  in  calcareous  soils  (Michaux).     Lvs.  varying  to 
sinuate-lobed.     A  twining  vine.     Fls.  white,  1'  long.     (I.  dissecta  Ph.) 

7  I.  ciliolata  Pers.      St.  smooth;  Ivs.  cordate,  acuminate,   smooth,   the  margin 
sparingly  ciliate,  petioles  elongated;  ped.  J -flowered,  2 -bracted  above,  as  long  as 
the  petioles ;  sep.  broadly  ovate,  obtuse  or  mucronulate ;  cor.  tubular,  companulate. 
— 14  N.  Car.  and  Tenn.     Vine  twining  and  climbing,  with  Ivs.  elegantly  heart* 
shaped,  and  large  yellow  corollas.     Sep.  large  7  to  9"  long.     (I.  ciliosa  Ph.) 


ORDER  93.—  CONVOLVULACE^E.  573 

8  I.  panduratus  Meyer.  WILD  POTATO.  (Fig.  321.)  MAN-OF-THE-EARTH.  St. 
twining  ;  Ivs.  broad-cordato  or  panduriform  ;  ped.  1  to  5-flowered,  longer  than  the 
petioles  ;  cal.  smooth,  ovate,  3  to  4  times  shorter  than  the  ample  corolla.  —  1J.  la 
sandy  fields,  N.  Y.  to  III  and  Ga.  Sts.  several  from  the  same  root,  4  to  8f  long, 
slender,  smooth.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  and  about  the  same  width,  acute  or  obtuse, 
with  rounded  lobes  at  the  base,  sometimes  lobed  and  hollowed  on  the  sides  and 
becoming  fiddle-shaped.  Ped.  bearing  several  largo  flowers.  Cor.  near  3'  loug, 
white,  with  a  purple  center.  Jl.,  Aug. 

5.  CONVOLVULUS,  L.     BIND-WEED.     (Lat.  convolvere,  to  entwine; 
from  the  habit  of  most  of  the  species.)     Sepals  5,  corolla  campanulate; 
style  1  ;  stigmas  2,  linear-cylindrical,  often   revolute  ;  ovary  2-celled,  4- 
ovuled;  capsule  2-celled,   4-seeded,  or   by  abortion  fewer.  —  Herbs  or 
shrubby  plants,  twining  or  erect.     None  native. 

1  C.  arvensis  L.  Striate,  angular,  generally  prostrate  ;  Ivs.  sagittate,  somewhat 
auriculate:  ped.  mostly  1  -flowered,  bibracteate  near  the  apex;  sep.  roundish- 
ovate  ;  caps,  smooth.  —  If  Fields  and  pastures,  Maine  to  Car.,  not  common.  Stems 
several  feet  long,  climbing  or  prostrate,  a  little  hairy.  Leaves  1  —  2'  long,  the 
lower  ones  obtuse.  Flowers  small,  white,  often  with  a  tinge  of  red.  The  small, 
acute  bracts  are  near  the  middle  of  the  peduncle.  Jn. 

2  C.  tricolor  L.  St.  ascending,  villose;  Ivs.  lance-obovate,  subspatulate,  sessile, 
ciliate  at  base;  ped.  1  -flowered,  bracteate,  longer  than  the  leaves;  sep.  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute;  cor.  tricolored;  caps,  villous.  —  CD  St  weak,  1  to  3f  long.  Cor. 
yellowish  in  the  center,  white  in  the  middle  zone,  and  of  a  fine  sky  blue  on  the 
outer  part  of  the  border.  Jl.  f  Eur. 

6.  CALYNYC'TION  speciosa,  native  of  W.  Ind.,  rarely  seen  in  cul- 
tivation, may  possibly  be  found  wild  in  Fla. 


7.  CALYSTE^GIA,  Br.  (Gr.  tta^vt;,  calyx,  arey?/,  a  covering  ;  allud- 
ing to  the  conspicuous  calycino  bracts.)  Calyx  5-parted,  included  in 
2  large,  foliaceous  bracts  ;  cor.  campanulate,  5-plicate  ;  sta.  subequal, 
shorter  than  the  limb  ;  ova.  half  bilocular,  4-ovuled  ;  sty.  simple  ;  stig. 
2,  obtuse  ;  caps.  1-celled,  4-seeded.  —  Herbs  twining  or  prostrate.  Ped. 
1  -flowered,  solitary. 

1  C.  spitham&us  Br.     St.  erect  or  assurgent  ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  snbcordate, 
hoary  -pubescent  ;  ped.  1-flowered,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves.  —  If  An  erect,  downy 
species,  8  —  10'  (a  span)  high,  found  in  fields  and  hilly  pastures,  Can.  to  Penn.  "W. 
to  111.     Stem  branching,  leafy,  bearing  one,  often  two  or  more  large,  white 
flowers,  on  peduncles  2  —  4'  long,  issuing  from  near  the  root.    Leaves  2  —  3'  long,  £ 
as  wide,  oval,  with  an  abrupt,  cordate  base,  and  on  petioles  £  as  long.     Bracts 
concealing  the  calyx.     June. 

2  C.  Sepium  Br.     RUTLAND  BEAUTY.     Glabrous;  stem  twining,-  Ivs.  cordate1- 
sagittate,  the  lobes  truncate  and  apex  generally  acute  ;  ped.  quadrangular,   1- 
flowered;  bracts  cordate,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  —  U  A  vigorous  climber, 
in  hedges  and  low  grounds,  Can.  to  Car.  "W.   to  Iowa.     Sts.  5  to  8f  in  length. 
Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  half  as  wide.     Fls.  numerous,  large,  white  with  a  reddish  tinge. 
Bracts  close  to  the  corolla,  concealing  the  calyx.     Jn.,  Jl.     f  (Convolvulus  L.)— 
The  wild  plant  (Convolvulus  repens  L.)  is  often  more  or  less  pubescent. 

3  C.  Catesbeianua  Ph.     Tomentous  ;  st.  twining  ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  cordate  or 
sagittate,  acute  or  rather  obtuse,  petiolate,  auricles  obtuse;  ped.  1-flowered  longer 
than  the  petiole  but  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  bracts  lance-oblong,  acute  !  (obtuse, 
Pursh,  subacuminate,  Ghoisy),  cordate,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  half  as  long 
as  the  purple  corolla.  —  Sandy  soils,  Car.  and  Ga.    Sts.  a  few  feet  long.    Lvs.  small, 
1  to  2'  long.     Cor.  showy,  18''  long.     Apr.,  May. 

4  C.  paradoxus  Ph.     Differs  from  the  foregoing  in  its  bracts,  which  are  "  linear 
.    and  remote  from  thefawer.~-Va.  to  Car."  (Pursh).     Probably  a  mere  variety  ;  we 

venture  to  suggest  that  both  may  bo  only  states  of  C.  Sepium. 


574  ORDER  93.—  COXVOLVULACEJE. 

8.  STYLIS'MA,  Raf.    (The  name  has  reference  to  the  plurality  of  the 
styles.)     Sepals  5,  equal  ;   cor.  campanulate  ;  ovary  2-celled  ;  styles  2, 
rarely  3,  stigmas  capitate;   stamens  included.  —  2£   Slender,  creeping, 
soft-pubescent. 

1  S.  evolvuloides  Chois.     Lvs.  oval  or  obloug  or  linear,  entire,  obtuse  or  rarely 
retuse  at  both  ends,  on  short  petioles  ;  pod.  longer  than  the  leaves,  1  to  3-flowered  ; 
bracts  subulate,  sJwrter  than  the  pedicels  ;  sep.  ovate,  acuminate,  thrice  shorter  than 
the  corolla;  sty.  distinct  to  near  the  lose.  —  If  Dry,  sandy  or  rocky  soils,  S.  E.  Ohio 
to  Ya.,  Ga.  and  La.     St.  trailing  several  feet,  subsimple.     Lvs.  1'  to  IB''  long,  1 
to  9"  wide.     Fed.  2  to  3'.     Cor.  8  to  10"  long,  white.    Jn.—  Sept.    (Convolvulus 
aquaticus  "Walt.     C.  trichosaothus  MX.,  C.  tenellus  Lam.) 

2  S.  Pickeringii  Gray.      Lvs.  narrowly  linear;   bracts  resembling  the  leaves, 
equaling  the  flower  ;  sty.  united  to  near  the  top  ;  stem  pubescence  and  peduncles  as 
in  No.  1.  —  If  Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  and  N.  Car.     (Convolvulus  Pickeringii  Torr.) 

9.  DICHON'DRA,  Forst.     (Gr.  &$•,  double,  %6vdpo(;,  grain;  for  its  2 
seed-vessels.)     Calyx  5  -parted  ;  corolla  campanulate,  5-clefb;  ovaries  2, 
styles  2,   stigmas  thick;   capsules  utricular,  1-seeded.  —  2£   Prostrate, 
with  roundish-cordate  or  reniform  Ivs.  and  inconspicuous  fls. 

D.  repens  Forst  Lvs.  much  shorter  than  their  petioles,  pubescent  or  silky 
beneath,  entire  ;  ped.  much  shorter  than  the  petioles,  sep.  oblong-spatulate,  ob- 
tuse, villous,  a  little  larger  than  the  oval  cor.  segm.  —  Wet  grounds,  S.  States.  A 
little  turfy  creeper,  rooting  at  every  joint,  3  to  12'  long.  Lvs.  varying  from  3" 
diam.  to  9",  petioles  1  to  3'.  Cor.  greenish  white,  1  to  2''  broad.  Mar.  —  May. 

10.  CUSCUTA,  Tourn.*     DODDER.     (Fig.  456.)     Calyx  5  (rarely  4)- 
cleft   or   sepaled  ;    corolla   globular-campanulate,    5    (rarely  4)-cleft  ; 
stamens  5  (rarely  4),  appendaged  with  scales  or  fringes  at  base  ;  ovary 
2-celled,  4-ovuled  ;  styles  2  ;  capsules  mostly  4-seeded  ;  embryo  spirally 
coiled,  without  cotyledons.  —  ©  Herbs  without  verdure,  germinating  in 
the  soil,  at  length  withering  at  the  root,  and  deriving  their  nourish- 
ment from  other  plants  about  which  they  twine  from  right  to  left.    Stem 
yellowish  or  reddish.     Lvs.  none,  or  minute  scales  instead.     Fls.  var- 
iously aggregated. 

§  Stigmas  filiform,  as  well  as  the  styles.     Capsules  regularly  circmnscissile  ...............  No.  1 

§  Stigmas  capitate.     Capsule  indehiscent,  or  never  bursting  at  base.  (*) 
*  tiepals  united.     Ovary  and  capsule  globular-depressed.  (1) 


1  Flowers  in  subglobous  cymes.     Corolla  withering  at  base  of  capsule  ......  Nos.  2 

1  Flowers  in  paniculate  cymes.     Corolla  withering  at  to    of  casule  ............  No 

*  Sepals  united.    Ovary  and  capsule  more  or  less  conical  (2) 


2  Corolla  lobes  acute,  indexed  at  the  apex  ..................................  Nos.  6,  7 

2  Corolla  lobes  obtuse,  not  inflexed  ........................................  Nos.  8,  9 

*  Sepals  distinct,  surrounded  by  similar  imbricated  bracts  .....................  Nos.  10,  11 

1  C.  epilinum  "Weih.  FLAX  DODDER.  Fls.  sessile,  in  small,  dense,  remote 
heads  ;  cal  5-parted,  segm.  broad  ;  cor.  globous-cylindric,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  calyx,  with  acutish  lobes,  withering  around  the  depressed-globous  capsule  ; 
scales  small,  crenate-dentate  ;  sty.  short.  —  Middle  States,  growing  on  flax.  Sts. 
reddish  orange.  Fls.  yellowish  white.  Cal.  thickish.  Stam.  included.  Stig. 
acute.  Caps,  opening  around  the  base.  Jn.  §  Eur.  (C.  Europasa,  Darl.  and 
others,  not  of  L.) 

2  C.  obtusifldra  (H.  B.  K)  /5.  GLANDULOSA  Engelm.  Sts.  low,  bright  orango 
colored  ;  fts.  pedicellate,  in  loosely  globular  clusters,  and  dotted  with  red,  shining 
glands;  sep.  rounded-obtuse,  as  well  as  the  soon-reflexed  cor.  lobes;  sty.  thick. 
subulate,  stig.  capitate  ;  ova-large,  depressed,  soon  dutgrowing  the  withered  cor- 
olla, leaving  it  at  its  base  ;  scales  large,  often  exceeding  the  tube,  deeply  fringed. 
—  Ga.  (Pond),  Fla.  to  La.  Parasitic,  mostly  on  Polygonum.  Fls.  1  to  l 
Caps.  H  to  If"  diam. 

*  Abridged  from  Dr.  Engelmann's  Monograph.    Soo  Preface. 


ORDER  93.— CONVOLVULACE^E.  575 

3  C.  chlorocarpa  Engelm.    Low,  branching  orange-colored ;  fls.  usually  4-parted, 
short-pediceled,  in  scattered,  globular  clusters:  cor.  tube  campanulate,  nearly  the 
length  of  the  acute  lobes  and  acute  cal.  segm. ;  scales  small,  2-lobed,  or  oftener  of 
email,  lateral  teeth ;  sty.  thick,  as  long  as  the  large  ovary ;  caps,  depressed,  thin. — 
"Wis.  to  Ark.,  also  in  Del.  on  Polygo^um,  &c.     Fls.  about  1"  long.     Fr.  greenish 
yellow. 

4  C.  arvensis  (Beyrich)  /?.  PENTAGONA  Eng.      Low;  fls.  small,  5-parted,  pedi- 
celed,  in  compound  or  branching  clusters ;  cal.  angular,  lobes  suborbicular,  obtuse, 
thin  and  shining,  as  long  as,  or  longer  than  the  shallow  tube  of  the  cor. ;  lobes  of 
the  corotta  acute  or  acuminate,  longer  than  the  tube,  reflexed,  with  the  point  inflexed; 
anth.  round,  oval;  scales  large,  deeply  fringed ;  sty.  slender;  caps,  globular. — 
111.,  Va.,  to  Fla.,  on  many  plants.     Sts.  scarce  If  high.     Fls.  less  than  1"  long. 
Caps,  yellowish. 

5  C.  tenuiflora  Engelm.    Pale,  much  branched ;  fls.  mostly  4-parted,  short-pedi- 
celed, slender,  cymous-paniculate,  at  length  conglomerate;  cal.  turbinate;  cor- 
tube  slender,  longer  than  the  calyx,  or  its  own  short,  ovate  obtuse  lobes;  sty. 
capillary,  as  long  as  the  depressed  ovary ;  caps,  globous,  bearing  the  dead  corolla 
at  top,  often  but  1  to  2-seeded. — 111.  and  "Westward,  in  wet  places,  on  Cephalan- 
thus,  Aster,  Ac.     Cor.  1"  or  less  in  length.     Caps.  1  to  1£"  diam, 

6  C.  decora  (Chois.  Engelm.)    /?.  PULCHERRIMA  Engel.    Fls.  pedicellate,  5-parted, 
large,  broad-campanulate,  loosely  paniculate ;  cal.  lobes  acute,  length  of  the  cor- 
olla, crenulate  on  the  margin ;  lobes  of  the  fleshy  cor.  acute,  erect  or  spreading, 
point  inflexed ;  stjr.  as  long  as,  or  longer  than  the  ovary ;  caps,  enveloped  by  the 
dead  corolla;  sds.  beaked,  rough. — S.  111.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.,  growing  on  Legumi- 
nosse,  Composites,  <fec.     Fls.  larger  than  in  any  of  the  preceding  species,  1^  to 
If"  long,  fleshy,  white.     Anth.  and  stig.  yellow  or  purple.     (C.  indecora  Chois. 
in  DC.) 

7  C.  inflexa  Engelm.    Fls.  pediceled,  mostly  ^-parted,  in  loose,  paniculate  cymes, 
at  length  glomerate ;  cor.  fleshy,  subcylindric,  lobes  erect,  with  the  acute  points 
inflexed  and  margins  crenulate;   scales  minute,  reduced  to  lateral  teeth;  sty. 
divaricate  on  the  thickish  brown  capsule  which  bears  the  dead  corolla  at  iis  top. — 
111.  to  Va.  and  Ga.,  on  Hazel,  Rhus,  Salix,  Helianthus,  and  other  herbs  and 
shrubs,  in  open  woods  and  prairies.     Fls.  1"  long. 

8  C.  Gronovii  Willd.    St.  filiform,  thick,  often  high-climbing;  fls.  mostly  5-partedr 
at  first  loosely  paniculate,  finally  dense;   cor.  tube  deeply  campanulate,  longer 
than  the  cal.  lobes,  obtuse,  flat,  spreading,  not  reflexed ;  scales  large,  oval,  deeply 
fringed ;  ova.  oval,  slightly  conic,  invested  at  base  with  the  dead  corolla. — Can.  and 
U.  S.,  on  coarse  herbs  and  shrubs.     The  most  common  of  all  our  species,  in  low, 
damp  or  shady  places,  the  only  one  in  N.  Eng.    Sts.  light  orange.    Fls.  1£  to  1-J-" 
long. 

p.  LATIFLORA  (Engelm.)     Cal.  thin ;   cor.  tube  shallow,  as  long  as  the  lobes ; 
scales  narrow. — Mass,  to  Car.  and  111.  (C.  Saururi  Eng.) 

9  C.  rostrata  Shutt.     Fls.  large  (2  to  3"  long),  pedicellate,  in  loose,  paniculate 
cymes;    cor.   deeply  campanulate,  lobes  obtuse;    scales  small,   deeply  incisely 
fringed;  ova.  elongated,  bottle-shaped;  caps,  wiih  an  elongated,  2-pointed  beak  2  to 
3"  long;   sds.  1  to  4,  bluntly  rostrate. — Alleghanies,  Md.  to  S.  Car.,  in  shady 
woods,  on  tall,  coarse  herbs.     Nearly  allied  to  the  last. 

10  C.  glomerata  Choisy.     St.  filiform ;  fls.  in  compact  masses,  surrounding  the 
stem,  sessile ;  sep.  5  (1"  long),  surrounded  by  many  squarrous  bracts;  cor.  tubular- 
campanulate,  5-lobed,  longer  than  the  calyx,  withering  on  top  of  capsule,  lobes 
lanceolate,  acute,  spreading  or  reflexed ;  scales  fimbriate. — Abundant  in  Mo.,  111. 
and  Iowa,  chiefly  on  the  Compositse.    Fls.  about  2"  long,  forming  compact,  cylin- 
drical masses,  while  the  stems  decay,  appearing  as  if  springing  from  the  sterna  of 
other  plants.     Cor.  white  and  scarious.    Anth.  partly  exserted.     Jl. 

11  C.  compacta  Juss.     St.  thick ;  fls.  sessile,  lateral,  in  dense  masses ;  sep.  and 
bracts  minute  (\'r),  orbicular;  cor.  tube  slender,  with  5  oblong  lobes,  withering  on 
the  summit  of  the  acutish  capsule,  like  a  calyptra ;  sds.  mostly  but  1  or  2. — Banks 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  R.,  N.  Y.  to  111.  and  the  Mts.  of  Ga.,  on  shrubs,  as  Hazel, 
Alder,  Andromeda.     The  twined  clusters  in  fruit  are  often  9  to  18"  diam. 


57  o  ORDER  94.  —  SOLANACE^E. 

3.  ADPR^SSA  Engelm.     Cor.  broader  ;  caps,  less  pointed  ;  sds.  2  to  4.  —  111.  to 
Va.  and  La.,  on  Rhus,  Smilax,  &c. 

ORDER  XCIV.     SOLANACE^E.     NIGHTSHADES. 

Plants  herbaceous,  rarely  shrubby,  with  a  colorless  juice  and  alternate  leaves. 
Flowers  mostly  regular,  often  extra-axillary,  5-parted,  on  bractless  pedicels.  Cor- 
olla valvato  or  plicate  in  the  bud  and  often  convolute.  Calyx  persistent.  Stamens 
5,  adherent  to  the  corolla  tube,  alternate  with  its  lobes  ;  anthers  2-celled.  Fruit  a 
2-celled  capsule  or  berry.  Seeds  co,  with  a  curved  embryo  in  fleshy  albumen. 

Illust.  in  Figs.  54,  822. 

Genera  64,  species  1000  or  more  (1675,  Dunal.),  generally  diffused,  but  most  abundant  in  the 
tropics. 

Properties  highly  important.  A  large  portion  of  the  genera  are  pervaded  by  a  narcotic  prin- 
ciple, rendering  the  herbage  and  fruit  dangerously  poisonous,  yet  furnishing  some  of  the  most 
active  medicines,  as  the  Henbane  (Hyoscyauius),  Belladonna  (Atropa),  Stramonium  (Datura), 
Tobacco  (Nicotiana),  &c.  At  the  same  time  several  species  of  Solamnn  afford  wholesome  and 
nutritious  food,  not  because  they  are  free  from  the  narcotic  principle,  but  because  it  is  expelled 
in  the  process  of  cooking  or  ripening  in  the  sun.  Such  are  the  tubers  of  the  invaluable  Potato, 
the  fruit  of  the  Tomato  and  Egg  plant.  The  genus  Capsicum  is  entirely  free  from  narcotine, 
and  produces  the  well-known  stimulant  fruit  Cayenne  Pepper. 

GENERA. 

§  Corolla  wheel-shaped,  the  tube  very  short.    Anthers  convergent  (a). 
§  Corolla  bell-shaped,  the  broad  tube  including  the  erect  anthers  (b). 
§  Corolla  funnel-form,  tube  long,  and  —  the  limb  somewhat  irregular  (c). 

—  the  limb  quite  regular  (d). 
a  Stamens  connate,  opening  by  slits  inside.    Berry  torous  ...............  LYCOPERSICUM.    1 

a  Stamens  connivent,  opening  by  terminal  pores.    Berry  round.  .............  SOLANUM.    2 

a  Stamens  counivent,  opening  by  slits.    Berry  dryish,  angular  ...............  CAPSICUM.    8 

b  Corolla  bluish.     Berry  dry,  inclosed  in  the  enlarged  calyx  ............  NICANDRA.    4 

b  Corolla  yellowish.    Berry  juicy,  inclosed  in  the  enlarged  calyx  .........  PHTSALIS.    5 

b  Corolla  purplish.    Berry  black,  sitting  on  the  open  calyx  ................  ATROPA.    6 

C  Stamens  exserted,  declining.     Capsule  opening  by  a  lid  .........  HYOSCTAM  us.    7 

C  Stamens  included,  unequal.     Capsule  opening  by  valves  ............  PETUNIA.    8 

d  Stamens  exserted,  growing  to  the  summit  of  the  tube  .................  NEIBEMBERGIA.    9 

d  Stamens  exserted,  growing  to  the  bottom  of  the  tube  .......................  LYCIUM.  10 

d  Stamens  included.  —  Calyx  5-angled.    Capsule  spiny  or  smooth  ..............  DATURA.  11 

—Calyx  terete.    Stigma  capitate  .......................  NICOTIANA.  12 

—Calyx  terctish.    Stigma  2-lobed.    Flowers  small  ........  FABIANA.  13 


1.  LYCOPErVSICUM,  Tourn.  TOMATO.   (Gr.  XVKO^  a  wolf, 

a  peach;  a  fanciful  name.)  Calyx  5  to  6  to  oo-parted  ;  corolla  rotate, 
with  a  short  tube  and  a  plicatc-valvato  limb  ;  stamens  5  to  6  to  oo,  ex- 
serted ;  anthers  connate  at  apex,  longitudinally  dehiscent  on  the  inner 
face;  berry  fleshy,  2  to  3  to  co-celled.  —  Lvs.  pinnately  compound. 
Ped.  extra-axillary,  oo  -flowered. 

Ii.  escul6nt\im  Mill.  Hairy;  st.  herbaceous,  weak;  Ivs.  unequally  pinnatifid, 
segments  cut,  glaucous  beneath  ;  cor.  many-lobed  ;  fr.  torulous,  furrowed, 
smooth.  —  CD  This  plant  resembles  the  potato  in  its  general  aspect.  It  grows  3 
—  4f  high,  with  jagged  leaves,  greenish-yellow  flowers,  and  an  unpleasant  odor. 
The  fruit  is  large  and  abundant,  with  acute  farrows,  at  first  green,  becoming 
when  ripe  of  a  beautiful  red.  This  plant  has  come  into  high  repute,  and  its  culti- 
vation is  almost  universal,  for  its  agreeable  and  wholesome  fruit,  which  presents 
numerous  varieties  of  form,  size  and  color. 

2.  SOLA'NUM,  L.     POTATO.    (Solum,  the  ground  or  soil.)   Calyx   5- 
parted,  persistent;    corolla  rotate,  subcampanulate,  tube  very  short, 
limb  plicate,  5-cleft,  lobed  or  angular  ;  anthers  erect,  connivent,  dis- 
tinct, opening  at  the  top  by  2  pores  ;  berry  2-celled,  subglobous  or  de- 
pressed ;  seeds  oo.  —  An  immense  genus  of  herbs  or  shrubs,  unarmed  or 


ORDER  94.— SOLANACE^E.  577 

prickly.  Lvs.  sometimes  twin,  pinnatifid  or  undivided.  Ped.  solitary 
or  several,  1  to  oo-flowcrcd,  terminal,  but  becoming  lateral  by  the  ex- 
tension of  the  axis. 

§  Unarmed,    Anthers  ovate-elliptic,  pores  tcrminal-introrse  (a). 

a  Herbaceous,  with  pinnatiful  leaves.     Itaceme  exceeding  tbe  leaves No.  1 

a  Herbaceous,  with  undivided  leaves,     llaceme  shorter  than  the  leaves Nos.  2—4 

a  Shrubby,  climbing  or  erect.     Berries  red Nos.  5 — 7 

§  Armed  with  sharp  spines.     Anthers  linear-oblong,  pores  terminal-extrorse  (b). 

b  Peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  many-flowered Nos.  8,  9 

b  Peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  few-flowered Nos.  10, 11 

1  S.  tuberosum  L.  COMMON  POTATO.  St.  herbaceous;  subterranean 
branches  bearing  tubers ;  Ivs.  pinnatifld,  segm.  unequal,  the  alternate  ones  min- 
ute; cor.  5-angled;  pedicels  jointed. — (DThis  valuable  plant  is  a  native  of  the 
Cordilleras  of  S.  America,  where  it  still  grows  wild.  Although  it  now  consti- 
tutes so  large  a  portion  of  the  food  of  civilized  man,  it  was  scarcely  known  until 
the  17th  century,  and  was  not  extensively  cultivated  before  the  middle  of  the 
1 8th.  The  varieties  of  the  potato  are  very  numerous,  differing  in  their  time  of 
ripening,  quality,  color;  form,  size,  almost  endlessly. 

2  S.  nignim  L.    BLACK  NIGHTSHADE.     St.  herbaceous,  angular,  smoothish ;  Ivs. 
ovate,  toothed  and  waved;  umbels  lateral,  drooping. — (DA  weed-like  plant,  with- 
out beauty  and  of  suspicious  aspect,  about  rubbish,  in  old  fields,  N.  and  ^W. 
States.     Stem  erect,  branching,  angular,  a  foot  high.     Leaves  almost  always  with 
the  lamina  perforated  and  the  margin  erose  as  if  gnawed  by  insects.     Ped.  gener- 
ally midway  between  the  leaves.     Fls.  white,  anthers  yellow.     Berries  globous, 
black.      Reputed  poisonous,    but  is   used  medicinally.      Flowers  in  summer 
§Eur. 

3  S.  nodiflorum  Jacq.      St.  herbaceous  or  half-shrubby,  branched;    branches 
terete,  herbaceous,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  ovate,  entire,  or  subrepand,  acute,  glabrous ;  fls. 
subumbellate,  minute;  stalks  and  cal.  puberulent. — If  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La. 
Stem  2  to  3f  high,  with  a  ridge  descending  from  each  petiole.    Lvs.  2  to  4'  long, 
half  as  wide,  petioles  near  1'.     Ped.  filiform,  6  to  12"  long,  growing  from  thick- 
ened nodes  a  little  below  the  next  leaf,  bearing  several  (3  to  8)  white  fis.     Cor. 
cup-form,  2"  broad.     Fr.  not  seen. 

4  S.  pycndiithum  Dunal.     St.  herbaceous,  slender,  angular-furrowed,  hispid; 
Ivs.  ovate-oblong,   acuminate,  attenuate  to  a  petiole,  subrepand,  puberulent,  pale 
beneath ;  ped.  short,  filiform,  hirsute,  1  to  3-flowered,  subopposite  to  the  leaves. — 
Ga.  about  Savannah  (Dunal,  apud  DC.    Sed  dubito.)     Plant  green.    Lvs.  1  to  2' 
by  3  to  8",  petioles  2  to  5".     Fls.  nodding,  2  to  3''  broad,  white?     Anthers  yel- 
low.    Berry  globular. 

5  S.  Dulcamara  L.     BITTERSWEET.    "WOODY  NIGHTSHADE.    'St.  shrubby,  flexu- 
ous ;  Ivs.  ovate-cordate,  upper  ones  hastate  or  laciniate ;  dusters  cymous,  suboppo- 
site and  terminal — A  well-known  shrubby  climber,  with  blue  flowers  and  red 
berries,  N.  Eng.  to  Ark.     Stem  branching,  several  feet  in  length,  climbing  about 
hedges  and  thickets  in  low  grounds.     Lower  leaves  entire ;  the  upper  ones  be- 
coming auriculate  or  hastate.     Flowers  drooping,  on  branching  peduncles  from 
the  side  of  the  stem.     Corolla  of  5  reflexed  segments,  purple,  with  2  green  spots 
at  the  base  of  each  segment.     Berries  bright  red,   said  to  be  poisonous.     Jl. 
§  Eur. 

6  S.  Pseudo-Capsicum  L.    JERUSALEM  CHERRY.    St.  shrubby ;  Ivs.  oblong- 
lanceolate,  subrepand;  ped.  1-flowerod,  opposite  the  leaves. —  J?  A  small,  orna- 
mental shrub,  cultivated.     Stem  2 — 4f  high,  branching  into  a  symmetrical  sum- 
mit.    Leaves  dark  evergreen,  smooth  and  shining,  about  2'  long.    Flowers  white, 
with  orange  anthers,  drooping,  succeeded  by  a  few  scarlet,  globous  berries  of  tho 
size  of  email  cherries.     -^Mauritius,  &c. 

7  S.  sempervlrens  Dun.    Shrubby,  twining  and  climbing ;  branches  herba- 
ceou3 ;  Ivs.  entire,  lance-ovate  or  elliptic,  obliquely  cordate,  obtuse,  with  a  blunt  cusp, 
very  smootff  and  shining;  panicles  terminal,  divaricate,  roughish  and  hairy. — 
Shrubberies,  arbors,  &a,  hardy  South.    An  elegant  climber.    Branches  cinnamon- 
colored,  glandular.     Lvs.  thick,  of  a  bright,  shining  green.     Cor.  plicate,  6  or  6 
times  larger  than  tho  calyx.     |  Guiana. 

37 


578  ORDER  94.—  SOLANACEjE. 

Q  S.  Carolinense  L.  HORSE  NETTLE.  St.  and  petioles  aculeate;  Ivs.  oblong- 
ovate,  petiolate,  strigous,  angular-lobate,  acute,  midvein  beneath  with  a  few  spines  ; 
•rac.  naked,  loose,  supra-axillary;  berries  globous.  —  1£  Roadsides,  &c.,  N.  Y.  to 
111.  and  Ga.  A  rough  weed,  1  —  2f  high,  armed  with  straw-colored,  scattered 
prickles.  Leaves  4  —  6'  by  2  —  3',  usually  in  unequal  pairs,  with  a  few  large,  re- 
pan  d  lobes  or  teeth.  Flowers  white,  lateral  and  terminal.  Corolla  white,  12  — 
15"  diam.  Berries  yellow.  Jn. 

9  S.  Virginianum  L.     St.  erect,  prickly  ;  Ivs.  long-petiokd,  deeply  pinnatifid,  lobes 
angular-sinuate,  acute  or  obtuse,  pubescent  ;  petiole  and  midvein  prickly,  margins 
ciliate  ;  rac.  leafy,  prickly.  —  Ya.  to  Car.  (Pursh.),  Ga.  (Feay,  Pond.)     Plant  much 
branched,  18'  to  3f  high,  bright  green,   roughish  with  minute  tomentum.     Sts. 
slightly  angular.     Lvs.  7  to  9-lobed.     Cor.  15"  broad,  pale  violet.      Anth.  4", 
linear.     Prickles  straight,  5"  and  less,  whitish.     JL 

10  S.  mammosum  L.     APPLE  OP  SODOM.     St.  herbaceous,  villous,  with  scat- 
tered spines  ;  Ivs.  roundish-ovate,  subcordate,  lobed,  both  sides  aculeate  and  very 
villous  ;  berries  inversely  pear-shaped  (mammosa.)  —  (D  "Waste  places,  roadsides, 
Car.  (Pursh),  Ga.,  Ala,  (Montgomery),  to  La.     A  woolly,  spiny  weed,  1  to  3f  high. 
Lvs.  about  as  broad  as  long,  3  to  7  -lobed,  paler  beneath,  armed  on  the  veins  with 
straight  spines  3  to  8"  long.     Cor.  violet  colored,  5-parted,  12  to  15"  diam.,  soft 
villous  outside.     Fr.  yellow,  at  first  globular.    May,  Jn.    (S.  pumilum  Dun.,  same 
as  S.  hirsutum  Nutt.,  is  probably  a  starved  form  of  this  species.) 

11  S.  esculentum  DunaL  EGG  PLANT.  St.  prickly;  Ivs.  ovate,  subsinu- 
ate,  downy,  prickly  ;  fls.  6  to  9-parted.  —  (T)  An  herbaceous,  branching  plant, 
about  2f  high.  The  fruit,  with  which  it  is  heavily  laden,  consists  of  egg-shaped 
berries,  from  the  size  of  an  egg  to  that  of  an  ordinary  water  melon,  smooth,  and 
of  a  glossy  purple.  It  is  considered  wholesome  and  delicious.  Like  the  tomato, 
it  is  cultivated  from  the  seed  sown  early  in  warm,  dry.  and  mellow  soil,  f 

P.  Fr.  smaller,  white.  —  Cultivated  for  the  curiosity  of  the  fruit,  which  when 
ripe  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  by  its  appearance  from  a  hen's  egg. 


3.  CAP'SICUM,  Tourn.      PEPPER.     (Gr.   KaVrw,  to  bite.)     Calyx 
erect,  5-cleft,  persistent  ;  cor.  rotate,  tube  very  short,  limb  plaited,  5- 
lobed  ;  anthers  connivent  ;  fruit  capsular,  dry,  inflated,  2  to  3-celled  ; 
seeds  flat,  very  acrid.  —  A  large  genus  of  herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants, 
pervaded  by  a  heating,  acrid  principle.     Lvs.  often  in  pairs.     Ped.  axil- 
lary, solitary. 

C.  dnnuum  L.  RED  PEPPER.  CAYENNE  PEPPER.  St.  herbaceous,  angular, 
branching  above  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  acuminate,  entire,  petiolate,  glabrous  ;  ped.  smooth  ; 
cal.  angular,  with  short,  acute  lobes  ;  cor.  lobes  spreading,  longer  than  the  stam- 
ens ;  berry  oblong  or  subglobous,  red.  —  CD  India.  Cultivated  for  its  fruit,  whoso 
stimulant  properties  are  well  known.  —  There  are  in  gardens  several  varieties  in 
respect  to  the  fruit. 

4.  NICAN'DRA,  Adans.     APPLE  OF  PERU.     (In  honor  of  Nicandcr, 
a  Greek  physician,  B.  c.  50.)     Calyx  5-cleft,  5-angled,  the  angles  com- 
pressed, sepals  sagittate  ;  corolla  campanulate  ;  stamens  5,  incurved  ; 
berry  3  to  5-celled,  enveloped  in  the  persistent   calyx.  —  CD  Peruvian 
herbs. 

N.  physaloides  Adans.  St.  herbaceous;  Ivs.  glabrous,  ample,  ovate-oblong, 
sinuate,  angular  ;  fls.  solitary,  axillary,  on  short  peduncles  ;  cal.  closed,  with  tho 
angles  very  acute.  —  Cultivated  in  gardens,  whence  it  has  strayed  into  the  neigh- 
boring fields.  It  is  a  large,  coarse  herb,  2  to  5f  higlif  very  branching.  Lvs.  4  to 
7'  long,  2  to  4'  wide,  decurrent.  Cor.  slightly  lobed,  white,  with  blue  epots  in 
the  center.  Jl.  —  Sept.  §  Peru.  « 

5.  PHYS'ALIS,  L.      GROUND  CHERRY.      (Gr.  0rcra/l/V,   a  bladder; 
the  inflated  calyx  inclosing  the  fruit.)  Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent,  at  length 
ventricous  ;  corolla  campanulate-rotate,  tube  very  short,  limb  obscurely 


ORDER  94— SOLANACE..E.  6V9 

5-lobed ;  stamens  5,  connivent ;  berry  globous,  inclosea  within  the  in- 
flated, 5-angled,  colored  calyx. — Herbs  (rarely  shrubs).  Lvs.  alternate 
or  unequally  twin.  FJs.  solitary,  nodding,  extra-axillary.  Pubescence 
of  flattened  hairs. 

§  Anthers  yellow.    Root  (always?)  perennial Nos.  1—3 

§  Anthers  blue  or  violet-colored.    Koot  annual,  (a) 

a  Peduncles  elongated.    Fruit  not  filling  tho  closed  calyx Nos.  4 — 6 

a  Peduncles  very  short.    Fruit  filling  the  open  calyx No.  7 

1  P.  viscosa  L.     Pubescent,  erect  or  decumbent;  branches  somewhat  dichoto- 
mous  and  angular;  Ivs.  solitary  or  in  pairs,  ovate,  more  or  less  cordate,  repand- 
toothed  or  entire ;  fls.  spotted  or  dark  purple  in  the  throat ;  anth.  yellow,  1  or  2 
often  longer. — Dry  fields  and  road-sides,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Plant  If  high,  often  vis- 
cid.    Lvs.  variable,  twice  as  long  (1 — 4')  as  the  petioles ;  when  in  pairs,  one  of 
them  is  much  smaller.     Cor.  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  greenish-yellow,  the  5 
.spots  often  confluent.     Fruit  yellow  or  orange-colored,  pleasant  to  the  taste. 
Jn.,  Jl.     (P.  Pennsylvania  L.     P.  tomentosa  Walt     P.  heterophylla  Nees.) 

/?.  NYCTAGINEA.     Calyx  hirsute^  corolla  not  spotted.     (P.  nyctagiaea  Dun.) 

2  P.  lanceolata  MX.     (nee  Dunal.)    Decumbent,  branching,  hirsute  or  pubes- 
cent (at  first  erect);  Ivs.  in  pairs,  unequal,  elliptic-lanceolate,  tapering  and  acute  at 
each  end,  petiolate,  entire  or  repand-denticulate ;  ped.  filiform,  scarcely  as  long  as 
the  slender  petiole  ;  cor.  spotted ;  stam.  yellow,  equal ;  cal.  in  fr.  rounded  and  um- 
bilicate  at  base.— '4  Dry  soils,  Car.,  Tenn.,  Ga  to  La.     Sts.  6  to  15'  long,  often 
diffuse.     Lvs.  green,  and  with  their  petioles  about  3'  long,  all  twins  except  the 
lowest.     Fls.  6"  long,  yellow.     Jn. — Aug. 

3  P.  Alkekeiigi  L.  STRAWBERRY  TOMATO.  St.  subsimple,  pubescent ;  Ivs. 
deltoid-ovate,  acuminate,  repand;  cor.  not  spotted;  caL  in  fr.  ovoid-globous.  colored; 
stam.  yellow. — %  Gardens.  Plant  less  branched  than  other  species,  1  to  2f  high. 
Lvs.  3  to  4'  long,  including  the  petiole,  attenuated  at  base.  Cor.  yellow.  Berry 
greenish  ygllow  or  orange,  inclosed  in  the  reddened  calyx.  Fr.  eaten  raw  or 
cooked. 

4  P.  pubeacens  L.     Much  branched,  pubescent  or  tomentous,  viscid,  at  length  de- 
cumbent ;  Ivs.  ovate  or  cordate,  unequal  at  base,  acute  or  subacuminate,  dentate  or 
nearly  entire  ;  ped.  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  cor.  spotted  with  dark  brown  in  the 
throat;  anth.  blue. — In  damp  places  and  shades,  S.  and  W.  States.     Plant  9  to 
18'  high.     Sts.  angled  and  furrowed.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  petioles  1',  single  on  the 
stem,  twin  on  the  flowering  branches.     Cor.  6  to  8"  long.     (P.  hirsuta  Dun.) — 
Among  our  specimens  are  some  nearly  smooth. 

5  P.  angulata  L.     Erect,  often  diffusely  branched,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  ovate  or  ollong, 
unequally  dentate-serrate ;  cor.  spotless ;  stam.  blue ;  cal.  segm.  triangular,  subu- 
late, as  long  as  the  tube,  in  fruit  truncate  at  base  and  sharply  5-angled. — CD  Sandy 
soils,  Va.  to  Fla.  (Savannah,  Pond),  and  westward.     Lvs.  on  long,  slender  peti- 
oles.    Cor.  less  than  G".  long.     Cal.  in  fruit  longer  than  broad,  or  ovoid-conical. 

6  P.  Linkiana  Nees.     Diffusely  branched,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  acuminater 
often  long -pointed,  sinuate-dentate,  with  subulate-pointed  teeiL  base  attenuate  to  the- 
petiole ;  cor.  slightly  spotted ;  anth.  violet ;  cal  in  fruits  roundish-ovate,  pointed;. 
— GD  S.  Car.  and  Ga.  (Feay).     A  striking  species,   2f  or  more  in  height.    Sts. 
sflbngly  angled.     Lvs.  3  to  6'  long,  including  the  (1  to  2')  petiole.     Fr..  caL  1'' 
diam. 

7  P.  Philadelphia  Lam.     Nearly  glabrous,  erect,  branching,  branches  forked, 
strict;  Ivs.  obliquely  ovate,  acuminate,  angular-repand ;  ped.  much  shorter  than  the 
petioles;  cor.  with  spots  and  stripes  in  throat;  cal.  filled  with  the  fruit  and  open 
when  mature ;  anth.  violet. — (D  Dry  banks  of  streams,  Middle  and  W.  States.  Lvs. 
acute  at  base,  twice  longer  than  the  petioles.     Ped.  2  to  3"  long,  pubescent 

6.  AT'ROPA,  L.  DEADLY  NIGHTSHADE.  (Name  of  erne  of  the  Three 
Fates  in  Grecian  mythology,  whose  office  it  was  to  cut  the  thread  of 
human  life.)  Calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  campanulate,  limb  5-cleft,  val- 
vate-plicate  in  bud;  stamens  5,  distant,  included;  style  subexserted^ 


580  ORDER  94.— SOLANACE^E. 

berry  globous,  2-celled,  sitting  on  the  enlarged  calyx. — Herbs  of  lurid 

colors.     Lvs.  often  twin. 

A.  Belladonna  L.  St.  trichotomous ;  Ivs.  ovate,  entire;  berries  black. — •• 
This  poisonous  herb  is  far  less  repulsive  in  its  appearance  than  most  others  of  its 
order.  The  lurid,  pale  purple  of  the  flower,  indeed,  looks  suspicious,  but  not  its 
smell — nor  the  berries,  which  are  larger  than  cherries,  round,  green,  at  length  of 
a  fine,  glossy  black,  full  of  a  purple  juice.  Stem  5f  high,  branching  below,  and 
with  the  large  leaves,  inclines  more  or  less  to  a  purplish  hue.  \  §  Eur. 

7.  HYOSCY'AMUS,  Tourn.     HENBANE.      (Gr.  vq,  iog,   a  pig,  and 
Kvaf.iog,  bean  ;  the  fruit  is  said  to  be  not  poisonous  to  swine.)     Calyx 
tubular,  5-cleft ;  corolla  infundibuliform,  irregular  ;  one  of  the  5  obtuse 
lobes  larger ;  stamens  5,  declinate ;  stigma  capitate ;  capsule  ovoid,  2- 
celled,  opening  with  a  lid  near  the  summit. — Coarse,  weed-like  herbs, 
native  in  Eastern  countries. 

H.  niger  L.  Branching,  erect,  very  leafy  *  Ivs.  sinuate,  clasping ;  fls.  sessile.—® 
A  tall,  well  known,  foetid  weed,  growing  about  the  rubbish  of  old  houses,  road- 
sides, &G.  The  whole  plant  is  hairy,  viscid,  and  of  a  sea-green  hue,  emitting  a 
foetid  odor.  Stem  2f  high,  round.  Leaves  large,  oblong,  cut  into  acute,  sinuate 
lobes.  Flowers  in  terminal,  one-sided  spikes ;  the  corolla  straw-color,  finely  reti- 
culated with  dark  purple  veins.  The  whole  plant  is  reputed  poisonous,  but  has 
long  been  regarded  as  an  excellent  medicine  in  nervous  diseases,  coughs,  convul- 
sions, &c.  Jl.  §  Eur. 

8.  PETITNIA,  Juss.     (The  Brazilian  name  is  petun,  latinized  Petu- 
nia.)    Calyx  tubular,  10-veined,  5-parted,  segments  oblong-spatulate ; 
corolla  funnel  or  salver-form,  tube  cylindric,  limb  spreading,  usually  5- 
lobed  ;  stamens  5,  inserted  in  the  middle  of  the  tube,  unequal,  included, 
anthers  cordate ;  stigma  capitate ;  capsule   2-celled ;  seeds  minute. — 
South  American  herbs.     Lvs.  alternate,  entire,  the  floral  twin.     Ped.  1- 
flowei'ed. 

1  P.  Nyctaginifldra  Juss.     Diffuse,  glandular-villous ;  st.  erect,  branched; 
Ivs.  solitary,  ovate-oblong,  obtusish,  subsessile,  floral  sessile,  cordate-ovate,  suboppo- 
site;  ped.  axillary,  solitary,  exceeding  the  leaves;  cor.  tube  slightly  enlarged 
above,  thrice  longer  than  the  calyx,  with  a  wide-spreading  limb. — 1£  Gardens. 
Fls.  large,  white,  numerous. 

2  P.  violacea  Lindl.     Glandular  hairy ;  st.  prostrate  at  base,  then  erect,  spar- 
ingly branched ;  Ivs.  ovate,  short-petiolate,  acute,  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate ;  ped. 
solitary,  equaling  the  leaves ;  cor.  tube  inflated,  limb  cleft  into  rounded,  acute 
lobes. — It  Sts.  numerous,  G  to  16'  long.     Cor.  large,  violet-purple.     Both  species 
are  great  favorites  in  gardens,  and  by  mixture  sport  into  endless  varieties,  among 
which  is 

ft.  ATKINSIANA.     Lvs.  ovate,  whitish ;  cal.  segm.  ligulate ;  cor.  tube  twice  or 
more  longer  tlan  the  calyx. 

9.  NIEREMBER'GIA,  Ruiz  et  Pav.   (Named  for  Nuremberg,  n.gpan- 
ish  Jesuit.)     Calyx  persistent,  tubular  or  subcampanulate,  10-veined, 
curved,  5-cleft ;  corolla  funnel-form,  tube  long  and  slender,  limb  ample, 
spreading,  plicate,  slightly  unequal ;  stamens  5,  inserted  in  the  throat, 
unequal,  connivent;  anthers  hid  beneath  the  stigma;  capsule  2-celled, 
seeds  many,  minute,  3-angled. — South  American,  chiefly  herbs,  creep- 
ing, with  elegant,  solitary,  extra-axillary  fls. 

1  N.  aristata  Sweet.  Puberulent,  pale^green;  sts.  filiform,  very  branching:  Ivs. 
narrowly  linear,  acute;  fls.  pedunculate,  opposite  the  leaves,  eolitary;  cal.  cam- 
panulate,  seg.  linear-subulate,  acute,  twice  shorter  than  the  slender,  glandular  cor. 
tube. — St.  3  to  9'  long.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  1"  wide.  Cor.  large,  white,  tinged 
with  purple,  3  striae  on  each  lobe. 


*       ORDER  94.— SOLANACE^E.  581 

2  N".  filicaittis  Lindl  Glabrous,  ascending,  diffuse ;  sts.  filiform,  Ivs.  very 
narrow,  sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  opposite  the  peduncles ;  cal.  ob- 
conic  bell-shaped,  segm,  linear-lanceolate,  acute ;  cor.  tube  glandular,  little  longer 
than  the  calyx,  limb  undulate,  obtusely  5-lobed. — Sts.  a  foot  high.  Lvs.  6  to  10" 
long.  Cor.  lilac  or  white,  with  a  5-rayed  star  of  violet  lines,  f  Both  species  from 
Buenos  Ayres. 

10.  LYCIUM,  L.     MATRIMONY  VINE.     (Named  from  Lycia,  the  na- 
tive country  of  the  original  species.)     Calyx  2 — 5-cleft,  short ;  corolla 
tubular,  limb  mostly  5-lobed,  spreading,  orifice  closed  by  the  beard  of 
the  filaments;  stamens  4 — 5,  exserted ;  berry  2-celled ;  seeds  several, 
renifonn. — Shrubs,  the  branches  ending  in  a  Spinous  point,  and  often 
having  axillary  spines.     Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  or  in  pairs. 

LI  barbarum  L.  St  angular;  branches  long,  pendulous,  somewhat  spiny; 
Ivs.  often  fasciculate,  lanceolate;  cal.  mostly  3-cleft. — Native  of  Barbary,  culti- 
vated and  nearly  naturalized.  It  is  a  shrub,  with  long,  slender,  trailing  or  hang- 
ing branches  which  overspread  walls,  &c.,  with  a  thick,  tangled  mass.  Leaves 
smooth,  3  times  as  long  as  wide,  often  broadest  above,  acute  or  obtuse,  tapering 
into  a  petiole.  Flowers  greenish-purple.  Berries  orange-red,  f  Barbary. 

11.  DATITRA,    L.     THORN  APPLE.     JIMSON  (i.  c.,  Jamestown)- WEED. 
(An  alteration  of  the  Arabic  name  Totorah.)     Calyx  large,  tubular, 
ventricous,  5-anglcd,  deciduous,  with  a   persistent,  orbicular,   peltate 
base ;  corolla  infrmdibuliform,  tube  cylindric,  long,  limb  5-angled  and 
plaited;  stamens  5  ;  stigma  obtuse,  bilamellatc ;    capsule   2-celled,  4- 
valved ;  cells  2 — 3-parted. — ©  Herbs,  with  bluish-white  or  purple,  soli- 
tary, axillary  flowers. 

1  D.  stramonium  L.  St.  dichotomous;  Ivs.  ovate,  smooth,  angular-dentate; 
caps,  spiny,  erect. — A  well-known  poisonous  plant,  growing  among  rubbish  in 
waste  places.  Stem  about  3f  high,  smooth,  hollow.  Leaves  large,  situated  at 
the  base  of  the  dichotomous  branches,  their  sides  unequal,  with  large,  irregular 
teeth  and  sinuses.  Flowers  solitary,  axillary;  corolla  funnel-shaped,  with  a  long 
tube  and  a  plaited,  5-toothed  border,  the  color  cream-white.  Fruit  egg-shaped, 
the  size  of  a  small  apple,  covered  with  spines.  Aug.  §  Central  America?  Poi- 
sonous and  narcotic,  but  used  for  asthma,  &c. 

ft,  TATULA.  St.  purple;  fls.  bluish-white. — (D.  tatula  L.)  More  common 
Westward. 

2  D.  (BRTJGMATTSIA)  sangumea  Ruiz  &  Pav.  (B.  bicolor  Pers.)  is  a 
coarse  looking,  large-leaved  shrub  with  huge,  trumpet-bell-shaped  fls.  distinguished 
by  the  cuspidate  angles  of  the  red  or  white  corolla,  is  now  often  seen  in  green- 
houses. The  yellow  capsules  are  unarmed. 

12.  NICOTIA'NA,  Tourn.     TOBACCO.     (In  honor  of  John  Nicot,  of 
Languedoc,  who  seems  to  have  introduced  it  into  Europe.)    Calyx  urcc- 
olate, 5-cleft ;  corolla  infundibuliform,  regular,  limb  5-lobed;  stamens 5; 
stigmas  emarginate;  capsule   2-celled,  2  to  4-valved. — CD  Coarse,  nar- 
cotic lierbs,  with  simple  Ivs.  and  terminal  fls.     Cor.  white,  tinged  with 
green  or  purple. 

1  IT.  nistica  L.  COMMON  TOBACCO.  Viscid-pubescent;  Ivs.  petioled,  ovate,  en- 
tire; tube  of  the  cor.  cylindric,  longer  than  the  calyx,  segments  lound,  obtuse. — 
For  the  purposes  of  tobacco  this  plant  is  considered  inferior  to  the  Virginian. 
Stem  12 — 18'  high.  Flowers  greenish-yellow,  in  a  terminal  panicle  or  raceme. 
In  Western  K  Y.,  &c.,  said  to  have  been  introduced  by  the  Indians.  Aug.  § 

2  N.  Tabac-um  L.  VIRGINIA  TOBACCO.  Viscid-pubescent ;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
sessile,  decurrent;  cor.  tube  inflated  at  the  throat,  lobes  acute.— Native  of  Central 
America,  particularly  the  island  of  Tobago,  and  the  Province  of  Tabasco  in  Mex- 
ico, whence  it  was  first  exported  to  Europe,  1586.  It  is  extensively  cultivated  in 
the  Middle  and  Western  States,  and  is  exported  in  vast  quantities.  Stem  4— 6f 


582 


ORDER  95.— GENTLANACE^E. 


high,  paniculate  above.  Loaves  1— 2f  by  i — If  entire.  Flowers  rose-color,  not 
inelegant.  Jl. — The  use  of  this  nauseous  and  poisonous  weed  has  become  almost 
universal,  and  illustrates  the  despotic  power  of  habit.  Sir  Walter  Kaleigh  has 
the  honor  of  first  introducing  the  practice  of  smoking  into  England,  more  than 
200  years  ago,  and  in  his  house  at  Islington,  is  still  to  be  seen  a  shield  bearing  his 
arms,  with  a  tobacco-plant  at  the  top.  (Loudon.) 

3  N.  longiflora  Cav.  With  long,  spreading  branches ;  Ivs.  acuminate,  radical 
ovate-lanceolate,  short-petioled,  cordate-lanceolate,  sessile ;  fls.  lateral,  solitary, 
pedicellate,  arranged  in  a  simple  terminal  raceme ;  cor.  tube  filiform,  very  pubes- 
cent,  5  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  segments  lance-ovate,  acute. — Gardens  South. 
Cor.  white,  variegated  with  purple  and  yellow. 

13.  FABIANA  inflbricata  Ruiz.  &  Pav.  is  a  fine  little  shrub  resembling 
a  Tamarix,  with  small  (6"  long)  ovate  Ivs.  covering  the  numerous  branches  and 
small  violet-white  fls.  \  Chili.  » 


ORDER  XCV.     GENTIANACE^E.     GENTIANWORTS. 


Serbs  smooth,  with  a  colorless,  bitter  juice,  with  entire,  exstipulate  leaves.  Flow- 
ers regular,  mostly  centrifugal  in  inflorescence  and  convolute  in  the  bud.  Calyx  per- 
ristent ;  corolla  withering,  its  lobes  alternate  with  the  stamens.  Ovary  free,  1 -celled 

with  2,  more  or  less  projecting  par- 
ietal placentae.  Fruit  a  2-valved, 
septicidal,  Go-seeded  capsule,  rare- 
ly baccate.  Seeds  with  a  minute, 
straight  embryo  in  the  axis  of 
fleshy  albumen. 

Genera  60,  species  450,  found  in  every 
part  of  tho  world. 

vw  /A\  Properties.— An  intensely  bitter  prin- 

tt  Z  I  1. 1)  \         ciple    called    gentianine   pervades  the 

whole  order  without  exception,  residing 
in  every  part,  rendering  them  tonic  and 
febrifugal.  The  gentian  of  the  shops  is 
most  commonly  the  product  of  Gen- 
tiana  hi  tea,  but  most  other  species,  and 
species  of  other  genera,  as  Limnanthe- 
iniiin,  Sabbatia,  Frasera,  &c.,  are  valued 
in  medicine  for  the  same  properties,  and 
may  be  used  in  its  stead.  Many  are 
cultivated  for  ornament. 

Fig.  664.  1,  Gentinna  Andrews?!. 
2,  The  calyx  and  capsule.  3,  The  cor- 
olla laid  open,  showing  the  folds  (2- 
lobed)  between  the  proper  petals,  and 
the  stamens  attached  at  base.  4,  Cap- 
sule cut  across.  5,  Seed  magnified,  with 
its  large,  loose  testa. 

TRIBES  AXD  GEXERA. 

II.  MENYANTHE.S. — C<*r.  valvate-induplicatc  in  tho  bud.     Leaves  alternate  or  radical,    (a) 

a  Petals  beardless  or  nearly  so.    -Leaves  simple,  Hoating LIMXANTIIEMUM.  9 

a  Petals  bearded  inside.    Leaves  trifoliate,  erect MENYANTHES.  8 

I.  GENTIANE/E. — Corolla  convolute  (in  No.  7,  imbricate)  in  the  bud.     Leaves  opposite,     (b) 

b  Sepals  only  2.    Corolla  4-parted,  tubular  cnmpanulate OBOLAKIA.  T 

b  Sepals  as  many  as  the  petals,  more  or  less  united,     (c) 

C  Corolla  lobes  furnished  each  with  a  spur  in  the  midst , HALENIA.  6 

C  Corolla  lobes  furnished  each  with  a  large  central  gland FEASEBA.  5 

C  Corolla  lobes  plain,  without  spurs  or  glands,    (d) 

d  Leaves  reduced  to  scales.     Corolla  deeply  4-parted BARTONIA.  4 

d  Leafy Corolla  tubular,  blue  or  white GENTIANA.  B 

—Corolla  tubular,  rose  or  pink ERYTHEMA.  2 

—Corolla  rotate,  rose  or  piak SABBATIA.  1 


ORDER  95.— GENTIAN  ACE^E.  583 

1.  SABBA^TIA,  Adams.  AMERICAN  CENTAURY.  (In  honor  of  Sab- 
bati,  a  distinguished  Italian  botanical  author.)  Calyx  5  to  12-parted; 
corolb  rotate,  limb  5  to  12-parted ;  stamens  5  to  12  ;  anthers  erect,  at 
length  recurved,  2-celled,  opening^by  chinks ;  style  2-parted,  slender, 
deciduous  ;  capsule  1-celled,  the  valves  a  little  introflexed. — ®  Slender 
herbs,  very  beautiful,  with  pedicellate,  mostly  roseate  fls.  All  N.  Amer- 
ican. 

§  Corolla  mostly  0  (rarely  7  to  12)-partecl,  rose-red.    LAPiTHEAjKrriseb Nos.  1,2 

§  Corolla  5  (rarely  6)-parted.     True  SABBATIA.     (a) 

a  Branches  alternate  or  forked. — Flowers  white  or  nearly  so Nos.  8,  4 

— Flowers  rose  red,  stayed Nos.  5,  6 

a  Branches  opposite. — Flowers  white,  corymbed Nos.  7,  8 

— Flowers  rose-red,  paniculate Nos.  9,  10 

1  S.  gentianoides  Ell.     St  strict,  terete,   subsimple ;  Ivs.  longer  than  the  inter- 
nol-x,  linear,  rigid,  erect,  floral  reflexed;  fls.  8  to  10-parted,  in  small,  terminal  and 
axillary  capitate  cymes ;  cal.  segm.  subulate,  shorter  than  the  obovate-spatulate, 
obtuse  petals. — Ponds  in  pine  barrens,  Ga.  to  La,   and  Tex.     Plant  1  to  2f  high. 
Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.     Fls.  very  handsome,  deep  rose-color,  16"  diam.     Aug.     (Lapi- 
thca,  Griseb.) 

2  B.  chloroides  Ph.     St  slender,  weak,  subterete ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  erect ;  branches 
few,  alternate,  \-Jlowered;  fls.  1  to  12-parted;  sep.  linear,  shorter  than  the  corolla. 
— Wet  grounds,  Mass.,  II.  I.  to  Ga.  and  Fla.    St.  2  to  3f  high,  somewhat  angular. 
Lvs.  1  to  \\'  long,  closely  sessile,    acute,  veinless.     Fls.  solitary,  terminal.     Cor. 
nearly  2'  diam.,  much  larger  than  the  calyx,  bright  purplo  with  a  yellow  base. 
Jn, 

3  S.  calycosa  Ph.     SL  erect,  terete,  fork-branched,  rather  rigid;  Ivs.   oblong,  3- 
veined,  obtuse ;  ils.  solitary,  5   to  G-parted ;  cal.   leafy  lance-oblong,  equaling  or  ex- 
ceeding the  corolla ;  pet.  oblaticeolate. — Fields  and  meadows,  Va.  to  Ga.  and  La. 
St  a  foot  high,  subangular,  with  spreading  branches.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  sessile, 
mostly  obtuse,  oval,  thin.     Fls.  on  long,  rigid  peduncles,  about  1'  diam.,  pink  col- 
ored.    Sep.  acute.     Fruit  as  large  as  a  pea.     Jn. — Sept. 

4  S.  paniculata  Ell.     St  terete,  or  slightly  angled  at  base ;  internodes  much  ex- 
ceeding the  leaves;    branches  alternate;  Ivs.  linear,  the  lower  oval  and  rarely 
roundish  ;  panicle  diffuse  but  its  branches  strict ;   cal.  segm.'  linear-setaceous,  2  or 
3  times  longer  than  its  tube,  twice  shorter  than  the  corolla ;  cor.  segm.  5,  obtuse. — 
Damp  pine  barrens,   South,  common.     Much  branched,   1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  4  to 
10"  long.     Fls.  white,  1'  diam.    Jl. — Oct. 

5  S.  grefccilis  Salisb.     St.  slightly  angular,  internodes  twice  longer  than  the  leaves ; 
branches  flaccid,  1 -flowered,  alternate,  spreading ;  Ivs.  linear  and  lance-linear,  the 
lowest  lance-ovate;  panicle  diffuse,  few-flowered;  cal.  segments  linear-setaceous, 
about  equaling  the  corolla ;  cor.  5-parted,  lobes  elliptic-oblong,   obtuse. — Marshes 
and  meadows,  Penn.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Very  slender,  1  to  2f  high,  with  long,  al- 
most fihfurm  branches.     Fls.  terminal,  gubsolitary,  14"  broad,  on  long  peduncles. 
JL,  Aug. 

C  S.  stellaris  Ph.  St.  somewhat  angular,  sparingly  fork-branched,  with  long, 
1 -flowered  branches;  Ivs.  lanceolate  and  obovate-lancsolate,  acute;  cal.  segm.  linear, 
varying  in  length  but  much  shorter  than  the  5-parted  corolla,  the  tube  top-shaped, 
very  short. — Marshes,  Can.  to  Car.  St.  3  to  15'  high,  often  diffusely  branched. 
Lvs.  about  1'  long,  the  upper  almost  linear.  Fls.  of  a  bright  rose-color,  with  a 
yellow  star  bordered  with  deep  red.  Jl. — Sept.  S.  gracilis  (Ell.),  which  it 
closely  resembles. 

7  S.  corymbosa  Baldwin.     St.  slightly  4-angled,  internodes  twice  longer  than 
the  leaves ;  branches  opposite ;  Ivs.  ovate.-lanceolate,  B-veintd,  acutish,  upper  ones 
lanceolate;  cyrne  fastigiate,  terminal;  cal  segm.  linear,  3  times  longer  Hian  its  tube, 
twice  shorter  than  the  corolla ;  cor.  5  to  6-parted,  white,  lobes  obovate-olong,  ob- 
tuse.— Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Ga.     St.  a  foot  high,  branching  near  the  summit. 
Lvs.  an  inch  in  length,  closely  sessile.    Fls.  few,  generally  6-merous,  white.     Jn., 
Jl.     (Chironia  lanceolata  Walt.) 

8  S.  macrophylla  Hook,    St.  terete,  glaucous;  internodes  twice  longer  than 


534  ORDER  95.— GENTIAN ACE^E. 

th?  leaves;  branches  opposite ;  Ivs.  ovate,  acuminate- cuspidate  ;  5-veined,  clasp- 
ing and  subconnate  at  base,  the  upper  lanceolate ;  panicle  fastigiate ;  cal.  segm. 
setaceous,  shorter  than  its  short  tube;  cor.  segm.  5,  elliptic. — In  La.  (Hale,  near 
Oovington).  St.  2f  high.  Lvs.  2'  long.  Fls.  smaller  than  any  here  noticed, 
about  7"  broad,  white.  * 

9  S.  angularis  Ph.    St.  quadrangular,  with  winged  angles  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  amplexicaul, 
5-veined;  panicle  corymbous;    ped.  elongated;  sep.  Jance-linear,  half  as  long  as 
the  corolla,  distinct   almost  to  the  base  ;    cor.  segments  obovate,  obtuse. — Wet  • 
meadows  and  prairies.  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ark.    Stem  10 — 18'  high,  much  branched, 
branches  opposite.     Waves  closely  embracing  the  stem,  1 — 2'  by  £ — !-£',  as  long 
as  the  internodes  or  often  shorter.     Flowers  numerous,  1£ — 1^'  diam.,  deep  rose- 
color,  the  star  in  the  center  greenish.     Jl.,  Aug.     (Chironia,  L.) 

10  S.  brachiata  Ell.      St.  slender,  subquadrangular,  internodes  2 — 4  times  longer 
than  the  kaves ;  branches  opposite,  suberect ;  Ivs.   linear  and  lance-linear,  lower 
ones  ovate,  all  acutish,  sessile ;  panick  oblong  ;  cal.  segments  linear,  twice  longer 
than  the  tube,  twice  shorter  than  the  corolla;  cor.  5 -parted,  segments  oblong- 
obovate,  obtuse,  light  purple. — Dry,  grassy,  prairies,  la.  abundant,  alsoTenn.  and 
Car.     Stem  a  foot  high,  few  or  many-flowered.    Leaves  9 — 12"  by  1 — 3".  Flow- 
ers 15"  diam.,  of  a  delicate  blush-purple,  the  star  in  the  center  yellow,  bordered 
with  green.     Jl.,  Aug.     (S.  concinna,  2d  Edit.) 

2.  ERYTHR/E'A,  Renealm.     (Gr.  epv6p6$,  red.)     Calyx  5,  rarely  4- 
parted,  angular ;  corolla  funnel-form,  twisted  and  withering  above  the 
capsule,  tube  cylindric,  limb  5 — 4-parted ;  sta.  5 — 4,  inserted  near  the 
top  of  the  tube  ;  anth.  cxserted,  spirally  twisted  ;  sty.  1 ;  stig.  bi lamellate 
or  capitate ;  caps.  2-valved,  1  or  partly  2-celled. — ®  St.  subangular. 
Lvs.  connate  at  base.     Fls.  cymous,  roseate,  white  or  yellow. 

1  B.  Muhlenbergii  Griseb.     St.  simple  below,  dichotomously  branched  above ; 
Ivs.  ovate-long,  obtusish ;  cymes  loose,  dichotomous ;    fls.  pedicellate ;  cor.  tube  a 
Itifle  longer  than  the  calyx,   segments  oblong-lanceolate,  acutish. — N.  Y.,  Penn. 
Very  rare.    St.  3  to  8'  high,  1  to  3  times  forked.    Lvs.  4  to  7"  by  1  to  3",  closely 
sessile.     Fls.  lateral  and  terminal-central,  the  pedicels  in  the  forks  near  \'  long, 
the  others  shorter.     Cor.  bright  purple,  tube  yellowish  green,  slender.     Jl. — Sept. 
(E.  pulchella  Hook.    Exacum  pulchella  Ph.  ?) 

2  E.  spicata  Pers.     St.  dichotomously  branched,  erect ;  Ivs.  clasping  and  slightly 
decurrent,  lower  ones  oval,  obtuse,  upper  lanceolate,  acute;  fls.  sessile,  mostly 
lateral  on  the  long  I/ranches ;  sep.  linear,  acute,  erect ;  cor.  tube  slender,  contracted 
at  the  neck,  lobes  spreading,   obtuse ;  anth.  linear-oblong,  finally  twisting  out- 
wards.— (1)   Coast  of  Maryland  (Pickering).      Sandy  margins  of  thfe  seashore, 
Nantucket  (Oakes).     "Whole  plant  very  smooth  and  intensely  bitter,  6  to  12'  high. 
Lvs.  1'  long,  fleshy,  pale  green.     Cor.  8"  long,  rose  or  nearly  white.     (E.  Picker- 
ingii  Oakes.)     §  Eur. 

3  E.  Centaurium  Pers.    Erect,  branched  above ;  Ivs.  oblong,  acutish  at  each  end ; 
fls.  subsessile  in  the  loosely  corymbed  cymes ;  cor.  tube  twice  longer  than  the  calyx, 
lobes  short,  oval,  obtuse,  erect-spreading. — Fields,  Oswego,  N.  Y.  and  Can.     St. 
5  to  10'  high.     Lvs.  1'  and  less  in  length,  half  as  wide,  3-veined.     Fls.  6"  long, 
rose-color,  its  yellow  anthers  exserted,  and  soon  twisted.     Aug.     §  Eur. 

3.  GENTIA'N  A  Tourn.     (To  Gcntius,  king  of  Illyria,  who  discovered 
the  tonic  virtues  of  this  genus.)     Calyx  5  to  4-parted  or  cleft ;  corolla 
inarescent,  tubular  at  base,  limb  4  to  5-parted,  segments  either  spread- 
ing, erect  or   convergent,  often   furnished  with    intermediate,  plicate 
appendages ;  stamens  5  to  4,  inserted  in  the  corolla  tube  ;  stigmas  2, 
revolute  or  erect;  styles  short  or  0;  capsule  2-valved,  1-celled,  many- 
seeded. — Herbs   of  various   habit.     Lvs.    opposite.     Fls.  terminal    or 
cymous. 

§  Corolla  destitute  of  folded  appendages — and  the  segments  entire TR os.  10,  1 

—and  the  segments  fringed Nos.  2,  3 

§  Corolla  with  folded,  often  toothed  appendages  between  tho  lobes,    (a) 


ORDER  95.— GENTIAN  ACE^B.  535 

a  Flowers  solitary,  terminal,  blue  or  white ,No.  4 

a  Flowers  clustered,— yellowish  or  cream-white Nos.  5,  6 

—blue,— never  opening;  the  folds  as  long  ;us  segments No.  7 

— opening ;  the  folds  shorter  than,  segments Nos.  8,  9 

1  O.  quinqueflora  L.     St.  4-angled,  branching;    Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,   acute, 
3-veiried ;  fls.  terminal  and  axillary,  about  in  5s,  pedicellate ;  cor.  tubular-campan- 
ulate,  with  5  lanceolate,  setaceously  acuminate  segments;  cal.  very  short,  segm. 
subulate-linear.    ©  Woods  and  pastures  Can.  and  U.  S.    Stem  a  foot  high,  smooth, 
generally   branched.     Leaves    3 — 5-veined,    half-clasping,   acute,    smooth.     Fl? 
small,  on  pedicels  half  an  inch  in,  length.     Corolla  pale  blue,  4  times  as  long  as 
the  sepals.     Sept.,  Oct. 

/?..  PARVIFLORA.     Cal.  enlarged,  lobes  foliaceous,  lance-linear,  half  as  long  as 
the  smallish  corolla. — This  variety  prevails  in  the  W.  States. 

2  G.  crinita  Frcelich.     BLUB  FRINGED  GENTIAN.     St.  terete,  erect ;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
acute ;  fls.  tetramerous ;  cor.  segm.  conspicuously  fringe-ciliate. — Not  uncommon 
in  cool,  low  grounds,  Can.  to  Car.     Stem  If  high,  round  and  smooth.     Branches 
long,  with  a  slight  curve  at  base,  becoming  erect  and  straight,  each  bearing  a 
single,  large,  erect  flower  at  the  leafless  top.     Leaves  broadest  at  base,  tapering 
to  the  apex,  1 — 2'  long  and  \  as  wide.     Calyx  square,  segm.  acuminate,  equaling 
the  tube  of  the  corolla.     Cor.  of  a  bright  bluish-purple,  the  segments  obovate, 
finely  fringed  at  the  margin.     Aug. — A  beautiful  and  interesting  plant. 

3  G.  detonsa  L.     St  nearly  strict,  simple  or  branched ;  Ivs.  linear  and  lance-linear, 
the  lowest  rosulate,  spatulate;  ped.  1 -flowered,  very  long,  subsolitary;  cal.  4  ( — 5)- 
cleft,  lobes  ovate  and  lanceolate,  nearly  equaling  the  corolla ;  cor.  lobes  roundish- 
obtuse,  ciliate  at  the  sides,  crenate  at  top,  erect-spreading;  stig.  distinct. — N.  Y., 
Wis.  (Lapham)  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.     A  fine  species,  with  large  blue  flowers. 
Stem  a  foot  high.     Leaves  1 — 2  J'  by  1 — 3",  tapering  to  an  acute  point.     Pedun- 
cles 4 — 7'  long,  each  with  a  single  large,  erect,  showy  flower.    Cor.  15 — 20"  long, 
obconic  or  bell-shaped,  blue. 

4  G.  angustifolia  MX.     St.  erect,  slender,  1-flowered ;  fls.  pedunculate ;  Ivs.  lin- 
ear obtuse,  smooth,  the  lower  ones  subcuneate ;  cor.  funnel-form,  narrow,  open, 
5-cleft,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  lobes  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  twice  as  long  as 
the  lacerate  folds. —  U  N.  J.  to  Fla.  in  sandy  fields.     Stem  a  foot  high.     Lvs.  1' 
long.     Flower  large,  sky-blue,  20"  long.     Calyx  deeply  cleft,  with  linear  segm. 
Sept.,  Oct. — A  variety  at  the  South  (Quincy,  Fla.,  Dr.  Danalson)  has  white  fls. 
18''  long. 

5  G.  ochroleilca  Froel.     Sts.  nearly  or  quite  smooth,  simple,  terete ;  fls.  sessile, 
clustered  at  summit,  rarely  in  one  or  two  of  the  upper  axils ;  Ivs.  oval-lanceolate, 
the  highest  lanceolate,  lowest  ob ovate-lanceolate,  all  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base, 
obscurely  3-nerved,  rather  acute ;  cal.  segm.  lance-linear,  a  third  longer  than  the 
tube,  nearly  as  long  as  the  greenish-white,  open  corolla. — Va.  to  Fla.  frequent.     Sts. 
about  If  high.     Lvs.  much  longer  than  the  internodes.     Cor.  2'  long,  with  green 
veins  and  purple  stripes,  lobes  ovate,  folds  very  short.     Sept.,  Oct. 

6  G.  alba  Muhl.    (Gray).     Very  smooth ;  st.  stout,  erect ;  fls.  densely  clustered 
at  the  summit,  solitary  in  one  or  two  axils ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  or.  lanceolate, 

-  half  clasping  at  the  broad  base,  gradually  acuminate,  3-veined ;  cal.  segm.  ovate, 
much  shorter  than  its  bell-shaped  tube,  4  times  shorter  than  the  cream-white  corolla. 
Woods  and  prairies,  Middle,  W.  and  S.  States.  St.  1  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  3  to  4'  by 
1'  to  18".  Cor.  30"  long,  the  ovate  lobes  much  longer  than  the  jagged  appendage* 
or  folds;  open  but  connivent  Jl. — Sept  (G.  ochroleuca  Griseb.  &c.) 

7  G.  Andre  wsii  Griseb.    CLOSED  BLUE  GENTIAN.    Lvs.  oval-lanceolate,  3-veined, 
acute;  fls.  in  whorled  heads,  sessile  cor.  ventricous,  clavate-campanulate,  closed 
at  top,  10-cleft,  the  inner  segments  plicate  and  fringed,  equaling  the  exterior;  cal 
segm.  ovate-oblong,  many  times  shorter  than  the  deep  blue  corolla, —  1$.  Brit.  Am. 
to  Car.     A  handsome  plant,  conspicuous  in  meadows  and  by  brook-sides.     Stem 
12 — to  18'  high,  simple,  erect,  smooth,  with  opposite,  smooth  leaves,  scabrous  on 
the  margin,  resembling  those  of  the  common  Soapwort.     Flowers  erect,  18"  long, 
subsessile,  inflated,  so  nearly  closed  at  the  top  as  to  be  easily  mistaken  for  buds ; 
and  the  young  botanist  waits  in  vain  to  see  them  expand.     Sept.,  Oct.     (G.  Sap* 
Cnaria,  2d.  edit,  &c.) 


533  ORDER  95.— GENTIAN  ACEyE. 

8  G.  Saponaria  L.     St.  ascending  or  erect,  smooth ;  fls.  clustered  at  the  summit 
and  often  in  the  axils ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate  to  lauce-obovate,  acutish,  rough- 
margined,  narrowed  to  the  subdasping  base;  cal.  segm.  lance-linear  or  spatulate, 
about  equaling  the  tube,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  cor.  bright  blue,  lobes  conni- 
vent,  ovate,  open,  twice  (more  or  less)  longer  than  the  cleft  folds. — Va.  to  Ga.  and 
La.     St.  8  to  18'  high,  slender  or  rather  stout.     Lvs.  1  to  2  to  3'  long.     Cor.  18" 
to  2'  long.     Cal.  segm.  varying  from  lance-linear  to  lance-obovate !     Aug.,  Sept 

(3.  LINEARIS.  St.  slender,  ascending ;  Ivs.  linear  and  lance-linear,  rigid ;  cal. 
segm.  mostly  linear ;  cor.  folds  very  short— Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.  A  common 
form,  so  peculiar  that  we  might  as  well  perhaps  regard  it  as  a  species.  (G. 
Pneumonanthe  MX.) 

9  G.  puberula  MX.     St.  erect  or  ascending,  slender,  roujh,  scarcely  picberulent; 
fls.  clustered,  rarely  solitary ;  Ivs.  ovate  and  ovate-lanceolate,  half-clasping,  very 
rough-edged,  acute,  short  but  longer  than  the  internodes ;    cal.  segm.  lanceolate, 
about  as  long  as  its  tube,  half  as  long  as  the  subcampanidate,  bright  blue  corolla  ; 
cor.  subfunnel-form,  lobes  acute,  thrice  longer  than  the  cleft  folds. — W.  and  S. 
States.     Plant  10  to  18'  high,  very  leafy  and  scabrous.     Lvs.  97  to  20"  long. 
Fls.  15"  long.     It  varies  with  leaves  linear-lanceolato  and  less  rough.     (G.  Cates- 
bcei  E1L) 

4.  BARTO'KIA,    Muhl.     (Centaurella   MX.)      SCREWSTEM.     (Dedi- 
cated in  1801,  by  Dr.  Muhlcnburg,  to  Bcnj.  F.  Barton,  Prof,   of  Bot- 
any, Philadelphia.)     Flowers  4-mcrous  ;  sepals  appressed  ;  corolla  sub- 
campanulate ;  petals  slightly  united,  nearly  erect ;  stigma  thick,  gland- 
ulous,  somewhat  bifid  ;  capsule  1 -celled,  2-valved,  invested  by  the  per- 
manent calyx  and  corolla;  seeds  very  numerous  and  minute. —  "U  N. 
American,  slender,  erect  herbs,  with  scale-like  Ivs.  and  small  white  fls. 

1  B.  verna  Muhl.     St.  short,  simple ;  ped.  \-flowered,  the  lower  much  longer,  often 
alternate ;  cor.  segm.  spatulate,  obtuse,   thrice  longer  than  the  calyx ;  ova.  conical, 
tipped  with  the  distinct  style.     Bogs,  Va.   to  Ga.     Sts.  3  to  5'  high,  clustered. 
Scales  1"  long,  as  in  the  other,  the  fls.  white,  3"  long.     March. 

2  B.  tenella  Muhl.     St.  branching  above,  branches  subdivided;  Ivs.  subulate, 
minute;  pan.  erect,  many -flower  ed ;  pedicels  subequal',  sep.  distinct,  a  third  shorter 
than  the  corolla;  ova.  ovate,  sty.  almost  0. — A  slender  and  nearly  naked  plant,  5 
to  8'  high,  of  a  yellowish-green  color,  in  wet  grounds,  Mass,  to  Ga.     St.  square, 
often  twisted,  with  very  minute,  bract-like  leaves,  which  are  mostly  opposite. 
Ped.  simple  or  branched.     Pedicels  bracteato  at  base,  2  to  3"  to  5"  in  length. 
Cal.  segm.  linear-lanceolate,  acuto.     Cor.  white,  small,  1£"  long.     Aug. 

(3.  BUACHIATA.  Branches  and  pedicels  elongated,  decurved,  i.  e.,  outwards  and 
upwards,  and  often  alternate ;  cor.  more  open,  lobes  very  acute,  twice  longer 
than  the  calyx. — Southward  (B.  Moseri  Steud.). 

5.  FRAVSERA,    Walt.      COLUMBO.     (In  honor  of  John  Fraser,   an 
American  cultivator  of  exotics.)     Flowers  mostly  tetramerous ;    petals 
united  at- base,  oval,  spreading,  deciduous,  each  with  1  or  2  bearded,  or- 
bicular glands  in  the  middle  ;  style   1  ;  stigmas    2,   distinct ;    capsule 
compressed,   1-celled  ;  seeds   few,  imbricate,  large,  elliptic,  margined. 
—  2£  Showy  and  tall,  with  opposite  or  verticillato  leaves. 

F.  Carolinensis  Walt.  St.  tall,  erect,  glabrous,  branched  above ;  tvs.  oblong, 
lanceolate,  acutish,  sessile,  feather- veined,  entire  or  wavy ;  panicle  compound, 
pyramidal,  leafy,  verticillate ;  cal.  segments  acute,  shorter  than  the  oblong,  obtus- 

.  ish  petals ;  gland  solitary,  oval-orbicular. — Moist  woods,  Western  N.  Y.,  Wis.  and 
S.  Car.  Stem  dark  purple,  4—7 — 9f!  high,  perfectly  straight,  1 — 2'  thick  at 
base.  Leaves  smooth,  subcarnous,  3 — 12'  by  1 — 3',  in  whorls  of  4 — 6,  rarely 
opposite.  Petals  greenish,  with  blue  dots  and  a  largo  purple  gland  near  the  base. 
June,  July. — Highly  valued  as  a  tonic. 

6.  HALEVNIA,   Borkh.     FELWORT.    (Derivation  unknown.)    Flowers 
tetramerous ;  corolla  short-campanulate,   petals   spurred  at  base,  with 


ORDER  95.— GENTIANACE^E.  .  587 

glands  at  the  base  of  the  spur  within ;  stigmas  2,  terminating  the 

acuminate  ovary ;  capsule  1-celled ;  seeds  indefinite,  obtuse,  fixed  to 

the  sutures  of  the  valves. — Erect,  branching. 

H.  defleaa.  Griseb.  St.  erect,  leafy;  Ivs.  3  to  5-veined,  radical  ones  oblong-spatu- 
late,  tapering  into  a  petiole,  cauliue  ones  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  sessile ;  spurs 
cyliudrie,  obtuse,  deflexed,  half  as  long  as  the  corolla. — ®  Swamps,  Can.,  Ban- 
gor,  Maine  (Miss  Towle),  N.  Y.,  and  Wis.,  rare.  Stem  about  18'  high,  obtusely 
4-angled,  smooth,  with  few  branches  above.  Leaves  1| — 2'  long,  •£  as  wide. 
Flowers  greenish-yellow,  in  terminal  fascicles.  Corolla  persistent,  with  4  spread- 
ing horns  or  spurs  descending  between  the  sepals.  Aug.  (Swertia  MX.) 

7.  OBOLA'RIA,  L.     PENNYWORT.     (Gr.  o/3oA6c,  a  small  coin ;  from 
the  form  of  the  leaves.)      Calyx  of  2   cuneate-oblong  sepals  or  bracts  ; 
corolla  tubular-campanulate,   marescent,  4-cleft,  lobes  entire  or  crenu- 
late ;  stamens  inserted  on  the  corolla  at  the  clefts  ;  stigma  subcapitate, 
bifid;  capsule   1-celled,  2-valved  ;  seeds  oo,  very  minute. — 2£  Lvs.  op- 
posite.    Fls.  axillary  and  terminal,  sessile,  with  leaf-like  sepals. 

O.  Virgfnica  L.  Penn.  to  Car.,  "W.  to  Ky.,  in  woods.  Stem  4 — 8'  high,  often  in 
clusters,  subsimple  or  with  a  few  opposite  branches  above.  Leaves  cuneate-obo- 
vate  or  roundish-rhomboidal,  sessile  and  decurrent  at  base,  fleshy,  obtuse  or  trun- 
cate at  apex,  lower  ones  small  and  remote,  upper  crowded,  glaucous-purple,  sepals 
or  bracts  similar.  Corolla  pale  purple  or  whitish,  longer  than  the  stamens.  Cap- 
sule ovoid,  obtuse,  surrounded  by  the  withered  corolla.  Apr.,  May. 

8.  MENYANTHES,  Tourn.   BUCK  BEAN.    (Gr.  \ii\v,  a  month,  avdog ; 
reputed  an  emmenagogue.)     Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla  rotate  or  funnel- 
form,  limb  spreading,  5-lobed,  villous  within,  without  glands  at  the  base; 
stamens  5;  style  1 ;  stigma  bifid;  capsule   1-celled. — Bitter  herbs,  ac- 
tively medicinal.     Lvs.  trifoliate. 

M.  txifoliata  L.  Grows  in  swamps,  margins  of  ponds,  etc.,  N.  Am.  N.  of  latr 
tude  38°.  This  fine  plant  arises  from  large,  black  roots  descending  deep  into  tho 
boggy  earth.  Stem  8 — 12'  high,  round.  Leaves  on  long,  round  footstalks  sti- 
puled  at  base.  Leaflets  obovate.  Peduncle  long,  naked,  terminal,  bearing  a  pyra- 
midal raceme  of  flesh-colored  flowers.  Pedicels  thick,  bracteate  at  base.  Sepals 
obtuse,  about  a  third  as  long  as  the  corolla.  Petals  acute,  about  as  long  as  the 
stamens,  remarkably  and  beautifully  distinguished  by  the  soft,  fringe- like  hairs  at 
the  base  and  in  the  throat  of  the  tube.  May. 

9.  LIMNANTHEMUM,  Gmcl.     FLOATING  HEART.      (Gr.  A/pw/,  a 
lake  or  pool,  avOspov,  a  flower ;  from  its  aquatic  abode.)    Calyx  5-parted  ; 
corolla  5-parted,  rotate,  segm.  furnished  with  a  glandular  scale  at  base, 
often  bristly  ;  stamens  5  ;  style  short  or  none ;  stigma  2-lobed  ;  capsule 
many-seeded,  1-celled,  opening  by  decay. —  2£   Curious  aquatics,  gener- 
ally in  stagnant  water.     Petioles  long,  bearing  the  flowers  in  an  um- 
bellate cyme  below  the  roundish  leaf,  and  oblong  or  cylindric  tubers 
capable  of  producing  new  plants.     (Villarsia  Vent.) 

1  L.  lacunosum  Griseb.     Lvs.  small  (1  to  2'  diam.),  orbicular,  cordate,  entire 
smooth  above,  pitted  and  rugous  beneath ;  cor.  segm.  twice  as  long  as  calyx,  broad- 
obovate,  smooth,  gland  at  base,  subsessile,  hairy ;  caps,  ovoid,  little  longer  than  the 
calyx ;  seeds  not  muricate,  shining.— In  shallow  waters,  Me.,  Mass.,  N.  Y.  to  Car. 
Petioles  1  to  3f  long.     Leaf  1  to-  2'  diam.,  lobes  diverging  and  somewhat  angled, 
upper  surface  green,  lower  purplish.     Umbel  half  an  inch  below  the  blade,  sub. 
mersed  pendulous,   the  fls.  one  by  one  rising  above  the  water  as  they  expand. 
Cor.  7  to  8"  broad,  white,  tube  and  glands  yellow.     Jl.    (Y.  cordata  ELL     V. 
lacunosa  Vent.) 

2  L.  trachyspermum  Gray.     Lvs.  reniform,  oval  or  orbicular,  somewhat  peltate, 
coriaceous,   obscurely  crcnate,   smooth  above,  spongy  and  pitted  beneath ;  cor. 


588  ORDER  96.— APOCYNACE^E. 

segm.  oblong,  thrice  as  long  as  calyx,  gland  at  base  hairy,  stipitate ;  capa.  ovoid, 
twice  longer  than  the  calyx ;  sty.  very  short ;  seeds  lens-shaped,  shining,  border 
mttricate  with  sharp  tubercles. — Ponds,  S.  States,  Savannah  (Feay),  N.  Orleans 
(Hale).  Petioles  2  to  8f  long,  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water.  Lvs.  2£  to  4' 
by  3  to  5',  purplish,  variegated  beneath.  Fls.  white,  with  yellow  center,  10" 
broad.  Seeds  straw-color.  Jn.  (Menyanthes  trachyspermum  MX.) 

ORDER   XCVI.     APOCYNACE^E.     DOG-BANES. 

Plant  with  an  acrid,  milky  juice,  entire,  exstipulate,  mostly  opposite  leaves. 
Flowers  5-parted,  regular,  the  calyx  persistent,  the  corolla  twisted  in  activation. 
Stamens  5,  with  distinct  filaments,  anthers  filled  with  granular  pollen.  Ovaries  2, 
distinct,  but  their  stigmas  blended  into  a  head-shaped  mass.  Fruit  1  to  2  follicles, 
or  capsular  or  baccate,  with  albuminous  seeds. 

Genera  90,  species  TOO,  chiefly  tropical. 

Properties  — These  plants  possess  active  and  often  suspicious  qualities  residing-  in  the  -white 
jnice  with  which  the  order  is  pervaded,  and  in  the  seeds  which  are  often  deadly~poisons.  Tho 
alkaloid  strychnine  or  strychnia,  one  of  the  most  violent  poisons  is  the  active  principle  of  tho 
seeds  of  the  Strychnoij  Nux-vomica  of  India.  It  is  sometimes  administered  as  a  medicine,  but 
with  doubtful  success.  S.  Tieuteof  Java  is  one  kind  of  Upas.  CerberaTanghin,  a  tree  of  Madagas- 
car, is  powerfully  poisonous,  a  single  seed  being  sufficient  to  destroy  twenty  persons.  The  Apo- 
cyneae  are  emetic,  and  becoming  highly  valued  in  hydrocephtilus,  etc.  The  juice  contains  caout- 
chouc in  small  quantities,  but  in  Sumatra  this  is  obtained  largely  from  the  juice  of  Urceola 
elastica. 

GENERA. 

a  Herbs  erect,  with  bell-shaped,  whitish  corollas  and  silky  seeds APOCTNKTM.  1 

a  Herbs  erect,  with  funnel-form,  blue  corolla  and  naked  seeds AMSONIA.  2 

a  Herbs  twining,  with  funnel-form,  yellow  corolla  and  silky  seeds .FOUSTEKONIA.  8 

b  Shrubs  (cultivated)  with  the  corolla  throat  5-angled,  crownless VINCA.  4 

b  Shrubs  (cultivated)  -with  the  corolla  throat  crowned  with  5  ligules NERIUM.  5 

\.  APOC'YNUM,  Tourn.  DOG'S-BANE.  (Gr.  and,  away,  KVW,  dog  > 
Pliny  says  this  plant  is  fatal  to  dogs.)  Calyx  very  small ;  corolla  cam' 
panulate,  lobes  short ;  stamens  included  ;  filaments  short,  arising  from 
the  base  of  the  corolla,  and  alternate  with  5  glandular  teeth  ;  anthers 
sagittate,  connivent,  cohering  to  the  stigma  by  the  middle ;  ova.  2  ; 
stigmas  connate  ;  follicles  long,  sublinear,  distinct. — Herbs,  suffrutes- 
cent,  erect,  with  opposite,  entire,  mucronate  Ivs.  Cymes  terminal  and 
axillary.  Pedicels  not  longer  than  the  pale  flowers. 

1  A.  androsaemifolium  L.  DOG'S-BANE.  Smooth ;  Ivs.  ovate ;  cymes  lateral 
and  terminal ;  limb  of  cor.  spreading,  the  tube  longer  than  the  calyx. — A  smooth, 
elegant  plant,  3f  high,  in  hedges  and  borders  of  fields.  Stem  reddened  by  tho 
sun,  erect,  branching  above.  Leaves  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath,  opposite, 
rounded  at  base  and  acute  at  apex,  2 — 3'  long  and  f  as  wide,  on  petioles  £'  long. 
Cymes  paniculate,  at  the  top  of  the  branches  and  in  tho  axils  of  the  upper  leaves. 
Pedicels  £'  long.  Cal.  much  shorter  than  tho  corolla.  Cor.  as  long  as  the  pedi- 
cels, bell-shaped,  white,  striped  with  red,  with  5,  acute,  spreading  segments. 
Follicles  3  to  4'  long.  Jn.,  Jl. — Medicinal. 

p.  iNCANUii.     Lvs.  hoary-pubescent  beneath. 

A.  cannabinum  L.     Smooth  ;  Ivs.  oblong,  varying  from  oval  to  lance-oblong,  mu- 
cronate, short  petiolate ;  cal.  lobes  lanceolate,  about  equaling  the  corolla  tube  ;  cor. 
lobes  erect. — In  shady  soils,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ark.     Plant  widely  branched,  2  to  4f 
high.     Lvs.  smaller  and  thicker  than  in  No.  1,  2  to  4'  long,  6  to  16"  wide,  usu- 
ally rounded  at  base  and  acute  at  apex,  often  obtuse  or  acute  at  both  ends,  the 
petioles  1  to  3"  long.     Fls.  in  dense,  upright  cymes,  and  not  as  large  as  in  No.  1. 
Cor.  white,  with  erect  segments,  hardly  2"  long.     Follicles  3'  long.     Jn. — Aug. 
/?.  PUBESCENS.     Lvs.  beneath  and  cymes  pubescent.     (A.  pubescens  K.  Br.) 
y.  IIYPERICIFOLIUM.     Lvs.  narrowly  oblong,  subsessile,  smooth ;  ova.  inclining 
to  ovate-oblong;    cymes  generally  longer  than  tho  leaves.    (A.  hyperici- 
folia  Ait.) 


ORDER  96.— APOCYNACEJB.  589 

2.  AMSONIA,  Walt.     (To  Charles  Amson,  of  S.  Carolina?)     Calyx 
6-cleft,  segments  acuminate  ;   cor.   5-cleft,  tube  narrowly  funnel-form, 
bearded  inside,  hispid  at  throat,  segments  linear  convolute  in  bud ; 
stamens  5;  style  1;  ovaries  2,  connate  at  base;  follicles  2,  erect,  slen- 
der, fusiform ;  seeds  in  one  row,  cylindric.  truncate  at  each  end,  naked. 
— Lvs.  alternate,  entire,  subsessile.     Cymes  terminal,  corymbous.     Fls. 
blue. 

1  A.  Tabernaemontana  "Walt.     Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminato,  acute  at  base, 
briefly  petiolate,  puberulent  beneath ;  margin  slightly  revolute ;  sep.  glabrous, 
lanceolate,  acuminate ;  cor.  woolly  outside  near  the  top  of  the  tube. — A  plant  of 
singular  appearance,  in  prairies  and  damp  grounds,  W.  and  S.  States.     Stem 
torete,  smoothish,  2f  high,  branched  above.     Leaves  numerous,  3 — 4'  by  1 — !£', 
conspicuously  veined  beneath.     Flowers  pale  or  livid  blue,  in  several  terminal, 
cymous  clusters.     Corolla  8"  diam.,  very  hairy  at  top  of  tube.     Follicles  in  pairs, 
2 — 3'  long,  about  6-seeded.     May,  June.     (A.  latifolia  MX.) 

2  A.  salicifolia  Ph.     Yery  glabrous  and  lance-elliptic,  acuminate  at  each  end-, 
conspicuously  petiolate ;  col.  segm.  triangular  acute ;  cor.  tube  glabrous  outside  or 
more  or  less  woolly. — In  damp  soils,  Tenn.,  Car.  to  S.  Ga.  and  borders  of  Fla. 
Plant  12  to  18'  high.     Lvs.  but  half  as  large  as  in  No.  1,  2  to  3'  by  6  to  9". 
Cymes  terminal,  short-stalked.     Cor.  blue,  formed  as  in  the  other  species.     May, 
Jn. — Varies  with  the  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent  when  young,  and  the  cor, 
.tube  woolly.     Always  more  delicate  than  No.  1. 

3  A.  ciliata  Walt.     Lvs.  approximate  or  crowded,  lance-linear  and  linear,  often 
very  narrow,  margins  ciliate;  st.  pubescent,  leafless  above;  clusters  corymbous, 
at  length  paniculately  branched ;  cor.  glabrous  outside. — Sandy  soils,  dry  and  moist, 
Car.  and  Ga.,  common.     Sts.  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.   18"  to  2'  long,  1  to  3"  wide, 
sometimes  much  narrower  than  1",  almost  filiform.     Fls.  light  blue,  as  in  the 
other  species,  6"  long.     /?.  FILIFOLIA,   growing  on  sandy  hills,  has  tho  long  pe- 
dunculftte  inflorescence  paniculate.     Apr.,  May.     (A.  angustifolia  MX.) 

3.  FORSTEROVNIA,  Meyer.     (Dedicated  to  T.  F.  Forstcr,  an  English 
botanist.)     Calyx  segments  5,  ovate  ;  corolla  funnel-form,  not  appen- 
da^ed,  deeply  5-cleft,  lobes   convolute   (to  the  left)  in  bud ;  anthers 
sagittate,  adherent  to  the  stigma,  the  membranous  tip  inflexed ;  stigma 
2-lobed  at  apex,  5-angled  in  the  middle  ;  follicles  2,  distinct,  spreading, 
glabrous ;  seeds  many,  comous. — Twining  shrubs,  with  opposite,  petio- 
late Ivs.  and  cymes  of  small  fls. 

F.  difformis  DC.  Branches  smooth ;  Ivs.  oval  and  lance-oval,  abruptly  acuminate, 
acute  at  base,  thin,  glabrous  above,  puberulent  beneath  when  young;  cymes  pe- 
dunculate, axillary  and  terminal,  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  cal.  segm.  long  acumi- 
nate from  an  ovate  base. — Damp  or  swampy  grounds,  Va.  to  Fla.,  climbing  over 
shrubs.  Lvs.  varying  from  elliptical  to  nearly  orbicular,  1  to  2'  broad.  Cor.  3 
to  4"  long,  pale  yellow.  Stam.  included.  May — Aug. 

4.  VIN'CA,  L.     PERIWINKLE.     (Lat.   mnculum,  a  band;  from  the 
long,  twining  branches.)     Calyx  5-parted,  segments  acuminate ;  corolla 
funnel  or  salver-form,  convolute,  border  5-cleft,  with  the  lobes  oblique, 
orifice  5-angled;  2  glands  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  follicles  2,  erect, 
fusiform  ;  seeds  oblong. — Trailing  shrubs.     Lvs.   opposite,   evergreen. 
Juice  slightly  milky. 

1  V.  minor  L.     Sts.  procumbent ;  Ivs.  elliptic-lanceolate,  smooth  at  the  mar- 
gins ;  fls.  pedunculate ;    seps.  lanceolate. — A  handsome  evergreen,  flowering  in 
May.    Sts.  several  feet  in  length,  round,  smooth  and  leafy.     Leaves  opposite, 
smooth  and  shining,  about  an  inch  long.     Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  alternate, 
violet,  varying  to  purple  or  even  white,  inodorous.       f  Eur. 

2  V.  .major  L.     Sts.  nearly  erect;  Ivs.  ovate,  ciliate;  fls.  pedunculate;  sep. 


590 


ORDER  97.— ASCLEPIADACE^E. 


setaceous,  elongated. — Shrub  with  numerous,  slender,  straggling  branches,  very 
leafy,  forming  light  masses  of  evergreen  foliage,  flourishing  best  beneath  the  shade 
of  other  plants.  Leaves  2  to  3'  in  length,  shining,  rounded  or  somewhat  cordate 
at  base.  Flowers  blue,  appearing  in  May  and  June,  f  Eur. 

5.  NE'RIUM,  L.  OLEANDER.  (Gr.  1'^pof,  damp;  referring  to  the 
locality  of  the  plants.)  Calyx  with  5  teeth  at  the  base  outside  of  the 
corolla;  corolla  liypocrateriform,  segments  contorted,  orifice  with  a 
corona  consisting  of  5,  laciniate  leaflets  ;  filaments  inserted  into  the 
middle  of  the  tube ;  anthers  sagittate,  adhering  to  the  stigma  by  the 
middle. — Oriental  shrubs.  Lvs.  evergreen,  opposite  or  ternate. 

N.  Olednder  L.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end  ;  corona  segm.  of  3  to 
4  lance-acuminate  teeth. — In  the  greenhouse  and  shrubberies.  St.  regularly 
branched.  Lvs.  commonly  3  together,  on  short  stalks,  smooth,  very  entire,  cori- 
aceous, with  prominent,  transverse  veins  beneath.  Fls.  terminal,  corymbcus, 
large  and  beautiful  rose-colored.  One  variety  has  white  flowers,  another  varie- 
gated, and  a  third  double.  This  splendid  shrub  is  common  in  Palestine  (Rev.  S. 
Hebard),  growing  by  rivulets,  &c.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  plant  to  which  the 
Psalmist  alludes,  Ps.  i.  3,  and  xxxvii.  35. 


ORDER  XCVII.     ASCLEPIADACKE.     ASCLEPIADS. 


Plants  (chiefly  herbs  in  the  United  States)  with  a  milky  juice,  often  twining. 

Leaves  opposite  (rarely  whorled  or  scattered), 
without  stipules,  entire.  Flowers  generally 
umbellate,  5-parted,  regular,  the  sepals  and 
also  the  petals  united  at  base,  both  valvato 
in  aestivation.  Stamens  united,  adherent 
to  and  covering  the  fleshy  mass  of  the  two 
united  stigmas.  Pollen  cohering  in  masses. 
Ovaries  2,  forming  follicles  in  fruit.  « 

Genera.  141,  species  910,  chiefly  natives  of  tropi- 
cal regions,  and  especially  abundant  in  S.  Africa, 
8.  India  and  New  Holland,  but  are  not  uncommon 
in  temperate  regions. 

Properties. — Similar  to  those  of  the  Apoeyna- 
cea;  but  far  less  active.  The  juice  is  acrid  and 
generally  to  be,  at  least,  suspected.  A  few  of  the 
species  arc  medicinal,  but  none  of  much  conse- 
quence. 

FIG.  670. — 1.  Asclepias  cormiti.  2.  A  flower,  tho 

rtals  and  sepals  reflexed,  and  the  corona  erect. 
One  of  the  segments  of  the  corona  with  tho 
horn  bent  inwardly.  4.  A  pair  of  pollen  masses 
suspended  from  the  glands.  5.  A  mature  follicle. 
6.  Vertical  section  of  P.  phytolacoides  showing 
the  2  ovaries.  7.  Lobe  and  horn  of  the  corona. 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 
1    ^ERIPLOCE^E.     Filaments  distinct.     Pollinia  single  (not  in  pairs),  granular.  (*) 

*  Anthers  bearded  on  the  back.    Pollinia5.     Stem  twining PERIPLOCA.  1 

JU  ASCLEPIADE^E.    Filaments  connate.     Pollinia  10,  in  pairs,  pendulous,  vertical,  (a) 

a  Hoods  each  sheathing  a  little  horn.     Petals  reflexed ASCLEPIAS.  2 

i  Hoods  of  the  crown  destitute  of  a  horn,  (b) 

b  Petals  reflexed.     Hoods  erect,  adnate  to  tho  anthers ACERATKS.  3 

b  Petals  expanding.     Hoods  ascending,  free  from  anthers ANANTHEKIX.  4 

b  Petals  erect.— Plant  erect.     Anther  head  pedicellate PODOSTIGM.V.  5 

—Plants  twining.     Crown  fleshy  rctuse SENTEEA.  6 

—Plant  twining.    Crown  thin,  2-awncd EXSLE.J«A.  T 


ORDER  97.— ASCLEPIADACE^E.  5&1 

III.  GONOLOBE^E.     Filaments  connate,     Pollinia  10,  in  pairs,  horizontal,  (c) 

C  Corolla  wheel-shaped.     Plants  twining,  with  cordate  leaves GOKOLOBUS.     S 

IV.  ST-tPELlE^E.     Filaments  connate.     Pollinia  10,  ascending  or  erect,  (d) 

d  Crown  simple,  of  5  fleshy  segments.    Twining.     Cultivated HOYA.     9 

d  Crown  double,  an  outer  and  an  inner.     Not  twining.    Cultivated STAPELIA.  10 

1.  PERIP'LOCA,   L.     (Gr.  Kept,  around,  Tr/to/co^,  a  binding  or  twin- 
ing ;  from  the  habit  of  the  plant.)     Calyx  minute ;  corolla  rotate,  flat, 
5-parted,  orifice  surrounded  by  a  5-cleft,  urceolate  corona,  terminating 
in  5  filiform  awns ;  filaments  distinct,  anthers  cohering,  bearded  on  the 
back;  pollinia  solitary,  4-lobed;  follicles  2,  smooth,  divaricate;  seeds 
comous. — Twining  shrubs.     Fls.  in  umbels  or  cymes. 

P.  Grseca  L.  Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate ;  corymbs  axillary ;  cor.  villous  -within. — A 
climbing  shrub,  10 — 15f  long,  sparingly  naturalized  in  Western  N.  Y.,  also  culti- 
vated in  gardens.  Leaves  opposite,  3 — 4'  long,  ^  as  wide,  and  on  petioles  ^'  long. 
Flowers  in  long,  branching,  axillary  peduncles.  Sepals  minute,  lanceolate,  acute. 
Petals  very  hairy  within,  linear,  obtuse,  dark  purple.  Follicles  about  2'  long. 
Aug.  §  S.  Eur. 

2.  ASCLE'PIAS,  L.     MILK  WEED.     (From  Esculapius,  the  fabulous 
god  of  medicine  and  physicians.)    Calyx  deeply  5-parted ;  corolla  deeply 
5-parted,  valvate   in  aestivation,  finally  reflexed;  staminal   corona   5- 
leavcd,  leaflets   cucullate,  with   an  averted  horn-like  process  from  the 
base  curved  towards  the  stigma ;  antheridium  (connate  mass  of  anthers) 
5 -angled,  truncate,  opening  by  5  longitudinal  fissures  ;  pollinia  (masses 
of  pollen)  5  distinct  pairs  fixed  by  the  attenuated  apex  to  a  cleft  gland, 
pendulous  ;  follicles  2,  ventricous;  seeds  comous.- — 2£  Mostly  N.  Ameri- 
can, with  opposite,  verticillate,  rarely  alternate  Ivs.     Umbels  between 
the  petioles. 

§  Leaves  linear,  long  and  narrow  (lance-linear  in  the  cultivated  No.  19).  (*) 

*  Leaves  all  opposite,  or  rarely  the  highest  alternate Nos.  17 — 19 

*  Leaves  mostly  scattered  or  verticillate Nos.  15,  II? 

§  Leaves  broader,  ovate,  lanceolate,  &c.      Plants  all  native.  (2) 

2  Stems  dividing  above  into  branches,  corymbed  or  paniclecl Nos.  13, 14 

2  Stems  simple. — Leaves  sessile,  cordate-clasping  at  base Nos.  11, 12 

2  Stems  simple. — Leaves  petiolate,  the  petioles  often  quito  short.  (3) 

3  Flowers  (small)  with  a  white  crown  and  purplish-white  corolla Nos.  S — 10 

3  Flowers  with  a  white  crown  and  greenish-white  corolla Nos.  5 — 1 

3  Flowers  (large)  with  both  crown  and  corolla  purple-tinged.  (4) 

4  Follicles  smoothish  (as  are  all  the  foregoing) Xos.  3,  4 

4  Follicles  sprinkled  with  soft  warty  spines Nos.  1,  2 

1  A.  corniiti  Decaisne.    Simple,  stout ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  short-acuminate,  short- 
petiolate,  downy  beneath ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  leaves,  densely  many-flow- 
ered ;  ccr.  lobes  ovate  reflexed,  4  times  shorter  than  the  pedicils ;  hoods  of  the 
crown  ovate,  obtuse,  not  longer  than  the  uncinato  horn. — A  common,  very  milky 
herb,  3  to  4f  high,  in  hedges  and  road-sides.    .Lvs.  5  to  8'  by  2  to  3';  veinlets, 
as  in  most  species,  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  midvcin.     Pcd.  stout,  between 
the  petioles,  bearing  a  globular  umbel  of  a  hundred  greenish  purplo  flowers,  few 
of  which  prove  fruitful.     Pods  full  of  seeds  with  their  long  silk.     Jl. 

2  A.  Sullivantii  Engel.     Tall,  very  smooth;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  erect,  cordate,  on 
very  short  petioles ;  hoods  of  the  crown  obovale,  obtuso  and  entire  at  apex,  obtusely 
auriculato  without  on  each  side  at 'base;  horns  slender  but  obtuso ;  follicles  with 
scattered,  warty  spines. — Near  Columbus,  Ohio  ("  Sullivant."   Mr.  A.  II.  "Watson). 
Said  to  resemble  A.  cornuti  in  foliage  and  fruit,  but  remarkably  different  in  its 
crown.     Petals  4  to  5"  long,  greenish  purple.     Hoods  twice  as  long  as  the  an- 
thers.    Jl. 

3  A.  purpurascens  L.     St.  ^raple,  erect,  puberulent;  Ivs.  elliptical,  ovate-dlip' 
tical  or  ovate,  mucronate,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  petiole,  smooth  above, 
tomentous-pubescent  and  paler  beneath;  ped.  terminal,  shorter  than  the  leaves; 
hoods  oblong  or  lance-ovate,  obtuse,  horns  falcate,  acute,  abruptly^  lent  to  hori- 
zontal.— In  hedges  and  thickets,  N".  II.,  Mass,  to  Wis,  and  Ky.     St.  3f  or  more 


592  ORDER  97.— ASCLEPIADACE^E. 

high,  simplo  or  slightly  branched  at  top.  Lvs.  with  tho  midvein  purple.  Cat 
small,  green.  Cor.  dark  purple,  with  reflexed  segments.  Crown  purple,  twice  as 
long  as  the  antheridium,  the  points  of  its  horns  lying  close  upon  it.  Jl. 

4  A.  rubra  L.     St.  simple,  erect;  Ivs.  ovate-acuminate,  very  acute,  subcordats  cr 
rounded  at  base,  on  very  short  petioles,  glabrous ;  umbels  on  long,  mostly  terminal 
peduncles ;  few-flowered;  hoods  of  the  crown-  acute,  rather  longer  than  the  suberect 
horn. — A  small  and  elegant  species  in  Penn.,  N.  J.,  and  Car.,  not  common.     St. 
1  to  2f  high,  with  a  pubescent  line  on  one  side.    Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  1  to  2',  in  remote 
pairs,  the  upper  sometimes  alternate.    Ped.  1  to  5,  2  to  3'  long,  pedicels  about  1'. 
Fls.  purple,  the  crown  red.     Follicles  ventricous-acuminate,  smoothish.    Jl.,  Aug. 
(A.  lancifolia  MX.     A.  acuminata  Ph.) 

5  A.  phytolaccoldes  Ph.     POKE-LEAVED  SILK  WEED.     St.  simple,  erect,  pube- 
rulent;   Ivs.  broadly  ovate,  attenuated  ai  base  and  apex,  acute,  smoothish  both 
sides,  glaucous ;  ped.  whitish  puberulent,  many-flowered ;  pedicels  slender,  loose, 
about  as  long  as  the  peduncle ;  antheridium  stipitate ;  hoods  truncate,  with  4  une- 
qual teeth ;  horns  subulate,  exserted,  suberect. — Tall  and  handsome,  in  low,  shady 
grounds,  Can.  to  G-a.  and  Ark.    St.  4  to  5f  high.    Lvs.  6  to  9'  by  2  to  4'.    Umbels 
near  the  top  on  lateral  peduncles  4  to  6'  long,  with  about  20  large  flowers  on 
nodding  pedicels  near  2'  long.     Petals  greenish,  crown  white,  tinged  with  pink. 
June. 

6.  A.  variegata  L.  St.  simple,  erect,  smoothish;  Ivs.  ovate  or  oval,  abrupt  at 
each  end,  mucronate,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath;  ped.  lateral  or  terminal,  one- 
third  as  long  as  tho  leaves,  umbellate,  many-flowered ;  cor.  segm.  ovate ;  hoods 
orbicular;  horns  broad-falcate,  with  the  apex  horizontal  or  suberect;  follicles 
oblong,  with  a  long,  slender  point,  minutely  puberulent. — Woods,  N.  J.  to  Fla, 
{at  Tallahassee)  and  Wis.  St.  2  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  with  a  slight  acumination,  at 
length  slightly  undulate.  Umbels  about  2,  20  to  30-fiowered.  Cor.  white. 

7  A.  nivea  L.     St.  terete,  pubescent;  Ivs.  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
Attenuated  at  base  into  a  long  petiole,  minutely  puberulent,  scarcely  paler  beneath; 
ped.  shorter  than  tho  leaves,  mostly  terminal,  often  compound ;  umbels  small,  few 
(10  to  17)-flowered;  petals  ovate,  reflexed,  half  as  long  as  the  pedicels;   hoods 
ovate,  longer  than  the  falcato  horns. — S.  W,  Ga.  (Miss  Keen)  to  La.     A  pretty, 
white-flowered  species  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  3  to  4'  long,  petioles  near  1'.     Mower 
buds  2"  long.     Jn. — Aug. 

8  A.  Vaseyi  Torr.  &  Gr.     St.  low,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  ovate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
abruptly  contracted  to  short  petioles,  pubescent  beneath ;  umbels  nearly  sessile,  few 
(10  to  15-flowered;  petals  oval;  hoods  oblong-obtuse,  yellowish  white,  longer  than 
the  Iwrns. — Prairies  and  barrens,  Wis*  (Lapham),  111.,  Min.     Sts.  If  (rnoro  or  less) 
high.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long.     Cor.  buds  tinged  with  purple,  about  2".     Jn. 

9  A.  parviflora  Ph.    Half-shrubby  and  branched  at  base;  sts.  ascending,  smooth; 
Ivs.  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base  and  apex,  on  long  petioles,  smooth,  thin ;  ped.  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  few  (12  to  18)-flowered;  umbels  small,  pubescent,  with 
small  flowers ;  petals  ovate,  thin,  thrice  shorter  than  the  pedicels ;  hoods  ovate, 
shorter  than  the  filiform  horns. — Woods  along  rivers,  Ind.  (Green  Co.)  to  Ga.  and 
La*     Sts.  clustered,   18'  to  3f  high,  very  leafy.     Lvs.  4  to  6'  (including  tho  1' 
petiole)  by  1'  to  18".     Umbels  several,  1'  diam.     Cor.  purplish  white,  bud  1" 
long.     Jl.,  Aug. 

10  A.  quadrifolia  Ph.     St.  erect,  simple,  smooth ;  Ivs.  smooth,  thin,  short-petio- 
late,  ovate,  acuminate,  some  of  them  in  whorls  o/4;  umbels  few,  lax,  on  long  ter- 
minal or  axillary  peduncles;  hoods  elliptic-ovate,  with  short,  included  horns. — An 
elegant  species  in  dry  woods.     Can.  and  U.  S.     St.  about  2f  high,  slender,  often 
with  1  or  2  hairy  lines.     Lvs.  opposite,  tho  upper  or  middle  pairs  near  together 
BO  as  to  appear  in  4s,  2  to  3'  long,  £  as  wide,  acute  or  acuminate,  on  petioles  2 
to  4"  long.     Fls.  small,  tho  petals  pale  pink,  2  to  3''  long,  crown  near  2",  white 
on  filiform  stalks  with  a  pubescent  line.     Jl. 

/?.  LAXCEOLATA.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate~*at  both  ends,  the  upper  whorlcd; 

fls.  smaller  (petals  less  than  2"  long). — Mass.  (Ricard).     Ind.  (Plummer). 
Zl  A.  obtusifolia  MX.     St.  simple,  erect ;  Ivs.  oblong  cr  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  mu- 
cronate, sessile,  cordate  and  subamplexicaul,  undulate,  very  smooth  both  sides; 
umbels   terminal,    many-flowered,    glabrous,    long-pedunculato ;    hoods   abrupt, 


ORDER  97.— ASCLEPIADACE^E.  593 

almost  truncate  at  apex,  horns  arcuate,  falcate,  inflexed. — In  shady  grounds, 
prairies,  Mid.,  W.  and  S.  States.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  bearing  a  single  (rarely  2) 
terminal  umbel  of  30  to  40  large,  reddish  green  or  greenish  flowers.  Lvs.  4  to  5' 
long,  a  third  as  wide,  with  a  broad,  rounded,  mucronate  apex.  Petals  4"  long. 
Corona  nearly  white,  its  segments  large,  slightly  2-toothed.  Jl.  (A  Meadii  Torr. 
ex.-  descr.) 

12  A.  amplexicaftlis  MX.     St.  simple,  flelfcuous,  often  tortuous  above,  smooth ; 
Ivs.  ovate,  obtuse,  not  mucronate,  cordate,  closely  sessile,  glabrous  and  glaucous; 
ped.  lateral  and  terminal,  many-flowered;   petals  ovate,  reflexed,  twice  shorter 
than  the  slender  pedicels ;    hoods  ovate,  including  the  acute,  recurved  horns. — 
Fields,  copses,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.     St.  clothed  with  large  Ivs.,  1  to  2f  high. 
Lvs.  2 \  to  5'  long,  two-thirds  as  wide,  beautifully  netted  with  pellucid  veins,  base 
lobes  large,  rounded.     Petals  3"  long,  of  a  light  dull  purple.     Apr. — Jn. 

13  A.  incarnata  L.     St.  tall,  branching  above ;  Ivs.  opposite,  lanceolate  on  short 
petioles,  slightly  tomentous ;  umbels  numerous,  erect,  mostly  terminal,  often  in 
opposite  pairs  ;  hoods  ovate-oblong,  with  subfalcate,  ascending  horns. — A  hand- 
somft  species  found  in  wet  places,  Can.  and  U.  S.     St.  3  to  4f  high,  with  2  hairy 
lines.     Lvs.  4  to  7'  by  6  to  18",  rather  abrupt  at  base,  tapering  to  a  very  acuto 
point,  on  petioles  6"  long.     Umbels  close,  2  to  6  together  at  the  top  of  the  stem 
or  branches,  each  an  inch  or  more  in  diam.,  10  to  20-flowered.    Cor.  deep  purple, 
corona  paler.     Jl.  f 

/?.  PULCHRA.     St.  and  Ivs.  densely  tomentous,  the  latter  elliptic-lanceolate. — 
St.  4  to  5f  high,  f 

14  A.  tuberosa  L.     BUTTERFLY  WEED.     St.  ascending,  hairy,  with  spreading 
branches  at  top ;  Ivs.  alternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile ;  umbels  numerous,  form- 
ing a  large,  terminal  corymb ;  hoods  bright  orange,  oblong,  narrow,  with  slender, 
subfalcate,  suberect  horns. — Dry  fields,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Root  large,  fleshy,  send- 
ing up  numerous  stems  2f  high,  leafy.     Lvs.  scattered,  only  the  upper  ones  quite 
sessile,  acuto  or  acuminate,  obtuse  at  base,  2  to  4'  by  6"  to  1'.     Corymb  of  nu- 
merous, bright  orange-colored  flowers.     Petals  and  crown  of  equal  length  (3  to 
4").     Pods  or  follicles  lanceolate-pointed,  and  like  the  other  species  containing 
long,  silky  down.     Aug. — Medicinal. 

15  A.  Michauxii  Decaisne.     Ascending,  slender,  puberulent;  Ivs.  scattered  (the 
lowest  opposite),  long-linear,   sessile,  mucronate;   umbels  terminal,  solitary  01 
somewhat  panicled;   petals  ovate,  greenish  white;   hoods  short,  ovate,  yellowish, 
including  the  short  horns. — "Wet  pine  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Apalachicola,  Fla.,  and  to 
La.    St.  12  to  18'  high.   Lvs.  3  to  4'  long,  1  to  3''  wide,  rather  numerous.    Flower 
buds  greenish,  scarce  2"  long,  sweet-scented.     May,  Jn.     (A.  longilblia  MX.  in 
part.     A.  angustifolia  Ell.) 

16  A.  verticillata  Ell.      St.  erect,  simple,  marked  with  pubescent  lines;  Ivs. 
generally  verticillate,  very  narrowly  linear,  revolute ;   hoods  short,  2-toothed,  horn 
falcate,  exserted. — A  slender  and  delicate  species,  2f  high,  in  swamps  or  moist 
meadows,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Lvs.  in*whorls  of  4  to  G,  3  to  5'  long,  a  line  in  width. 
Fls.  small,  greenish  white,  in  small,  lateral  umbels.     Ped.  half  as  long  as  the 
leaves.    JL 

17  A.  paupercula  MX.    St.  virgate,  erect,  glabrous;  Ivs.  linear  and  linear-oblong, 
margins  narrowly  revolute,  both  sides  glabrous,  tapering  into  a  short  petiole  j 
ped.  1  or  2  at  top  of  the  stem,  umbel  puberulent,  few  (6  to  10)-flowered ;  fls.  large; 
petals  oblong,  half  as  long  as  the  pedicels;  hoods  ovate,  dilated  above,  horns  short, 
included.—  N.  J.  to  Ga.  and  La.,  in  wet  woods.     St.  3  to  4f  high,  very  smooth. 
Lvs.  green  on  both  sides,  rough  on  the  edges,  mostly  very  nan»ow.    Petals  purple, 
4"  long.     Crown  stipitate,  yellow.     JL,  Aug.     (A.  lanceolata  Walt.) 

18  A.  cinera  "Walt.     Erect,  virgate,  smooth  ;  Ivs.  opposite,  narrowly  linear  or  fili- 
form, acute,  edges  revolute ;  ped.  alternate  at  summit  of  the  naked  stem,  very  few 
(3  to  6)-flowered,  bracteolate;  petals  ovate-oblong,  thrice  sJiorter  than  the  pedicels; 
hoods  shorter  than  the  stamens,  including  the  horns. — Damp  barrens,  S.  Car.  to 
Fla.     Sts.  very  slender,  2  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  1  to  3'  long.     Petals  2  to  3''  long,  of 
aa  ashy  and  glaucous  purple.     Jn.,  JL 

19  A.  curassavica  L.     Half-shrubby  and  branched  at  base,  puberulent ;  st. 
terete ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate  and  lanceolate,  acuminate,  petiolate ;  umbels  solitary, 

38 


594  ORDER  97.— ASCLEPIADACE^E. 

lateral,  shorter  than  the  Ivs.  with  few  large  flowers;  petals  ovate,  acute,  refloxed, 
half  as  long  as  pedicels;  hoods  ovate,  longer  than  the  recurved  horns. — Gardens. 
Tall  and  elegant.  Ms.  scarlet,  varying  to  white,  f  W.  Ind. 

3.  ACERA'TES,  Ell.     (Gr.  a,  privative,  K£pd£,  horn  ;  the  crown  being 
destitute  of  this  process.)     Calyx  5-parted  ;  corolla  5-parted,  reflexed  ; 
crown  segments  5,  erect,  adnatp  to  the  anthers  and  destitute  of  either 
horns  or  scales;    pollinia  5  pairs,  suspended  by  a  thread-like   beak; 
otherwise  as   in  Asclepias. —  2£  Lvs.  opposite    6r  alternate.     Umbels 
lateral. 

1  A.  viridiflora  Ell.     Branched  at  base,  stout,  ascending,  pubescent-hoary ;  Ivs. 
opposite,  oval,  obtuse,  mucronate,  petiolate,  thick,  varying  to  oblong-ovate  or 
even  lanceolate,  with  close  veinlets  combined  at  edge  into  a  marginal  vein ;  umbels 
nearly  sessile,  small,  dense-flowered ;  petals  ovate,  reflexed,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
pedicels;  crown  segm.  oblong,  erect,  adnate  to  the  anthers. — In  gravelly  soils, 
Can.  to  Ga.  and  Ark.     Sts.  about  2f  high.     Lvs.  exceedingly  variable,  2»to  4  to 
G'  long,  wide  in  all  proportions.     Fls.  small,  green,  inelegant,  in  2  to  5  umbels. 
Ped.  1  to  3"  long.     Jl.     (Asclepias  lanceolata  Ives.) — Prof.  Pond  sends  specimens 
from  W.  Ga.  with  the  leaves  all  nearly  orbicular  !    (A.  obovata  Ell  ?) 

2  A.  xnonocepkala  Lapham.     Low,    stout,  hairy;   Ivs.  lanceolate,  subsessile; 
umbel  solitary,  terminal  on  the  naked  summit  of  the  stem,  with  numerous  greenish 
llowers;  crown  sessile,  the  obtuse  concave  hoods  erect-spreading,  as  long  as  the 
antheridium. — Prairies,  "VVisc.     (Mr.  A.  11.  Watson).     Plant  near  If  high.     (As- 
clepias lanuginosa  Nutt.  ?) 

3  A.  longifolia  Ell.    Scabrous-puberulent ;  st.  ascending,  simple;  Ivs.  alternate, 
numerous,  linear  and  lance-linear,  subsessile,  acute ;  umbels  half  as  long  as  the 
leaves,  numerous,  many-flowered,  pubescent,  axillary,  pedunculate ;  crown-hoods 
stipitate,  shorter  than  the  aniheridium. — Mich,  to  la.,  and  Miss.,  in  meadows  and 
prairies.     Stem  stout,  2 — 3f  high.     Leaves  3 — 5'  (including  the  1 — 3''  petiole)  by 
3 — 5".     Flowers  very  numerous  in  each  umbel,  green,  peduncle  and  pedicels 
about  1'  long.     July,  Aug. 

4.  ANAN'THERIX,  Nutt.     (Gr.  a  privative,  avO^,  a  beard ;    of 
similar  import  with.  Acerates.)     Calyx  short,  5-parted  ;  corolla  5-parted, 
petals  broadly  ovate,  imbricated,  reflexed-spreading ;   crown  of  5  hol- 
low, closed,  horn-like,  segments  incurved,  free  from  the  anthers,  double- 
margined  and  furnished  with  a  crest-like  scale  along  the  interior  surface ; 
pollinia  5  pairs,  suspended   by  a  thread-like  beak.     Otherwise  as  in 
Asclepias. —  If   Herbs    erect,   with    oblong,  narrow,  opposite   Ivs.  and 
terminal  paniculate  umbels.     Petals  leaf-like,  green. 

1  A.  connivens   Feay.     St.   half-shrubby,*  firm,  terete,   strict,   puberulent ;   Ivs. 
ovnl  or  rather  oblong,  erect,  subsessile,  acute  or  obtuse ;  ped.  1  to  4,  somewhat 
panicled  along  the  nakedish  summit,  7  to  12-flowered;  petals  oval,  with  a  short 
cusp ;  crown  .segm.  thrice  longer  than  the  anthers,  incurved  from  a  spreading  base 
or  arcuate,  connivent  over  the  anthers. — E.  Ga.  in  pino  barrens,  (Feay,  Pond). 
Sts.  about  2f  high.     Lvs.  18  to  CO"  long,  4  to  9"  wide.     Petals  5"  long.     Jn. 
(A.  viridis  Nutt.     Asclepias  connivens  Baldw.) 

2  A.  paniculatus  Nutt.     St.  stout,  angular,  contorted,  assurgent,  hirsute ;  Ivs. 
narrowly  oblongf  obtuse,  mucronate,  on  short  petioles,  pubescent ;   ped.  3  to  5, 
paniculate  at  the  leafy  summit,  5  to  9-flowered ;  petals  ovate,  erect-spreading-, 
crown  segm.  spreading,  not  longer  than  the  anthers,  3  times  shorter  than  the  leaf1 
like  petals. — Ga.  (Fea^,  Pond)  to  Ark.    Sts.  J  2  to  18'  high,  very  leafy.     Lvs.  2  to 
3' long.     Petals  G  to  8"  long.     (Acerates  paniculata  Decaisne.     Asclepias  viridis 
Walt.) 

5.  PODOSTIG'MA,    Ell.      (Gr.   Trour,   7ror56c,  foot,  oriyiia,    stigma; 
from  the  character.)     Corolla  regmer.ts  5,  erect,  oblong,  much  exceed- 
ing the  calyx ;    crown   pedicellate,  segments  5,  without  horns,  short, 


ORDER  97.— ASCLEPIADACE^E.  595 

concave,  split  on  the  inner  side,  apex  reflexed ;  pollinia  suspended  by 
the  attenuated  apex,  compressed ;  stigma  depressed,  5-angled  ;  follicles 
2,  long,  slender,  smooth. —  2f  St.  low,  simple.  Lvs.  opposite.  Umbels 
extra-axillary,  few-flowered. 

P.  pubescens  F«ll.  In  wet  or  moist  grounds,  S.  Car.,  Ga.,  Fla.  (Macon,  Prof. 
Loomis),  Tallahassee  (Mettauer)  and  Apalachicola  I  Plant  of  singular  appearance, 
8  to  14'  high,  slender,  pubescent.  Lvs.  linear-oblong,  rarely  linear-ovate,  ob- 
tusish,  sessile,  erect,  1  to  18"  long.  Umbels  3  to  5,  alternate,  3  to  5-flowered, 
rather  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Fls.  cylindric  bell-shaped,  yellowish  green,  4'' 
long,  erect,  tho  crown  conspicuously  pediceled.  May,  Jn. 

6.  SENTE'RA,  Reich.     Calyx  of  5  lanceolate,  acute  sepals ;  corolla 
subrotate,  5-parted,  acute,  glabrous ;  crown  segrn.  5,  erect,  flattish,  re- 
tuse,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  sessile  anthers ;  pollinia  ovoid,  fixed  by 
the  apex,  pendulous ;  stigma  bifid ;  follicles  2,  smooth  ;  seeds  comous. 
—  It  Slender,  twining,  with  linear,  fleshy  Ivs.,    few-flowered   umbels. 
(Lyonia,  Ell.  nee  Nutt.) 

S.  maritima  Decn.  In  salt  marshes,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.,  twining  around  tho  rushes, 
&c.  Whole  plant  very  smooth.  Lvs.  opposite,  sessile,  channeled,  1'  long.  Um- 
bels between  the  leaves,  7  to  10-flowered.  Sep.  ciliolate,  erect.  Petals  acute, 
greenish,  twice  longer  than  the  white  crown.  Follicles  very  slender.  Jn. — Oct. 
(S.  maritima  Ell.) 

7.  ENSLE^RIA,  Nutt.     (In  memory  of  Mr.  Aloysius  Enslen,  who 
collected  many  plants  in  the  Southern  States.)     Calyx  small,  5-parted  ; 
cor.  5-parted,  segments  erect ;  corona  5-leaved,  leaflets  membranaceous, 
free,  truncate,  each  terminated  by  2  filiform,  flexuous  lobes  \  pollinia 
oblong,  obtuse  at  base   and  apex,  pendulous ;  stig.  5-angled,  conical ; 
follicles  cylin^raceous,  smooth. —  2£  A  twining  herb,  with  opposite,  corr 
date-ovate,  acuminate  Ivs.     Ped.   racemous-umbellate,  many-flowered. 
Fls.  white. 

E.  albida  Nutt. — "W.  and  S.  States,  common.  Sts.  slender,  with  an  alternate, 
pubescent  line.  Lvs.  thin,  glabrous,  with  rounded,  auriculate  lobes  at  base,  2  to 
3'  long  and  wide,  ending  in  a  slender  point,  margins  entire.  Ped.  axillary,  as 
long  as  the  petioles.  Fls.  ochroleucous,  sweet-scented,  2"  long.  JL,  Aug. 

8.  GOWOL'OBUS,  MX.     (Gr.  ywvo?,  angle,  Ao/36^,  pod  ;  the  fruit  of 
some  species  is  angular.)     Calyx  5-parted,  spreading ;  corolla  subro- 
tate, 5-parted,  convolute  in  bud  ;  crown  a  small,  fleshy,  undulate-Iobed 
ring,  attached  to  the  throat  of  the  corolla ;  anthers  opening  transversely 
beneath  the  stigma  ;  pollinia  5  pairs,  horizontal ;  follicles  turgid,  seeds 
comous. —  2£  More  or  less  shrubby,  twining  or  prostrate.     Lvs.  cordate, 
hairy,  opposite.     Umbels  extra-axillary. 

1  G.  macroph^llus  MX.  St.  tomentous-pubescent  and  with  soft,  scattered 
hairs;  Ivs.  broad,  ovate  or  oval,  cordate,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath,  at  length 
glabrous  above ;  pcd.  shorter  than  the  petioles,  2  to  5-flowered,  with  linear  bracts 
at  summit;  petals  linear  or  linear-oblong  obtuse,  (6"  long),  smooth  above,  min- 
utely puberulent  beneath  ;  follicles  costate-angled. — Thickets  along  streams,  Penn. 
to  Ky.  and  Ga.  Vine  trailing  or  climbing  3  to  5f.  Lvs.  thin,  3  to  6'  by  2  to  4', 
the  lobes  at  base  rounded  and  often  nearly  or  quite  closed,  with  a  short  acumina- 
tion  at  apex.  Fls.  dark  purple.  Petals  5  to  7"  by  1".  Jn.,  JL  (G-.  dis- 
color, B.  M.) 

/?.  LEVIS.     Plant  nearly  smooth,  cor.  segm.  smooth  both  sides. — South.     (G. 

levis  MX.) 

2  G.  hirsxitus  MX.  St.  hirsute-pubescent ;  Ivs.  broad-ovate,  acuminate,  cordate, 
minutely  pubescent  both  sides ;  ped.  shorter  than  the  petioles,  few-flowered,  with 


596  ORDER  98.— JASMIN  ACE^E. 

setaceous  brae  tie  ts  at  top ;  petals  (3"  long)  oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  minutely  pu- 
beruleut  outside ;  follicles  muricate. — Woods,  Can.  to  Fla.  and  Ala.  Lvs.  as  in 
the  last,  from  which  this  species  technically  differs  only  in  its  broader  (dark 
purple)  petals  and  prickly  fruit  Lvs.  seldom  exceeding  4'  by  3'.  Petals  about 
3"  by  1£".  May— Aug. 

3  G.  prostratus  E1L  Branched  at  base,  hirsute-pubescent ;  branches  herbaceous, 
prostrate;  Ivs.  small,  broadly  ovate-reniform,  acute,  sinus  broad,  auricles  rounded, 
inflexed;  umbels  sessile,  3  to  5-flowered;  sep.  lanceolate,  hairy;  cor.  segm.  ovate, 
obtuse,  (I7  long),  very  hirsute  inside;  crown  5-lobed,  very  short. — E.  Ga.  in  sands 
(Feay).  Sts.  6  to  12'  long.  Lvs.  1'  or  less  long,  nearly  as  wide,  the  upper  some- 
what acuminate.  Fls.  dark  purple,  3"  broad.  (Chthlamia  pubiflora  Decn.) 

9.  HOYA,  R.  Br.     WAX  PLANT.     (Named  for   Thomas   Hoy,    an 
English  florist.)     Calyx  small,  5-sepaled  ;  corolla  rotate,  flat,  valvate  in 
bud ;  staminate  crown  of  5   depressed,  spreading  segments ;    anthers 
membranous  at  tip;  pollinia  fixed  by  the  base,  oblong,  connivent ;  fol- 
licles smooth,  seeds  comous. — Shrubs  twining,  with  fleshy  Ivs.  and  fls. 
in  extra-axillary  umbels. 

H.  carnosa  E.  Er.  Branchlets  puberulent;  Ivs.  thick,  glabrous,  oval- 
oblong,  short-pointed ;  ped.  shorter  than  pubescent  pedicels ;  cor.  fleshy,  papillous 
inside,  segm.  triangular,  reflexed  at  the  apex ;  corona  segm.  oval,  acute,  edges 
revolute. — G-arden  and  greenhouse.  Fls.  pink-colored,  in  dense  umbels,  very 
fine,  f  E.  Ind. 

10.  STAPEXLIA,  L.     (Named  for  Bodceus  a  Stapel,  a  physician  of 
Amsterdam.)     Calyx  5-parted ;  corolla  rotate,   5-cleft,  fleshy ;  crown 
double,  the  exterior  of  leaves  entire  or  parted,  the  interior  of  horn-like 
segments  ;  pollinia  erect,  5  pairs,  turgid  ;  follicles  smooth,  erect ;  seeds 
comous. — Plants  of  S.    Africa,   fleshy,    branching,   leafless ;    branches 
angular,  angles  toothed,  bearing  large,  fleshy,  dark  red,  rugous  flowers, 
of  a  most  disgusting  odor.     Some  are  cultivated  in  our  greenhouses,  as 
A.  hirsuta,  A.  bufonia,  &c. 

ORDER  XCVIII. — JASMINACE^E.     JASMINWORTS. 

Shrubs  often  twining,  with  opposite  or  alternate,  mostly  compound  leaves.  Calyx 
and  corolla  5  to  8-parted,  the  latter  imbricated  in  aestivation.  Stamens  2,  in  the 
tube  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  free,  2-celled,  2  to  8-ovuled.  Fruit  a  berry  or  capsule. 
Seeds  erect,  with  little  or  no  albumen.  Fig.  78. 

Genera  6,  species  100.  Ornamental  shrubs  abounding  in  tropical  India.  The  essential  oil 
which  pervades  the  order,  residing  chiefly  in  the  flowers,  is  exquisitely  fragrant.  On  this  ac- 
count, as  well  as  tor  their  beauty,  these  plants  are  cultivated. 

JASMTNUM,  L.  JASMINE.  (Gr.  idoprj,  perfume.)  Calyx  tubular, 
5  to  10-cleft;  corolla  hypocrateriform,  tube  long,  limb  flat,  5  to  10- 
cleft ;  berry  double  ;  seeds  2,  solitary,  ariled.  — Shrubs  bushy  or  climb- 
ing. Lvs.  opposite,  rarely  alternate,  compound.  Petioles  articulated. 
Fls.  paniculate. 

1  J.  fruticans  L.     YELLOW  JASMINE.     Smooth,  erect;  branches  angular; 
Ivs.   alternate,  trifoliate,  rarely   simple,   Ifts.    curved;  fls.  few,  subterminal;  caL 
segm.  subulate ;  cor.  tube  twice  longer  than  the  calyx,  limb  of  5  obtuse  lobes. — • 
St.  3f  high.     Fls.  yellow,  inodorous,  tube  about  6"  long.     Propagated  by  layers. 
f  S.  Eur. 

2  J.  officinale  L.     WHITE  JASMINE.     Smooth,  scarcely  climbing ;  branches 
eubangulate ;  Ivs.  opposite,  compound,  Ifts.  3  to  7,  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  pani- 
cles terminal,  few-flowered,  coryrnbous ;  cor.  tube  twice  longer  than  the  calyx. 
Stem  several  feet  in  length.     Flowers  white.     Both  species  aro  beautiful  and 


ORDEB  99. — OLEACE^E.  597 

• 

much  cultivated.    The  deliriously  fragrant  oil  of  Jasmino  of  tho  shops  is  extracted 
from  this  plant,     f  Asia. 

ORDER  XCIX.     OLEACE^E.     OLIVES. 

Trees  and  shrubs  with  opposite,  simple,  sometimes  pinnate-leaves,  with  flowers  4- 
parted,  regular,  rarely  apetalous,  the  corolla  valvato  in  the  bud.  Stamens  2  to  4, 
mostly  2,  and  fewer  than  the  corolla  lobes.  Ovary  2-celled,  with  2  suspended  ovules 
in  each  cell,  and/ra'<  fleshy  or  capsular,  seeds  4  (or  fewer  by  abortion),  with  abun- 
dant albumen.  Fig.  265. 

Genera  24,  species  130,natives  of  temperate  climates.  The  ash  is  very  abundant  in  N.  Amer- 
ica. The  Phillyreas  and  the  Syringas  are  all  Oriental. 

Properties. — Olive  oil  is  expressed  from  the  pericarp  of  tho  Olive  (Olea  Europaea).  The  bark 
of  this  tree,  and  also  of  the  ash,  is  bitter,  astringent,  and  febrifugal.  Manna,  a  sweet,  gentlo 
purgative,  is  the  concrete  discharge  of  several  species  of  tho  Fraxinus,  particularly  of  tho  Euro- 
pean F.  Ornus.  Tho  species  of  the  ash  arc  well  known  for  their  useful  timber. 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 

I.  FRAXINE^E.— Fruit  a  dry,  winged  samara.    Leaves  pinnate FKAXINUS.    1 

II.  SYllINGE^E.— Fruit  a  dry,  2-celled  capsule.     Leaves  mostly  simple  (a). 

a  Calyx  persistent ;  corolla  salver-form  cyanic SYRINGA.     2 

a  Calyx  deciduous  ;  corolla  Bubcampanulate,  yellow FOKSYTHIA,    3 

III.  OLEINE^E. — Fruit  a  fleshy  drupe  or  berry.     Corolla  present.    Leaves  simple  (b). 

b  Corolla  lobes  long,  linear,  pendulous,  stamens  included CHIOXANTHUS.  4 

b  Corolla  lobes  short.    Stamens  included.    Fruit  a  berry LIGUSTRUM.  5 

b  Corolla  lobes  short.     Stamens  exserted  (c). 

C  Stylo  2-parted.    Leaves  serrate OSMANTIIUS.  6 

C  Style  simple. — Drupe  shell  bony.     (Panicles  axillary) OLEA.  T 

— Drupe  shell  papery.    Panicles  terminal YISIANTA.  8 

IV.  FOEESTIEEE^E. — Fruit  a  fleshy  drupe.    Corolla  none.    Leaves  simple...  FORKSTIEKA.  9 

I.  FRAX'INUS,  Tourn.  (Gr.  (j>dpfa,  a  separation;  from  the  facility 
with  which  the  wood  splits.)  Polygamous  or  dioecious;  calyx  4-toothed, 
rarely  obsolete  ;  petals  2  or  4,  coherent  at  base,  oblong  or  linear,  or  al- 
together wanting  ;  stamens  2  ;  stigma  bifid  ;  samara  2-celled,  flattened, 
winged  at  apex,  cells  2-ovuled,  but  1 -seeded  ;  seeds  pendulous,  com- 
pressed.— Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite,  odd-pinnate  Ivs.  and  fls.  ra- 
cemed  or  panicled.  American  species  are  all  dioecious  and  apetalous 
trees. 

§  Flowers  with  a  corolla  of  4  or  2  white,  linear-oblong  petals.     Cultivated No.  8 

§  Flowers  apetalous,  polygamous.    Leaflets  11  to  13.     Cultivated No.  T 

§  Flowers  apetalous,  dioecious.    Fruit  always  winged  nt  apex  (*). 

*  Calyx  persistent  at  the  terete  base  of  the  samara No.  1 

*  Calyx  persistent  at  the  narrmo,  flattened  base-  of  the  samara Nos.  2 — 4 

*  Calyx  none,  the  samara  naked  at  tho  broad  base. Nos.  5,  6 

1  F.  Americana  L.    WHITE  Asir.     Lfts.  7  to  9,  petiolulate,  ovate  or  lance-ob- 
long, acuminate,  entire  or  obscurely  subserrate,  shining  above,  glaucous  beneath ; 

,  petioles  and  branchlets  terete,  smooth;  buds  yello wish- velvety ;  panicles  com- 
pound, axillary,  loose ;  samara  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  narrower  and  terete  at  tho 
calyculate  base,  seed  portion  half  as  long  as  wing. — Woods,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  La. 
A  forest  tree,  40  to  80f  high;  trunk  2  to  3f  diam.  Lvs.  If  long,  usually  oft 
smooth  Ifts.,  which  are  3  to  4'  by  18''  to  2'.  Fruit  13  to  15"  by  2  to  2J''.  Apr., 
May.  (F.  acuminata  Lam.  F.  epiptera  MX.) — Timber  light,  tough  and  strong, 
much  used  by  carriage-makers,  &c. 

2  F.  pubescens  "Walt.     RED  Asir.     Lfts.  f  to  9,  petiolulate,  ovate-lanceolate  or 
elliptic-lanceolate,  acuminate,  subserrate,  veins  beneath,  petioles  and  young  branches 
velvety-pubescent;  samara  narrow-lanceolate,  obtuse,  the  calyculate  base  acute, 
fiattish,  slightly  margined  by  the  decurrent  wing.— Swampy  or  low  grounds,  Can. 
and  U.  S.t  more  common  in  Penn.  and  Ya.     A  smaller  tree  than  No.  1,   30 
to  60f  high,    but  nearly  allied  to  it.     Bark  deep  brown.     Lfts.  often  reddish 


598  ORDER  99.— OLEACE^E. 

* 

beneath,  2  to  3V  t>y  18''  to  2'.     Timber  less  valuable.     Apr.,  May.     (F.  tomen- 
tosa  MX.) 

3  F.  viridis  MX.  f.     GREEN  Asn.     Lfls.  7  to  9,  petiolulate,  ovate  or  ovate-lance^ 
late  acuminate,  serrate,  green  and  glabrous  both  sides,  beneath  slightly  glaucous 
anTl  pubescent  in  the  axils  of  the  veins ;  petioles  and  branchlets  glabrous ;  samara, 
calyculate,  spatulate,  obtuse,  the  seed  portion  as  long  as  the  wing. — A  small  treo 
15  to  2 of  high  in  wet  woods  U.  S.,  especially  the  Western,  "Wis.  to  Tenn.  and  Car. 
Lfts  2t  to  4'  long,  with  a  long,  slender  point     Fruit  12  to  15"  long.     May.     (F. 
concolor  MuhL     F.  juglandi folia  DC.) 

4  P.  platycarpa  MX.     Lfts.  5  to  7,  short-petioled,  subserrate,   elliptic,  acuto  at 
both  ends,  or  slightly  acuminate,  petioles  and  veins  beneath  pubescent ;  samara 
elliptic-oblanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  broad  above,  obtuse,  calyculate,  and  often 
with  a  third  wing ! — Wet  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Lfcs.  distant,  3  to  5'  long, 
a  third  as  wide.     Samara  18  to  20"  long,  G"  or  more  wide  above  the  middle,  ta- 
pering to  the  narrow,  margined  base. 

/?.  TRIPTERA.     Lfts.  oblanceolate  and  oblong,  samara  more  frequently  3-winged. 
— S.  Car.  to  La.     (F.  triptera  Nutt.) 

5  F.  quadrangulata  MX.   BLUE-  Asn.   Lfts.  1  to  9,  short-petlokd,  ovate-lanceolate 
or  oblong,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  obtutish  at  base,  glabrous,  veins  beneath  at 
base  downy ;  branchkt-s  glabrous,  square,  with  4  linear  or  slightly  membanous  an- 
gles, at  length  terete ;  buds  velvety ;  samara  oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end,  naked 
(no  calyx !  j  at  base. — A  tall  tree  in  rich  woods,  Ohio  to  Tenn.  and  Iowa.     Trunk 
€0  to  80f  high.     Lfts.  3  to  4'  long,  distinctly  petiolulate ;  petiolules  2  to  5"  long. 
Anth.  of  the  fertile  fls.   oval,  narrowed  towards  the  base.     Timber  strong  and 
clastic,  like  that  of  No.  1.     May. 

6  F.  sambticifolia  Lam.    BLACK  Asn.    WATER  ASH.    Lfts.  7  to  11,  lance-ovate, 
sessile  serrulate,  acuminate,  smooth  above,  tawny  villous  at  their  insertion  and  in 
the  axils  of  the  veins  beneath ;  fr.  oblong,  with  similar  ends,  obtuse  or  emargi- 
nate,  naked  (no  calyx)  at  base. — Common  in  swamps  or  moist  woods,  Northern 
U.  S.  and  Can.     Height  40  to  7 Of,  with  a  trunk  2f  diam.     Bark  brown.     Buds 
blue.     Lfts.  3  to  4'  long.     Samara  16  to  20"  by  3  to 4'',  entirely  naked  at  base! 
May. — Wood  purplish,  tough,    elastic,    excellent    for   the  cooper    and   basket- 
maker. 

7.  F.  excelsior  L.  EUROPEAN  ASH.  Lfts.  11  to  13,  subsessile,  lance-oblong, 
glabrous,  with  slender  serratures;  racemes  short,  dense,  samara  linear-oblong, 
obtuse,  obliquely  emarginate. — Parks.  A  tall  tree,  in  many  varieties,  among 
which  {3.  pendula,  Weeping  Ash,  is  the  most  interesting,  f  Eur. 

8  F.  Ornus  L.  FLOWERING  ASH.  Lfts.  7  to  9,  subpetiolulate,  lanceolate, 
'  serrate  above,  entire  at  base,  bearded  on  the  veins  beneath ;  buds  downy ;  pan- 
icles dense ;  petals  2  or  4  (white),  linear-oblong,  much  longer  than  the  calyx ; 
samara  lance-linear,  obtuse,  attenuate  at  each  end. — Parks,  f  From  Eur. 

2.  SYRIN'GA,  L.  LILAC.  (Gr.  ovpiy%,  a  shepherd's  pipe ;  from  the 
use  once  made  of  its  branches.)  Calyx  small,  4-toothed,  persistent ; 
corolla  salver-form,  tube  several  times  longer  than  the  calyx,  limb  cleft 
into  deep,  obtuse,  spreading  valvato  segments  ;  stamens  short,  included 
within  the  tube.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-valved. — Oriental,  flowering  shrubs, 
with  simple,  entire  leaves. 

1  S.  vulgaris  L.  COMMON  LILAC. — Lvs.  cordate-ovate,  entire,  glabrous,  green 
both  sides ;  inflorescence  thyrsoid ;  limb  of  cor.   subconcave. — There  are  many 
varieties  in  this  beautiful  shrub,     a.  Corolla  lilac-purple,  in  a  dense  thyrse.     p. 
CCERULEA.    Fls.  purplish-blue,    y.  ALBA.    Cor.  white,  thryse  subcompound.    Apr., 
Jn. — One  of  the  most  popular  shrubs,  beautiful  in  foliage  and  fls.     f  Hungary. 

2  S.  Persica  L.     PERSIAN  LILAC.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  acute,  smooth,  both  sides 
green,  sometimes  pinnatifid ;  limb  of  the  cor.  flattish. — A  smaller  shrub  than  tho 
first,  with   smaller  thyrses  of  white  or  lilac-blue  flowers.     The  leaves  vary  from 
entire  to  pinnatifid,  small  at  flowering  time.     Apr.,  May.  f     Persia. 

3  S.  villosa  Vahl.      (3.  Chinensis.      Lvs.  elliptic,  acute  at  each  end,  hairy 
beneath.— f  N.  China. 


ORDER  99.— OLEACE^E.  599 

3.  FORSY'THIA,  Vahl.     Calyx  very  short,  companuL'itc,   4-parted, 
deciduous ;  corolla  somewhat  bell-shaped,  lobes  twisted  in  the  bud  ; 
stamens  2,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  tube,  included  ;  ovary  2-celled, 
cells  oo-ovuled ;  capsule  ovoid,  2-celled ;  seeds  many,  pendulous,  nar- 
rowly winged. — Shrub  with  opposite  branches  and  scaly  buds. 

F.  suspensa  Vahl. — Shrubberies,  comn,  Lvs.  often  in  whorls  of  3s  or  4s, 
petiolate,  simple  or  pinnutely  divided,  serrate.  Fls.  preceding  tlge  leaves,  ono 
from  a  bud,  pedicelled,  yellow,  with  long  lobes,  f  China.  (Syringa,  Thunb.) 

4.  CHIONAN'THUS,  L.     VIRGINIA  FRINGE  TREE.     (Gr.  %i&v,  snow, 
avdos  ;  fls.  snow-white.)     Calyx  4-parted,  short ;  cor.  tube  very  short, 
Jimb  4-parted,  lobes    linear,  elongated ;  sta.   2,   inserted  into  the  cor. 
tube,  included  ;  sty.  very  short ;  drupe  fleshy  ;  putamen  bony,  1 -celled, 
1-seeded. — Trees  with  opposite  leaves.     Branchlets  compressed.     Ra- 
cemes terminal  and  axillary. 

C.  Virginica  L.  Lvs.  oval  and  oblong-lanceoMe  ;  pedicels  long,  1-flowered ;  cal. 
glabrous ;  cor.  segm.  linear,  acute,  flaccid. — A  shrub  or  small  tree,  highly  orna- 
mental, in  vroods,  S.  Penn.  to  Fla.,  Ky.,  Tenn.  Lvs.  coriaceous,  smooth,  of  va- 
rious forms,  oval,  or  ovate,  rhombic,  lanceolate,  etc.,  on  the  same  tree,  3  to  6' 
long.  Pis.  in  rather  dense,  pendulous  panicles.  Petals  snow-white,  8  to  10  '  in 
length.  Drupes  oval,  purple.  Apr. — Jn. — Far  South  it  is  called  Old-man' s-beard. 

5.  LIGUS'TRUM,  L.     PRIVET.     PRIM.     (Lat.  %o,  to  bind,  from  the 
use  made   of   its  shoots.)     Calyx  minutely  toothed  ;  cor.  tube  short, 
limb  with  spreading,   ovate   lobes ;  sta.  2  ;  sty.  very  short ;  berry  2- 
celled,  2 — 4-secded ;  seeds  convex  on  one  side,  angular  on  the  other. — 
Shrubs  with  simple  Ivs.     Fls.  in  terminal  panicles,  tetramerous. 

L.  vulgare  L.  Lvs.  lanceolate  and  obovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  on  short  petioles ;  pan- 
icle dense,  terminal. — A  smooth  shrub,  5 — 6f  high,  in  woods  and  thickets,  N.  Y. 
to  Va.,  W.  to  the  Miss.  Branches  wand-like  with  opposite,  entire,  smooth,  dark 
green  leaves  which  are  1 — 2'  long,  -^  as  wide,  varying  from  obovate  to  elliptical, 
with  a  rounded,  obtuso  or  acute  point.  Flowers  small,  numerous,  white.  An- 
thers large,  exserted.  Berries  black,  in  conical  bunches,  bitter.  It  is  said  to 
have  been  introduced  from  England  where  it  is  used  for  hedges.  May,  June. 

6.  OSMAN'THUS,  Lour.    (Gr.  oaprj,  fragrance,  avOos.)     Calyx  short, 
bell-shaped,  4-toothed  ;"  corolla  subrotate,  4-parted  ;  anthers  adnate  to 
the  inner  side  of  the  filaments ;  style  2-parted,  lobes  thick,  acute. — 
Habit  of  Olea.     (Olea  Thunb.) 

O.  fragrans  Lour.  Lvs.  elliptic-lanceolate,  serrate,  glabrous;  corymbs  or 
panicles  short,  axillary,  pedicels  rather  long ;  style  2-parted. — Shrub  with  small, 
white,  very  odorous  flowers  which  are  said  to  be  used  by  the  Chinese  to  adulter- 
ate and  flavor  tea.  The  fls.  vary  to  red.  f  China  and  Japan. 

!     7".  (TIE A,  Tourn.     OLIVE.     (Gr.   ekaia,  Lat.  olea,  the  Olive  tree, 
\oliva,  the  fruit,  oleum,  the  juice.)     Calyx  short,  bell-shaped,  4-toothed  ; 
tcorolla  tube  short,  limb  4-parted,  flat,  spreading ;  stamens  2,  inserted 
in  the  bottom  of  the  tube,  opposite,  exserted ;  ovary  2-celled,  2  pendu- 
lous ovules  in  each  cell ;  drupe  fleshy,  oily,  shell  bony,  2  or  1-seeded  by 
abortion. — Trees  or  shrubs,  with   opposite,  entire,  coriaceous  h*s.  and 
white,  often  fragrant  fls. 
O.  Americana  L.     Lvs.  lanceolate-elliptic,   entire,  smooth  and  shining,  acute, 

attenuated  to  a  petiole ;  rac.   compound,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  petiole ; 

bracts  connate,  persistent ;  fls.  dioecious ;  fruit  globular. — In  the  low  country,  Va. 

to  Fla.     The  American  Olive  is  a  tree  15  to  20f  high.     Wood  fine-grained,  hard, 

and  when  dry  difficult  to  split.     Lvs.  4  or  5'  long,  petioles  1'.     Fls.  small,  fra- 


800  ORDER  99.— OLEACEJE. 

grant,  the  fertile  and  barren  oa  separate  trees.     Drupes  larger  than  peas,  violet- 
purple,  dryish.     Apr.,  May. 

8.  VISIA'NIA,  DC.      (Dedicated  to  Visiani,  Professor  of  botany  at 
Patavia.)     Calyx,  corolla  and  stamens  as  in  Olea ;  fruit  obovate  or  ob- 
long, with  a  very  thin  pulp,  and  thin,  papery  shell. — Trees  with  oppo- 
site, entire  Ivs.   and  loose,   terlninal,  many-flowered  panicles.     (Olea. 
Wall.) 

V.  paniculata  DC.  Lvs.  ovate,  acute,  entire,  glabrous ;  panicle  glabrous  ; 
bracts  deciduous ;  style  club-shaped ;  fruit  obliquely  ovate. — Fls.  small,  white, 
numerous,  in  large  naked  panicles.  Lvs.  coriaceous,  3'  long,  petioles  9".  f  China' 

9.  FORESTIE'RA,  Poir.     (Dedicated  to  M.  Forestier,  a  French  phy- 
fiician.)    Dioscious,  apetalous  ;  flower  buds  in  the  axils  of  the  last  year's 
leaves,  scaly  with  roundish,  thin  scales,  and  many-flowered  ;   $  flowers 
sessile,  crowded,  each  of  the  2  stamens  surrounded  by  a  caducous  calyx 
of  4  oblong,    minute  sepals ;  •  ?  flowers  pedicellate,  umbellate  ;  calyx 
obsolete ;  ovary  tipped  with  a  slender  style  and  a  capitate  stigma,  2- 
celled,  cells  2-ovuled ;  drupe  with  1  suspended  seed. — Shrubs  or  small 
trees,  with  opposite,  simple  Ivs.  and  minute  fls.    (Adelia  MX.    Borya  Ph.) 

1  F.  actiminata  Poir.     Lvs.  glabrous,  green  both  sides,  lance-elliptic,  acuminate 
at  each  end,  serrulate  above,  on  slender  petioles  ;  fruit  an  oblong-cylindric,  pointed, 
fleshy,  glaucous-purple  drupe. — In  sluggish  streams,  111.  (opposite  St.  Louis  1)  to 
Ga,  (Macon,  Mettauer!).     Shrub  10  to  18f  high.     Lvs.  thin,  2  to  3'  long,  petiole 
I'.     Mar.,  Apr..    (A.  acuminata  MX.     F.  ligustrina  Gr.) 

2  F.  ligustrina  Poir.     Lvs.  ovate  and  oblong,  attenuate  to  the  petiole,  oltuse,  cori- 
aceous, serrulate,  margins  slightly  revolute,  glabrous  above,  midvein  sparsely  pu- 
bescent beneath ;  staminate  flowers  in  small,  lateral,  globular  clusters  (lertile  plant 
not  seen). — Near  Savannah  (Feay).    Shrub  10 — 15f?  high,  with  slender  branches 
and  branchlets.     Lvs.  with  the  petioles  1  to  2'  by  6  to  10",  reticulate,  not  dotted, 
beneath. 

3  F.  porulosa  Poir.     Leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse,  sessile,  coriaceous,  margins 
revolute,  lower  surface  dotted   (porulous)  and   ferruginous. — On   the   sea-coast, 
Georgia  and  Florida  (Pursh.)    Leaves  all  opposite.     (A.  porulosa  MX.) 


ORDER  100.— ARISTOLOCHIACE^E.  601 


COHORT  3.    APETAL^E, 

• 

OR  MONOCHLAMYDEOUS  ExoGENS.  Dicotyledons  with  no 
corolla,  the  calyx  or  perianth  green  or  colored,  consisting  of 
a  single  series  of  similar  organs,  or  often  wholly  wanting. 

ORDER  C.     ARISTOLOCHIACE^E.     BIRTHWORTS. 

Low  herbs  or  climbing  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  perfect  flowers.  Perianth 
tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  brown  or  dull,  valvate  in  the  bud.  Stamens  6  to  12, 
epigynous  and  adherent  to  the  base  of  the  styles.  Ovary  6-celled,  becoming  a  6- 
celled,  many-seeded  capsule  or  berry.  Seed  albuminous,  embryo  minute.  Fig.  133. 

Genera  9,  species  130,  most  abundant  in  the  tropical  countries  of  S.  America,  thinly  diffused* 
throughout  the  northern  hemisphere.  Properties  tonic  and  stimulant.  Both  the  following  geii' 
era  are  successfully  employed  in  medicine. 

1.  ASAVRUM,    Tourn.     WILD  GINGER.     (Gr.  a,  not,  oeipd,  a  band, 
because  rejected  in  wreathing  garlands.)     Calyx  campanulate,  regular, 
3-cleft ;  stamens  12,  placed  upon  the  ovary,  anthers  adnate  to  the  middle 
or  summit  of  the  filaments ;    style  very  short ;  stigma  6-rayed ;  fruit 
fleshy,    6-celled,    crowned   with   the   calyx. —  It   Herbs  with  creeping 
rhizomes  and  1  or  2  Ivs.  on  each  branch.     Fls.  solitary. 

§  Leaves  in  pairs.     Calyx  lobes  pointed,  reflexed.    Ovary  -wholly  adherent No.  1 

§  Leaves  solitary.    Calyx  lobes  obtuse,  auberect.    Ovary  partly  free Nos.  2,3 

1  A.  Canadeiise  L.     Lvs.  2,  broad-reniform,  on  long,  opposite  petioles  with  the 
flower  between  ;    calyx  woolly,   deeply  3-cleft,   the    segm.   reflected. — In  rich, 
shady  soil,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  W.  States.     Lvs.  radical,  large,  2  to  4'  by  3  to  5',  with 
a  deep  sinus  at  base,  and  a  soft,  velvet-like  surface.     Fl.  solitary,  on  a  nodding 
peduncle,  and  close  to  the  ground,  sometimes  even  buried  just  beneath  the  sur- 
face.    Cal.  purplish,  of  3  broad,  long-pointed  divisions  abruptly  spreading.     Fil. 
longer  than  the  anthers,  their  tips  (connectile)  produced  beyond  them.     May — Jl. 
— The  rhizome  is  a  popular  medicine,  used  in  measles  and  whooping  cough. 

2  A.  Virginicum  L.     Lvs.   solitary,  orbicular-ovate,   glabrous,  coriaceous,  deeply 
cordate,  entire,  obtuse ;  fl.  subsessilo ;  cal  short,  subcampanulate,  glabrous  exter- 
nally.— Grows  in  light  soils  among  rocks,  and  Mts.,  Va.,  Ky.  to  Ga.     A  low,  stem- 
less  plant,  very  similar  in  habit  to  the  preceding.     Each  branch  of  the  rhizome 
bears  a  terminal  leaf  and  a  flower.     Leaf  2  to  3'  diam.,  very  smooth,  clouded 
with  spots,  the  petiole  twice  longer,  lobes  at  base  rounded  and  nearly  closed. 
Flower  many  times  shorter  than  the  petiole.     Calyx  segments  obtuse,  of  a  dusky 
purple,  greenish  outside.     Apr. 

3  A.  arifdlmm  MX.     Lvs.  solitary,  broadly  hastate,  puberulent  on  the  veins,  thin, 
with  a  deep  sinus  at  base,  the  lobes  obtusely  angled  and  turned  slightly  outward ; 
cal.  infiated-urceolate,  contracted  above,  with  3  very  short,  obtuse  lobes  at  summit. — 
Eich  soils,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Rhizomes  slender,  white.     Petioles  2  to  3'  long. 
Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  1  to  2',  margins  wavy.    Fls.  9"  long,  roughish,  purplish-brown  as 
long  as  their  stalks.     Mar. — May. 

2.  ARISTOLO'CHIA,  Tourn.     BIRTHWORT.     (Gr.  ap*<rrof,  excellent, 
io^em,  child-birth;    alluding   to  the    medicinal   properties.)      Calyx 
tubular,  tube  variously  bent  and  inflated  above  the  ovary,  border  un- 


602  ORDER  101.— NYCTAGINACEJE. 

equal ;  anthers  6,  subsessile  upon  the  style ;  stigma  G-lobed  ;  capsule  C« 
ceiled,  septicidal,  many-seeded. — St.  erect  or  twining. 

§  Stein  erect.    Calyx  tube  sigmoid  (t.  <?.,  twice  bent  like  the  letter  S) Nos.  1,  2 

§  Stem  climbing.    Calyx  tube  recurved,  once  bent  upwards Nos.  3,  4 

1  A.  serpentaria  L.    VIRGINIA  SNAKE-ROOT.     St.  erect,  flexuous ;  Ivs.  petiolate, 
oblong  or  ovate,  thin,  cordate,    acuminate ;  ped.  radical,   many  bracted ;  cal.  tube 
smoothish,  contracted  in  the  midst,  limb  obscurely  2-lipped. — A  curious  vegetable 
in  hedges  and  thigkets.    Penn.  to  111.  and  La.    St.  8  to  13'  high,  subsimple,  jointed, 
herbaceous.     Lvs.  variable  iu  width,  2  to  4'  by  9"  to  2'  rarely  larger.     Fls.  few. 
Cal.  dull  purple,  of  a' leathery  texture,  tubular,  7  to   9"  long,  twice  bent  almost 
double,  enlarged  at  each  end,  the  limb  with  3  short,  obtuse  lobes.     Caps,  obovate, 
6-augled,  6  to  9"  long.     Jn.,  JL 

/?.  ?  HASTATA.  Lvs.  lance-oblong,  or  oblong  linear,  auriculate  at  base,  on  pe- 
tioles as  short  as  the  auricles. — S.  Car.  to  La.  St.  very  slender  and  usu- 
ally simple.  Fls.  not  seen.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  3  to  5".  (A.  hastata  Nutt.) 

2  A.  reticulata  N"utt.     St.  erect,  very  flexuous,  hirsute,  simple ;  Ivs.  oval,  sessile, 
cordate-clasping  with  decussating  lobes,  apex  obtuse  or  bluntly  acute ;  veinlets  and 
veinukts  finely  reticulated,  all  prominent  and  hairy  beneath  ;  ped.  below  the  Ivs., 
simple  or  branched,  hirsute,  bracted ;  cal.  small,  densely  woolly. — La.  (Hale.)  About 
If  high.     Fls.  5"  long,  about  half  the  size  of  No.  1.     Lvs.  rather  thick,  3  to  4'  by 
2  to  3'. 

3  A.  Sipho  L'Her.     DUTCHMAN'S  PIPE.     St.  twining,  shrubby  ;  Ivs.  glabrous,  am- 
pie,  roundish,  cordate,  entire,  petiolato ;  ped.   1-flowered,  furnished  with  a  single, 
ovate  clasping  bract;  cal.  tube  bent,  ascending,  limb  3 -cleft,  equal. — A  vigorous 
climber  in  mountainous  woods,  "Western  Penn.  to  Ky.  and  S.  States.     St.  woody, 
twining,  and  ascending  trees  30  to  40f.    Leaves  6 — 12'  diam.,  alternate,  sprinkled 
with  soft   hairs.     Flowers  solitary,   the  tube  long  (16")  bent  at  nearly  a  right 
angle,  in  the  form  of  a  (siphon  or)  tobacco  pipe,  and  of  a  dull  brown  color.    May, 
Jn.  f     Highly  ornamental  for  arbors. 

4  A.  tomeiitosa  Sims.     Twining,  shrubby  ;  Ivs.  downy  or  hairy  beneath,  roundish, 
cordate,   entire,   petiolate,  very  veiny  ;   ped.  solitary,    \-flowered,   bractless;  cal. 
downy,  bent  upwards,  greenish-yellow,  limb  dark -purple,  nearly  equal,  rugous,  re- 
flaxed,  3-cleft,  throat  oblong  and  oblique,  nearly  closed. — "Woods  along  rivers,  S. 
HI.  to  La.  and  Ga.     St.  climbing  tall  trees  30  to  40f.     Lvs.  4  to  6'  long,  3  to  4' 
wide.    Ped.  as  long  as  the  petioles.     Cal  tube  (20"  long)  contracted  above  the 
ovary  and  strongly  recurved.     Stig.  3-lobed.     May.  Jn. 

ORDER  CI.     NYCTAGINACE^E.     MARVELWORTS. 

Herbs  (shrubs  or  trees)  with  tumid  joints,  entire  and  opposite  leaves.  Flowers 
surrounded  with  an  involucre  (calyx-like  when  the  flower  is  solitary).  Calyx  a  deli- 
cate, colored,  funnel-form  or  tubular  perianth,  deciduous  above  the  1-celled,  1-seeded 
ovary,  leaving  its  persistent  base  to  harden  and  envelop  the  fruit  (achenium)  as  a 
kind  of  pericap.  Stameiw  1  to  several,  definite,  slender,  hypogynous,  exserted,  •un- 
equal. Embryo  coiled  around  the  copious  white  albumen.  Fig.  373,  460. 

GeneralG,  species  110,  chiefly  tropical, south  of  the  equator. 

Properties.-— The  roots  are  purgative,  especially  those  of  the  beautiful  cultivated  genus— 
Four-o'clock. 

GENERA. 

*  Involucre  calyx-like,  involving  but  asingle,  large  flower MIKAIHLTS.  I 

*  Involucre  involving  several  (3  to  5)  small  flowers OXYBAPIH-S.  2 

*  Involucre  none,  die  minute  flowers  with  deciduous  bracts BOEKIIAAVIA.  3 

1.  MIRAB'ILIS,  L.  MARVEL  OP  PERU.  FOUR-O'CLOCK.  (Lat  mira- 
bills,  wonderful,  admirable;  a  name  well  applied.)  Involucre  calyx-like, 
5-lobed,  1-flowered,  lobes  acuminate ;  perianth  (calyx)  tubular-funnel- 


OEDEE  102.— POLYGONACE^E.  603 

•t 

form,  limb  spreading ;  stamens  5,  scarcely  with  the  style  exserted  ; 
aehenium  enveloped  in  the  persistent  base  of  the  calyx. —  2£  Herbs 
mostly  Mexican  and  Peruvian,  everywhere  cultivated. 

1  M.  Jalapa  L.     Erect ;  Ivs.  ovate,  acuminate,  base  obtuse  or  subcordate,  pe- 
tiolate,  glabrous ;  fls.  3  to  6  in  each  terminal  fascicle,  short-stalked;  perianth  open 
in  the  evening  and  night. — This  is  the  true  Four-o'clock,  opening  its  multitudi- 
nous brilliant  flowers  at  about  that  hour  P.  M.,  for  a  long  succession  of  summer 
days.     Their  variety  in  color  is  infinite,  f    Peru. 

2  M.  dichotoma  L.    Erect,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  ovate,  subacuminate,  base  obtuse 
or  narrowed  to  the  petiole ;  fls.  sessile  or  nearly  so  ;  lobes  of  invol.   ovate-acute ; 
perianth  strict,  with  a  small  scarcely  dilated  limb. — Gardens,  less  frequent.     Fls. 
smaller,  yellow,  red  and  white,  f     Mexico. 

3  M.  longifldra  L.     "Weak,  diffuse,  viscid-pubescent ;  Ivs.  cordate-acuminate, 
upper  sessile,   lower  long-petioled ;    fls.  sessile,  clustered  at  apex ;  invol.  lobes 
linear;  tube  of  the  perianth  very  long,  pubescent. — Gardens.  Fls.  white,  f   Mexico. 

3.  OXYB'APHUS,  Vahl.  (Gr.  o^v(3d(j)ov,  a  shallow  cup  or  saucer ; 
alluding  to  the  form  of  the  involucre.)  Involucre  5-cleft,  containing  3 
to  5  flowers  (in  one  species),  persistent  and  spreading  in  fruit ;  perianth 
with  a  very  short  tube,  and  a  plicate,  bell-shaped,  deciduous  limb ; 
stamens  3  ;  style  simple,  stigma  capitate;  fruit  ovoid,  ribbed,  1-seeded. 
— If!  Herbs  with  tuberous  roots,  opposite  Ivs.  and  small  fls.  (Caly- 
menia,  Allioni.) 

1  O.  nyctagmeus    Sweet.      Nearly  smooth,  erect,    with    alternate  or  forked 
branches  ;  Ivs.   broadly  ovate  or  oblong,  subcordate,   acute  ;    peduncles  solitary, 
axillary  and  terminal ;  irivol.  pubescent,  3  to  5-flowered. — 2£  Alluvial  soils,  Wis. 
to  Tenn.,  rare ;  common  in  Nebraska.     (Nuttall.) 

2  O.  angiistifolius  Sweet.    St.  terete,  puberulent  above,  with  alternate  branches; 
Ivs.  narrowly  lanceolate,  thick  but  veiny,  entire  or  serrulate,  acute,  narrowed  to 
tli3  subsessile  base;  ped.  several  times  shorter  than  the  leaves,  axillary  and  termi- 
nal ;  invol.  3-flowered,  half-5-cleft,  lobes  broad,  obtuse ;   ovary  hispid. — Dry  soils 
S.  Car.,  Ga.  to  La.     St.  2  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  5  to  9",  or  in  some  speci- 
mens (A.  linearis  Ph.)  much  narrower.     Ped.  2  to  5"  long.     Cal.  purplish.     Jn. 

3  O.  albidus  Sweet.     St.  angular,  and  pubescent  in  lines,  simple;  Ivs.  narrow, 
lance-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  petiolate ;  ped.  solitary,  axillary,  half  as  long  as  the 
Ivs. ;  invol.  2  to  3-flowered,  deeply  5-cleft,  segm.  ovate,  acute,  ribs  of  fruit  hispid. 
— <D  Dry  soils,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  (Mettauer.)     Sts.  12  to  18'  high.     Lvs.  2'  to  30"  long, 
4  to  G"  wide.     Ped.   1'  long,  alternate,  each  with  a  whitish  involucre  10"  broad 
and  2  to  3  small  fls.     May.     (A.  alb.  Ph.) 

3.  BQERHAA'VIA,  L.  (Dedicated  to  Bcerhaave,  of  Holland,  a  friend 
and  patron  of  Linnaeus.)  Involucre  0  ;  bractlets  deciduous  ;  perianth  fun- 
nel or  bell-form,  colored,  5-lobed,  upper  half  deciduous,  lower  persist- 
ent ;  stamens  1  to  4 ;  fruit  5-ribbed,  truncate  at  apex,  1-seeded. — Lvs. 
opposite,  mostly  petioled. 

B.  erecta  L.  Glabrous;  Ivs.  ovate,  wavy,  pale  beneath;  fls.  in  a  strict,  much 
branched  panicle. — (T)  Sandy  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  St.  3  to  4f  high,  nu- 
merously dividing  above  into  filiform,  erect  branchlets.  Lvs.  all  below,  2'  long, 
roundish  at  base,  on  petioles  nearly  as  long.  Fls.  minute.  Jn. — Sept. 

ORDER  CII.     POLYGONACEJi     SORRELWORTS. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  mostly  sheathing  stipules  (ochrece) 
surrounding  the  stem  above  each  tumid  joint.  Flowers  mostly  perfect.  Perianth 
or  calyx  3  to  6-cleft,  mostly  colored,  imbricated  in  bud  and  persistent.  Stamens  4 
to  15,  perigynous  or  free.  Ovary  1-celled,  free,  with  a  single,  erect  ovule.  Styles 
or  stigmas  2  or  3.  Fruit  a  3-angled  aehenium  enclosed  in  the  calyx.  Seed  erect^ 


604  ORDER  102.— POLYGONACE^E. 

albuminous,  with  a  straight  or  curved  inverted  embryo.     Illust.  in  Figs.  80,  375, 
407,  408,  409,  413,  607,  103,  112. 

Genera  33,  species  690  (Meisner)  widely  diffused  in  all  lands,  but  most  abundant  in  the  tem- 
perate zones. 

Properties. — The  roots  of  these  plants  are  nauseous  and  purgative.  Rhubarb  of  the  shops  is 
the  root  of  liheum  palmatum  and  other  species,  native  of  Tartary.  But  the  leaves  and  sbtlfa 
of  Sorrel,  the  petioles  of  Garden  Rhubarb,  etc.,  are  agreeably  tart,  and  contain  oxalic  acid  ;  the 
petioles  of  the  latter,  together  with  the  farinaceous  seeds  of  the  Buck-wheat,  aro  well-known 
articles  of  food. 

TRIBES   AND   GEXERA. 

1.  ERIOGONEJ3.    Flowers  in  dense,  involucrate  umbels,  Ochrese  0 EEIOGONUM.  1 

II.    POLYGONE^E.    Flowers  not  involucrate.    Ochrese  present,  (a) 

a  Calyx  4-parted,  regular.     Stamens  6.    Styles  2.    Achenia  winged OXYRIA.  2 

a  Calyx  6-parted.     Stamens  9.    Sepals  all  similar,  short EIJF.UM.  3 

a  Calyx  6-partcd.    Stamens  6.    Sepals  8,  inner  increasing,  tuberculate KUAIEX.  4 

a  Calyx  5-parted  (irregularly  4-parted  in  one  species),  (b) 

b  Sepals,  the  3  inner  fiinbriate-pectinate.     Pedicels  solitary TITYSANELLA.  5 

b  Sepals  entire,— 3,  closed  on  the  achcnia,  or  all  open.  Pedicels  solitary.  POLYGONELLA.  6 
—nil  closed  on  the  achenium.  Pedicels  usually  fascicled..  POLYGOXUM.  7 
—all  open.  Nectaries  8.  Pedicels  fascicled  in  the  bract. .  .FACOPYKPM.  8 

1.  ERIOG'ONUM,  MX.     (Gr.  tptov,  wool,  yovv,  knee  ;  being  woolly 
at  the  joints,  etc.)    Flowers  many  in  each  common  5-toothed  involucre  ; 
calyx  deeply  5-cleft ;  stamens  9  ;  styles  3  ;  achenia  3-angled  or  3-lobed  ; 
embryo  in  or  near  the  axis  of  scanty  albumen. — Herbs  clothed  with 
dense  cottony  wool.     Lvs.  alternate,  exstipulate,  mostly  at  the  base  of 
the  stem,  the  upper  bract-like,  often  whorled  at  the  forks  of  the  umbel- 
late inflorescence.     In  vol.  solitary  or  capitate.     Pedicels  within  the  in- 
vol.  1-flowered. 

1  E.  tomentosum  MX.     Lower  Ivs.  crowded,  spatulate,  obovate  or  oblong,  pe- 
tiolate,   beneath  rusty  white,   tomentous,  veins  tawny  red ;  flowering  branches 
several  times  forked ;  invol.  solitary,  campanulate,  sessile,  5-toothed,  loose-flow- 
ered; cal   colored,  funnel-form. — U   Sandy  hills,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.,  frequent.     St.  1 
to  3f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  those  of  the  stem  much  smaller.    Pis.  3  to  4"  long, 
cream-white,  with  wool  of  the  same  color  outside.     Jn.  Aug. 

2  E.  longifolium  Nutt.     Lower  Ivs.  crowded,  oblong^linear,  with  a  long,  attenu- 
ated base,  beneath  white-tomentous,  upper  Ivs.  scattered ;  panicle  ample,  several 
times  forked ;  bracts  minute ;  invol.   solitary,  campanulate,  pedunculate  many- 
flowered  ;  cal.  green,  woolly. — Fla.  to  Ark.     St.  2  to  4f  high. 

2.  OXYR'IA,  R.  Br.     MOUNTAIN  SORREL.     (Gr.  o|£f,  acid ;  in  allu- 
sion to  the  qualities  of  its  leaves.)     Calyx  herbaceous,  4-sepaled,  the  2 
inner  sepals  erect,  larger,  the  2  outer  reflexcd ;  achenium  lens-shaped, 
thin,  girt  with  a  broad,  membranous  wing ;  stamens  6,  equal ;  stigmas 

2,  sessile,  penicillate. —  2£  Low,  nearly  acaulescent,  alpine  plants. 

O.  reniformia  Hook.  Radical  Ivs.  reniform,  on  long  petioles ;  outer  sepals  ob- 
long, half  as  long  as  the  inner,  valvular  sepals ;  fruit  orbicular. — Found  on  the 
summits  of  the  White  Mts.,  in  moist  ravines ;  and  N.  to  the  Arc.  Sea.  The  plant 
is  acid  to  the  taste,  like  Rumex  acetosus.  Stem  3 — 4'  in  height,  nearly  leafless, 
racemed  or  subpaniculatc.  Jn.  (Rumex  digynus  L.) 

3.  RHEVUM,  L.     RHUBARB.     (Rha,  the  river  Volga,  on  whose  banks 
the  plants  arc  said  to  be  native.)     Calyx  colored,  6-sepaled,  persistent ; 
stamens  9  ;  styles  3,  very  short,  spreading  ;  stigmas  multifid,  reflexed  ; 
achenia  3-angled,  the  angles  margined. —  2£  Fls.  fasciculate  in  racemotis 
panicles. 

R.  Rhaponticum  L.  GARDEN  RHUBARB  OR  PIE-PLANT.  Lvs.  ample, 
smooth,  cordate-ovate,  obtuse ;  petioles  channeled  above,  rounded  at  the  edges. — 
Gardens.  Stem  stout  and  fleshy,  3 — 4f  high,  hollow,  with  large,  sheathing  sti- 
pules at  tho  joints.  Loaves  very  large,  1 — 2f  long,  f  as  wide,  on  petioles  of 


ORDER  102.— POLYGONACE^E.  605 

nearly  the  same  length.  Panicle  terminal,  at  first  enclosed  in  a  white,  membran- 
ous bract  which  at  length  bursts,  disclosing  innumerable  greenish-white  flowers. 
May.  J  Siberia. — The  large  juicy  petioles  are  well-known  to  the  pastry  cook. 
Their  agreeable  acidity  is  due  to  the  presence  of  oxalate  of  lime. 

4.  RITMEX,  L.  DOCK.  SORREL.  Calyx  of  6  sepals  nearly  distinct, 
3  inner  (valves)  larger,  petaloid,  connivent  over  the  achenium,  1  or 
more  of  them  usually  bearing  a  tubercle  or  grain  on  the  back,  the  3 
outer  herbaceous,  reflexed  in  fruit ;  stamens  6  ;  styles  3,  short ;  stigmas 
penicillate-fringed ;  achenium  and  seed  3-angled,  embryo  lateral. — 
Weed-like  herbs  with  small,  greenish  fls.'  in  racemes  or  panicles. 

§  LAPATHUiM".    Flowers  all  or  mostly  perfect.    Valves  bearing  grains  on  the  tack.  (*) 

*  Valves  entire  or  merely  angular,  (a) 

a  Pedicels  in  fruit  2  to  5  times  longer  than  the  sub-cordate  valves Nos.  1,  2 

a  Pedicels  in  fruit  twice  longer  than  rounded  or  truncate  valves Nos.  3,  4 

a  Pedicels  in  fruit  shorter  or  not  longer  than  the  valves,  (b) 

b  Leaves  flat,  all  tapering  to  both  ends Nos.  5,  6 

b  Leaves  wavy,  the  lower  cordate  or  subcordatc Nos.  7,  3 

*  Valves  conspicuously  toothed  on  each  side  near  the  base Nos.  9 — 11 

§  ACETOSA.    Flowers  dioecious.     Valves  grainless.    Leaves  acid  (hastate) Nos.12, 13 

1  R.  crispus  L.    YELLOW  DOCK.    Lvs.  lanceolate,  waved,  acute,  the  lower  oblong, 
subcordate;  pedicels  twico  longer  than  calyx;  valves  broad-ovate,  cordate,  each 
bearing  a  grain. — if  Can.  and  U.  S.    A  weed  too  common  in  cultivated  grounds, 
about  rubbish,  etc.,  much  to  the  annoyance  of  the  farmer.     Stem  .2 — 3f  high, 
smooth,  channeled,  from  a  yellow,  fusiform  root.     Flowers  numerous,  in  a  largo 
panicle,  consisting  of  many  racemes  of  half-whorls,  interspersed  with  leaves. 
Pedicels  3  to  4''  long.     Calyx-valves  each  with  a  grain  on  the  back.    Jn.    §  Eur. 
— The  root  is  used  in  medicine  for  cutaneous  diseases. 

2  R.  verticillatus  L.     WATER  DOCK.     Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end; 
valves  entire,  broad-ovate,  each  bearing  a  grain ;  rac.  leafless,  with  flowers  in 
close  whorls;  pedicels  elongated,  thickened,  upwards. —  If   An  aquatic  species  of 
muddy  situations.     Can.  and  U.  S.     St.  2f  high,  with  long,  tubular  sheaths  and 
few  branches.     Lvs.  long,  narrow,  acute,  flat.     Whorls  10  to  30-flowered.     Pedi- 
cels 7  to  10"  long,  deflexed.     Jn.    (R.  Brittanicus  L.  ?  fide  Gray.) 

3  R.  Hydrolapathum  Hudson,    p.  AMERICANA  Gray.     GREAT  WATER  DOCK. 
Lvs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  lower  lance-oblong,  very  long,   upper  minutely  undu- 
late-crenulate,  all  acute  or  attenuate  at  base,  petiolate ;  panicle  compound,  at  length 
naked ;  verticils  at  first  distinct ;  valves  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  all  grain-bearing. — 
2f  Northern  U.  S.     Ponds  and  ditches.     St.  3  to  5f  high.    Lvs.  somewhat  glau- 
cous, lower  very  large,  1  to  2f  long,  2  to  5'  wide,  with  a  stout  mid  vein.     Pedi- 
cels in  fruit  5  to  6"  long,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx..    (R.  aquaticus  Smith.) 

4  R.  Floridanus  Meisn.     Lvs.  long-lanceolate,  acuto  and  unequally  narrowed  at 
loth  ends,  flat ;  panicle,  leafless  above,  racemes  at  length  dense ;  pedicels  twico 
longer  than  the  fruiting  calyx ;  valves  broadly  ovate-deltoid,  bluntly  acuminate,  all 
grain-bearing. — Fla.     (Rugel  apud  Meisner.)     Pedicels  3  to  5"  long.  • 

5  R.  altfssimus.     PEACH-LEAVED  DOCK.     Glabrous,  tall,  erect;  Ivs.  flat,  thick, 
linear-elliptic,   entire,   petiolate,   tapering  to  each  end ;  rac.  slender,  paniculate, 
somewhat  secund,  leafless  or  the  lowest  verticil  axillary ;  fls.  all  £ ;  valves  larger, 
broad-cordate,  one  graniferous,  one  abortively  so,  and  the  third  naked. — If   Marshy 
prairies  and  borders  of  streams,   Mid.  and  W.  States.     A  very  showy  Rumex, 
3 — 6f  high,   slightly  branched  above.     Leaves  3 — 5'  by  \ — 1',  somewhat  acumi- 
nate, broadest  in  the  middle.     Verticils  approximate,  pedicels  reflexed,  not  longer 
than  the  valves.     Jn. 

6  R.  salicifolius  Weinm.     /?.  BIGELOVII.     PALE  DOCK.    Lvs.  thin,  wavy  at 
edge,  attenuate-acuto  at  each  end,   linear-lanceolate,  petiolate;  panicle  simple, 
leafy  at  base,  racemes  spicate,  loose  and  interrupted  below ;  pedicels  much  shorter 
than  the  fruiting  calyx ;  valves  all  grain-bearing,  ovate-oblong,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  grains. — Sea  coast,  Mass,  and  Can.     Sts.  terete,  slightly  furrowed,  2  to  3f 
high.     Lvs.  4  to  7'  long.     Grains  unequal,  large,  white.     Jn.    (R.  pallidus  Bw.) 

7  R.  conglomerates  Murr.     Lvs.  ovate  or  oblong,  base  rounded  or  cordate,  the 
upper  lanceolate,  attenuate-acuto  at  each  end,  margins  crispatc ;  panicle  somewhat 


600  ORDER  102.— POLYGON  ACE^E. 

spreading,  leafy,  with  remote  axillary  verticils,  the  highest  leafless ;  pedicels  shorter 
than  the  small  fruit  calyx ;  valves  ovate-oblong,  blunt,  all  grain -bearing. — y  Ditches 
and  wet  places,  N.  States,  Can.  St.  2  to  3f  high.  Lower  Ivs.  on,  long  petioles. 
Grains  large,  red.  May.  §  Eur.  (R.  acutus  Sm.) 

8  R.  sangufneus  L.     RED-VEINED  DOCK.     Lvs.  lance-oblong  wavy,  acuminate, 
obtuse  at  base,  or  the  lower  cordate,  mostly  with  red  veins ;  pan.  leafless  except 
at  base,  whorls  distant ;  pedicels  shorter  than  fruit  calyx ;  valves  smalt,  obovate- 
oblong,  obtuse,  1  or  2  of  them  grain-bearing. — "Waste  places,   N.  States  and  Can. 
St.  reddish,  2  to  3f  high.     Jl.    §  Eur. — In  3.  VIRIDIS  the  veins  are  green. 

9  R.  obtusifolius  L.     Lower  Ivs.  ovate  obtuse,  cordate,  wavy  on  the  margin,  upper 
lance-oblong,  acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end,  all  petiolate ;  panicle  leafy,  whorls 
distant ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  fruit  calyx ;  valves  hastate-ovate,  with  3  or  4  spread- 
ing, subulate  teeth  on  each  side,  one  valve  chiefly  grain-bearing. — N.  Eng.,  Mid. 
and  "W.  States.     A  weed  as  unwelcome  as  the  first,  in  fields,  door-yards,  &c. 
St.   2  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  large  (6  to  12'  by  3  to  8'),  sometimes  red-veined.     JL 
§  Eur. 

10  R.  maritimus  L.     GOLDEN  DOCK.     Lvs.  long-lanceolate,  the  lower  abrupt  at 
base,  the  upper  attenuate-acute  at  each  end;  whorls  dense-flowered,  the  lower  sub- 
distinct,  with  linear  bracts,  upper  confluent;  pedicels  filiform,  longer  than  fruit 
calyx ;  valves  rhombic-ovate,  bearing  2  long,  bristly  teeth  each  side,  with  an  acu- 
minate point,  all  grain-bearing.—©  Borders  of  brackish  waters,  Mass,  to  S.  Car. 
Low  (If)  and  much  branched.     Calyx  in  fruit  yellowish  green,  densely  clustered. 
Jl.     (R.  persicarioides  Hook.) 

11  R.  pulcher  L.     Lower  Ivs.  oblong,  cordate,  often  flddle-shaped,  upper  lanceo- 
late, acute,  ob tuse  at  base;  panicle  leafy,   whorls  distant;  pedicels  shorter  than 
fruit  calyx,  thickened;  valves  ovate-oblong,  unequally  grain-bepring,  each  with 
several  straight,  strong  lateral  teeth. — U  About  Charleston,  S.  C.  (Elliott).    Jn. 
Jl.     §  Eur. 

12  R.  Acetosella  L.     FIELD  SORREL.     SHEEP  SORREL.     Lvs.  oblanceolate-has- 
tate,  about  as  long  as  the  petioles,  tho  auricles  divaricate,  oblong,  a  third  as  long 
as  the  blade,  in  the  upper  Ivs.  smaller  or  wanting ;  fls.  dioecious,  valves  not  increas- 
ing in  fruit,  nor  grain  bearing. — If  A  common  weed  in  pastures  and  waste  grounds 
throughout  tho  U.  S.,  preferring  dry,  hard  soils.     St.  G'  to   If  high,  leafy.     Lvs. 
very  acid,  but  pleasant  to  the  taste.     Fls.  small,  red  or  reddish,  collected  in  pan- 
icled  racemes,  the  valves  destituto  of  granules.     Stamens  and  styles  on  separate 
plants.    Jn. — Aug. 

13  R.  Engelmanni  Ledeb.     Lvs.  lanceolate  or  linear,  hastate,  the  lower  2  or  3 
times  shorter  than  the  long  petioles,  the  auricles  very  small,  acutish,  many  times 
shorter  than  the  blade ;  panicles  entirely  leafless ;  fls.   dioecious ;  valves  increas- 
ing in  fruit,  orbicular-cordate,  grainless. —  U  Ga.,  Fla.  to  Tex.,  also  Mo.     Sts.  1  to 
2f  high,  much  furrowed.    Lvs.  pale  beneath.    Fls.  purple.    (R.  hastatulus  Baldw. 
ncc  Campd.) 

6.  THYSANEL'LA,  Gray.     Calyx  colored,  5-parted,  lobes  all  erect, 

the  two  outer  cordate-sagittate  at  base,  the  3  inner  smaller,  pectinate- 

fimbriate ;    stamens    8  ;    styles    3  ;    achenia    3-angled,    acuminate. — A 

smooth,  erect  herb,  with  the  habit  of  Polygonella.     (Polygonum,  Ell.) 

T.  fimbriata  Gray. — Pine  barrens,  Ga.  and  Fla.    St.  2  to  3f  high,  terete,  branched. 

Sheaths  truncate,  cylindric,  entire,  striate.  fringed  with  long,  soft,  white  bristles, 

bearing  the  leaf  at  top.     Lvs.  linear,  parallel-veined,  acute,  1  to  2'  long.     Fls.  in 

crowded,  panicled  spikes.     Bracts  (sheaths)  obliquely  truncate,  tipped  with  a  long 

awn,  1-flowered.     Cal.  white,  tinged  with  roso  color.    Jl. — Oct. 

6.  POLYGONEL'LA,  MX.  (Lat.  diminutive,  implying  a  little  or 
dwarf  Polygonum.)  Calyx  5-sepaled,  colored,  persistent  and  withering, 
erect-spreading,  or  at  length  the  3  inner  sepals  increasing  and  conni- 
vent ;  stamens  8,  included  ;  styles  3  or  almost  "wanting  ;  achenia  3-cor~ 
nered,  naked  or  inclosed  in  the  3  inner  sepals  become  scarious  valves ; 
embryo  straight,  axile  or  lateral  in  a  groove  at  tho  angle  of  the  albu- 


ORDER  102.— POLYGONACEJ3.  607 

men. — Herbs  or  shrubs  with  very  narrow,  deciduous  Ivs.,  and  the  small 
fls.  solitary  in  each  ochrea.     (Polygonum,  Nutt,  &c.) 

§  Flowers  subsessile.    Filaments  nil  filiform.    Leaves  broader  above,  spatukto Nos.  1,  2 

§  Flowers  on  capillary  pedicels  2"  long.    8  inner  filaments  dilated  at  base.    Lvs.  linear. Ni*.  3,  4 

1  P.  parvifolia  MX.      Somewhat  shrubby;    branches  strict,  leafless  abovo;  hv. 
linear-cuncate,  obtuse ;  panicle  compound,  spreading ;  rac.  numerous,  sessile,  fili- 
form, short,  with  imbricated  bracts ;  fls.  subsessile ;  inner  sep.  oval,  soon  equaling 
the  acute  achcnium,  2  outer  reflosed.—  Pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.,  Ala.  and  Ark. 
A  delicate,  much  branched  shrub,  1  to  2f  high.     Sts.  brittle,  brownish.     Lvs.  1' 
long,  1  to  3"  wide  above,  tortuously  spreading.     Fls.  minute,  white. 

2  P.  gr£cile  Nutt.     Annual,  glaucous;  branches  filiform,  paniculate;  Ivs.  spatu- 
late,  obtuse,  3  to  5-veined;  rac.  almost  capillary,  bracts  approximated;  pedicels 
very  short,  reflexed ;  sep.  reflexed-spreading,  at  length  the  3  inner  exceeding  the 
acuminate  fruit. — Dry,  sandy  places,  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Sts.  strict,  furrowed,  2 
to  3f  high.    Branching  issuing  from  between  tho  joints.    Lvs.  few,  1'  to  18"  long. 
Fls.  nodding,  1"  long,  longer  than  tho  peduncle,  white  or  flesh-colored. 

3  P.  Meisneriana   Shutt.      Shrubby,   very  leafy;    Ivs.   linear-filiform,   obtuse, 
nearly  perennial,  glaucous  ;  achrece  subimbricatcd,  green  with  a  conspicuous  white, 
membranous  border;  rac.  many-flowered;  achrete   1 -flowered,  with  setaceously 
acuminate  bracts ;  2  outer  sepals  reflexed. — Near  Macon,  G-a.  (Mettauer)  and  Alru, 
rare.    A  delicate,  bushy  shrub,  1  to  2f  high.    Lvs.  G  to  10"  long,  somewhat  tereto 
and  fleshy.     Fls.  roseate  or  white,  />ii  jointed,  solitary  pedicels  2"  long. 

4  P.  articulatum  Meisn.     St.  erect,  with  erect  branches,  soon  nearly  naked;  Ivs. 
linear,  caducous  from  the  top  of  the  tubular,  truncate  sheaths ;  spikes  panic-led, 
filiform ;  fls.  solitary,  pedunculated,  with  imbricated,  truncated  bracts ;  sep.  erect- 
spreading. — 'X>  N.  Y.  to  Mich.,  in  dry  grounds.     St.  slender,  strict,  1  to  2f  high. 
Lvs.  6"  to  1'  by  1",  obtuse.     Fls.  flesh-colored,  showy,  1"  long,  on  nodding,  hair- 
like  peduncles.     Ach.  not  inclosed,  triangular,  acuminate.     Aug. — A  true  Poly- 
gonella  in  habit  and  character,  as  the  genus  is  defined  by  Meisner. 

7.  POLYG'ONUM,  L.  KNOT-GRASS.  (Gr.  rrokvg,  many,  yow,  knee; 
i.  <?.,  plant  with  many  joints.)  Calyx  of  5  sepals,  rarely  fewer,  colored  or 
greenish,  similar,  imbricated  in  bud,  at  length  all  connivent,  persistent ; 
stamens  8,  rarely  fewer ;  styles  2  or  3,  mostly  3,  short  filiform  ;  achenia 
3-corncred  or  lens-shaped,  inclosed  in  the  dry,  withered  calyx ;  embryo 
curved,  lateral,  lying  in  a  groove  at  one  angle  of  the  albumen. — A  vast 
genus  of  herbs  with  ochreate-jointed  stems  and  small,  white,  red,  or 
greenish  fls. 

§  Stems  armed  with  retrorse  prickles.     Leaves  cordate  sagittate.     ECHINOCAULOX Nos.  20,  21 

§  Stems  unarmed,  twining.     Leaves  cordate-hastate.     TINIABIA Nos.  17—19 

§  Stems  erect  or  decumbent,  unarmed.     Leaves  hardly  ever  cordate.  (*) 

*  Calyx  unequally  4-cleft.    Styles  2,  long  detlexed.    TOVAEIA No.  1G 

*  Calyx  equally  5-parted.    Styles  erect.  "  (a) 

a  Sheaths  salver-form.    Stamens  T.    Style  2-parted.    Tall.      AMBLYOGOMTJM.NO.  15 
a  Sheaths  subcylindrical.     Stamens  5,  G,  8.     Styles  2  or  3.  (b) 

b  Flowers  in  leafless,  terminal,  spike-like  racemes.     PERSICAIUA.  (c) 

C  Raceme  one,  dense.     Stern  at  base  or  rhizome  decumbent  Nos.  13, 14 

C  Racemes  several.     Sheaths  naked,  not  fringed Nos.  11,12 

C  Racemes  several.     Sheaths  bristly  fringe-ciliate.  (d) 

d  Style  2  (or  8)-clef;.    Achenia  flat  or  leas-shaped Mos.  S— 10 

d  Style  3-cleft.     Achenia  sharply  3-cornered Nos.  5— T 

b  Flowers  axillary  or  seldom  forming  a  leafy  raceme,  (e) 

e  Achcnimn  protruding  beyond  the  calyx,  3-anglcd Nos.  8,  4 

O  Achenium  included  in  tho  calyx,  8-anglcd Nos.  1,  2 

1  P.  avicularo  L.  BIRD'S  KNOT-GRASS.  St.  procumbent ;  Ivs.  elliptical-lanceolate, 
rough-edged,  acutish  at  each  end;  fls.  subsessilo;  ach.  striate,  dull,  inclosed;  stam. 
6  to  8. — (1)  A  common  weed  in  fields,  highways  and  door-yards,  U.  S,  and  Brit. 
Am.  Sts.  slender,  4-  to  l\f  long,  striate,  smooth,  branching,  with  short,  white, 
torn,  remotely  veined  stipules  at  the  joints.  Lvs.  smooth,  except  the  edges,  1' 
by  3'',  more  or  less.  Fls.  reddish,  small,  2  cr  3  together  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves, 
appearing  all  bummer.  (P.  littoralo  Mcisn.) 


608  0RDEB  102.— POLTGONACE^. 

y.  ERECTUM.  Stems  ascending  or  erect ;  Ivs.  larger,  elliptic  or  oval,  petiolate; 
fls.  pedicellate;  stam.  mostly  5. — In  richer  or  shady  soils,  more  common 
westward.  (P.  erectum  L.)  . 

2  P.  tenue  MX.     St.  sknder,  rigid,  erect,  with  long,  simple  branches,  acute-angled; 
Ivs.  linear-lanceolate  and  linear,  erect,  acute;  sheaths  (stipules)  bristly-fringed  at 
top ;  fls.  alternate,  subsolitary ;  ach.  included. — A  small,  slender  plant,  on  rocky 
soils,  N.  Eng.  to  the  Mts.  of  Ga.  and  Wis.     St.  6'  to  If  high.     Lvs.  1  to  !£'  long, 
1  to  2"  wide,  3-veined,  sessile.     Fls.  white.     Jl.,  Aug. 

3  P.  maritimtim  L.      Prostrate,  diffusely  branched,  glaucous;   st.  striate,  with 
very  short  internodes ;  sheaths  gibbous  at  base,  hyaline,  torn ;  Ivs.  fleshy,  oval  or 
linear-oblong,   nearly  veinless ;  fls.  sessile;  ach.  sharply  angled,  a  little  exserted, 
smooth  and  shining. — If  Sandy  shores,  R.  I.  to  S.  Car.     Sts.  6  to  12'  long.     Lvs. 
few  and  small,  2  to  4"  long.     Fls.  often  crowded  in  leafy  racemes,  rose-purple, 
green  at  base,  1"  long.     (P.  aviculare,  (3.  glaucum,  2d  edit.) 

4  P.     ramosissimum  MX.     St.  tall,  erect  or  ascending,  much  branched,  striate ; 
sheaths  6-veined,  at  length  torn ;  Ivs.  lance-oblong  or  linear,  petiolate  ;  fls.  subsoli- 
tary, pedicellate,   greenish ;  ach.  exserted,  smooth  but  dull. — CD  Sandy  shores  of 
streams  and  lakes,  Mich,  to  111.    Much  like  P.  aviculare,  but  rigidly  erect,  2  to  3f, 
with  larger,  petiolate  Ivs.  2'  long,  and  larger  sepals,  1£"  long  in  fruit,  green,  with 
narrow  white  borders. 

5  P.  hirsutum  Walt.     HAIRY  KNOT-GRASS.     Hirsute,  with  long,  spreading,  tawny 
hairs;  sheaths  ciliate;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  obtuse  at  base,  gradually  narrowed  to  tho 
point;  spikes  2  or  3,  very  slender*  bract  equaling  its  2  or  3  pedicels;  stamens  7 
to  8  ;  style  3-cleft ;  ach.  shining. — (§)  Swamps,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.     St.  slender,  root- 
ing at  base,  ascending  2  to  4f.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  4  to  10",  mostly  smooth  above, 
sometimes  dense-hairy  like  the  stem.     Fls.  white.     May — Aug. 

6  P.  fcydropiperoides  MX.     MILD  WATER-PEPPER.     St.  smooth ;  sheaths  hairy, 
bristly-ciliate,   long  and  narrow;    Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,   tapering  to  each  end, 
slightly  appressed-hairy  (not  acrid) ;_  spikes  2  or  more,   slender,   loose-flowered  at 
base;  cal.  glandless;  stam.   8;  style  half-3-cleft ;  ach.   shining. — TJ.  Ditches  and 
wet  ground,  common.     St.  branched,  1  to  3f  high.    *Lvs.  narrowed  into  a  short 
petiole,  not  acrid.     Fls.  rather  large,  white-roseate,  rather  close,  4  or  5  from  each 
bract     Aug.,  Sept.     (P.  mite  Pers.) 

ft.  SETACEUM.     Lvs.  lanceolate ;  stip.   conspicuously  fringed  with  long  bristles. 
,  — In  clayey  soils,  southward.     (P.  setaceum  Baldw.) 

7  P.  acre  H.  B.  K.     St.  ascending,  slender,  glabrous;  sheath  smoothish,  fringed 
with  bristles,  bearing  the  leaf  near  the  base ;  Ivs.  acrid,  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
filiform,  interrupted  at  base ;  bracts  truncate,  1  to  3-flowered ;  ped.  scarcely  ex- 
serted; stam.  8;    style  3-parted;    ach.   3-cornered. — "Wet  places,  ditches,  com- 
mon S.  and  "W.     Cal.  greenish  at  base,  flesh-colored,  "brown-dotted  like  the  Ivs. 
Ach.  shining.     Jl. — Sept.     (P.  punctaturn  Ell.     P.  hydropiperoides  Ph.) 

8  P.  Hydropiper  L.      WATER-PEPPER.     Glabrous;  sheaths  bristly-ciliate;  Ivs. 
lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  minutely,  pellucid-punctate  (very  acrid) ;  spikes 
loose-flowered,  slender,  short  (2  to  5')  nodding ;  ped.  exserted;  cal.   glandular- 
punctate  ;  stam.  mostly  6 ;  sty.  2  or  3-cleffc ;  ach.  flattish  (rarely  obtusely  triangu- 
lar), dull,  minutely  roughened. — CD  Damp  waste  grounds,  ditches,  &c.,  1  to  2f  high. 
Lvs.  not  more  than  6"  wide.     Fls.  green  and  rose-colored.     Ach.  black.     Jl. — 
Sept.     §  Eur. 

9  P.  Careyi  Olney.     St.  erect,  hirsute,  much  branched;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  with  scat- 
tered and  appressed  hairs;  stip.  scarious,  tubular,  truncate,  hairy-ciliate. ;  spikes 
axillary  and  terminal,  on  very  long,  nodding  peduncles  thickly  beset  with  glandular 
Tiairs ;  stam.   6  to  8  included :  sty.  2 ;  ach.  orbicular-ovate,  mucronate,  tumid, 
shining.— CD  Swamps,  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  ?     Plant  3  to  5f  high.     Lvs.  3  to  6'  by 
C"  to  1',  midvein  and  margins  hairy.     CaL  greenish-purple,  tinged  with  white, 
minutely  dotted. 

10  P.  Persicaria  L.    St.  erect ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  the  upper  surface  usually  marked 
with  a  brownish  spot;  stip.  fringed;  spikes  dense,  oblong,  erect;  ped.  smooth ;  etam. 
G ;    sty.   2,  half  united  ;    ach.  shining,  flattened. — CD  A  common  species  about 
buildings,  fences,  wet  grounds,  &c.     St.   smooth,  branched,  leafy,  1  to  2f  high, 


ORDEB  102.— POLYGON  AOE^E.  600 

often  colored.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  a  fourth  as  wide,  entire,  short-stalked,  acumi- 
nate. Fls.  rose-colored,  in  many  spikes,  1  to  2'  long,  5  or  6"  thick.  Jn.— 
Aug.  §  Eur. 

11  P.  Fennsylvanicum  L.    (Fig.  103,  607.)     St.  smooth,  tumid  at  the  joints ; 
Ivs.  lanceolate,  petiolate;  slip,  glabrous,  not  dilate;  spikes  oblong,  crowded;  ped. 
and -often  the  branches  above  glandular-hispid ;  stam.  8  ;  sty.  2 -cleft;  ach.-  lenticular, 
with  flat   sides.— CD  Margins  of  ponds  and  ditches,    common.      St.   geniculate, 
branched  above,  2  to  4f  high.     Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  £  as  wide,  slightly  scabrous  with 
appressed  hairs.     Spikes  short  and  dense,  large,  and  somewhat  nodding.     Fls. 
large,  rose-colored,  pedicellate.     Jl. 

12  P.  incarnatum  Ell.     St.  geniculate  smooth  below;  sheaths  smoothish ;  Ivs. 
lanceolate,  smooth  except  the  roughish  midvein  and   margins,  or  minutely  pu- 
bescent above  ;  branches  and  peduncles  glandular- dotted ;  spikes  linear,  nodding,  at 
length  elongated ;  cal.  minutely  glandular ;  stam.  6 ;  sty.  2-cleft ;   ach.  lenticular 
with  concave  sides. — (D  In  ditches  and  pools,  W.  and  S.  States.     Sts.  2  to  3f  high. 
Lvs.  5  to  9'  by  1  to  3'.     Fls.  flesh-color  or  white,  in  spikes  1  to  3'  long.     JL — 
Sept.     (P.  lapathifolium,  2d  Edit.) 

13  P.  amphibium  L.     St.  assurgent,  prostrate  or  iecumbent  at  base,  rooting  at  the 
lower  joints ;  Ivs.  oblong -lanceolate  and  oblong,  acute,  or  rounded  or  cordate  at 
base,  petiolate,  smooth,  acute  or  acuminate  at  apex ;  spike  terminal,  ovoid  or  ob- 

•  long,  dense;  sta.  5,  .sty.  2-cleft. — Marshes,  ponds,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  more  common 
North.  A  very  variable  species,  with  large  leaves  and  a  terminal,  dense  spike  of 
bright  red  flowers.  Stip.  large.  Lvs.  5  to  7'  by  1  to  2',  often  shining.  Spikes  1 
to  2'  long,  the  shorter  mostly  thicker.  (Aug.  P.  coccinum  Muhl.) 

ft.  AQUATICUM.     Floating,  smooth ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate,  shin- 
ing, thick ;  spikes  more  usually  short  and  thick.     (P.  fluitans  Eaton.) 
y.  TERRESTRE.     Ascending  or  erect,  more  or  less  hirsute;  Ivs.  lance-oblong, 
acute  or   acuminate ;  sheath  hirsute ;  spikes  more  commonly  elongated. — 
Varies  into  the  other.     (Mr.  S.  II.  Wright.) 

14  P.  vivipamm  L.     ALPINE  BISTORT.    St.  low,  erect  from  a  creeping  rhizome, 
simple;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  revolute  at  the  margin;  spike  linear,  solitary. — If. 
White  Mts.,  N.  H.  to  Arc,  Am.     A  dwarf  alpine  species  6'  high,  bearing  a  single 
spike  of  white  flowers  which  are  often  transformed  into  bulblets  while  on  the 
stem.     Lvs.  1  to  If  by  2  to  3'',  with  entire,  obtuse,  smooth  stipules.     Jl. 

15  P.  orientale  L.     PRINCE'S  FEATHER.     St.  erect,  paniculately  branched ;  Ivs. 
large,  with   hairy,  salver-form   stipules ;  sta.   7  ;  sty.   2. — (B  Native  of  the  East, 
naturalized  in  fields  and  roadsides,  throughout  tho  U.  S.     A  tall,  showy  plant, 
often  cultivated  for  ornament.     Stem  5— 8f.    Lvs.  6—8'  long,  ovate,  acuminate. 
Spikes  numerous,  large,  red,  plume-like,  terminal.     Aug.     f  §  Eur. 

16  P.  Virginianum  L.     St.  simple,  minutely  appressed-hairy  above ;  Ivs.  ovate 
and  lanceolate,  acuminate,  short-petiolate ;  sheatix  bristly ;  rac.  wand-like,  termi- 
nal ;  fls.  remote,  solitary  in  each  sheath ;  cal.  4-parted ;  stam.  5,  included ;  sty.  2, 
bent  downwards,  hooked  at  apex,  as  long  as  the  shining,  tumid-lenticular  ache- 
nium. — U  Shades,  Can.  and  U.  S.     St.  3  to  4f  high,  the  raceme  half  its  length. 
Lvs.  large,  3  to  G'  long,  half  as  wide.     Fls.  greenish- white.     Jl.,  Aug. 

17  P.  convolvulus  L.     KNOT-BINDWEED.     St.  prostrate  or  climbing,  twining, 
roughish;  sheaths  naked;  Ivs.  hastate,  acuminate;  fls.  in  axillary  fasicles  or  in- 
terrupted racemes ;  cal.  obtusely  keeled;  ach.  purplish-black,  dull,  exserted. — (D 
Fields  and  waste  grounds,  Can.  to  Car.     Sts.  angular,  2  to  3f  long.     Lvs.  1  to  2' 
by  7  to  15",  petioles  half  as  long.     Cal.  whitish,  twice  longer  than  the  pedicels. 
Jl.,  Aug.    §  Eur. 

18  P.  cilinode  MX.     Minutely  pubescent,  twining;  sfaafhs  girt  at  base  with  a 
tiliate  hairy  ring ;  Ivs.  deeply  cordate,  ovate,  acuminate,  lobes  scarcely  hastate ; 
rac.  paniculate,  loose-flowered,  axillary  and  terminal ;  ach.  shining. — Fields  and 
hedges,  Can.  to  Wis.  and  Ga.     St.  slender,  often  reddish-purple,  3  to  6  to  8f  long. 
Lvs.  1'  to  18"  by  9  to  15",  petioles  about  half  as  long.     Panicles  simple,  5'  long 
or  less.     Cal.  wingless,  scarcely  keeled,  not  quite  covering  tho  brown  achenium. 
Jl.— Sept. 

19  P.  dumetorum  L.    HEDGE  BINDWEED.     St.  smooth,  twining  and  climbing ; 

39 


ORDEB  103.— PHYTOLACCACE.E. 

joints  naked;  Ivs.  cordate-hastate,  acuminate,  auricles  acute;  fls.  in  loose,  pe- 
dunculate racemes  which  are  naked  or  leafy;  cal.  luith  the  3  outer  sep.  acutely  keeled 
and  winged  on  the  back,  closely  covering  the  smooth,  black  achenium. — QD  Thickets, 
Can.  and  U.  S.  St.  3  to  8  to  12f  long,  climbing  over  bushes,  &c.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by 
1  to  2',  petioles  nearly  as  long.  Wings  of  the  calyx  narrower  than  the  fruit, 
produced  often  at  the  apex.  Jl. — Sept. 

20  P.  sagittatum  L.     SCRATCH  GRASS.     St.  prostsate,  rough-angled;  Ivs.  lan- 
ceolate-sag itate  ;  fls.  capitate ;  sta.  8  ;  sty.  3. — 1).     "Wet  grounds,  Can.  and  U.  S. 
A  rough,  climbing  species,  2  to  5f  in  length.     St.  square,  the  angles  very  rough 
with  prickles  pointing  downwards.     Lvs.  acute,   2  to  3'  long,  a  third  as  wide, 
with   straight   auricles    and   smooth   stipules.      Fls.   in  small,   terminal   heads, 
whitish.     Jn. 

21  P.  arifolium  L.     St.  aculeate  with  reversed  prickles  ;  Ivs.  hastate,  acuminate, 
with  divaricate,  acuminate  auricles';  spikes  few-flowered;  fls.  distinct;  stam.  6; 
sty.  2. — ©  Wet  grounds,  Can.  to  Ga,  and  W.  States.     Distinguished  from  the  last 
by  its  larger,  halbert-shaped  leaves  which  are  2  to  4'  long  arid  £  as  wide.   Petioles 
\  to  1'  long.     Clusters  racemous,  slender,  loose,  few-flowered,  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches.     Jn.,  Jl. 

8.  FAGOPY'RUM,  Tourn.  BUCKWEAT.  (Gr.  0ayof,  German  «Bttdje, 
Eng.  the  beech,  nvpo^  wheat; — beech-nut-wheat.)  Calyx  colored, 
equally  5- parted,  spreading,  withering,  not  enlarged  in  fruit;  stamens 
8,  with  8  nectariferous  glands  between ;  styles  3  ;  stigmas  obtuse ;  ache- 
nia  3-angled,  much  exceeding  the  calyx. — ©  Herbs  with  cordate -hastate 
Ivs.,  oblique  sheaths  and  panicled  rac.  of  white-roseate  fls. 

F.  esculeiitum  Mcench.  Erect,  smoothish ;  Ivs.  cordate  with  obtuse  lobes ;  ach. 
angles  wingless,  entire,  the  sides  ovate-triangular. — Old  fields,  sparingly  natu- 
ralized, cultivated.  St.  2  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  half  as  wide.  Fls.  nu- 
merous, very  grateful  to  bees.  Fruit  black,  a  valuable  grain,  f  §  Asia. 


ORDER  CIII.     PHYTOLACCACEyE.     POKEWORTS. 

Herbs  with  alternate,  entire  leaves  and  perfect,  5 -parted,  hypogynous  flowers. 
Calyx  free.  Stamens  5  to  30,  alternate  with  the  sepals  when  of  the  same  number. 
Ovary  usually  compound,  of  several  carpels,  each  1-ovuled  cohering  in  a  circle. 
Styles  and  stigmas  as  many  as  carpels.  Fruit  baccate  or  samara-like.  Seeds  erect, 
with  the  embryo  coiled  around  the  farinaceous  albumen. 

Genera  20,  species  SO,  scattered  in  sill  parts  of  the  world.  Their  properties  arc  purgative  or 
emetic,  yet  hitherto  little  used  or  understood. 

1.  PHYTOLAC'CA,   Tourn.     POKE.     GARGOT-WEED.     (Gr.  <j>vrov,  a 
plant,  Lat.  lacca,  lac  or  lake  ;  from  the  juice  of  the  berries.)     Calyx  5- 
parted,  resembling  a  corolla ;  stamens  5  to  25  ;  styles  and  carpels  5  to 
12  ;  berry  superior,  depressed,  globular,  with  as  many  seeds  as  styles. 
— Herbaceous.     Rac.  terminal,  soon  becoming  opposite  the  leaves. 

P.  decandra  L.  Lvs.  ovate,  acute  at  both  ends;  fls.  with  .10  stamens  and  10 
styles. — If  Roadsides,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  common.  Root  very  large  and  branching. 
St.  with  a  diam.  of  1  to  2',  5  to  8f  high,  round,  smooth,  branching,  and  when 
mature  of  a  fine,  deep  purple.  Lvs.  5'  by  2  to  3',  smooth,  of  a  rich  green  color, 
entire  and  petioled.  Rac.  cylindric,  long,  at  first  terminal,  becoming  finally  op- 
posite the  leaves.  Fls.  greenish- white.  Fruit  a  dark  purple  berry,  with  juice- 
staining  a  beautiful  purple  color.  Jl. — Sept. 

2.  RIVINNA,  Plum.     (Tn  memory  of  A.  Q.  Rivinus,  Prof,  of  Botany 
atLeipzic.)     Calyx  4-parted,  3-bracteolatc ;  sepals  equal,  suberect  in 
fruit;    stamens  4    or  8;  ovary    1-celled,    1-styled,  1-ovuled,  berry   at 


ORDER  105.— CHENOPODIACE^E. 


611 


length,  dry,  globular,  with  1  vertical  seed  ;  embryo  annular. —  2£  Half 
shrubby,  with  alternate,  petiolate,  pinnate-veined  Ivs.  and  fls.  in  simple 
terminal,  soon  lateral  racemes. 

R.  l&vis  L.  Erect,  branched,  glabrous  and  bright  green ;  Ivs.  ovate,  acuminate, 
subcordate  or  obtuse  at  base,  subcrenulate ;  rac.  longer  than  the  leaves ;  fls.  rose- 
white,  green  in  fruit;  stam.  4;  sep.  oval,  obtuse. — Fla.  to  Tex.  Plant  6  to  £t 
high,  much  resembling  in  aspect  Phytolacca.  St.  furrowed.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  by  1  to 
2',  petioles  1'  to  18".  Sep.  enlarged  in  fruit,  then  2"  long. 

ORDER  CIV.     BASELLACE^E. 

Herbs  glabrous,  often  twining  and  climbing,  with  alternate  leaves.  Flowers  per- 
fect, regular,  with  a  double,  imbricated  calyx  often  colored.  Stamens  perigynous. 
Otherwise  as  in  Chenopodiacese.  Fig.  363. 

A  small  order,  containing  6  genera  and  21  species,  chiefly  tropical 

BOUSSINGAUL'TIA,  Kunth.  MEXICAN  VINE.  (Dedicated  to  tho 
celebrated  chemist  Boussingault.)  Fls.  membranous,  calyx  open,  the 
exterior  shorter;  tube  very  short;  stigmas  3,  subclavate;  pericarp 
membranous ;  embryo  annular  with  the  albumen  central. — Vines  twining 
to  the  right.  Lvs.  thick,  petiolate.  Fls.  in  spicate  rac. 

B.  baselloides  Kunth.     Lvs.  rather  fleshy,  broadly  cordate-ovate,  acuminate 

.  or  the  larger  ones  obtuse,  short-petioled ;  racemes  loose,  simple  or  branched ;  fiU 

dilated  below ;  stig.  sessile. — Cultivated  for  shades  and  arbors.     A  vine  of  rapid 

growth,   arising  many  feet.     Lvs.   1 — 3'   long.     Racemes  numerous,   greenish. 

f  S.  Am. 


ORDER  CV.     CHENOPODIACESE.     CHENOPODS  OR  GOOSE-FOOTS. 

Herbs  chiefly  weed-like  and  homely,  more  or  less  fleshy,  with  alternate,  exstipu- 
late  leaves.  Bracts  not  scarious.  Flowers  minute,  greenish,  regular.  Calyx  imbri- 
cated in  bud.  Stamens  perigynous,  as  many  as,  and  opposite  to  the  calyx  lobes, 
or  fewer.  Ovary  2-styled,  1 -celled,  becoming  a  1-seeded,  thin  utricle  or  caryopsis. 
Embryo  coiled  into  a  ring  around  the  albumen  or  spiral  without  albumen.  Fig.  435. 

Genera  72,  species  510,  often  maritime  plants,  more  generally  weeds,  abounding  in  the  tempe- 
rate zones,  in  neglected  and  waste  fields. 

Properties. — Generally  bland  and  innocent.  Some  are  useful  for  food,  as  the  Beet,  Mangel- 
wurtzel,  Orache,  Spinach,  &c.  Others  contain  an  essential  oil,  which  renders  them  tonic,  anti- 
spasmodic  and  anthelmintic;  as  Chenopodium  botrys,  C.  ambrosioides,  C.  anthelminticum  ;  tho 
latter  yields  the  officinal  worm-seed  oil.  Salsoli,  Salicornia  and  other  sea-side  species  yield  soda 
from  their  ashes  in  great  abundance. 


FIG.  678.— 1.  Flower  of  Chenopodium  album.  2.  Calyx,  &c.,  removed,  showing  the  ovary  and 
two  (hypogynous)  stamens.  3.  Cross  section  of  the  seed,  showing  the  coiled  embryo.  4.  Branch 
of  Salicornia  berbacea.  5.  Two  joints  magnified.  6.  Ovary  of  a  flower.  7.  Flower  of  Blitum 
capitatuin,  with  the  fleshy  calyx.  8.  Vertical  section  of  the  ovary.  9.  Flower  of  Beta  vulgaria. 

SUBORDERS,    TRIBES  AND  GENERA. 
§  SPIROLOBEJE.    Embryo  a  spiral  coil.    Leaves  linear,  fleshy.    Stems  continuous.    (*) 

*  TRIBE  SAIJSOLE.E.    Emb.  a  conic  spir.— Cal.  winged  on  the  back.  (Lvs.  spiny)... SALSOLA.  11 

*  TRIBE  SU^DE^:.    Emb.  a  flat  spiral.— Cal.  not  append.    Lvs.acntish CHENOPODINA..  10 

8  CYCLOLOBE^E.    Embryo  annular,— a  ring.    Leaves  membranous,  flat,  or  none.    (*) 


612  ORDER  105.— CHENOPODIACE^E. 

*  TR.  SALICORN.    Inflor.  anomalous.    Fls.  imbedded.    St.  jointed,  (leafless) SALICORTTIA.  9 

*  TUIUK  SI*INACIE^E.    Inflor.  normal.    Fls.  of  two  sorts.    St.  continuous.    Lvs.  broad,      (a) 

a  Fruit  enclosed  in  a  hardened  calyx  without  bracts.    Cultivated SPINACIA.  8 

a  Fruit  naked  (no  calyx)  between  two  united  bracts.    Leaves  oval OBIONK  1 

a  Fruit  naked  (no  calyx)  between  two  subdistinct  bracts.     Lvs.  triangular.ATKipLEX.   6 

*  TRIBE  CIIENOPODIEJE.    Inflor.  normal.    Fls.  perfect  and  alike.     St.  contin.    Lvs.  broad,    (c) 

C  Seed  vertical.    Pericarp  thin,  smooth,  mostly  in  a  fleshy  calyx BLITUM.  5 

C  Seed  vertical.    Pericarp  thin,  glandular,  in  a  wrinkled  calyx ROUBIEYA.  4 

C  Seed  horizontal.    Pericarp  thin,  in  a  plain,  unbordered  calyx CHENOPODIUII.  3 

C  Seed  horizontal.     Pericarp  thin,  in  a  calyx  bordered  all  around CYCLOLOMA.  2 

C  Seed  horizontal.    Pericarp  thick  and  hard,  calyx  ribbed BETA.  1 

1.  BETA,  Tourn.     BEET.     (Celtic  belt,  red,  the  usual  color  of  the 
Beet-root.)     Calyx  urceolate,  5-cleft,  persistent,  finally  indurated  at  base ; 
stamens  5,  with  no  staminodia  ;  ovary  depressed,  half  inferior ;  stigmas 
2 ;  utricle  with  a  thickish,  hardened,  depressed  pericarp  enclosed  in 
the  calyx;  seed  horizontal. — Herbs  with  fleshy  roots,  furrowed  stems, 
alternate  Ivs.  and  greenish,  spicate  fls. 

B.  vulgaris  L.  Lvs.  acute,  glabrous,  undulate  or  entire,  green  or  purplish, 
the  lower  ovate-oblong,  attenuate  at  base  into  a  long  petiole,  upper  subsessile, 
oblong ;  fls.  greenish-white,  in  sessile  glomerules  of  2  to  4  forming  slender  spikes 
which  are  arranged  in  large,  somewhat  leafy  panicles. — (g)  Fields  and  gardens, 
everywhere  cultivated.  Kt.  mostly  deep  red.  S.  Eur. — This  useful  culinary,  by 
long  culture  has  run  into  many  varieties,  distinguished  chiefly  by  the  color  and 
quality  of  the  nutritious  root. 

(3.  CICLA.  SCARCITY.  Root  cylindraceous,  rather  slender,  whitish ;  Ivs.  some- 
what rough  or  hispid,  with  very  thick  veins ;  fls.  3  together. 

7.  RAP  A.     TURNIP  BEET.     Root  short  and  thick,  sweet  and  juicy,  white  or  red. 

6.  M  ANGEL- WURTZEL.     Root  very  large,  mostly  white.     Cultivated  for  stock. 

2.  CYCLOLCTMA,   Moquin.     (Gr.  icv«Ao?,  a   circle,  Aw/zo,   border; 
referring  to  the  appendage  of  the  calyx.)     Calyx  urceolate,  5-cleft,  lobes 
strongly  keeled,  persistent,  finally  appendaged  outside  with  a  circular, 
membranous,  horizontal  border  or  crown;  stamens  5;  styles  3;  utricle 
depressed,  enclosed  in  the  transversely  winged  calyx. —  (£)  Herbs  with 
furrowed  stems,  alternate,  petiolate,  lobed  Ivs.,  and  a  spreading  panicle 
of  small  sessile  fls. 

C.  platyphyllum  Moq.  Sandy  banks  of  the  Miss..  111.  (opposite  St.  Louis)  and 
westward.  St.  wide-branched,  ascending  1  to  2f  from  a  prostrate  base,  white- 
downy  above.  Lvs.  2'  long  more  or  less,  oblong-lanceolate,  petiolate,  sinuate- 
toothed  or  lobed,  lobes  sharply  mucronate.  Fls.  less  than  1"  long,  1  to  3-glom- 
erate.  Panicle  leafless.  Crown  scarious.  Seed  black.  Jl.,  Aug. 

3.  CHENOPO'DIUM,  Tourn.     (Gr.  #T/V,  a  goose,  Trovg,  foot;   from 
the  resemblance  of  the  leaves.)     Calyx  bractless,  5-cleft,  lobes  often 
keeled,  never  appendaged,  more  or  less  enclosing  the  fruit ;  stamens  5  ; 
styles  2  ;  utricle  depressed,  membranous,  seed  mostly  horizontal,  lentic- 
ular.  Herbs  often  glaucous  or  glandular,  with  alternate,  often  rhombic 

leaves,  and  the  minute  fls.  glomerate  in  panicled  spikes. 

S  Plants  smooth,  never  glandular,  ill-scented.    Embryo  a  complete  ring  (*). 

*  Herbage  green,  rarely  purplish,  not  glaucous  or  mealy  (a). 

a  Leaves  entire,  ovate-oblong  on  slender  petioles JNo.  1 

a  Leaves  toothed  or  lobed,  petiolate Wos.  2—4 

*  Herbage  glaucous  or  whitish,  covered  with  mealiness Wos.  o— l 

S  Plants  glandular-puberulent,  screen,  aromatic.    Embryo  a  half  ring  (b). 

b  Flowers  glomerate,  axillary,  in  spike-like  racemes JNos.  8,  9 

b  Flowers  cymous,  innumerable,  in  long,  raceme-like  panicles ISO.  10 

1  C.  polyspermum  L.  Procumbent  or  suberect,  branched  from  the  base ;  Ivs. 
petiolate,  divaricate,  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse  or  acute,  thin,  entire,  glabrous, 


ORDER  105.— CHENOPODIACE^E.  613 

bright-green ;  rac.  strict,  spike-like,  leafless ;  seed  shining,  margin  acute ;  fruit 
partly  inclosed. — (T)  Gardens,  waste  grounds,  rare.  (C.  acutifolium  Sin.)  Plant 
smooth,  pale  green  or  purplish,  If  or  more  high.  Calyx  minute,  lobes  obtuse,  at 
length  spreading  and  the  fruit  naked.  §  Eur. 

2  C.  hy-bridum  L.     Erect,  much  branched ;  Ivs.  petiolate  (ample),  broad,  subcor- 
date,  acuminate,  deeply  sinuate-angled,  thin,  glabrous,  bright  green,  the  terminal 
lobe  longest,  all  acuminate,  upper  deltoid ;  rac.  diffusely  panicled,  loose,  leafless  ; 
seed  rugous,  dull ;  fr.  partly  inclosed. — (I)  A  strong-scented,  rigid  herb,   2  to  4f 
high,  in  waste  grounds,  N.  Eng.  to  Ky.,  common.     St.  furrowed.     Lvs.  partly 
palmate- veined,  3  to  5'  by  2  to  4',  petiole  1  to  2'.     Fla.  sessile,  greenish.     JL 
§Eur. 

3  C.  nnmile  L.     Ascending,  sulcate- angled,  branched;  Ivs.  petiolate,  ascending, 
ovate-rhombic,  acute  at  base,  unequally  and  acutely  toothed,  thin,  shining,  bright 
green ;  rac.  divaricate,  subcorymbous,  rather  loose  and  leafless ;  seed  dull,  rugous, 
acute-edged,  very  flat;  fr.  almost  inclosed. — (T)  Fields,  gardens,  north  and  south, 
rare.     St  12  to  18'  high,     Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  1'  to  18",  subtripliveined,  petiole  1'. 
Fls.  mealy,     Stam.  exserted,     Aug.     §  Eur. 

4  C.  iirbictrm   L.     /3L  RIIOMBIFOLIUM.     Erect,  angled,  branched;  Ivs.  petiolate, 
ascending  or  erect,  rhombic-triangular,  acute,  sinuate-toothed,  with  long,  acute  teeth, 
thia,  green,  the  highest  iance-liuear,  subentire;  rac.  long,  erect-panided,  rather 
dense-flowered,  nearly  leafless;  seed  shining,  obtuse-edged;  fr.  partly  inclosed. — © 
St.  2  to  3f  high,  marked  with  green,  lines;  branches  suberect.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long. 
Rac.  very  strict     CaL  lobes  obtuse,  green.    Stam.  exserted.     (C.  rhombifolium 
Muhl) 

5  C.  Bosciantrm  Moq.     Erect,  branched;  Ivs.  small,  petioiate,  divaricate,  lance- 
linear,  very  acute,  thin,  entire,  glaucous-green  above,  canescent  beneath  j  spikes 
ksose,  leafy;  seed  shining,  acute-margined;   fr.  wholly  inclosed. — (T)  Car.  to  Tex. 
St  18*  to  2f  high,  slender,  green-striate,  branches  ascending.     Lvs.  5"  to  1'  long, 
I.  to  2'7  wide.     Fls.  minute,  inealj',  sessile. 

C  C.  album  L.  PIGWEED.  Erect,  sulcate-striate,  thinly  branched;  Ivs.  petio- 
late, ascending,  rhombic-ovate,  cuneate  at  base,  sinuate-toothed  or  subentire,  thin, 
pulverulent,  pale  green  or  whitish,  upper  oblong  or  lance-linear,  entire;  rac.  dense 
or  loose,  subpaniculate,  nearly  leafless ;  seed  smooth  and  shining,  acute-edged, 
wholly  inclosed. — (T)  The  most  common  of  weeds  in  fields  and  gardens.  St.  2  to  4 
to  7f  higli,  beautifully  striate  with  green  and  purple.  Branches  subsimple,  as- 
cending. Lvs.  18  to  30"  long,  petiole  a  third  as  long.  Fls.  mealy.  JJ. — Sept 
(d  viride  L.,  a  greener,  narrow- leaved  var.) 

7  C.  glauxrum.  L.     Prostrate  cr  ascending,  sulcate-striate,  branched;  Ivs.  petio- 
late, oUong  or  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  sinuate-angled  or  remotely  dentate,  thin,  pale 
greea  above,  mealy  and  white-glaucous  beneath;  rac.  simple,  leafless,   rather 
dense-flowered;  seed  shining,  acute-edged,  partly  inc.oxd. — (J)  Mass.,  Penn.,  rare. 
Plant  somewhat  fleshy,   If  long,  smooth.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  long.     Calyx  sometimes 
abortively  2  or  3-lobcd,  and  then  the  seed  is  erect     (Koch.) 

8  C.  ambiosioides  L.      MEXICAN  TEA.     Erect,  sulcate,  branched;  Ivs.  short- 
pctioled,  ascending,  oblong,  the  upper  attenuate  at  each  end,  acutish,  remotely 
sinwotte-dentate  or  subentire,  thin,  puberulent,  glandular  beneath,  light  green,  the 
upper  lance-linear,    very  entire;    rac.   spike-like,    dense-flowered,    leafy;    seed 
smooth  and  shining,  obtuse-edged;  fruit  wholly  inclosed. — QD  Waysides,  waste 
places.     Plant  yellowish  green,  pleasantly  aromatic,   1  to  2f  high.     JL,  Aug. 
§  Mex.  Ac. 

9  C.  anthehninticuxn  L.    WORM-SEED.     Erect,  angular,  subsitnple;  Ivs.  ovate- 
oblong,  petiolate,  acute,  attenuate  at  base,  deeply  sinuate-serrate,  tJie  lower  almost 
pinaatffid,  thin,  smooth ish,  glandular  beneath,  bright  green;  rac.  spike-like,  axil- 
lary, subsi:nple,   dense-flowered,  leafless,  paniculate  above ;  sty.  mostly  3 ;  seed 
smooth,  shining,  obtuse-margined;  fruit  wholly  inclosed.— 2£  In  light  soils,  pas- 
tures, and  waste  grounds,  common  south  and  west.    Plant  strongly  aromatic,  1 
to  3f  high,   with  small  branches  (or  none),  forming  a  leafy  panicle  of  leafless 
spikes.     Jn. — Aug. 

10  C.  Botrys  L.     OAK  OF  JERUSALEM.     Erect,  sulcate-angled,  much  branched ; 
Ivs.  long-petioled,  ascending,  oblong,  obtuse,   sinuate-subpinnatifid  with  obtuso 


<}14  OBDEU  105.— CHKNOrODIAOE^E. 

lobes,  glandular-pubescent,  glaucous  green,  the  floral  bract-like  ;  fls.  cymous-pan» 
culate,  in  long  ascending,  raceme-like  panicles ;  seed  smooth,  nearly  globular. -« 
3)  Plant  1  to  2f  high,  branched  from  the  base.  Lvs.  few.  1  to  2'  long,  petioles 
half  as  long.  Fls.  innumerable,  minute,  clammy,  covering  nearly  the  whole  plant, 
jn. — Aug.  Strongly  fragrant  of  turpentine. 

4.  ROUBIE'VA,  Moq.     (Named  for  G.  J.  Roubicu,  a  French  botan- 
ist.)    Calyx  oblong-urceolate,  5-toothed,  in  fruit  rugous  and  inclosing 
the  utricle  like  a  capsule ;  stamens  5  ;  styles  and  stigmas  3  ;  seed  len^ 
ticular,  vertical,  embryo  a  complete  ring. —  2£  A  diffusely  branched,  pu- 
bescent herb,  with  alternate,  nmltifid  Ivs.  and  small  green  fls.     (Chcno- 
poclium,  L.) 

R.  multifida  Moq. — Waste  grounds,  waysides  about  the  city  of  N.  Y.  (Holton). 
A  strongly-scented,  prostrate  herb,  1  to  2f  long.  Lvs.  small,  1'  less  or  more  long, 
pinnatitid  with  oblong  lobes.  Fls.  numerous,  glomerate,  axillary,  sessile,  ia 
bracted,  panicled  racemes.  Fruit  nearly  1"  long.  §  S.  America. 

5.  BLMUM,   Tonrn.      BLITE.      Calyx    3    to   5-parted,   finally   un- 
changed or  becoming  juicy  and  berry-like  in  fruit ;  stamens  1  to  5,  with 
filiform  filaments ;  styles  2,  utricle  compressed,  inclosed  in  the  calyx ; 
seed  vertical,  embryo  a  complete   ring. — CD  Lvs.  alternate,  petiolate. 
Fls.  glomerate. 

§  Heads  (slomcrules)  axillary,  subspicato  above.    Cal.  thickened  in  fruit    Stig.  united. Nos.  1,  2 
§  Heads  funning  a  dense,  terminal  spike.    Calyx  dry.    Stiguias  distinct No.  3 

1  B.  capitatum  L.     STRAWBERRY  ELITE.     Lvs.  triangular-hastate,  toothed;  hds. 
in  terminal,   interrupted,  leafless  spikes ;  stam.  1  to  5 ;  fr.  consisting  of  the  red- 
dened  flowers,  appearing  like  strawberries,  full  of  a  purple  juice,,  taste  insipid;  seed 
dull. — Va.  to  Arc.  Circle.     A  weed-like  plant  growing  in  fields,  and  sometimes 
cultivated  in  gardens  as  a  flower,  or  a  culinary.     Sts.  purplish-striped,  branching, 
1  to  2f  high.     Heads  of  fls.  sessile,  near  together,  on  the  branches  and  summit 
of  the  stem.     Jn.  f 

2  B.  maritimum  K"utt.     Much  branched,   angular;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  attenuate  at 
each  extremity,   incisely  dentate;  hds.  axillary,  sessile,  sp-icate;   cal.    somewhat 
fleshy ;  stam.  1 ;  seed  shining. — A  coarse,  unsightly  plant,  in  salt  marshes,  N.  Y. 
to  N.  J.     St.    1   to  2f  high,  very  branching.     Lvs.  fleshy,  with  2  or  more  large* 
teeth  each  side.     Fls.  very  numerous  and  minute,  becoming  thickish  in  fruit. 
Seed  much  flattened.    Aug. 

3  B.  Bonus-Henricus  Reichenb.     GOOD  KING  HENRY.     Plant  mealy,  ascend- 
ing,  subsimple ;    Ivs.   triangular-hastate,   entire   or  sinuate,   green ;    glomerules 
forming  a  terminal,  leafless  spike,   not  fleshy  in  fruit;  stam.  5. — Waysides,  Can. 
N.  Eng.,  rare.     §  Eur. 

6.  ATRIPLEX,  Gaert.     Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.     $  Bract- 
less  ;  calyx  3  to  5-scpaled ;   stamens  3  to  5,  hypogynous ;  pistil  rudi- 
mentary ;    $   ovary   2-styled,  with    no   stamens,   inclosed  between    2 
leaf-like  bracts,  or  in  some  species  partly  furnished  with  a  5-sepaled 
calyx  without  bracts;  fruit  compressed,  inclosed;  seed  vertical  (hori- 
zontal when  the  calyx  is  present),  embryo  annular. — Herbs  or  shrubs, 
usually  clothed  with  scurf  or  mealiness,  with  alternate,  petiolate  Ivs,. 
and  densely  glomerate-spiked  green  fls. 

1  A.  hastata  L.  Ascending,  diffusely  branched ;  Ivs.  alternate  or  subopposite, 
triangular  hastate,  sinuately  toothed  or  nearly  entire,  the  tipper  lanceolate,  entire ; 
fruit  bracts  triangular-deltoid,  slightly  muricate,  margin  denticulate  or  entire. — 
®  Marshes  and  waste  ground?,  N.Y.  to  Ga.  Sts.  1 — 2f.  long,  slriate  with  green. 
Lvs.  including  the  petiole  1 — 3'  long,  ihin  and  green  (mealy  in  marshes).  Fls.  in 
glomerate  axillary  and  terminal  racemes,  $  and  $  mixed.  Aug. — Sept. 

(3.1  OBLONGIFOLIA.      Lvs.  all  oblong-lanceolate,   scurfy-dotted  ;    bracts  very 
large  in  fruit ;  stem  rigid,  erect,  If.  or  more.    Lake  shores,  N.  Y.  (Hankenson.) 


ORDER  105.— CHENOPODIACE^E.  615 

2  A.  hortensis  L.     GARDEN  ORACIIE.     Erect,  branched ;  Ivs.  alternate,  triangu- 
lar-hastate or  oblong,  subcordate  acute,  entire  or  with  a  few  coarse  teeth  at  base, 
bright  green  both  sides ;  upper  lanceolate  or  lance-linear,  fruit-bracts  ovate,  entire. 
— gp  Scarce  in  cultivation  or  spontaneous.     A  potherb  used  as  spinage.     Jl.     § 
Asia. 

7.  OBrONE,  Gaert.     Fls.   monoecious   or   direcious.      $  Bractless; 
calyx  4  to  5-sepaled ;  stamens  4  to  5,  hypogynous ;  $  bibracteatc,  bracts 
more  or  less  united,  at  length  inflated,  hardened  and  connivent ;  calyx 
none;  styles  2;  fruit  compressed,  included  in  the  capsular  bracts ;  seeds 
vertical,  beaked;  embryo  annular. — Herbs  pale  or  whitish,  scurfy  or 
mealy ;   Ivs.  alternate  or  opposite.     Fls.  densely  glomerate,  greenish. 
(Atriplex,  Tournef.) 

O.  arenaria  Moq.  SAND  ORACHE.  Mealy-canescent,  ascending,  branched,  un- 
armed; Ivs.  short-petioled,  alternate,  oval  or  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  the  upper 
•  acuminate-mucronate,-  fr.  bracts  subsessile,  broad-cuneate,  united,  truncate,  den- 
ticulate at  apex. — (T)  Sandy  seabeach,  Mass,  to  Fla  (Apalachicola).  St.  6  to  12' 
long  or  high,  reddish.  Lvs.  1'  more  or  less  long,  attenuate  at  base.  Staminate 
fls.  "mostly  "in  the  terminal  clusters,  fertile  in  the  axillary.  Jl. — Sept. 

8.  SPINA^CIA,  Tourn.     SPINAGE.     (Lat.  spina,  a  spine  or  prickle ; 
on  account  of  the  prickly  fruit.)     Flowers  dioecious,  bractless,  <3   calyx 

3  to  5-sepaled;  stamens  4  or  5,  cxserted ;   $  calyx  tubular,  inflated,  2 
to  4 -toothed,  hardening  at  length  into  a  false  capsule ;  styles  4,  slender ; 
achenium  compressed,  inclosed  in  the  capsular,  spiny,  or  unarmed  calyx ; 
seed  vertical.-— (I)   Herbs   with    alternate,   petiolate    Ivs.    and  axillary 
green  fls. 

S.  oleracea  Mill.  Lvs.  hastate-lanceolate  or  sagitate;  fruit-calyx  solitary, 
3-angled,  armed  with  2  to  -4  slender  prickles,  or  unarmed. — CD  Gardens.  St.  1  to 
2f  high.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  nearly  half  as  wide,  often  toothed  at  base,  thick,  soft, 
glabrous,  bright  green,  Fr.  near  2"  long,  sessile,  our  variety  usually  unarmed. 
Ju,  Jl.  f 

9.  SALICOR'NIA,  Tourn.     SALTWORT.     SAMPHIRE.      (Lat.  sal,  salt, 
cornu,  horn;  in  allusion  both  to  its  locality  and  appearance.)     Flowers 
immersed  in  the  excavations  of  the  jointed  stem  2  or  3  together;  calyx 
bladder-like,  denticulate  at  apex,  at  length  spongy,  membranous-mar- 
gined, inclosing  the  compressed  utricle;  stamens  1,  2;  styles  2;  seed 
vertical ;  embryo  annular,  conduplicatc. — Seaside  herbs,  jointed,  succu- 
lent, glabrous  and  r.!:noc.t  leafless,  with  opposite  branches.     Fls.  minute, 
sessile,  spicate. 

1  S.  herbacea  L.    Annual,  erect  or  assurgent,  the  joints  somewhat  thickened  at  the 
summit,  ending  in,  2  obtuse  teeth  ;  spikes  elongated,  tapering  and  rather  obtuse  at 
the  summit — Salt  marshes,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.,  also  at  Salina,  N.  Y.     St.  dividing 
into  simple  branches,  8  to  12'  high,  obscurely -4-sided,  with  very  short  internodes. 
Lvs.  0.     Els.  minute,  placed  in  little  hollows  at  the  base  of  the  upper  joints,  tho 
lateral  sometimes  sterile.     Aug. 

2  S.  xmicronata  Lag.?    DWARF  SALTWORT.    Annual,  erect;  the  joints  somewhat 
4-angled  below,  with  2  ovate,  acute,  mucronate  teeth  at  the  summit ;   spikes  very 
thick,  obtuse. — Salt  marshes,  N".  Eng.  to  L.  Isl.     St.  4  to  3'  high,  thick,  little- 
branched.     Spikes  oblong-cylindric,  1'   or  more  long,  near  a  fourth  of  an  inch 
thick,  at  length  reddened.     Sept. 

3  S.  ambiguaMx.  Perennial,  procumbent,  branching,  branches  ascending,  flexuous; 
joints  truncate,  flattened,  enlarged  above,  with  2  depressed,  obtuse  teeth.— Sandy 
sea-beaches,  R.  I.  to  Fla.    Sts.  woody  at  base,  prostrate  from  long,  creeping  root, 
stocks.    Aug.,  Sept 


QIQ  ORDER  106.— AMARANTACE^E. 

10.  CHENOPODFNA,  Moq.    GLASSWORT.     Flowers  ?  ,  bracteolate  ? 
calyx  urceolate,  5-parted,  fleshy,  in  fruit  subbaccate  ;  stamens  5  ;  stigmaa 
2  or  3,  sessile ;  utricle  depressed,  inclosed  in  the  calyx ;  seed  lenticular, 
horizontal ;  albumen  0,  or  scanty  and  divided  into  two  portions  above 
and  below  the  flat  spiral  embryo. — Smooth,  maritime  plants,  with  alter- 
nate, sessile,  fleshy  Ivs.  and  axillary  fls.     (Chenopodium,  L.) 

C.  maritima  Moq.  Branches  diffuse,  prostrate  or  erect;  Ivs.  long,  linear,  semi* 
terete,  upper  shorter ;  fls.  in  sessile  axillary  glomerules,  2  or  3  together ;  fruit  cal. 
inflated;  seed  shining. — (J)  Salt  marshes,  Can.  to  Fla.  Sts.  1  to  2(  long  or  high, 
becoming  woody  at  base,  southward.  Lvs.  6  to  15'  long,  1"  thick,  acute.  Fls. 
very  small,  green,  with  roundish  calyx  lobes.  Utricle  thin,  semitransparent,  con- 
taining a  black,  shining  seed.  Aug.  (C.  maritima  L.  also  Salsola  linearis  E1L) 

11.  SAL'SOLA,  Gaert.     SALTWORT.     (Lat.  sal,  salt ;  the  plants  con- 
tain much  alkaline  salt.)     Flowers  £ »  with  2  bractlets ;   sepals  5,  at 
length  winged  horizontally  on  the  back,  forming  a  broad,  scarious  bor- 
der ;  stamens  5  ;  styles  2,  united  at  base ;  utricle  depressed,  inclosed  in 
the  base  of  the  stellately  5-winged  calyx ;  seed  horizontal,  globous ; 
embryo  spiral   (cochleate)  with  no  albumen. — Maritime,  fleshy  plants 
with  terete  Ivs.  and  axillary,  sessile  fls. 

S.  Kali  L.     Herbaceous,  decumbent;  Ivs.  alternate,  subulate,  channeled,  spinoua, 
smooth;  fls.  solitary;  fruit-calyx  wings  larger  than  the  sepals,  orbicular,  spread- 
ing. ©A  rigid,  prickly  and  very  branching  plant,  of  the  sea-shore,  Can.  to  Ga, 
St.  1  to  2f  high,  diffuse.     Lvs.  about  an  inch  long,  sessile,  ending  with  a  spina 
Fls.  green,  succulent,  sessile,  bracteate,  the  wings  in  fruit  pale  roseate,  1|"  long- 
Soed  with  a  thin  testa  and  a  green  embryo  coiled  like  a  little  snail  shell. 
/3.  CAROLINIAXA.     Suberect,  glabrous,   often  purplish;  Ivs.  dilated  at  base; 
fruit-calyx  wings  rose-purple. — Southward.    (&  Caroliniana  Walt.) 

ORDER  CVL     AMARANTACE^E.     AMARANTHS. 

Herbs  weed-like  with  opposite  or  alternate  leaves,  and  a  braeteate,  spiked  or 
capitate  inflorescence.  Flowers  generally  with  an  imbricated  involucre  of  3  dryy 
scarious  bracts.  Sepals  3  to  5  (rarely  but  l)r  persistent  and  often  colored,  unchanged 
in  fruit.  Stamens  3  to  5  fertile,  hypogynous.  Ovary  compressed,  l-celled,  1  to  Co- 
ovuled.  Style  1.  Fruit  a  utricle,  caryopsis  or  berry.  Seed  vertrical,  albuminous 
Embryo  annular. 

Illustrated  in  n>s.  1SS,  406. 

Genera,  46,  species  4SO,  most  abundant  within  the  tropics.   Their  properties  are  not  Import 
A  few  are  cultivated  for  their  richly-colored  imperishable  flowers  ;  other*  are  mere  weeds. 


rtant. 


TRIBES  AND  GENERA. 

I.  CELOSIEJi    Anthers  2-ceIIed.    Ovary  many  -ovuled.    (Cultivated)  ............  CELOSIA.  1 

II.  ACIIYEANTI1EJ2.    Anthers  2-cdled.    Ovary  oive-ovuled.    Leaves  alternate.  (*) 

*  Flowers  inoucecious  or  polygamous  —  Utricle  circuuiseihsiJe  .......  ........  AMARANTHS.  2 

—  Utricle  indehiscent  ....................  EUXOLUS.  3 

*  Flowers  dicecions.  —  Utricle  indehiscent  and  valveless  ..........................  ACNIDA,  4 

—  Utricle  dehiscent,  circumscissile  ........................  MONTELIA.  5 

lit.  GOMPHRENEJE.    Anthers  one-celled    Ovary  one-ovuled.    Leaves  opposite,  (a) 

a  Sterile  stamens  none.  —  (Flowers  white,  paniculate)  ...........................  IKESINE.  & 

a  Sterile  stamens  none.  —  (Flowers  crimson,  &c.     Capitate.    Cultivated)  .....  GOMPIJRENA.  1 

a  Sterile  stamcjns  5,  the  5  fertile  in  a  tube.  —  Heads  axillary  .................  TKLANTHKRA.  S 

—  Spikes-  terminal  and  axillary  .....  FBCBWCIIIA.  9 


1.  CELO'SIA,  L.  COCKSCOMB.  (Gr.  «?JAeo^  shining;  characteristic  of 
the  brilliant  colors  of  some  species.)  Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted  ;  calyx 
of  5,  erect-spreading  sepals  ;  stamens  5  ;  anthers  2-celled  ;  stigmas  2r 


ORDER  106.— AMARANTACE^E.  617 

3,  recurved ;  utricle  circumscissile,  many-seeded,  more  or  less  inclosed 
in  the  calyx. — Herbs  or  shrubs  smooth,  erect,  with  alternate  Ivs.  and 
brilliant^  scarious  fls. 

C.  cristata  L.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  petiolate;  spikes  subsessile,  ovate- 
pyramidal,  or  (in  cultivation)  compressed,  dilated  and  truncate  at  the  apex,  or 
excessively  branched ;  fls.  subsessile,  2-styled ;  sep.  mucronate,  longer  than  the 
bracts. — (f)  Gardens.  This  curious  and  popular  annual  is  said  to  be  native  of  E. 
Ind.  Its  broad  spikes  are  of  fantastic  shapes  and  of  the  richest  crimson,  varying 
to  white. 

2.  AMARAN'TUS,  Tourn.  (Gr.  a,  not,  papal™,  to  fade,  avOoc, 
flower;  sc.  unfading  flowers.)  AMARANTH.  Flowers  polygamous,  3* 
bracted ;  calyx  5  to  3-sepalcd,  equal,  erect;  stamens  5  to  3,  with  no 
rudiments ;  style  0 ;  stigmas  2  to  3  ;  utricle  ovate,  2  to  3-beaked,  partly 
inclosed,  circumscissile;  seed  1. — ©  Herbs  with  alternate  leaves  taper- 
ing to  a  petiole,  and  minute  green  or  purplish  fls.  in  axillary  or  ter- 
minal clusters. 

§  Flowers  in  long  axillary  and  terminal,  paniculate  spikes,  and  5-parted.  (") 

*  Herbage  and  flowers  more  or  less  tinged  with  crimson Nos.  1,  2 

*  Herbage  and  flowers  green,  never  tinged  with  crimson Nos.  3—5 

§  Flowers  iu  remotish,  axillary,  dense  glomerules,  and  3-parted Nos.  6,  7 

1  A.  hypochondriacus  L.     PRINCE'S  FEATHER.     Erect,  furrowed,  smoothish, 
and  somewhat  reddened;  Ivs.  long-petioled,  oblong-lanceolate,  pointed  at  each 
end,  roughish  beneath;    panicle  branched;  spikes  erect,  very  obtuse,  the  terminal 
one  much  the  longest  and  largest,  lateral  short  and  crowded ;  fls.  deep  purple ;  cal. 
shorter  than  the  long-awned  bracts. — Fields  and  gardens,  spontaneous  and  often 
cultivated.   Very  tall  (3  to  4  to  6f )  and  showy.    Lvs.  4  to  8'  long,  petioles  nearly 
same  length,     f  §  Mex. 

2  A.  panictilatus  Moq.    PRINCE'S  FEATHER.    Erect,  subterete,  pubescent,  pale 
green ;  Ivs.  oval  or  ovate-lanceolate,  taper  pointed  at  each  end,  purplish  on  tho 
margin;  panicle   very  branching,  spikes  erect  or  spreading,   cylindric,  acutish, 
crowded,  ail  nearly  equal;  fls.  reddish  green  or  (in  variety  SANGUINEDS)  blood-red ; 
bracts  short-awned,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx. — Fields  and  gardens.     St.  3  to  5f 
high,  with  purple  lines.     Lvs.  4  to  8'  by  2  to  3',  petiole  2  to  3'.     Spikes  slender. 
f  §  Mex. 

3  A.  retrofl^xus   L.     Erect,   subterete,  pubescent,  glaucous  green;    Ivs.  long- 
petioled,  ovate  or  subrhombic,  acuminate,   obtuse  at  apex,   undulate;    panicle 
pyramidal,  spikes  oblong-ovate,   thicfc,  crowded, .  in  a  dense  panicle,  Hie  terminal 
hardly  longer ;  fls.  dense,  pale  green ;  bracts  awned,  twice  longer  than  the  calyx ; 
utricle  included, — A  common  weed  in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds.    St.  2  to  4f 
high.     Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  18  to  30"  with  prominent  veins,  petiole  2  to  3'.     Spikes  6 
to  9"  thick  and  rather  short.     Jl. — Sept. 

4  A.  chlorostachys   Willd.     Lvs.  ovate,  obtuse,  intense  green,  as  well  as  the 
flowers;  panicle  raceme-like,  with  acute  spikes,  terminal  spike  longest  andflexuous; 
bracts  a  third  longer  than  the  calyx;  utricle  exserted;  otherwise  as  in  No.  3. — Cul- 
tivated and  waste  grounds.     St.  3  to4f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  1  to  2',  petiole  2 
to  3'.     Fls.  smaller  than  in  that  species.     JL— Sept     §  Asia. 

5  A.  h^bridus  L.     Erect,  angular,  glabrous,  green  ;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong  or  ovate- 
acute,  bright  green  ;  panicle  loosely  branched ;  spikes  erect  cylindric  obtuse,  terminal 
one  long,  rigid,  lateral  short,  close ;  fls.  loose,  green,  cal.  shorter  than  the  awned 
bracts,  as  long  as  the  utricle. — Cultivated  and  waste  grounds,  common.   St.  2  to  4f 
high.     Lvs.  2  to  4'  by  9  to  18",  petioles  longer.     Panicle  long,  sometimes  tinged 
with  red.    Jl. — Sept.    §  Mex. 

6  A.  albus  L.     WHITE  PIGWEED.     Erect,   subterete,   whitish,   with  spreading 
branches ;  Ivs.  long-petioled,  ovate,  rhomb-ovate  orobovate,  very  obtuse,  glabrous, 
light  green;  glomerules  remote,  in  pairs,  much   shorter  than  the  petioles;  fls. 
dense,  green  ;  cal.  much  shorter  than  the  rigid,  subulate,  pungent  bracts,  twice 
shorter  than  the  utricle. — A  common  weed,  roadsides,  waste  grounds.     Sts.  1  to 


618  ORDER  106.— AMARANTACEJE. 

2f  high,  at  length  diffuse.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  3  to  7",  petiole  1  to  2' ;  branch-lvs. 
much  smaller.     Clusters  4  to  5-flowered. 

7  A.  melancholicus  1.  LOVE-LIES-BLEEDING.  Erect,  glabrous,  usually 
dark  purple;  Ivs.  long-petioled,  lance-ovate  or  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  emarginate; 
glomerules  geminate,  subpedunculate,  shorter  than  the  petioles ;  fls.  dense,  dark 
purple ;  bracts,  calyx  and  utricle  subequal.  Gardens.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  simple. 
Lvs.  2  to  5'  long,  petiole  2  to  3.  Clusters  amplexicaul.  f  Asia. — Yaries  much  ia 
color. 

(3.  TRICOLOR     Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  the  young  red  with  a  yellow  aper,  tho 

adult  bright  red  at  base,  violet  in  the  middle,  green  at  apex,  the  old  greea 

with  a  violet  base.     \ . 

3.  EUX'OLUS,  Eaf.     (A  name  intended  to  signify  well-closed  ;  re- 
ferring to  the  valveless  utricle.)     Flowers  monoecious,  3-bracted  ;  calyx 
3  (2  to  5)-sepaled,  sepals  equal,  erect,  glabrous ;  stamens  3  (2  to  5)  ; 
stigmas  3  ;  utricle  ovate,  1 -seeded,  valveless  and  indehiscent,  or  tearing 
open  ;  seed  vertical,  embryo  annular. — CD  Herbs  with  the  habit  of  Amar- 
antus  (Amarantus,  L.) 

§  Spines  2  in  each  axil.    Bracts  not  longer  than  the  5  sepals No.  1 

'$  Spines  none.— Bracts  longer  than  tho  3  to  5-sepaled  calyx Nos.  2,  3 

—Bracts  shorter  than  the  5-sepaled  calyx Nos.  4,  5 

1  B.  spinosus    Feay.     Smooth,    striate,   purplish,    much   branched;  Ivs.   long- 
petioled,  rhomb-jovate,  or  lance-ovate,  obtuse,  dull  green,  with  2  axillary  spines  j 
panicle  sparingly  branched,  spikes  erect,  acute,  the  terminal  longest;  fls.  crowded, 
5-parted ;  bracts,  sepals  and  rugous  utricle  about  equal  in  length. — Cultivated  and 
waste  grounds,  Penn.  to  III  and  S.  States.     St.  and  branches  flexuous,  1  to  3f 
high.     Lvs.   2  to  3'  long,   petioles  nearly  as  long,   spines   sharp,  3  to  8"  long, 
Utricle  certainly  valveless  (as   first  noticed  by  Dr.  Feay),  and  falling  without 
opening.     Seed  dark  brown,  polished.     Jn. — Oct. 

2  E.  lividus  Moq.     Erect,  branched,  smooth,  livid-purplish ;    Ivs.  long-petioled, 
elliptic  or  ovate,  obtuse,  emarginate,  upper  acutish ;  axillary  spikes  shorter  than 
the  petiole,  the  terminal  long,  slender,  rigid,  acute,  somewhat  interrupted;  fls. 
crowded  •  sep.  3,  thrice  longer  the  bracts ;  fr.  rogous,  acute. — Cultivated  and  wasto 
lands,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.     St.  stout,  hollow,  striate,  2  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  3  to  6' 
by  2  to  3',  petiole  2'  to  30,",  purple.     Terminal  spike  2  to  4'  long.     Fls.  3-parted. 
Utricle  slightly  exserted.     Jn. — Sept. 

3  E.  deflexus  Raf.    Ascending,  diffusely  branched,  ashy  green,  puberulent,  branches 
deflexed:  Ivs.  petiolate,  rhomb-lanceolate,  obtuse;  spikes  thickish,  obtuse,  some- 
what nodding,  axillary  and  terminal ;  fls.  crowded,  short-pedicelled ;  sep.  3  to  5. 
longer  than  the  bracts ;  fr.  smooth. — Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  Mid.  States. 
Sts.  branched  from  base,  slender,  If  long.    Lvs.  wavy,  prominently  veined  beneath, 
6  to  15"  long.     Stigmas  2  or  3,  very  short,  white.     Utricle  exserted.     Aug., 
Sept.     §  Eur. 

4  A.  viridis  Moq.     Erect,  smooth,  livid,  purple ;  Ivs.  long-petioled,  ovate,  obtuse ; 
spikes  axillary  and  terminal,  paniculate,  rather  long,  loose,  acutish ;  sepals  3,  twico 
longer  than  the  bracts ;    utricle  roundish-ovate,  rigulous. — Cultivated  and  wasto 
grounds,  Ala.  and  La.     St.  sulcate,  1  to  2f  high.     Terminal  spikes  2  to  3'  long. 
Readily  recognized  by  the  baldness  of  the  minute  fls. 

5  E.  pumilus  Raf.     Low,  very  smooth,  diffusely  branched,   Ivs.  sulsessile,  ovatoy 
obtuse,  smooth,  fleshy,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  fls.  in  small,  ax- 
illary glomerules,  sessile ;  cal.  5-parted,  purplish ;  fr.  smooth,  ovate,  twice  longer 
than  than  the  calyx. — Sandy  sea  coast,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.     Aug. — Oct.     (A.  pumilus 
Ell.) 

4.  ACNTDA,  L.     WATER  HEMP.     (Gr.  a,  not,   avidr),  the  nettle  ;  a 
nettle-like  plant  which  does  not  sting.)     Flowers  dioecious,  3-bracted. 

(5  Calyx  of  5  equal,  erect  sepals ;  stamens  5,  anthers  oblong,  2-celled ; 
$  calyx  0;  ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  with  3  to  5  stigmas;  fruit  a  fleshy, 
valveless  utricle  ;  seed  vertical. — GD  A  marsh  herb,  with  alternate,  petio- 


ORDER  106.— AMARANTACE^E.  C19 

late,  entire,  smooth  Ivs.  and  small,  green,  subpedicillate  fls.  in  slender, 

axillary  and  terminal  spikes. 

A.  cannabina  L. — Salt  marshes,  brackish  swamps,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  La.  St.  tall, 
3  to  G  to  8f,  thick,  subterete.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  2  to  5  to  8'  long,  acuminate, 
wavy,  cuneate  at  base,  petiole  1  to  2'  long.  Fruit  panicle  loose.  Bracts  $  lance- 
ovate,  shorter  than  the  calyx,  ?  linear-subulate,  very  unequal.  Fr.  near  2"  long. 
Jl.— Oct. 

5.  MONTE'LIA,  Moq.  Flowers,  bracts,  stamens,  inflorescence,  nearly 
as  in  Acnida.  Stigmas  3,  very  long,  bristle-shaped,  feathery  ;  fruit  a 
thin  utricle,  with  a  tortuous  circumscissile  dehiscence. — ®  Herb  glab 
rous,  with  long-petioled  Ivs.  and  small,  greenish,  spicate  fls. 

M.  tamariscina  Gray. — Damp  sandy  soils  or  shores,  "W.  States,  rare  in  N.  Eng. 
St  flowering  at  all  heights  from  1  to  5f,  angular,  branched,  Ivs.  lance  oval,  1  to  5' 
by  6  to  15",  petiole  as  long.  Spikes  interrupted  and  leafy  at  base,  continuous 
above.  Bracts  $  acute,  shorter  than  the  calyx,  §  rigid,  subulate,  longer  than  the 
ovary  which  in  fruit  opens  by  a  tortuous  line.  Seed  dark  brown,  polished.  Jl. 
— Sept  (A.  ruscocarpa  and  altissima  MX.  A.  Miamensia  Ridd.) — Yaries  with 
the  clusters  all  axillary,  hardly  forming  spikes. 

5.  IRESI'NE,  Brown.  (Gr.  eipeoiuvrj,  an  olive-branch  bound  with 
tufts  of  wool  borne  by  supplicants.)  Flowers  dioecious  or  £  ,  3-bracted  ; 
calyx  of  5  erect  sepals ;  stamens  5,  anthers  1-celled  J  stigmas  2,  3  ; 
utricle  roundish  ovate,  valveless,  1-seeded,  included  in  the  calyx  ;  seed 
vertical. — Herbs  with  opposite,  petiolate  Ivs.  and  minute,  densely  spi^ 
cate  or  capitate,  often,  woolly  fls.  suggesting  the  name. 

I.  celosioides  L.  St.  erect,  furrowed,  paniculate  above ;  Ivs.  scabrous,  punctate, 
lower  oblong,  acuminate,  upper  ovate-lanceolate ;  panicle  compound,  large,  rather 
dense. — A  tall  handsome  annual,  3  to  4f  high,  on  river  banks,  Ohio  near  Cincin- 
nati, to  111.  and  La  Lvs.  tapering  to  the  base  into  a  winged  petiole,  3  to  6'  by 
2  to  4'.  Panicle  of  delicate,  whitish  fls.  large,  with  opposite  branches,  branchlets 
and  pedicels,  nearly  or  quite  leafless.  Sept.,  Oct. 

7.  GOMPHRE^NA,  L.     GLOBE  AMARANTH.     Flowers  perfect  or  poly- 
gamous, 3-bracted;  calyx  5-sepaled  or  5-cleft,  sepals  erect;  stamens  5, 
filaments  dilated  and  3-cleft  at  apex,  middle  tooth  bearing  the  1-celled 
anther;  stigma  capitate;  utricle   valveless,    1-seeded,  included  in  the 
calyx.     Herbs  or  shrubs  of  S.  America.     Lvs.  opposite.     Fls.  usually 
capitate. 

G.  globosa  L.  Erect,  trichotomously  much  branched,  pubescent ;  Ivs.  short- 
petiolate,  oblong,  acute,  mucronate,  entire ;  fls.  bright  purple,  in  globular,  2-bracted, 
pedunculate,  terminal  heads  ;  bracts  glabrous,  longer  than  the  woolly  calyx. — 
Gardens.  Stem  1  to  2f  high.  Branches  suberect.  lids,  near  1'  diam,  fadeless. 
f  E.  Indies. 

8.  TELANTHERA  Brown.     (Gr.  rc^eio^  full,  complete,  Lat.  an- 
ther as  ;  alluding  to  the  perfect  flowers.)     Fls.  perfect,  3-bracted ;  calyx 
of  5  sepals  ;  stamens  5,  with  5  intervening,  elongated,  sterile  filaments ; 
anthers  1-celled  ;  style  short,  stigma  capitate  ;  utricle  valveless,  1-seeded, 
included  in  the  calyx. — Herbs  or  shrubs  with  opposite  Ivs.,  axillary  and 
terminal  lids,  of  fls. 

T.  polygoiioides  Moq.  (3.  REPEXS.  Procumbent,  diffusely  branched,  hairy;  Ivs. 
oval,  obtuse,  attenuate  to  a  winged  petiole ;  hds.  sessile,  1  to  2  together,  oval, 
obtuse ;  fls.  whitish  silvery ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovate-acuminate,  mucronate, 
unequal  sepals,  inner  sep.  hairy. —  1J.  Cultivated  grounds,  roadsides,  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  coast,  S.  States.  Sts.  slender,  1  to  2f  long.  Lvs.  indudbg  the  petiole  G 
to  15"  by  4.  to  7".  Hds.  3  to  4"  long.  Feb. — Oct. 


(520  ORDER  107.— LAURACE^. 

9.  FR(ELICH'IA,  Mcencli.  (Named  for  J.  A.  Frolich,  a  German 
botanist.)  Flowers  perfect,  3-bracted ;  calyx  tubular,  5-cleft  at  apex; 
stamens  5,  connate  into  a  tube,  appendaged  with  as  many  sterile  fila- 
ments ;  anthers  1-celled  ;  stigma  capitate  or  tufted ;  utricle  valveless, 
1 -seeded,  enclosed  in  the  hardened  calyx  which  bears  2  or  5  longitu- 
dinal crests. —  (I)  Herbs  with  jointed,  villous  stems,  opposite  Ivs.  and 
spicate  fls. 

F.  Floridana  Moq.  Nearly  simple,  strictly  erect,  arachnoid  pubescent;  Ivs.  lin- 
ear, tapering  to  the  base,  obtusish  at  apex;  fls.  imbricated,  in  short,  dense,  clus- 
tered, cottony  spikes. — On  sandy  river  banks,  111.,  also  Fla.,  G-a.  to  La.  Plant  1 
to  3f  high,  with  a  terminal,  virgate  panicle  6  to  10'  long.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  3  to  5". 
Spikes  6  to  12"  long.  Calyx  white-scarious,  persistent,  contracted  above,  en- 
closing the  utricle.  Jl.,  Aug. 

ORDER  CVII.     LAUEACEvE.     LAURELS. 

Trees  and  shrubs  aromatic,  mostly  with  alternate,  simple,  punctate  leaves.  Flow- 
ers with  a  colored  perianth  of  4  to  6  slightly  united,  strongly  imbricated  sepals. 
Anthers  2  or  4-celled,  opening  upwards  by  as  many  recurved,  lid-like  valves.  Ovary 
1-celled,  1-ovuled,  free,  in  fruit  a  berry  or  a  drupe.  Seed  without  albumen. 

Genera  50,  species  450,  chiefly  natives  of  the  Tropics. 

Properties. — The  species  of  this  highly  important  order  are  throughout  pervaded  by  a  warm 
and  stimulant  aromatic  oil.  Cinnamon  is  the  dried  bark  of  CinnainomurnZeylanicutn,  of  Ceylon. 
&c.  Camphor  is  obtained  from  many  trees  of  this  order,  but  chiefly  from  Camphora  officiBarum, 
of  Japan,  China,  &c.  Cassia  Bark,  from  Cinnatnomum  aromaticum,  of  China.  1'ersea  gratissim.% 
a  tree  of  the  W.  Indies,  yields  a  delicious  fruit  called  the  Avocado  pear.  Some  of  the  following 
species  are  also  moderately  medicinal.  The  classic  Laurel  is  Laurens  nobilis  ef  S.  Europe. 

GENERA. 

§  Flowers  perfect,  the  calyx  persistent.    Leaves  evergreen PKKSEA.  1 

|  Flowers  declinous.     Calyx  deciduous.     Leaves  deciduous.     (*) 

*  Involucre  none.     Anthers  4-celled,  4- valved.    Lvs.  lobed SASSAFRAS.  2 

*  Involucre  4-leaved.    Anthers  2-celled,  2-valved.    Leaves  entire BENZOIN.  8 

*  Involucre  4-leaved.    Anthers  4-celled,  4-valved.    Leaves  entire TETKANTUEKA.  4 

1.  PER'SEA,  Gaert.     RED  BAY.     BAY  GALLS.     Flowers  perfect,  um- 
bellate, with  no  involucre  ;  calyx  of  6  sepals  persistent  in  fruit  j  stamens 
12,  the  3  inner  sterile,  reduced  to  mere  glands,  anthers  4-celled  (2  cells 
above  and  2  below)  ;  drupe  oval,  seated  on  the  persistent  calyx,  con- 
taining 1  large  seed. — Trees  evergreen,  the  fls.  in  axillary,  pedicellate 
umbels. 

P.  Caroliniensis  MX.  Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  acute  or  pointed 
at  each  end,  coriaceous,  entire,  glaucous  beneath ;  umbels  simple  or  compound, 
on  long  peduncles;  sep.  coriaceous,  velvety,  the  3 outer  smaller;  drupe  oval,  blue. 
Va.  to  Fla.  in  swamps.  A  tree  30  or  40f  high,  with  a  deeply  furrowed  bark  and 
coarse  branches ;  but  more  commonly  in  poor  soils  a  stinted  shrub  filling  the  sandy 
swamps.  Lvs.  evergreen,  about  6'  by  18",  attenuated  to  a  short  petiole.  Drupo 
5"  by  4".  Apr.,  May. — Wood  of  a  fine  rose-color,  once  used  in  cabinet-work. 

2.  SAS'SAFRAS,  Nees.     SASSAFRAS.     (Spanish,  salsafras,  saxifrage ; 
from  the  supposed  resemblance  of  properties.)     Dio3cious  ;  involucre  0; 
calyx  G-parted,  equal,  deciduous ;     $  stamens  9,  in  3  rows,  the  inner 
with  a  pair  of  stipitate  glands  at  the  base  of  each ;  anther  4-celled ; 

$  stamens  6,  imperfect ;  ovary  ovoid,  acuminate ;  style  short,  stigma 
capitate  ;  drupe  ovoid,  on  a  fleshy  pedicel. — Trees  deciduous,  with  the- 
fts, yellow  in  terminal  clusters  appearing  before  the  leaves.    (Laurus,  L.) 
S.  officinale  Nees.     Lvs.  of  two  forms,  ovate  and  entire,  or  3-lobed  and  cuneato 
at  base ;  fls.  in  terminal  and  axillary,  corymbous  racemes,  with  linear  bracts, — U. 


ORDER  103.— LOR  ANTE  ACEJS.  621 

S.  and  Can.  An  interesting  shrub  or  small  tree,  10  to  20f  high.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, petioled,  those  of  the  young  shoots  ovate-lanceolate,  others  with  3  large 
lobes.  Fls.  greenish-yellow,  in  clustered  racemes  at  the  end  of  the  last  year's 
twigs;  drupe  blue.  Apr. — Jn.  Every  part  of  the  tree  has  a  pleasant  fragrance, 
and  a  sweetish,  aromatic  taste,  which  is  strongest  in  the  bark  of  the  root. 

3.  BENZOIN,    Nees.      SPICE  WOOD.      (Named    for   its    fragrance* 
which  is  compared  to  that  of  the  resinous  substance,  benzoin.)     Flowers 
dioecious  with  4  involucrate  scales  ;  calyx  5  to  6-parted  ;    $  stamens  9, 
in  3  rows,  the  inner  lobed  and  gland-bearing  at  base  ;  anthers  2-celled  ; 
^$  stamens  15  to  18,  sterile,  filiform  ;  drupe  obovoid,  on  a  pedicel  not 
thickened. — Trees  or  shrubs  with  entire,  deciduous  Ivs.  and  small,  late- 
ral clusters  of  yellow  Us.  preceding  the  Ivs. 

1  B.  odoriferum  Nees.     Lvs.  obovate-lanceolate,  veinless,  entire,  deciduous;  fls.  in 
clustered  umbels;    buds  and  pedicels  smooth. — A  shrub  6  to  12f  high,  in  moist 
woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Lvs.  cuneiform  and  acute  at  base,  2  to  4'  long,  half  as 
wide,  paler  beneath.     Fls.  pedicellate,  in  small,  sessile  umbels,  4  or  5  from  each 
bud.     Drupes  red.     May.     (Laurus  Benzoin,  L.) 

2  B.  mellisseefolium  Nees.     Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  abrupt  or  cordate  at  base, 
veiny,  pubescent  beneath ;  fls.  in  clustered  umbels  ;  buds  and  pedicels  villous. — 
Borders  of  shallow  ponds  or  exsiccated  swamps,  S.  States.     Shrub  2  to  3f  high, 
with  running  roots  and  virgate  shoots.     Lvs.  with  prominent  veins.     Fls.  about 
3  from  each  bud.     Drupes  red.     Feb.,  March.     (Laurus  mellissaefolia  Walt.) 

4.  TETRANTHERA,   Jacq.     POND    SPICE.     (Gr.   rerpa,  four-fold, 
dvOepbc;,  flowery ;  four  flowers  in  the  umbel.)     Flowers  dioecious,  in 
little  stalked  umbels,  with  a  4  or  5-leaved  deciduous  involucre  ;  calyx 
4  or  6-parted,  deciduous ;    $  stamens  9,  in  3  rows ;  anthers  unequally 
4-celled  (2  cells  above  and  2  below)  ;    $  stamens  12  to  15  rudiments  ; 
stigma  dilated,  2-lobcd,  smooth  ;  drupe  naked. — Lvs.  deciduous.     Fls. 
yellow,  appearing  before  the  Ivs. 

T.  gemculata  Nees.  Branches  divaricate  and  geniculate ;  Ivs.  small,  oblong  and 
oval,  nearly  smooth,  cuneate  at  base,  mostly  obtuse  at  apex ;  umbellets  terminal, 
glabrous,  on  distinct  pedicels. — In  sandy  swamps,  borders  of  lagoons,  Va.  to  Fla. 
Shrub  8  to  15f  high,  with  branches  and  branchlets  remarkably  crooked  and  strag- 
gling forming  an  angle  of  90°  at  every  fork.  Lvs.  1'  to  18"  long,  5  to  8"  wide. 
Drupes  red.  Feb.,  Mar.  (Laurus  geniculata  Walt.) 


ORDER  CYIII.     LORANTHACE^E.     LORANTHS. 

Shrubby  plants  parasitic  on  trees,  with  thick,  opposite,  exstipulate  leaves.  Flow- 
ers mostly  declinous,  an  adherent  calyx  of  4  to  8  lobes,  with  stamens  of  the  same 
number,  opposite  the  calyx  lobes.  Ovary  1-celled,  becoming  a  fleshy  fruit  with  one 
albuminous  seed.  Fig.  37,  D. 

Genera  25,  species  400,  mostly  tropical  in  America  and  Asia,  A  few  flourishing  northward  as 
fur  as  our  latitude.  They  possess  the  remarkable  property  of  planting  themselves  on  trees  and 
subsisting  on  their  juices.  They  are  slightly  astringent.  Bird-liino  is  formed  in  part  from  the 
viscid  pulp  of  the  fruit  of  the  Mistletoe. 


PHORODEN'DRON,  Nutt.  MISTLETOE.  (Gr.  0wp,  a  thief,  dtvdpov, 
a  tree  ;  they  live  on  stolen  food.)  Dioecious  ;  calyx  2  to  4  (mostly  3)- 
lobed,  lobes  erect  ;  $  anther  sessile  on  the  base  of  each  lobe,  2-celled, 
the  cells  divergent  ;  ?  calyx  adherent  to  the  ovary  ;  stigmas  sessile  ; 
stamens  0  ;  fruit  a  pulpy  berry.  —  Herbage  fleshy,  yellowish  green.  Ste. 
jointed,  brittle,  woody,  firmly  engrafted  on  the  limbs  of  trees,  especially 
Oaks,  Elms,  Apples,  &c.  Fls.  imbedded  in  the  jointed  rachis. 


622  ORDER  109.— SANTALACE.E. 

P.  flavescens  Nutt.  Branches  opposite,  sometimes  verticillato,  terete ;  Ivs.  cu- 
'neate-obovate,  3-veined,  obtuse ;  spikes  axillary,  solitary,  about  as  long  as  the 
leaves;  berries  white,  semi-transparent. — N.  J.  to  111.  (Lapliam),  and  the  S. 
States.'  Stems  1 — H  high,  rather  thick,  much  branched.  Leaves  9 — 16"  by  4 — 
9",  smooth  and  entire,  on  short  petioles.  Fls.  small,  sterile  ones  mostly  3-parted. 
Berry  with  a  viscous  pulp  adhering  to  the  limb  it  touches  until  it  strikes  roq£» 
April. 

ORDER  CIX.     SANTALACEJS.     SANDALWORTS. 

Trees  shrubs  and  herbs,  with  alternate,  undivided  leaves,  with  the  calyx  tube  ad- 
herent to  the  ovary,  limb  4  to  5-cleft,  valvate  in  aestivation,  the  stamens  as  many 
as  the  sepals,  inserted  at  their  base  and  opposite  to  them,  an  ovary  1 -celled,  with  a 
free  central  placenta  bearing  at  top  2  to  4  suspended  ovules,  but  in  fruit  drupaceous, 
1-seeded,  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx. 

Genera  20,  species  200,  natives  of  Europe,  America,  Australasia,  &c.  The  fragrant  sandal- 
wood  is  the  product  of  Santaluui  album,  &c.,  of  India. 

TRICES  AND   GENERA. 

I.  BUCKLEYE^E.     Fls.  dioecious,  the  pistillate  dichlamydcous,  with  no  stamens. 

?   Calyx  lobes  4 ;  petals  4,  caducous.     £  stamens  4.    Shrubs BUCKLEYA.  1 

II.  SANTALE^E.     Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  always  monochlamydeous.     (a) 

a  Flowers  in  spikes  or  racemes.     Drupe  pyriform.     Shrubs PYRCLABIA.  2 

a  Flowers  ia  cymous  umbels.    Nutovoid.    llalfshrubby '. COMANDRA.  3 

1.  BUCKLEVYA,  Torr.     (To  S.  Jl.  Huckley,  an  active  and  successful 
botanist.)     Flowers    $  $ ,  the   $  dichlamydrous ;   outer  (calyx)  lobes 
4,  lanceolate  ;  inner  (corolla)  lobes  4,  ovate,  acute,  1 -veined,  caducous; 
stamens  0  ;    style  included,  4-lobed ;    $  monochlamydeous ;  lobes   4, 
ovate,  acute,  valvate  in  bud,  opposite  the  4  stamens  inserted  at  their 
base  ;  disk  concave,  lobes  4,  alternate  with  the  sepals  ;  fruit  oblong, 
drupe-like,  10-furrowed,  1-secded. — A  shrub  or  small  tree,  with  sub- 
sessile,  entire  Ivs.,  the  sterile  fls.  clustered,  pedicellate,  the  fertile  solitary, 
all  terminal,  small. 

B.  distychoph^lla  Torr. — Mts.  of  E.  Tenn.  Shrub  with  the  slender  twigs  vel- 
vety-puberulent,  as  well  as  the  veins  and  flower-stalks.  Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate, 
9  to  18"  long,  tliin,  ciliate  on  the  margin,  obtuse  at  base,  on  very  short  petioles. 
$  fls.  H"  broad,  in  the  midst  of  caducous  bractlets.  ?  Fl.  subtended  by  4 
bractlets.  Fr.  8  to  9"  long,  narrowed  at  base  into  the  short  stipe.  (Borya  disty- 
chophylla  Nutt.) 

2.  PYRULA'RIA,  MX.     OIL-NUT.      (Diminutive  of  Pyrus ;  its  fruit 
resembling  a  little  pear.)     Flowers   dioecious ;  calyx  5-cleft,  subcam- 
panulate  ;  disk  5-toothed,  glandular,  half-adherent  to  the  ovary  ;  style 
1 ;  stigmas  2  or  3,  sublenticular ;  drupe  pyriform,  1-seeded,  inclosed  in 
the  adhering  base  of  the  calyx. — Shrubs  with  the  habit  of  Celastrus. 
Lvs.  alternate,  entire.     Rac.  terminal. 

P.  ptibera  MX.  Shrub  unarmed;  Ivs.  oval-oblong,  acute,  puberulent,  pellucid- 
punctate  ;  rac.  spike-like,  terminal. — Margins  of  mountain  streams,  Fenn.  to  Ga. 
Shrub  4 — Gf  high.  Boot  fetid.  Leaves  2—3'  by  1 — 14-',  entire,  acuminate,  pet- 
iolate,  veins  prominent  beneath.  Flowers  small,  greenish  yellow.  Calyx  tubo 
short,  nearly  filled  with  the  glandular  disk  ia  the  $  flowers,  the  segments  reflexed 
in  the  ?  .  Stamens  alternate  with  the  glands  of  the  disk,  opposite  to  those  of 
the  calyx.  Drupe  7  to  9"  long,  5  to  7"  thick.  May.  (Hamiltonia  oleifera 
Muhl.) 

3.  COM  AN  'DR  A,  Nutt.     BASTARD  TOAD  FLAX.      (Gr.   tfwpy,  hair, 

,  stamens  ;  stamens  connected  to  the  petals  by  a  tuft  of  hairs.) 


ORDER  111.— ELEAGNACEyE.  623 

Calyx  somewhat  urceolate,  tube  adherent,  limb  4  to  5-parted ;  stamens 
4  to  5,  opposite  the  sepals,  and  connected  to  them  by  a  tuft  of  hairs ; 
filaments  inserted  into  the  top  of  the  perigynous,  5-lobed  disk,  between 
its  lobes;  fruit  drupaceous,  1-seeded,  crowned  with  the  limb  of  the 
calyx.— Very  smooth,  suffruticous  plants.  Fed.  axillary  and  terminal. 
Fls.  small,  umbellate,, 

§  1.  EircoiiANDRA.     Flowers  perfect.    Leaves  all  alternate No.  1 

§  2.  DAEBYA.     Flowers  dioecious.    Leaves  mostly  opposite Is'o.  2 

1  C.  umbellata  Nutt     Erect ;  Ivs.  oval-lanceolate ;  fis.  subcorymbed,  terminal ; 
connecting  hairs  yellow. — n  Plant  about  a  foot  high,  in  rocky  woods,  U.  S.  and 

*  Brit.  Am.  Stem  slender,  striate,  generally  branching  at  top.  Leaves  entire,  al- 
ternate, acutish,  1 — !£'  long,  and  £  as  wide,  tapering  to  a  very  short  petiole,. 
Flowers  small,  white,  in  little  umbels  of  about  3.  Each  umbel  is  furnished  with 
a  deciduous  involucre  of  about  4  small  leaflets,  the  whole  constituting  a  kind  of 
corymb.  June. 

2  C.  Darbya  A.  DC.     Lvs.  elliptical;    cymes  lateral,  about  5-flowered;  calyx 
lobes  spreading-reflexed,  connecting  hairs  white. — Ga.  near  Macon  (Darby),  N. 
Car.  near  Lincolnton  (Curtis).     A  small  shrub  with  terete,  blackish  branches,  the 
branchlets  herbaceous,  short,  leafy.     Lvs.  thin  and  pale,  12  to  18"  by  5  to  8", 
short-petioled,  apex  obtuse  or  submucronate.     Cymes  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
on  slender  peduncles.     Pedicels  1  or  2"  long.     Bracts  deciduous.     Calyx  lobea 
ovate,  acute.     Pruit  unknown.     (Darbya  umbellulata  Gray.) 

ORDER  CX.     THYMELACE^E.     DAPHNADS. 

Shrubs  with  a  very  tough,  acrid  bark,  entire  leaves  and  perfect  flowers,  with  Iko 
calx  tubular,  colored,  the  limb  4  (4  or  5)-parted,  regular,  the  tube  bearing  the  stam- 
ens as  many  or  usually  twice  as  many  as  its  lobes,  and  free  from  the  ovary,  which 
is  1-celled,  1-ovuled,  the  suspended  seed  with  little  or  no  albumen. 

Genera  40,  species  375,  very  abundant  in  Australia  and  S.  Africa,  sparingly  disseminated  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  The  only  N.  American  genus  is  the  following. 

Properties.— The  bark  is  acrid  and  caustic,  raising  blisters  upon  the  skin.  It  is  composed  of 
interlaced  fibers,  which  are  extremely  touch,  but  easily  separable.  The  lace-bark  tree  (Lagetta) 
wf  Jamaica  is  particularly  remarkable  for  this  property. 

DIR'CA,  L.  LEATHER-WOOD.  (Gr.  dtpfta,  a  fountain ;  the  shrub 
grows  near  mountain  streams  or  rivulets.)  Calyx  cplored,  tubular, 
with  a  truncate  or  obscurely  4-toothed  limb ;  stamens  8,  unequal, 
longer  than  and  inserted  into  the  tube  ;  style  1  ;  berry  1-seeded. — Lvs. 
alternate,  simple.  Fls.  expanding  before  the  oblong-obovate  Ivs.,  3 
from  each  bud. 

D.  palustris  L. — A  shrub  5f  in  height  when  full  grown,  U.  S.  and  Can.  The  fis. 
appear  in  April  and  May,  much  earlier  than  the  leaves.  They  are  small,  yellow, 
funnel-shaped,  about  3  together,  with  a  bud-like  involucre.  Lvs.  from  the  samo 
buds,  entire,  on  short  petioles,  pale  underneath.  Stam.  much  longer  than  the 
calyx,  alternately  a  long  and  a  short  one.  Berry  oval,  small,  red.  Every  part 
of  this  shrub  is  very  tough.  The  twigs  furnish  "rods  for  the  fool's  back, "  the 
bark  is  used  for  ropes,  baskets,  &c. 

DAPHNE  is  a  genus  differing  from  Dirca  by  its  spreading  calyx  limb  and 
included  stamens. 

D.  Mezereum,  with  deciduous  Ivs.  andD.  Laureolawith  evergreen  Ivs.  aro 
occasionally  cultivated. 

ORDER  CXI.    EL^EAGNACE^E.     OLEASTERS. 

Shrubs  or  trees  usually  with  the   leaves  covered   with  a  silvery  scurf,  entire; 
flowers  mostly  dioecious,  the  calyx  free,  entire,  persistent,  becoming  in  fruit  pulpy 


624  ORDEB  112.— EUPHORBIACE^E. 

and  berry-like,  inclosing  the  1-celled,  1-seeded  achenium.     Seed  ascending,  embryo 
straight,  albumen  scanty. 

Genera  4,  species  30,  thinly  dispersed  throughout  the  Northern  hemisphere. 

1.  SHEPHER'DIA,  Nutt.     (In  honor  of  John  Shepherd,  curator  of 
the  botanic  garden  of  Liverpool.)     Flowers  ?    $. —  $  Calyx  4-cleft ; 
sta.  8,  alternating  with  8  glands.      $  Calyx  tube  closely  investing  the 
ovary,  but   not  adhering  to  it,  limb   4-lobed  ;  sty.    1 ;  stig.  oblique ; 
berry  globous,  composed  of  the  fleshy  calyx. — Shrubs  with  spinescent 
branches,  and  opposite,  deciduous  leaves.     Fls.  aggregated. 

1  S.  Canadensis  Nutt.  Los.  elliptic-ovate,  nearly  smooth  above,  clothed  leneath 
with  stellate  hairs  and  ferruginous,  deciduous  scales. — A  shrub  G — Sf  high,  found 
in  Vt,  N.  Y.  and  "W.  to  Wis.  (Lapham),  and  Can.,  by  streams  and  on  river  banks. 
Leaves  obtuse  at  each  end,  the  upper  surface  green,  with  few,  scattered,  stellate 
hairs,  lower  surface  white,  with  rust-colored  spots,  densely  tomentous,  margin 
entire;  petioles  2 — 4"  long,  lamina  1 — 2'  by  \ — 1'.  Fls.  minute,  in  small,  late- 
ral, nearly  sessile  clusters.  Berries  oval,  scaly,  consisting  of  the  fleshy  calyx  in- 
closing the  achenia  in  its  tube,  sweetish  to  the  taste.  Jl. — A  curious  and  orna- 
mental shrub. 

2  S.  argent e a  Nutt.  Los.  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  loth  surfaces  smooth  and 
equally  covered  with  silvery  scales. — A  small  tree,  12 — 18f  high,  with  thorny 
branches.  Leaves  1 — 2'  by  4 — 9".  Petioles  £'  long,  margin  entire,  the  surface 
of  a  light,  silvery  hue,  sprinkled  with  rust-colored  spots.  Fruit  the  size  of  a  cur- 
rant, scarlet,  well-flavored,  f  Mo. 

2.  EL/EAG'NUS,  L.     OLEASTER.     (Gr.  ekaia,  the  olive  ;  the  trees 
having  a  resemblance  to  the  olive.)     Flowers  perfect.     Calyx  4-cleft, 
campanulate,  colored  on  the  inner  side  ;  sta.  4,  alternate  with  the  calyx 
lobes ;   anth.   subsessile ;    sty.   short ;   fruit  baccate,  consisting  of  the 
achenium  inclosed  in  the  dry,  farinaceous  calyx. tube,  marked  with  8 
furrows. — Trees  or  shrubs,  cultivated  for  the  silvery  foliage.     Leaves 
alternate. 

1  E.  argentea  Ph.     Lvs.  Irroad-ovate  or  oval,  wavy,  acutish  at  each  end,  both 
surfaces,  particularly  the  lower,  silvery  and  shining,  with  ferruginous  scales. — A 
beautiful  shrub,  with  reddish  branches  and  small,  roundish-ovate,  cartilaginous 
drupes,     f  Mo. 

2  B.  angustifolia  L.     Lvs.  narrow-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  entire,  al- 
ternate, smooth,  canescent;  fls.  axillary,  aggregate. — A  tree  of  middle  size,  culti- 
vated for  its  beautiful  foliage  and  pleasant  date-like  fruit,     f  Eur. 

3  E.  latifolia  L.     Lvs.  ovate,  evergreen,     f  E.  Ind. 

3  HIPFOPH.2E  rhamnoides,  with  linear-lanceolate  Ivs.,  silvery  white  be- 
neath, te.trandrous,  dioecious  flowers,  and  a  crowd  of  yellow,  acid  drupes,  is  a  Euro- 
pean shrub,  occasionally  seen  in  shrubberies. 

ORDER  CXII.     EUPIIORBIACEJE.     SPURGEWORTS. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  usually  with  a  milky,  acrid  juice.  Flowers  diclinous,  some- 
times enclosed  in  a  cup-shaped  involucre.  Calyx  inferior,  sometimes  wanting.  Cor- 
olla scale-like  or  colored,  often  wanting.  Ovary  free,  sessile  or  stipitate,  2,  3  (or 
more)-carpeled ;  styles  distinct  or  united.  Fruit  of  2,  3  (or  more),  1  to  2-seeded  car- 
pels (rarely  of  1  carpel)  united  to  a  common  axi?,  at  length  separating.  Embryo 
in  fleshy  albumen.  Fig.  371. 

Genera  200,  specie*  2500  (Lindley),  chiefly  natives  of  S.  America,  not  more  than  CO  species 
being  found  in  N.  America,  north  of  Mexico. 

Properties. — An  acrid,  stimulant  and  poisonous  principle,  residing  chiefly  in  the  milky  juice, 
pervades  the  whole  order.  This  principle  varies  in  activity  from  mild  stimulants  to  the  most 
uctive  poisons  ;  but  it  is  volatile  and  easily  expelled  bv  heat.  Tapioca  is  a  starch-like  accumu- 
lation formed  in  the  roots  of  the  Jatropha  Manihot.  When  fresh,  :his  root  is  a  violent  poison, 


ORDER  112.— EUPHORBIACE^!.  62a 

bat  loses  its  deleterious  properties  by  washing  and  exposure  to  hont.  Cnstor-oil  Is  expressed 
from  tlie  seeds  of  liicinus  communis.  Crotoa-oil  from  the  seeds  of  Croton  Tigiiuui.  Caoutchouc 
is  yielded  iu  abundance  by  several  S.  American  speck's. 

FIG.  637.- 1.  Head  or  capitulum  of  Eu- 
phorbiacorollata;  with  the  corolla-like  in- 
volucre, and  pedicellate  pistillate  flower. 
2.  The  involucre  tube  cut  open,  showing 
J  the  monandrous,  staminate  flowers  sur- 
W,  rounding  the  pistillate.    8.   One  of  tho 
}y    t  flowers,  with  a  toothed  bract  at  base.  4. 
T     Cross  section  of  the  ovary,  showing  the  3 

one-seeded  cells  or  carpels. 

0'>*.  Our  specimens  of  the  Euphorbiacea;  were  submitted  to  the  inspection  of  Dr.  Engelmann, 
of  bt.  Louis,  aud  arc  hero  described  nearly  in  accordance  with  his  nomenclature. 

GENERA. 
§  Cells  of  the  ovary  one-ovuled  ;  fruit  3  (rarely  2  or  l)-secded.  (*) 

*  Flowers  in  a  cup-shaped  involucre,  the  &  many,  each  merely  a  stamen,  with  ono 

?  flower,  an  ovary  exserted  on  a  pedicel EUPHORBIA.  1 

*  Flowers  not  in  an  involucre  8,  all  apetalous,  having  a  calyx  only,  (a) 

a  Flowers  diandrous,  in  a  terminal  spike.     Plants  glabrous STILLIXGIA.  2 

a  Flower  2  to  3-androus,  in  racemes.     Plants  hairy  or  downy TUAGIA.  8 

a  Flowers  8  to  12-audrous,  in  small  spikes  with  largo  bracts ACALYPIIA  .  4 

a  Flowers  10  to  15-androus,  in  cymes,  with  white  sepals.     Stinging CNIDOSCOLUS.  9 

a  Flowers  polyandrous,  in  panicles ;  fruit  cchinate.    Plant  glabrous RICINUS.  6 

*  Flowers  not  in  an  involucre  8 ,  the  sterile  and  often  the  fertile,  also  with  petals,  (b) 

b  Ova.  3  (rarely  2)-cellcd  and  seeded.     Fls.  clustered.     Woolly,  downy  or  scurfy.Cp.OTON.  7 
b  Ova.  1 -celled,  1-seeded,  indehiscent.     Fls.  axillary,  small.     Silvery  scurfy .CROTONOPSIS.  8 
|  Cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovuled  ;  fruit  6  (or  abortively  fewcr)-sceded.  (c) 

C  Calyx  C-parted  ;  stamens  8,  united.     Flowers  axillary,  small PIITLLANTIIUS.  9 

C  Calyx  4-parted  ;  stamens  4,  distinct,  large.    Flowers  in  bracted  spikes PACHYSANDKA.  10 

C  Calyx  4-parted  ;  stamens  4,  distinct.    Flowers  axillary.    Shrub.    Leaves  opposite.. Bcxus.  11 

1.  EUPHOR'BIA,  L.  (Named  for  Euphorbus,  physician  to  Juba, 
King  of  Mauritania.)  SPURGE.  Flowers  5* ,  several  in  an  involucrate 
cluster ;  involucre  calyx-like,  cup-shaped,  with  4  or  5  petaloid  segments 
alternate  with  as  many  large  glands ;  flowers  achlamydeous,  the  $  12 
or  more  each  consisting  of  a  single  stamen  on  a  pedicel  which  is  axil- 
lary to  a  little  bract ;  $  flower  solitary,  central,  a  3-carpeled,  3-styled 
and  3-seedcd  ovary  raised  on  a  slender  pedicel ;  capsule  3-lobed,  separ- 
ating into  3  bivalved  nutlets. — Herbs  or  shrubs  with  a  milky  juice. 
Lvs.  generally  opposite  or  verticillate,  often  alternate,  sometimes  none. 
Involucres  flower-like,  axillary  or  umbellate. 

§  Stems  spiny,  thick,  erect. — Stipules  none.     Floral  leaves  scarlet No.  1 

§  Steins  unarmed,  erect.     Leaves  destitute  of  stipules,  alternate  or  opposite.  (*) 

*  Involucre  with  4  or  5  glands  which  are  2-horned  or  crescent-shaped,  (a) 

a  Umbel  of  many  rays.     Stem-leaves  narrow,  alternate.    Seeds  smooth.  2f Nos.  2,  3 

a  Umbel  of  3  rays,  and  forked. — Stem  leaves  alternate,  thin Nos.  4,  5 

a  Umbel  <f  8  or  4  rays,  and  forked.— Stem  leaves  opposite,  thick No.  6 

*  Involucre  with  5  white,  petal-like  glands  or  appendages,  (b) 

b  Heads  nearly  sessile.    Leaves  with  broad,  white  margins No.  7 

b  Heads  pedunculate,  solitary  or  subpaniculate.    Leaves  broad  oval Nos.  8,  9 

b  Heads  pedunculate,  umbellate.    Leaves  oblong,  mostly  narrow Nos.  10, 11 

*  Involucre  with  1  to  5  glands  neither  petal-like  nor  horned,  (c) 

C  Inflorescence  in  compound  cymes,  with  long  peduncles No.  12 

C  Inflorescence  in  compound  umbels,  with  short  peduncles,  (d) 

d  Seeds  reticulated  or  wrinkled.     Leaves  serrulate Nos.  13, 14 

d  Seeds  smooth  and  even,  in  a  rough,  warty  fruit Nos.  15, 16 

C  Inflorescence  solitary,  axillary.    Leaves  all  opposite No.  17 

C  Inflorescence  a  simple,  terminal  cluster.     Leaves  alternate  or  opposite Nos.  IS,  19 

$  Stems  unarmed,  chiefly  prostrate,  diffuse.    Leaves  all  opposite,  small,  with  small, 

entire  or  cleft  stipules.     Involucres  axillary  or  clustered.     May  to  Nov.    (T)   (e) 
e  Leaves  serrulate  or  serrate.     Seeds  roughened  with  wrinkles  or  pits,  (f ) 

f  Stern  ascending  or  erect,  smooth  or  Emoothish.  Seeds  black  or  amber  color. Nos.  20,  21 

f  Stem  prostrate,  hairy  or  puberulent  as  well  as  the  leaves  and  fruit Nos.  22,  23,  24 

e  Leaves  entire.     Seeds  smooth  and  even.     Plants  glabrous Nos.  25,  26,  27 

1  E.  splendens  Bojaris.  St.  suffruticous,  fleshy,  armed  with  rigid,  sharp 
thorns ;  Ivs.  ovate,  tapering  to  tho  base,  glabrous,  entire,  acute,  mucronate ;  ped. 
axillary,  2  or  3  times  dichotomous ;  floral  Ivs.  in  pairs,  broader  than  long,  cuspi- 
date, scarlet. — A  singular  and  showy  garden  plant,  f  Madagascar. 

'40 


62ft  ORDER  112.— EUPHORBIACE^E. 

2  E.  Cyparissias  L.     CYPRESS  SPURGE.     Lvs.  linear-setaceous,  crowded  on  the 
stem,  with  a  spiral  arrangement ;  floral  Ivs.  broadly  cordate,  all  sessile  ;  umbel  of 
many  simple  rays,  with  several  scattered  branches  below  it ;  glands  crescent-shaped; 
fr.  granulated. — Gardens  and  fields,  rare.    Sts.  much  branched,  ascending  If  high, 
with  numerous  leaves  6  to  10"  long,  less  than  1"  wide,  the  floral  yellowish,  very 
different.     §  Eur. 

3  E.  Esula  L.     Los.  lanceolate-linear,  the  floral  broadly  cordate,  mucronate,  umbel 
of  many  rays,  the  rays  forked,  with  scattered  branches  below  it ;  glands  2-horned; 
fruit  nearly  smooth. — Fields,  Mass.  (Oakes),  not  common.     Sts.  much  branched, 
If  high.     Lvs.  1'  or  more  long,  the  floral  yellowish.     Glands  brown.     §  Eur. 

4  E.  Peplus  L.     Lvs.  membranous,  roundish,  tapering  into  the  petiole,  very  obtuse, 
entire,  smooth,   the  upper  floral  ovate ;  umbel  of  3,  rarely  5  rays,  then  forked ; 
glands  lunate,  with  2  long  horns ;  ovaries  with  a  double-winged  keel  at  the  back, 
rugous  and  scabrous ;  seed  dull  grayish  white,  with  2  longitudinal  furrows  and  4 
rows  of  dots. — Waste  places,  X.  Eng.,  rare.     St.  7  to  12'  high.     §  Eur. 

5  E.  commutata  Engelm.    Decumbent  and  branched  at  base,  smooth;  sts. erect; 
lower  Ivs.  oval,  petiolato ;  floral  Ivs.  numerous,  thin,  broader  than  long,  all  sessile, 
very  obtuse ;  ovaries  obtusely  angled,  not  winged,  seeds  dotted  all  over. —  If  Along 
streams,  "W.  Va.  to  Ohio,  111.  frequent,  and  S.  to  Fla.     Sts.  a  foot  high,  once  or 
twice   trichotomous,   the  floral  Ivs.  so  applied  at  base  as  to  appear  orbicular  and 
perfoliate,  C  to  9"  diam.     Horned  glands  usually  but  4. — Has  been  confounded 
with  E.  Peplus.     Jn. 

6  E.  Lathyris  L.     MOLE-TREE.     CAPER  SPURGE.     St.  erect,  stout,  smooth ;  Ivs. 
lance-linear,   rather  acute,  entire,    glabrous,  sessile ;  umbel  mostly  4-rayed,  rays 
dichotomous;  glands  of  the  invol.  lunate,  2-horned,  the  horns  dilated  and  obtuse. 
— (g)  Cultivated  grounds  and  gardens.    Stem  2 — Bf  high.    Leaves  2 — 4'  by  3 — 9", 
numerous  and  arranged  in  4  rows  on  the  stem.     Umbel  of  4  verticillate  branches 
with  a  central  subsessile  head.     JL — Sept.     §  Eur. — Supposed  efficacious  in  ex- 
pelling moles  from  the  ground. 

7  E.  marginata  Pursh.     Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  subcordate,  sessile,  acute,  mu- 
cronate, entire  on  the  margin,  glabrous ;  umbel  3-rayed,  once  or  twice  dichoto- 
mous ;  involucrato  Ivs.  oblong,  cordate,  colored  and  membranaceous  at  the  mar- 
gin ;  inner  segments  of  the  floral  involucre  roundish  ;  caps,  hoary -pubescent. — CD 
A  handsome  species,  remarkable  for  the  variegated  leaves  of  the  involucre,  f 
Shores  of  tho  Ky.  River  at  Paris,  abundant.     Doubtless  escaped  from  the  gar- 
dens.   §  Native  in  Nebraska. 

8  E.  mercurialina  MX.     Sts.  slender,  weak,   simply  trichotomous;  Ivs.  opposite 
or  ternately  whorled,  nearly  sessile,  oval,  entire ;  ped.  terminal,  solitary,  bearing  a 
single  involucre. — 2£  Near  Knoxville,  Tenn.     Jl.,  Aug.,  (Michaux). — A  very  ob- 
scuro  and  long-lost  species.     We  gathered  a  single  specimen  1 0  miles  S.  of  Talla- 
hassee, Fla.,  in  1857,  differing  from  the  description  of  Michaux  only  in  its  lower 
Ivs.  being  scattered.     It  is  about  9'  high,  smooth.     Lvs.  1'  long,  entire,  obtuse, 
villous-ciliate  on  their  lower  margins  and  very  short  petioles.     Invol.  lobes  min- 
utely edged  with  white. 

9  E.  paniculata  Ell.    Erect  from  a  decumbent  base,  slender,  striate-angled,  thinly 
pubescent ;  Ivs.  oval  or  elliptical,  subrepand,  revolute  on  the  margins,  glaucous  be- 
neath, short-petioled,  the  cauline  alternate,  ample,  the  floral  small  and  bract-like, 
opposite;  inflorescence  irregularly  forked,  or  paniculate ;  invol.  email  (1"  diam.), 
glands   slightly  expanded,    greenish  white. — Ga.   and  Fla.     Sts.  8  to  18'  high. 
Lvs.  about  18"  by  10".     Invol.  thrice  smaller  than  in  No.  10,  of  which  it  is  con- 
sidered a  variety  by  Dr.  Engelmann. 

10  E.  corollata  L.    FLOWERING-  SPURGE.    Erect ;  caulino  and  floral  Ivs.  oblong, 
narrow,  obtuse;  glands  of  the  invol.  obovate;  petaloid;  umbel  5-rayed,  rays  2  or  3 
times  di-  or  trichotomous. — U  In  dry  fields,  etc.,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Stem  slender, 
erect,  1 — 2f  high,  generally  simple  and  smooth.     Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  often  quita 
linear,  very  entire,  scattered  on  the  stem,  verticillate  and  opposite  in  the  umbel. 
The  umbel  is  generally  quite  regularly  subdivided.     Corolla-like  involucre  large, 
White,  showy.     July,  Aug. — The  central  head  is  2  or  3  weeks  earliest. 

ft.  ANGUSTIFOLIA.     Lvs.  oblong-linear ;  umbel  often  becoming  irregular  or  more 
or  less  paniculate. — Chiefly  Southward. 


ORDER  112.— EUPHORBIACE^S.  627 

11  E.  Curtisii  Engelm.     Smooth,  very  slender,  branched  from  the  tase;  division 
then  cymously  branched;  Ivs.  all  similar,  opposite,  narrowly  linear,  lather  acute; 
invol.  broadly  obconic,  the  glands  (inner  segments)  narrowly  bordered  with  a 
white  membrane. — A  very  slender  species,  allied  to  E.  corollata,  about  10'  high. 
Lvs.  5  to  10"  long,  less  than  1"  wide.     The  narrow  white  border  of  invol.  con- 
spicuous.    Ga,  (Feay,  Pond,)  to  N.  Car.     (Curtis.) 

12  B.  gracilis  Ell.     Very  smooth  and  slender,  st.   2  or  3 -forked   below,  the 
branches  then  repeatedly  forked ;  Ivs.  all  similar,  oblong  and  oblong-linear,  ob- 
tuse, entire,  subpetiolate,  mostly  opposite;  invol.  on  long  peduncles,  dark  purple 
with  oval  glands;  fr.  strongly  3-lobed,   smooth,  seeds  cmoothish,  dull. — Sandy 
pine  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla,     Plant  5  to  10'  high,  wholly  purple  when  young. 
Lvs.  8  to  12"  long,  very  variable  in  width.     Mar.,  Apr. 

/?.  ROTUXDTFOLIA.     Lvs.  roundish  or  quito  orbicular,  entire,  edged  with  purple. 
— With  the  other,  G'  high.     A  singular  variety. 

13  E.  helioscopia  L.     SUN  SPURGE.     Erect ;  floral  Ivs.  obovate,  cauline  wedge- 
form,   sharply  serrate,  smooth;  umbel   5-rayed,   then   3-rayed  and  forked;  fruit 
smooth  and  even ;  sds.  reticulated. — (D  A  milky  weed  in  cultivated  grounds,  N.  H. 
to  Niagara,   S.  to  Car.,  remarkable  for  tho  symmetry  of  its  vegetation.     Stem 
smooth,  erect,   8 — 16'  high.     Leaves  scattered,  f — !-£'  long,  f  as  broad  at  tho 
rounded  or  retuso  apex,  tapering  to  the  base.     Umbels  subtended  by  a  large  in- 
volucre of  5  obovato  leaves.     Each  of  tho  5  rays  is  pilous  with  scattered  hairs 
and  subdivided  into  an  umbellet  of  3  rays  with  a  3-leaved  involucel,  and  these 
finally  into  2  or  more  pedicellate  fascicles.     June,  July.     §  Eur. 

14  B.  Arkansaiia  Engelm.  &  Gr.     Slender ;  floral  Ivs.  roundish-ovate,  subcor- 
date,  obtuse,  caulino  oblong-spatulato  or  obovate,  all  serrulate  and  glabrous ;  um- 
tel  once  or  twice  trichotomous,  then  simply  forked;  glands  entire,  subsessile  ;  fruit 
warty,  seeds  reticulated. — Lexington,  Ivy.  (Short,  in  Gray's  Manual)  to  Ark.  and 
La.  (E.  tetrapora  Engelm.,  found  in  W.   La.  (Hale),  differs  from  this  in  having 
2-horned  glands  of  the  involucre  and  seeds  nearly  smooth  and  even.     The  foliage 
is  almost  indentical  (fide  spec,  labeled  by  Dr.  Engelmann). ) 

15  E.  obtusata  Ph.     WARTED  SPURGE.     Lvs.  all  sessile,  obtuse,  finely  serrulate, 
tapering  to  the  base,  sparsely  hairy  beneath,  the  cauline  oblanceolate,  floral  round- 
ish cordate,  clasping,  mucronato ;  umbel  3  to  5-rayed,  rays  2  or  3  times  forked ; 
fr.  muricate,  with  wart-like  points;  styles  2-cleft;  sds.  compressed,  smooth  and 
even. — "Waste  grounds,  Can.  to  Va.  and  W.  States.     A  smooth,  erect  plant,  If 
high.    Lvs.  1'  or  more  long,  the  floral  much  shorter.    Invol.  subsessile,  with  small, 
hairy  lobes,  and  large,  oval  glands.     Sds.  brown  when  ripe. — Closely  resembles 
E.  platyphylla  L. 

16  B.  Darliiigtoiiii  Gray.    Lvs.  entire,  oblong-lanceolate  and  oblanceolate,  acute, 
narrowed  to  tho  base,  subsessile,  pilous  beneath,  the  floral  ovate ;  umbel  5  to  8-rayed, 
rays  once  or  twice  divided ;  segm.  of  tho  invol.  colored,  entire,  subreniform ;  fr. 
slightly  warty ;  sds.  smooth. —  U  Moist  woods,  Penn.  to  N.  Car.  (Curtis).     St.  2 
to  3f  high,  smooth,  rarely  branched  below  the  umbel.     Lvs.  3  to  4'  by  1',  entire 
or  slightly  serrulate  above,  those  of  the  stem  alternate,  of  the  branches  opposite, 
and  nearly  as  broad  as  long.     Floral  invoL  purplish  brown  within.     Caps,  at 
length  nearly  smooth.     May,  Jn.     (E.  momoralis  Darl.,  nee  Kit.) 

17  E.  Ipecacuanhas  L.    IPECAC  SPURGE.     Procumbent  or  suberect,  smooth, 
with  numerous,  diffuse,  forking  stems;  Ivs.  opposite,  obovate  and  oblanceolate, 
entire,  obtuse,  subsessile;  ped.  elongated,  axillary,  1-flowered;  seeds  white,  dot- 
ted, flattened. — %  Sandy  soil,  near  tho  coast,  Conn.  (Robbins)  to  Ga.     Rt.  peren- 
nial, very  long.     St.  rather  thick  and  succulent,  3  to  8'  long.     Lvs.  1|  to  2'  by  3 
to  6",  varying  from  obovato  to  linear.     Hds.   solitary.     Ped.  as  long  as  the 
leaves.    Jn. 

18  E.  heterophylla  MX.  (Engelm.)     St.  thick,  green,  glabrous,  much  branched, 
tall ;  Ivs.  ovate,  or  sinuate-toothed,  or  panduriform,  tho  highest  often   lance-linear, 
all  on  slender  petioles  and  scattered ;  invol.  all  clustered  and  terminal,  each  with 
5  ovate  lobes ;  fr.  large,  smooth,  seeds  ovoid,  tubercled.— W.  111.  to  Iowa  (Cou- 
sens),  S.  to  Ga.  (Pond).     Plant  of  singular  aspect,  1  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  18''  to  2' 
long,  on  stalks  half  as  long,  usually  narrowed  in  the  middle  to  a  fiddle-shape,  the 


628  OBDE*  112.— EUPHORBIACE^E. 

upper  stained  deep  red  on  the  edges,  &c.,  more  or  less.     Invol.  reddish,  with  a 
sessile  gland.     Jn.,  Jl.     (E.  cyathiflora  Jacq.) 

19  E.  dentata  MX.     St.  low,  slender,  hairy,  brachiately  branched;  Ivs.  opposite, 
petiolate,  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  coarsely  dentate,  paler  and  hairy  beneath ;  invol. 
subsessile,  in  a  terminal  cluster,  each  with  5  ovate,  laciniate  lobes;  fr.  minutely 
velvety;  seeds  globular,   tubercled. — In  shady  places,  Penn.  to  Iowa  and   La. 
Plant  6  to  12'  high;  Ivs.  1  to  2',  mostly  lanceolate,  but  varying  to  linear.     Invol. 
with  one  or  more  stalked  glands.     Seeds  grayish.     Jn. — Aug. 

20  E.  hypericifblia  L.     St.  smooth,  branching,  nearly  erect,  branches  divaricato 
spreading ;   Ivs.  oval-oblong,  very  oblique,  serrate  all  around ;  corymbs  terminal ; 
seeds  rugous,  black. — CD  A  slender  and  branching  plant,  found  in  dry  and  rich 
soils,  U.  S.  and  Can.      Stem  10 — 20'  high,  usually  purple,   very  smooth,   the 
branches  often  pubescent.     Leaves  tripli-veined,  marked  with  oblong  dots  and 
blotches,  ciliate,  6 — 12"  long,  and  £  as  wide,  oblique,  on  very  short  petioles.    Co- 
rymbs of  small,  white  heads,  terminal  and  axillary.     July,  Aug. 

21  E.  glyptosperma  Engelm.      Decumbent  at  base,  much  branched,   slender, 
glabrous;  Ivs,  oblong,  oblique,  obtuse,  serrulate  towards  the  end;  stipules  cleft  and 
fringed-  invol.  subsessile,  appendages  crenulate,  white;  sds.  angular,  sculptured, 
amber  color. — Madison,  Wis.  (Lapham),  and  southwestward.     A  delicate  species. 
Lvs.  G"  by  2",  and  smaller,  strongly  arcuate.     Stipules  whitish,  cleft  into  hair-like 
processes. 

22  E.  maculata  L.     Procumbent;    branches  spreading;    Ivs.   serrate,    oblong, 
hairy;  fis.   in  crowded,   axillary  clusters;  seeds  brownish,  4-anglsd,   wrinkled. — 
CD  Plant  spreading  fiat  upon  the  ground,  in  sandy  fields,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Stem 
C — 12'  in  length,  much  branched,  hairy.     Leaves  opposite,  3 — G'/  long  and  ^  as 
wide,  oblong,  obtuse,  serrulate,  smooth  above,  often  spotted  with  dark  purple, "tha 
margin  ciliate,  pale  and  hairy  beneath,  on  short  stalks.     Heads  of  flowers  small, 
crowded  near  the  summit,  involucre  minute,  white.     Jl. — Sept.     This  and  Nos. 
23  and  24  are  too  closely  allied. 

23  E.  humistrata  Engelm.     Procumbent,  roughly  and  minutely  villous,  diffuse ; 
Iv3.  obliquely  elliptical,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  denticulate  near  the  apex,  sparsely 
hairy  beneath ;  ped.  crowded  in  lateral  clusters,  shorter  than  the  very  short  petioles ; 
invol.  slit  on  the  back,  appendages  subentire ;  sds.  ovate,  ^-angled,  minutely  rough- 
ened (not  wrinkled),  ash-colored. — Banks  of  tho  Mississippi,  St.  Louis  (Engelman) 
and  southwestward.     Lvs.  4  to  7''  by  2  to  4",  sometimes  nearly  smooth,  some- 
times spotted  above.     Fr.  puberulent,  acutely  angled.     Seed  j?"  long. 

24  E.  prostrata  Ait.     Prostrate,  very  diffuse,  villous-pulverulent ;  Ivs.  roundish- 
oval,  very  obtuse  at  both  ends,  minutely  serrulate  towards  the  apex,  villous  be- 
neath; ped.  clustered,  longer  than  the  very  short  petioles ;  invol.  appendages  obtuse, 
entire;  fr.  woolly;  sds.  4-angled,  transversely  rugous. — Eiver  banks,  S.  W.  States 
(Hale).     Spreading  in  large  patches,  with  rather  dense  foliage,  clothed  all  over 
with  a  fine  dusty  wool.     Lvs.  of  two  sizes,  tho  cauline  3  to  5"  by  2  to  3",  the 
ramial  scarce  half  as  large.     Seeds  light  brown. 

25  E.  polygonifolia  L.     KNOT-GRASS  SPURGE.     Procumbent;  Ivs.  entire,  lance- 
olate and  oblong,  obtuse  at  base ;  invol.  subsessile,  in  the  axils  of  tho  branches,  soli- 
tary;  seeds  large  (L"  long)  smooth,  ovoid. — CD  Sea  shores,  R.  I.  to  Fla.      A  very 
smooth,  succulent,  prostrate  plant,  with  milky  juice.     S*tems  6 — 10'  long,  dicho- 
tomous,  procumbent.     Leaves  oblong  and  linear-lanceolate,  rarely  cordate  at  base, 
3 — 5"  by  1",  petioles  about  1".     Stipules  subulate  and  simple.     Heads  small,  in 
the  forks  of  the  purple  stem.     June,  July. 

26  E.  cordifolia  Ell.     Prostrate,  spreading,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  obliquely  cordate  at  the 
base,  oval,  obtuse,  entire,  distinctly  petiolate;  stipules  laciniate;  ped.  nearly  as  long 
as  the  leaves,  loosely  clustered,  subterminal ;  invol.  appendages  oval,  white,  con- 
spicuous ;  fr.  angular ;  seed  obtuse-angled,  smooth. — (3)  In  cultivated  lands,  Car. 
to  Fla.  and  La.     Spreading  in  large  patches,  with  alternate  branches  and  open 
foliage.     Lvs.  3  to  5'',  rarely  G",  slightly  variegated.     Sds.  brownish  white. 

27  E.  serpens  H.  B.  K.  (Engelman).     Prostrate,  spreading,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  very 
small,  roundish-oval,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  entire;  ped.  much  longer  than  the  pe- 
tioles, solitary  or  several  in  the  axil ;  invol.  appendages  scarcely  any ;  sds.  smooth, 
obtusely  angled. — Banks  of  the  Miss.,  St.  Louis  (Engelm.)  to  N.  Orleans  (Hale). 


ORDER  112.—  EUPHORBIACE^l  629 

Our  most  delicate  species.     Lvs.  1  to  2£"  long  and  less,  elegant!/  variegated. 
Seeds  minute,  light  brown.     (E.  herniarioides  Nutt.) 

2.  STILLIN'GIA,    Card.     (Named  for  Dr.  Benjamin   Stillincj  fleet.) 
Flowers  8  ,  in   a  terminal,  dense   spike,  apetalous  ;   $  calyx   cup-form, 
lobed  and  crenulate  ;  stamens  2,  filaments  exserted,  with  short,  2-lobed 
anthers;   ?  calyx  3  -lobed;  style  trifid,  with  3  diverging,  simple  stig- 
mas; capsule  3-lobed,  3-celled,  3-seeded.  —  Plants  smooth,  erect,  with 
alternate  Ivs.     Fertile  fls.  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike. 

1  S.  sylvatica  L.     St.  herbaceous  or  shrubby  at  base  ;  Ivs.  oval-lanceolate,  cuneate 
at  the  subsessile  base,  obtuse  at  apex,  serrulate  ;  spike   solitary,  simple,  with  large, 
cup-shaped  glands  among  the  yellowish  flowers.  —  It  Sandy  soils,  Va.  to  Fla.  and 
La.     St.  mostly  simple,  18'  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  3  to  4'  long,  thick,  smooth. 
Spike  2  to  3'  long.     May,  Jn. 

2  S.  ligustrina  MX.     Shrubbj'-,  branching;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends, 
very  entire,  petioktte;  staminate  fls.  short-pedicelled,   1   to  each  bract,   with  2 
glands.  —  In  Ga.  and  Car.,  margins  of  streams.     Plant  6  to  12f  high.  —  Description 
compiled  from  Michaux,  Pursh  and  Nuttall.     We  have  not  seen  the  plant. 

3  S.  sebifera  L.     TALLOW  TREE.     Arborescent,  with  very  smooth  branches,  Iv9. 
long-petiolfd,  rhomboidal,  acuminate,  entire  ;  sterile  fls.  very  small,  many  from  each 
involucre;  fruit  stalked,  large  (6"  diam.)  for  the  genus.  —  Seacoast,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  to 
La.     Tree  20  to  40f  high.     Lvs.  as  broad  as  long  (2  to  4'),  conspicuously  pointed. 
Petioles  of  equal  length.     §  China. 

3.  TRA'GIA,  Plum.      (From   Tragus,  an  early  German  botanist.) 
Flowers  8\  corolla  none  ;    $  calyx  3-parted  ;  stamens  2  or  3,  distinct; 

$  calyx  5  to  G  to  8-parted,  persistent  ;  style  3-cleft,  stigmas  3  ;  fruit  3- 
lobed,  3-celled,  separating  into  3  bivalve,  1-secded  nutlets.  —  It  Herbs 
(or  tropical  shrubs),  often  climbing.  Lvs.  mostly  alternate,  pubescent, 
stipulate.  Fls.  small,  racemed. 

*  Stem  twinin?.     Leaves  cordate,  sharply  serrato  ....................................  No.  1 

*  Stem  erect.  —  Leaves  subeordate  at  base,  acutely  serrate  ............................  No.  2 

—  Leaves  cuneate  or  obtuse  at  base,  obtusely  serrate  or  entire  .........  Nos.  3,  -4 

1  T.  xnacrocarpa  Willd.     Reclining,  much  branched,  its  slender  summits  twin- 
ing, sparsely  hirsute;  Ivs.   long-petiolate,  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  sharply  ser- 
rate; rac.  much  elongated;  fr.  large.  —  Hedges,   copses,   Ky.  (Michaux)  to  La. 
(Hale).     Sts.  2  to  4f  long.     Lvs.  large  (1  to  3'  long),  exactly  heart-shaped.     Fr. 
nearly  half  an  inch  diam.     (T.  cordata  MX.) 

2  T.  tirticaef61ia  MX.     Erect,  hirsute,  sparingly  branched  ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate, 
unequally  and  sharply  serrate,  subeordate  or  truncate  at  base,  on  short  petioles; 
rac.  axillary,  elongated  ;  fr.  very  hairy  ;  sds.  globular,  very  smooth,  hollow.  —  S. 
States,  common.     Plant  1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  half  to  a  fourth  as  wide. 
Fruit  3"  diam.     May  —  Aug.     (T.  angustifolia  Nutt.) 

3  T.  iirena  L.     Erect,  branched,  villous-pubescent  ;  Ivs.  obovate-oblong,  varying  to 
lance-linear,  cuneate  at  base,  subsessile,  coarsely  few-toothed  above,  or  entire  ;  rac. 
axillary,  bracted,  few  or  many-flowered  ;  fr.   downy.  —  Dry  grounds,  Va.  to  Fla, 
and  Ala.     A  homely  weed,  10  to  15'  high,  half  shrubby,  soft  downy,  and  not  (as 
Linnseus  supposed)  stinging.    Branches  mostly  simple.   Lvs.  lp  or  more  long.    Fr. 
downy,  about  4"  diam. 

ft.  LINEARIS.    Lvs.  elongated,  linear  nearly  or  quite  entire.  —  Ga.  to  Fla.    Seeds 
usually  hollow  as  in  all  tho  varieties.     (T.  linearifolia  Ell.) 

4  T.  betonicasfolia  Nutt.     Much  branched  from  a  decumbent  base,  hairy;  Ivs. 
oval,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  coarsely  crenate-dentate,  short-petioled  ;  stip.  oval,  con- 
spicuous;   fls.  mostly  solitary,  opposite  to  the   leaves,  pedunculate.  —  Near  N. 
Orleans  (Hale).     Plant  If  high.     Lvs.  1'  or  moro  long. 


4.  ACAL'YPHA,  L.     THREE-SEEDED  MERCURY.     (Gr.  aKaMtfrj,  tho 
itle.)      Flowers  8  ;  corolla  0  ;  3  very  small,  in  short  spikes;  calyx  4- 


630  ORDER  112.—  EUPHORBIACEJS. 

parted;  stamens  8  to  12,  filaments  very  short,  united  at  base,  with 
halved  anthers  ;  ?  calyx  3-parted  ;  styles  3,  elongated,  2  or  3-cleft  or 
fringed  ;  fruit  separating  into  3  bivalve,  1-seeded  nutlets,  rarely  simple. 
—  (£>  Herbs  (or  tropical  shrubs)  resembling  nettles.  Lvs.  alternate, 
petiolate.  Fls.  axillary,  the  fertile  in  short  clusters  at  the  base  of  the 
little  stamiiiate  spikes,  surrounded  by  a  large  cut-toothed  bract. 

1  A.  Virginica  L.    Hairy  or  downy,  branched  ;  Ivs.  oblonrj  -lanceolate,  obscurely  ser- 
rate ;  involucrate  bracts  broadly  ovate,  deeply  cut-toothed,  veiny  ;  sterile  spikes 
slender,    peduncled,    usually  exceeding  the  involucre;  seeds  oval,  ash-colored, 
smoothish.  —  Dry  fields,  Can.  and  U.  S.     A  rough  weed,  10  to  20'  high,  often  de- 
cumbateat  base.     Lvs.  12  to  30"  long,  varying  from  ovate  to  lanceolate  or  lance- 
linear,  obtusely  pointed,  the  petioles  about  as  long.     The  little  green  spikes  4  to 
10''  ;  fertile  clusters  in  the  same  axils,  sometimes  alone,     Jn.  —  Aug.     (Also  A. 
gracilens  Gr.) 

ft.  MONOCOGCA  (Engelm.)    Very  slender,  with  lance-linear,  subentire  Ivs.  and 
a  simple,  1-celled,  1-seeded  fruit.  —  W.  111. 

2  A.  Caroliniana  Walt.     Minutely  downy,  branched  ;  Ivs.  ovate,  cordate,  closely 
and  strongly  serrate,  acute  ;  sterile  spikes  short,  fertile  fls.,  also  spicate,  terminal  ; 
invol.  bracts  deeply  palmate  with  linear  segments;  sds.  roundish  ovoid,  light  ash- 
colored,  roughened  with  hard,  black  points.  —  Ind.  to  N.  J.,  Ga.  and  La.     Plant 
slender,  1  to  2f  high,  nearly  smooth.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  by  9  to  10",  on  slender  petioles. 
Seeds  larger  (L")  than  in  No.  1. 


5.  CNIDOS'COLUS,  Pohl.     SPURGE  NETTLE.     (Gr.  /m'J??,  a  nettle, 

g,  a  prickle.)  Flowers  8  ,  showy  ;  calyx  colored,  convolute, 
coralline  ;  corolla  0  ;  hypogynous  glands  5,  $  stamens  1  0,  united  at 
base,  alternately  short  ;  $  calyx  5-parted  ;  styles  3,  each  2  or  more- 
cleft  ;  capsule  3-carpeled,  3-seeded.  —  Herbs  often  beset  with  stings. 

C.  stimulosa  Gray.  Hispid,  with  bristly  stings  ;  Ivs.  palmately  3  to  5-lobed, 
cordate  at  base,  ciliate,  lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  with  few  mucronato  teeth,  late- 
ral lobes  2-parted  ;  fls.  terminal  at  length  opposite  the  leaves,  cymous  ;  sep.  white, 
oval,  spreading;  styles  many-cleft  at  top;  caps,  hispid.  —  It  Alow  herb,  in  sandy 
soils,  throughout  the  South,  painfully  common.  It  varies  much  in  the  width  of 
its  leaf-segments.  Stings  white,  often  half  an  inch  long.  Mar.  —  Jl.  (Jatropha 
stimulosa  MX.) 

6.  RIC'INUS,  Tourn.     CASTOR  OIL  PLANT.     (Lat.  ricinus,  a  bug  ; 
from  the  resemblance  of  the  seeds.)     Flowers  8  ,  apctalous  ;  calyx  3  to 
5-parted,  valvatc  in  the  bud  ;    $  stamens  co,  with  irregularly  united 
filaments  ;    $  style  short,  stigmas  3,  2-parted,  plumous,  colored  ;  cap- 
sule echinatc,  3-lobcd,  3-cclled,  3-seedcd.  —  Herbs  or  shrubs. 

R.  communis  L.  St  frosted  or  glaucous,  white,  herbaceous  ;  Ivs.  peltate,  palmate, 
lobes  lanceolate,  serrate  ;  caps,  prickly.  —  Native  of  the  E.  Indies,  where  it  becomes 
a  tree,  although  an  herbaceous  annual  in  the  N.  States.  In  Ga.  La.  and  Fla.  it  is 
a  stout  shrub  !  St.  tall,  smooth,  of  a  light  bluish  green  color.  Lvs.  4  to  12" 
diam.,  on  long  petioles.  From  its  seeds  is  expressed  the  well  known  castor  oil 
of  the  shops.  For  this  purpose  it  is  extensively  cultivated  in  the  S.  and  W. 
States.  —  The  purgative  property  resides  in  the  embryo,  not  in  the  albumen. 

7.  CROTON,  L.     (Name  in  Greek  of  the  same  import  as  Ricinus.) 
Flowers  6*  ;   <3  calyx  4  or  5-parted,  cylindric-valvate  in  bud  ;  corolla  of 
4  or  5  petals,  often  small  ;  stamens  5  to  20  ;   $   calyx  5,  rarely  8-cleft  ; 
corolla  often  minute  or  none  ;  styles  3,  once  or  repeatedly  forked  ;  cap- 
sule 3-lobed,  3-ccllcd,  3-carpcled,  carpels  1-seeded.  —  Plants  clothed  with 
scurf,  down  or  wool,  usually  glandular  and  aromatic.     Hairs  stellate. 
Lvs.  alternate. 


OSDEB  112.—EUPHOEBIACE^E.  631 

|  Plants  downy.     Fertile  calyx  5-parted,  with  2  styles,  pendulous  .......................  No.  1 

§  Plants  hairy  or  scaly.     Fertile  calyx  5-parted,  with  8  styles,  each  2  or  3-cleft  ........  Nos.  2  —  i 

§  Plants  densely  woolly.     Fertile  calyx  8-parted.     Styles  3,  each  twice  2-cleft  ..........  Nos.  5,  6 

1  C.   monanthogymam    MX.      Stellately  pubescent,    tri-   and    dichotomously 
branched,  slender  ;  Ivs.  on  slender  petioles,  ovato   and  ovate-oblong,  broad  and 
sometimes  subcordate  at  base,  mucronulate,  entire,  silvery  beneath  ;  fls.  in  tho 
forks,  the  sterile  2  or  3  in  a  little  erect,  stalked  head  ;  the  fertile  mostly  solitary 
in  the  same  axil,  recurved;  fr.  2  -seeded.  —  CD  Prairies,  Pike  Co.,  111.  (Holton)  and 
south-westward.      Herb  near  If  high,  Ivs.   1'  long.      Fls.  very  smalL     Jn.  — 
Sept. 

2  C.  glandulosum  L.     Hispid,  glandular,  tri-  (or  4)-chotomously  branched  ;  Ivs. 
clustered  at  the   forks,  petiolate,  lance-oblong  or  linear-oblong,  serrate,  bearing  2 
cup-shaped  glands  at  base  ;  fls.  in  small  clusters,  sessile  in  the  forks  and  terminal, 
the  fertile  at  the  base,  5-parted,  the  sterile  4-parted,  octandrous.  —  CD  In  fields  and 
waste  grounds,  111.  to  Va.,  Ga.  and  La.     A  straggling  herb  1  to  3f  high.     Lvs. 

1  to  2'  long.     Sd.  light  ash-colored.     Jn.  —  Sept. 

3  C.  argy  ran  the  mum  MX.     Clothed  ^v^th  glandular  scales,  branched  at  base  ;  Ivs. 
oval  or  oblong,  tapering  to  a  petiole,  obtuse,  entire,  silvery  beneath  ;  fls.  in  a 
capitate,  terminal  spike,  silvery  whitish  all  over,  fertile  at  base,  5-parted.  with  3 
styles,  each  3-cleft  at  top;    sterile  5-parted,   octandrous.  —  l£    Sandy  soils,  Ga. 
(Wayne  Co.,  Dr.-  Town)  and  Fla,  (Tallahassee!).     Sts.  9  to  18'  high,  simple,  often 
clustered.     Lvs.  1'  to  18"  long,  half  to  a  third  as  wide.     Scales  stellate,  with  a 
central  gland.     Fls.  short-pediceled.     Apr.  —  Jn. 

4  C.  maiitinmm  Walt.     Half  shrubby,  diffusely  and  trichotomously  branched, 
branches  clothed  with  a  stellular  tomentum  ;  Ivs.  broadly  oval,  obtuse,  entire,  sub- 
cordate,  pale  above,  silvery  beneath,  petiolato  ;  fls.  in  dense  spikes,  terminal  and 
-in  the  forks,  tho  sterile  many,  the  fertile  commonly  2   at  the  base  ;  caps,  to- 
mentous.  —  2£  Drifting  sands  along  the  seacoast,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.  (Engel- 
man).     Sts.  straggling  and  spreading  2  to  3f.     Lvs.  shining  with  a  silvery  scurf, 
not  hairy  beneath,  nearly  as  broad  as  long. 

5  C.  capitatum  MX.     Annual,  woolly  or  tomentous,  hoary,  branched  ;  Ivs.  long- 
petioled,  oval-oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  rounded  at  base  ;  fls.  in  terminal,  capitate  clus- 
ters, tho  fertile  at  the  base,  with  a  large  (8"  diam.)  8-deft  calyx  ;  stamens  10  to 
12.  —  Dry  barrens  of  111.  to  La,     Also  in  N.  J.  (Kniskern  in  Gray's  Manual). 
Herb   1  to  2f  high.     Lvs.   18"  to  2'  long,  often  rather  lanceolate  and  acutish, 
scarcely  longer  than,  their  petioles.     Seeds  polished,  cinerous-brown,  mottled.    Jn. 
—Sept. 

6  C.   Liiicilieimeri  Eng.  &  Gray.     Shrubby,  erect,   trichotomously  branched, 
clothed  with  a  dense,  hoary  tomentum,  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  rounded  or  sub- 
cordate  at  base,  acute,  entire,  lower  petioles  elongated  ;  spikes  terminal  and  in  tho 
forks,  mixed  or  separate,  sterile  fls.  many,  sessile,  fertile  larger,  2  or  3  at  the  baso 
or  alone  ;  cal.  very  woolly,    $    7   or  8-parted  ;  styles  3,  twico  or  thrica  forked, 
red  ;  ova.  very  villous.  —  Sands,  near  the  coast,  La,,  Tex.    Shrub  2  to  4f  high,  Ivs. 

2  to  3'  long.      $  Fls.  a  mass  of  rusty  wool,  5"  broad. 


8.  CROTONOP'SIS,  MX.     (Named  for  its  resemblance  (fyi$)  to  the 
genus  Croton.)      Flowers  8  ,  minute,  in  terminal  and  axillary  spikes; 

$  ealyx  5-parted  ;  corolla  of  5  petals  ;  stamens  5,  distinct  ;  ?  calyx  5- 
parted  ;  corolla  none  ;  stamens  5  rudimentary  scales  ;  stigmas  3,  each 
bifid  ;  ovary  simple  ;  capsule  1-celled,  1-seeded,  indehiscent.  —  (D  Herb 
slender,  branching,  silvery-scurfy,  with  small,  alternate  Ivs.  Upper  fls. 
sterile. 

C.  linearis  MX.  —  Sandy  swamps,  K  J.  to  Fla.,  La.  and  111.  (Lapham).  Sts.  as 
slender  as  the  flax,  at  length  repeatedly  forked,  1  to  2f  high,  clothed  with  rusty 
glands  in  shining  scales,  as  well  as  the  small  (6  to  10"  long),  linear-oblong,  acuto 
Ivs.  Fr.  oval,  acute,  muricate  glandular.  Jn.  —  Sept. 

9.  PHYLLANTHUS,  L.     (Gr.  $vMov,  dvdog  ;  the  leaves  of  the  ori- 

ginal species  are  apparently  floriferous.)     Flowers  8  .  —  $  Calyx  per- 


C32  ORDER  113.— ULMACE^E. 

sistcnt,  with  6  spreading,  colored  segments;  stamens  3,  very  short, 
filaments  united  at  base,  anthers  didyrnous.  $  Calyx  as  in  the  £  ; 
styles  3,  bifid  ;  capsule  3-celled  ;  cells  2-valvcd,  1 — 2-sceded. — Herbs 
or  shrubs  with  alternate,  stipulate  leaves  and  minute,  axillary  flowers, 

P.  Carolinensis  Walt.  (P.  obovatus  Willd.)  St.  erect,  herbaceous,  with  alter- 
nate branches ;  Ivs.  simple,  entire,  glabrous,  oval  and  obovate,  obtuse,  slightly 
petioled ;  fls.  few,  subsolitary,  axillary. — ®  A  small-leaved,  delicate  plant,  Penn. 
to  111.  and  South.  Stem  6 — 10'  high,  slender,  the  branches  filiform.  Leaves  of 
the  stem  G — 8"  by  4 — 5",  of  the  branches  twice,  and  of  the  branchlets  four  times 
smaller.  Flowers  1 — 3  in  each  axil,  the  $  with  the  ?  nearly  1"  diam.,  whitish. 
July,  Aug. 

10.  PACHYSAN'DRA,    MX.      (Gr.   Tro^r,    thick,    aw5pa,    stamen.) 
Flowers  8  ,  apetalous,  in  bractcate  spikes  ;  calyx  4-parted  ;  $  stamens  4, 
filaments  distinct,  large,  subclavatc ;  ovary  a  rudiment ;   ?  styles  3,  re- 
curved; capsule  3-horned,  3-celled,  cells  2-valved,  2 -seeded.— i|  Herbs 
procumbent,  from  long,  creeping,  rhizomes.    Lvs.  nearly  glabrous,  alter- 
nate, exstipulate.     Spikes  situated  below  the  Ivs. 

P.  procumbens  MX.  Sts.  simple ;  Ivs.  few,  oval,  coarsely  crenale-toothed,  nar- 
rowed into  a  slender  petiole  ;  spikes  from  near  the  base  of  the  stem,  GO -flowered, 
the  fertile  below  the  sterile  each  subtended  by  2  or  3  narrow  bracts. — Mts.  of 
Va.  and  E.  Tenn.  to  Ga.  Sts.  6  to  9'  long.  Lvs.  1  to  2',  all  of  them  above  the 
few  spikes  which  are  about  the  same  length.  Mar. — May. 

11.  BUX'US,  L.     BOX-WOOD.     (The  Greek  name  of  this  plant  was 
7ri;£oc.)     Flowers  <o,  axillary. —  $  Calyx  3 -leaved,  petals  2;  sta.  4,  with 
the  rudiment  of  an  ovary.      $  Cal.   4-sepaled ;  pet.   3  ;  sty.  3  ;   caps. 
with  3  beaks  and  3  cells ;  seeds  6. — Shrubs  and  trees.     Lvs.  evergreen, 
opposite. 

B.  sempervirens  L.  Lvs.  ovate:  petioles  hairy  at  edge;  anth.  ovate,  sag- 
ittate.— Var.  ANGUSTIFOLIA  has  narrow,  lanceolate  leaves.  Var.  SUFFRDTICOSA, 
the  dwarf  box  has  obovate  leaves  and  a  stem  scarcely  woody,  highly  esteemed 
for  edgings  in  gardens.— The  box  with  its  varieties  is  native  of  Europe,  and  fur- 
nishes the  well-known  box-wood  so  extensively  used  by  engraver.-?,  mathematical 
instrument  makers,  &c. 

ORDER  CXIII.     ULMACE^E.     ELMWORTS. 

Trees  with  a  colorless  juice,  alternate,  deciduous  leaves  and  stipules,  -with  the 
flowers  perfect,  or  abortively  polygamous,  in  looso  clusters,  never  in  aments.  Calyx 
subcampanulate,  bearing  the  stamens  opposite  to  its  lobes,  filaments  straight,  ovary 
free,  1  or  2-celled,  with  two  stigmas,  forming  in  fruit  a  samara  or  a  drupe.  Seed 
suspended,  with  no  albumen  and  leafy  cotyledons.  Fig.  46.  E.  115,  437. 

Genera  9,  species  GO,  native  of  the  northern  temperate  zone. 

Properties, — Astringent,  mucilaginous,  innoxious.  The  mucilaginous  bark  of  the  Slippery  Elm 
(Ulmus  fulva)  is  the  only  important  medicinal  product.  Most  of  the  Elms  afford  excellent  timber. 

I.  UL'MUS,  L.  ELM.  (The  Latin  name,  from  elm,  Teutonic.)  Flowers 
£  .  Calyx  campanulate,  4  to  8-clcft ;  stamens  4  to  8  ;  styles  2  ;  ovary 
compressed  forming  a  flattened  samara  with  a  broad  membranous  bor- 
der.— Trees,  rarely  shrubs.  Lvs.  scabrous,  often  abrupt  at  base.  Fls. 
fasciculate  or  racemed,  appearing  before  the  Ivs. 

§  Samara  ciliate-fringed  with  hairs,  and  on  slender  pedicels,    (a) 

0,  Flowers  and  fruit  corymbous-uinbellate.     Branches  not  corky No.  1 

a  Flowers  and  fruit  manifestly  racemed.    Branches  corky Nos.  2,  8 

§  JSamara  destitute  of  a  fringe,  subscssile  or  short  pediceled Nos.  4 — 6 


ORDER  113.— ULMACE^E.  633 

1  IT.  Americana  L.     WHITE  ELM.     (Fig.  437.)     Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate, 
often  doubly  so,  unequal   at  base;    fls.    pediceled  in  loose  clusters;    fr.   oval, 
smooth  except  the  densely  ciliate  margin,  its  2  beaks  with  points  incurved  and 
meeting. — U.  S.  and  Can.     A  majestic  tree,  usually  distinguished  by  its  long  pen- 
dulous branches.     The-  trunk  attains  a  diameter  of  3  to  5f,  loosing  itself  suddenly 
at  top  in  2  or  more  primary  branches.     These  ascend,  gradually  spreading,  and 
repeatedly  dividing  ia  broad,  graceful  curves,  and  affording  a  good  example  of  the 
solvent  axis  (§  174).     It  is  a  great  favorite  as  a  shade  tree,  and  is  frequently  seen 
rearing  its  stately  form  and  casting  its  deep  shade  over  the  "  sweet  homes"  of  N. 
Eng.     April. 

2  IT.  racemosa  Thomas.     CORK  ELM.     Branchlets  downy,  often  with  thick,  corky 
ridges;  Ivs.  ovate,  acuminate,  auriculate  on  one  side;  fig.  in  racemes  ;  pedicels  in  dis- 
tinct fascicles,  united  at  their  base,  fruit  ovate,  elliptic,  ciliate. — A  tree  found  in 
low  grounds,  Meriden,  N.  II.  to  N.  Y.,  and  westward.     The  twigs  and  branches 
are  remarkably  distinguished  by  their  numerous,   corky,  wing-like  excrescences. 
Leaves  3 — 4'  long,  f  as  wide,  produced  into  a  rounded  auricle  on  one  side,  doubly 
serrate,  smooth  above,  veins  and  under  surface  minutely  pubescent.     Flowers 
pedicellate,  2 — 4  in  each  of  the  fascicles  which  are  arranged  ia  racemes.     Calyx 
7 — 8-cleft.     Stamens  7 — 1 0.     Stigmas  recurved.     Samara  pubescent,  the  margia 
doubly  fringed.     Apr. — Much  like  No.  1,  except  its  inflorescence  and  bark. 

3  U.  alata  MX.     WINGED   ELM.     WHAHOO.     Branches  smooth,  here  and  thero 
winged  with  2  corky  ridges ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  small,  acute,  doubly  serrate,  all 
slightly  unequal  at  base  ;  fls.   in  racemes ;  cal.  lobes  obovate,  obtuse ;  fruit  downy 
all  over,  ciliate-fringed  on  the  margin,  beaks  slender. — Common  in  the  S.  States. 
Tree  with  its  branches  more  regularly  cork-winged  than  in  No.  2,  its  leaves  much 
smaller  (18  to  30"  long)  and  subequal  at  base,  the  petioles  only  1"  long.     (Fruit 
misrepresented  in  Michaux.) 

4  U.  fiilva  L.     SLIPPERY  ELM.     RED  ELM.     Branches  rough ;  Ivs.   oblong-ovate, 
acuminate,  nearly   equal   at   base,  unequally  serrate,  pubescent  both  sides,  very 
rough;  buds  covered  with  fulvous  down ;  fls.  sessile;  fr.  nearly  orbicular,  scarcely 
ciliate. — Woods  and  low  grounds,  N.   Eng.  to  Car.     The  Slippery  Elm  is  much 
sought  on  account  of  the  mucilage  in  tho  inner  bark.     Its  diameter  is  1  to  2f 
and  height  20  to  40f.     The  Ivs.  are  larger,  thicker  and  rougher  than  those  of  tho 
White  Elm,  and  exhale  a  pleasant  odor.     Fls.  collected  at  the  ends  of  the  young 
shoots.     Cal.  downy,  sessile.     Stam.  short,  reddish,  7  in  number.     Apr. 

5  U.  campestris  L.    ENGLISH  ELM.    Lvs.  (small)  ovate,  doubly  serrate,  une- 
qual at  base  ;  fls.  subsessile,  densely  clustered ;  sta.  5 — 8  ;  cal.  segments  rounded7 
ebtuse ;  samara  suborbicular,  the  border  destitute  of  a  fringe  of  hairs. — From 
Europe.     Introduced  and  naturalized  in  the  Eastera  States  to  a  small  extent.     It 
is  a  majestic  tree,  50 — 7 Of  high.     The  main  trunk  is  usually  excurrent  (§  173). 
Branches  rigid  and  thrown  off  at  a  large  angle,  foliage  dense.     In  form  it  favors 
the  Oak  more  than  our  native  Elms.     Many  trees  of  this  kind,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Boston,  are  particularly  remarked  in  Emerson's  Report,  pp.  301,  302. 

6  U.  montana  L.    SCOTCH  ELM.     WYCH  ELM.     Lvs.  (large),  obovate,  cuspi- 
date, doubly  and  coarsely  serrate,   cuneate  and  unequal  at  base,  very  scabrous 
above,  evenly  downy  beneath ;  fr.  suburnbellate,  rhombic-oblong ;  scarcely  cloven, 
not  ciliate. — Another  European  Elm  often  planted  in  our  parks.   It  is  a  large  tree, 
rather  resembling  our  Slippery  Elm  than  the  White  Elm. 

7  U.  crassifolia  Nutt.     With  very  small  (!'  long),  thick,  oval,  obtuse  Ivs. 
grows  in  W.  La.,  probably  not  E.  of  the  Miss.     It  flowers  ia  Sept.  only.     (Hale.) 

2.  PLA'NERA,  Gmel.  (In  honor  of  John  J.  Planer,  a  German  bota- 
nist.) Flowers  monoecious-polygamous ;  calyx  campanulate,  4  to  5- 
cleft ;  stamens  4  to  5  ;  stigmas  2,  oblong,  diverging ;  fruit  1-celled, 
1-seedcd,  wingless,  dry,  nut-like,  indehiscent. — Trees  with  the  habit  of 
TJlmus. 

P.  aquatica  Gmel.  Lvs.  small,  smooth,  ovate,  acute,  serrate,  equal  at  base ;  fls. 
axillary,  ia  clusters  of  2  to  5  ;  sig.  plumous ;  nut  rougheaed  with  scale-like  points, 
— River  swamps,  N.  Car.  to  Ga.  A  tree  30  to  40f  high.  Feb.,  Mar. 


634  ORDER  1 14.— ARTOCAKPACEJE. 

3.  CELTIS,  Tourn.  NETTLE  TREE.  SUGAR-BERRY.  (Celtis  was 
tae  ancient  name  for  the  Lotus.)  Flowers  monccio-polygainouSo  $ 
Calyx  C-parted  ;  stamens  6  ;  $  calyx  5-parted ;  stamens  5  ;  style  2  ; 
stigmas  subulate,  elongated,  spreading  ;  drupe  globular,  1-sceded,  seed 
with  little  albumen. — Trees  or  large  shrubs.  Lvs.  mostly  oblique  at 
base.  Fls.  subsolitary,  axillary. 

1  C.  occidentalis  L.     Trees ;  Ivs.  ovate,  subcordate  or  truncate,  acuminate,  en- 
tire and  unequal  at  base,  serrate,  rough  above,  and  rough-hairy  beneath  ;  pedun- 
cle longer  than  the  petiole;  sep.  triangular-ovate,  erect;  fr.  solitary. — Tree  somo 
30f  high  in  N.  Eng.  where  it  is  rarely  found,  much  larger  (3  to  5f  diam.,  50  to  70f 
high)  and  more  abundant  South  and  West.     The  trunk  has  a  rough  but  unbroken 
"bark,  with  numerous  slender,   horizontal  branches,   forming  a  wide-spread  and 
dense  top.     Lvs.  with  a  long  acumination,  and  remarkably  unequal  at  the  broad 
"base.     Fls.  axillary,  solitary,  small  and  white,  succeeded  by  a  small,  round  drupe. 

P.  CRASSIFOLIA.  Lvs.  thick,  rough,  serrate,  cordate,  dark  green  and  mottled 
above.  Also  a  largo  tree,  tall  in  woods,  wide-spread  in  open  lands.  Both 
are  often  mistaken  for  Elms. 

y.  INTEGRIFOLIA.  Lvs.  entire,  thin,  smooth;  bark  smooth  and  unbroken. — 
Banks  of  the  Miss.,  St.  Louis,  to  KF.  Orleans.  "We  have  specimens  with  most 
of  the  Ivs.  perfectly  entire,  some  on  the  same  branch  with  1  or  2  notches, 
others  notched  a  fourth  of  the  circuit,  &c.  (C.  Mississippiensis  Bosc.) 

2  C.  pumila  Ph.     Shrub;  Ivs.  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  slightly  acuminate,  partly 
serrate,  smooth  on  both  sides,   pubescent  only  when  young ;  (Is.  solitary ;  sep. 
mostly  6,  oblong-linear,  as  long  as  the  styles,  horizontally  spreading. — A  straggling 
shrub,  3  to  lOf  high,  in  hilly  districts,  Va.  to  Fla.  (Chattahocchee).    Flowering  at 
the  height  of  (2f  Nutt)  6f.     The  peculiarity  of  the  flower  may  perhaps  entitle 
this  shrub  to  the  rank  of  a  species.     Sep.  near  2"  long.     Drupes  glaucous  black, 
sweet     Mar. — May. 


ORDER  CXIV.     ARTO  CARP  ACE  M.     ARTOCARPS. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  a  milky  acrid  or  noxious  juice,  with  large  deciduous  stipules. 
Flowers  $  ?  or  £ ,  collected  into  dense  heads  or  aments,  naked  or  with  a  lobed  calyx. 
Ovary  free,  1  (rarely  2)-celled,  1-ovuled,  forming  fleshy,  aggregated  fruit  (sorosis  or 
jsyconus,  §580).  Achenium  with  an  erect  or  pendulous,  albuminous  seed.  Figs.  36, 
149,  450,  451. 

Genera  31,  species  240  ?  generally  natives  of  the  tropics  or  nt  least  of  warm  climates.  They 
are  closely  allied  to  the  Nettleworts,  differing  chiefly  in  fruit,  juice  and  habit. 

Properties. — The  juice  is  almost  always  deleterious,  sometimes  in  a  high  degree.  It  contains 
caoutchouc.  The  celebrated  Bohon  Upas,  the  most  deadly  of  all  poisons,  i.s  the  concrete  juice 
of  Antiaris  toxicaria  of  the  Indian  Archipelago.  Its  poisonous  property  is  said  to  be  due  to  the 
presence  of  strychnia.  Meanwhile  the  famous  cow  tree  of  S.  America  yields  milk  which  is  rich 
and  wholesome.  Gum  lac  is  obtained  abundantly  from  Ficas  Indica.  The  renowned  Banyan 
tree  is  Ficus  religiosa.  In  this  order  are  also  found  many  excellent  fruits,  fifjsnre.  the  fruit  of 
Ficus  Carica,  tfcc.  Breadfruit  is  the  compound  fruit  of  Artocarpus;  mulberries  of  Morus 
nigra.  Fustic,  a  yellow  dye,  is  the  wood  of  M.  tinctoria  of  S.  America. 

§  Flowers  inside  the  excavated  receptacle,  both  kinds  together Ficus.  4 

§  Flowers  external,  the  2  kinds  separate,  in  two  kinds  of  aments.    (*) 

*  Calyx  none.    Fertile  flowers  in  a  globular  ament.    Thorny MACLURA.  3 

*  Calyx  4-parted.     Fertile  ament  globular.     Style  1 BUOUSSONKTIA.  2 

*  Calyx  4-parted,  lobes  spreading.     Fertile  aments  oblong.     Styles  2 Moiius.  1 

1.  MO'RUS,  Tourn.  MULBERRY.  (Celtic  mor,  black  ;  the  color  of  the 
fruit.)  Flowers  rnoncecious  or  dioecious,  the  $  in  loose  catkins ;  the 
<J>  in  dense  spike-like  catkins ;  calyx  4-parted ;  stamens  4  ;  styles  2  ; 
achenium  compressed,  enclosed  within  the  baccate  calyx,  the  whore 
spike  thus  constituting  a  compound  berry  (sorosis.)— Trees  with  alter- 
nate, generally  lobed  Ivs.  Fls.  inconspicuous. 


ORDEB  114.— ARTOCARPACE^E.  635 

1  M.  rfrbra  L.  RED  MULBERRY.  Lvs.  scabrous,  pubescent  beneath,  rounded  or 
subcordate  at  base,  equally  serrate,  acuminate,  ovate  or  (in  the  young  trees)  pal- 
mately  and  oddly  lobed ;  fertile  spikes  cylindric ;  fr.  dark  red. — In  N.  Eng.  a  rare 
shrub  15  to  20f  high.  In  the  Mid.  S.  and  W.  States  it  attains  the  elevation  of 
40 — 60f,  with  a  diameter  of  1  to  2f.  Roots  yellow.  Trunk  covered  with  a  gray- 
ish bark,  much  broken  and  furrowed.  Wood  fine-grained,  stong  and  durable. 
Leaves  4—6'  long,  f  as  wide,  entire  or  divided  into  lobes,  thick,  dark  green. 
Flowers  small.  Fruit  of  a  deep  red  color,  with  the  aspect  of  a  blackberry,  com- 
posed of  the  entire  catkin,  made  pulpy  and  sweet  Apr.,  May. 

2  M.  alba  L.     "WHITE  MULBERRY.     Lvs.  glabrous,   cordate  and  oblique  at 
base,  unequally  serrate,  either  undivided  or  lobed ;  fr.  whitish. — Cultivated  for  the 
sake  of  its  leaves  as  the  food  of  silk  worms.     A  tree  of  humble  growth.     Leaves 
2 — 4'  long,  §  as  wide,  acute,  petiolate.     Flowers  green,  in  small,  roundish  spikes 
or  heads.     Fruit  of  a  yellowish- white,  insipid,  f     China. 

ft.  MULTICAULIS.     (CHINESE  MULBERRY.)    Lvs.  large  (4 — T  long,  !  as  broad.) 
— Shrub. 

3  M.  nigra  L.    BLACK   MULBERRY.    Lvs.  scabrous,  cordate,  ovate  or  lobed, 
obtuse,  unequally  serrate  ;  fertile  spikes  oval. — Cultivated  for  ornament  and  shade, 
in  this  as  well  as  in  many  other  countries.     Fruit  dark  red  or  blackish,  of  an 
aromatic,  acid  flavor.     |  Persia. 

2.  BROUSSONETIA,  L'Hcr.     PAPER  MULBERRY.     (In  honor  of  P. 
2F.  V.  Broussonet,  a  distinguished  French  naturalist.)     Flowers  dice- 
ceous;    $   ainent  cylindric;    calyx  4-parted  ;    $   ament  globous ;    re- 
ceptacle cylindric-clavate,  compound ;  calyx   3  to  4-toothed,  tubular ; 
ovaries  becoming  fleshy,  clavate,  prominent ;  stylo  lateral ;  seed  1,  cov- 
ered by  the  calyx. — Trees  from  Japan. 

B.  papyrifera  Vent.  Lvs.  of  the  younger  tree  roundish-ovate,  acuminate, 
mostly  undivided,  of  the  adult  tree  3-lobed ;  fr.  hispid. — A  fine  hardy  tree,  occa- 
sionally cultivated.  It  is  a  low,  bushy-headed  tree,  of  rapid  growth,  with  largo, 
light  green,  downy  leaves,  and  dark  red  fruit  a  little  larger  than  peas,  with  loug, 
purple  hairs.  The  divided  Ivs.  resemble  those  of  the  white  mulberry. 

3.  MACLITRA,  Nutt.    OSAGE  ORANGE.    (To  William  Madure,  Esq., 
of  the  IT.  S.,  a  distinguished  geologist.)    Flowers  $  ? ,  in  aments.    Calyx 
0  ;  ova.  numerous,   coalescing  into  a  compound,  globous  fruit,  of  1- 
seeded,  compressed,  angular,  cuneiform  carpels ;  sty.  1,  filiform,  villous. 
— A  lactescent  tree,  with  deciduous,  alternate,  entire,  cxstipulate  leaves 
and  stout,  axillary  spines. 

M.  aurantiaca  Nutt — A  beautiful  tree,  native  on  the  banks  of  the  Arkansas, 
&c.  Leaves  4 — 5'  by  1| — 2£',  glabrous  and  shining  above,  strongly  veined  and 
paler  beneath,  on  short  petioles,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong,  margin  obscurely  denticu- 
late, apex  subacuminate,  rather  coriaceous.  The  fruit  is  about  the  size  of  an 
orange,  golden  yellow  when  ripe,  suspended  by  an  axillary  peduncle  amid  the 
deep  green,  polished  foliage.  Extensively  cultivated  for  hedges. 

4.  FFCUS,  Tourn.     FIG.  BANYAN.     (Gr.  OVK.T}.     Lat,  ficus.     Celtic 
fyueren.     Teutonic  fiege.    Anglo-Saxon  Fie.     English  Fly.)     Flowers 
monoecious,  minute,  fixed  upon  the  inside  of  a  fleshy,  turbinatc,  closed 
receptacle;   $  calyx  3-parted  ;  stamens  3  ;   $  calyx  5-parted  ;  ovary  1 ; 
seed  1  ;   fruit  (syconus)'  composed  of  the  enlarged,  fleshy  receptacles 
inclosing  the  numerous,  dry,  imbedded  achenia. 

F.  Carica  "Willd.  COMMON  Fio.  Lvs.  cordate,  3 — 5-lobed,  repand-dentate; 
lobes  obtuse,  scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath. — Supposed  to  be  a  native  of 
Caria,  Asia,  although  cultivated  for  its  fruit  in  all  tropical  climes.  "With  us  it  is 
reared  only  in  sheltered  locations  as  a  curiosity.  The  delicious  fruit  is  well  known. 
Leaves  very  variable  in  form. 


(53  G  ORDER  115.— URTICACE^E. 

ORDER  CXV.     URTICAOE^E.     NETTLEWORTS. 

Herbs  (and  some  tropical  shrubs)  with  a  watery  juice,  a  tough,  fibrous  bark. 
Leaves  stipulate,  often  opposite,  flowers  small,  monoecious  or  dioecious,  in  panicles, 
racemes,  or  dense  clusters,  furnished  with  a  regular  calyx.  Stamens  opposite  to  the 
calyx  lobes.  Ovary  1-celled,  ovule  erect,  orthotropous.  Fruit  a  simple  achenium. 
Figs.  50,  459. 

Genera  25,  species  700?  generally  diffused  in  all  climes.  "We  retain  under  this  order  the  Can. 
nabinea?,  dismissing  the  Artocarpeae,  thus  constituting  a  group  which  is  at  least  practically 
natural. 

Properties. — The  Nettle-worts  are  remarkable  for  the  caustic  secretion  of  their  glandular, 
stinging  hairs,  which,  bad  enough  in  our  common  nettle,  attains  a  terrible  virulence  in  certain 
E.  Indian  species.  The  juice  of  the  Hempworts  is  bitter  and  narcotic.  Savage  nations  pro- 
cure an  intoxicating  liquor  from  the  Ilernp,  and  the  more  civilized  a  strong  stimulant  from  the 
Hop.  The  fibrous  bark  of  llemp  and  other  species  is  highly  valuable  in  the  arts. 

SUBORDERS  AND   GENERA. 

I.  UKTICEJ3. — Filaments  crenulate,  expanding  clastically.     Fertile  calyx  3  to  5-sepaled  or 

toothed.     Seed  albuminous,  with  a  straight  embryo  (*). 

*  Herbs  with  stinging  hairs. — Stamens  4.     Leaves  opposite URTICA.    1 

— Stamens  5.     Leaves  alternate LAFORTEA.    2 

*  Herbs  stingless. — Stamens  8.     Fertile  calyx  3-sepaled.     Leaves  opposite PILKA.    3 

— Stamens  4. — Fls.  in  slender  spikes.    Lvs.  opp.  or  alt B<EHMERIA.    4 

— Fls.  in  involucrate  cymes.    Lvs.  altern. .PARIETAKIA.    5 

II.  CANNABINE^E.— Filaments  straight,  or  not  elastic.     Fertile  calyx  of  \  sepal,  lateral,  em- 

bracing the  ovary.    Seed  cxalbuminous,  with  a  curved  or  spiral  embryo  (*). 

*  Fruit  a  vaivcless  achenium,  in  a  strobile-like  ament.     Twining HUMULUS.    6 

*  Fruit  a  2-valved  caryopsis,  in  axillary  pairs.     Lvs.  digitate CANNABIS.     1 

1.  UR'TICA,  Tourn.     NETTLE.     (Lat.  uro,  to  burn ;  in  reference  to 

the  stinging  species.)  Flowers  8  ,  sometimes  $  $  ;  $  calyx  4-sepaled, 
with  a  cup-shaped,  central  rudiment  of  an  ovary  ;  stamens  4  ;  £  calyx 
persistent,  4-sepaled,  the  outer  pair  minute,  the  inner  at  length  sur- 
rounding the  shining,  compressed  achenium  ;  stigma  1,  sessile. — Herbs 
with  stinging  hairs.  Lvs.  opposite.  Fls.  green,  in  axillary  or  subter- 
minal  clusters  or  racemes. 

§  Clusters  compound,  longer  than  the  petioles Nos.  1,  2 

§  Clusters  simple,  shorter,  or  not  longer  than  the  petioles Nos.  8 — 5 

1  TJ.  procera  "Willd.     St.  tall,  simple,  ^-sided,  slightly  hispid  with  few  stings  j  Ivs. 
lanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse  at  base,  rough,  hispid,  prominently  5-veiried,  acutely  ser- 
rate; panicles  axillary,  very  branching,  numerous,  interruptedly  spicate,   lower 
ones  sterile,  upper  fertile. — Borders  of  fields,  waste  places,  N.  Eng.  and  Can.     St. 
3  to  5f  high,  with  a  tough  bark.     Lvs.  with  the  serratures  incurved,  acute  or 
somewhat  acuminate  at  apex:,  3  times  longer  than  the  petioles.    Fls.  in  glomerate 
panicles  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem.     Jl.     (U.  gracilis  Ait.) 

2  U.  dioica  L.     STINGING  NETTLE.     Very  hispid  and  stinging ;  Ivs.  cordate,  lance- 
ovate,  conspicuously  acuminate,  coarsely  and  acutely  serrate,  the  point  entire,  pet- 
ioles thrice  shorter ;  fls.  8  or  8  ?  >  in  branching,   clustered,  axillary,  interrupted 
epikes  longer  than  the  petioles. — if  Waste  places,  common.     Stem  2 — ifhigh, 
branching,  obtusely  4-angled,  with  opposite,  short-stalked  leaves  which  are  3 — i' 
long,  and  about  \  as  wide.     Flowers  small,  green,  in  axillary  clusters,  of  mean 
aspect,    corresponding   with   the   insidious   character  of  the   plant.     Jl.,  Aug. 
§  Eur. — Its  power  of  stinging  resides  in  minute,  tubular  hairs  or  prickles,  which 
transmit  a  venomous  fluid  when  pressed. 

3  U.  iirens  L.     DWARF  NETTLE.      Lvs.  broadly  elliptic,  or  ovate,  peiiolate,  3- 
veined,  deeply  and  acutely  serrate ;  clusters  in  spike-like,  loose,  simple  pairs.—® 
"Weed,  in  cultivated  grounds.     Stem  12 — 20' high,  hispid  with  venomous  stings, 
branching.     Leaves  1'  or  more  long,   half  as  broad,  on  short  petioles  and  with 
large  serratures.     Stipules  small,  lanceolate,  reflexed.     Flowers  in  drooping,  pe- 
dunculate clusters  about  as  long  as  the  petioles,  both  the  sterile  and  fertile  in  tbe 


ORDER  115.— UETICACE^.  637 

same  axil.  Raro  northward,  frequent  South.  Feb.,  Mar.  (South).  Apr. — Jn. 
(North).  §  Eur. 

4  U.  purpurascens  Nutt.     Assurgent,  beset  with  spreading  stings ;  Ivs.  broadly 
ovate,  cordate,  3-veined,  coarsely  crenate-serrate ;  glomerutes  capitate,  much  shorter 
than  the  petioles,  dense,  axillary,  spicate  at  top. — Ky.  to  La.     Sis.  purplish,  12 
to  18'  high,  clustered.     Lvs.  variegated,  1'  long  and  wide,  petiole  G  to  9".     Mar. 
—May. 

5  TJ.  chamaedroides  Ph.     St.  bristly  with  stings ;  Ivs.  siebses-sile,  ovate,  serrate, 
strigous  beneath ;  glomerules  axillary,  sessile,  svbglobous,  reflexed.— On  the  islands 
of  Ga.  (Pursh.)    Lvs.  small.     Stings  white  and  very  conspicuous.     May. — Is  this 
a  variety  of  U.  urens  ? 

2.  LAPOR'TEA,  Gaudich.     WOOD  NETTLE.     Flowers  8  or  $  $  ;    $ 
calyx  5-parted  ;  stamens  5  ;  ovary  rudimentary,  hemispherical ;  $  calyx 
4-sepaled,  the  2  outer  minute,  the  2  inner  foliaceous  in  fruit ;  stigma 
subulate,  elongated  ;  achenia  compressed-lenticular,  very  oblique,  finally 
reflexed  on  the  winged  pedicel. —  It  Hairs  stinging.     Lvs.  ample,  alter- 
nate, ovate.     Fls.  in  axillary  panicles,  the  lower  sterile,  upper  fertile. 
L.  Canadensis  Gaud.     Hispid  and  stinging ;  Ivs.  on  long  petioles,  broad-ovate, 

rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  serrate,  acuminate ;  panicles  axillary,  solitary  or 
In  pairs,  divaricate,  mostly  shorter  than  the  petioles,  the  fertile  nearly  terminal, 
elongated  in  fruit. — Damp  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  2  to  Gf  high,  mostly  simple, 
flexuous  at  top.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  2  to  3',  more  or  less  hispid  both  sides,  sometimes 
nearly  smooth.  Lower  petioles  3'  long.  Fls.  minute,  in  panicles  1  to  4'  in  length, 
the  fertile  panicle  about  2',  erect,  enlarged  in  fruit.  Aug.  (Urtica  Canadensis 
and  divaricata  L.) 

3.  PIVLEA,  Lindley.     KICK-WEED.     (Lat.  pileus,  a  cap  ;  from  the 
resemblance  of  one  of  the  sepals  of  P.  muscosa.)     Flowers  8   or  $    §  . 

$  Calyx  of  3  or  4  equal  sepals  ;  stamens  3  or  4.  $  Calyx  of  3  oblong, 
unequal  sepals  ;  stamens  rudiments  3,  cucullate  opposite  the  sepals ; 
achenium  roughened,  opaque,  ovate,  erect,  nearly  naked. — GD  Smooth, 
stingless,  with  opposite  Ivs.,  united  stipules  and  dense,  axillary  clusters, 
both  kinds  mixed. 

P.  pumila  Gr.  Ascending,  weak,  succulent ;  Ivs.  on  long  petioles,  rhombic- 
ovate,  crenate-serrate,  membranous  and  glabrous,  3-veined ;  fis.  in  short  clusters ; 
$  sepals  slightly  unequal. — (T)  In  waste  places,  about  buildings  and  in  woods,  U. 
S.  and  Can.  St.  fleshy,  semi-transparent  when  growing  in  shades,  smooth  and 
shining,  3  to  18'  long,  simple  or  branched.  Lvs.  pale  green,  1  to  2'  by  8  to  16", 
petioles  of  about  the  same  length.  Sep.  much  shorter  than  the  greenish,  mottled 
achenium,  one  of  them  a  little  longer  than  the  other  two.  Jl. — Sept,  (Urtica, 
L.  Ad  ice,  Kaf.) 

4.  BCEHME'RIA,  Jacq.  FALSE  NETTLE.  (Named  for  G.  F.  Bcehmcr, 
a  German  botanist.)  Flowers  £>  or  $  ?  .  $  Calyx  4-parted,  with  lan- 
ceolate, acute  segments ;  stamens  4  ;  $  calyx  tubular,  truncate  or  4- 
toothed,  persistent  and  closely  investing  the  ovate,  pointed  achenium. 
— Herbs  or  shrubs,  stingless.  Lvs.  opposite  or  alternate.  Fls.  clus- 
tered. 

1  B.  cylindrica  "Willd.     Herbaceous,  dioecious,  smoothish;  Ivs.  opposite,  ovate, 
acuminate,  dentate,  on  long  petioles ;  sterile  spikes  interrupted,  fertile  cylindric. — 
A  coarse,  nettle-like  plant,  in  swamps  and  bottoms,  Mid.  and  W.  States.     SL 
slender,  obtusely  4-angled,  channeled  on  each  side,  2  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  3-veined, 
3  to  5'  long,  halt' as  wide,  petioles  2  to  3',  the  upper  sometimes  not  quite  opposite. 
Fls.  minute,  the  fertile  spikes  1  to  2'  in  length,  the  barren  spikes  longer  and  more 
Blender.     Jl.,  Aug.     (Urtica  capitata  L  ?) 

2  B.  lateri£cra  Muhl.     "Whole  plant  rough -pubescent,  monoecious ;  hs.  all  alter- 
nate, ovate-lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  dentate,  rounded  and  subpeltato  at  base,  on 


638  ORDER  116.— EMPETRACE^E. 

short  petioles ;  upper  spikes  long  and  sterile,  lower  short,  dense,  fertile. — Borders 
of  ponds.  S.  W.  States.  St.  strict,  2  to  3f  high,  very  rough.  Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  a 
fourth  as  wide,  thick,  on  petioles  4  to  7''  long.  Fertile  spikes  as  long  as  the  pet- 
ioles, sterilo  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves. 

5.  PARIETA^RIA,  Tourn.     PELLITORY.     (Lat.  paries,  a  wall ;  some 
of  the  species  prefer  to  grow  on  old  walls.)     Flowers  moncecio-polyga- 
mous,  in  clusters,  surrounded  by  a  many-bracted  involucre.      $  Calyx 
4-sepaled ;  stamens  4,  at  first  incurved,  elastically  expanding.      $  Calyx 
tubular-campanulate,  4-lobed,  inclosing  the  ovary;  stigma  tufted  ;  ache- 
mum  polished,  inclosed  within  the  persistent  calyx. — Herbs  weed-like, 
with  usually  alternate  Ivs.     Clusters  of  green  Us.,  axillary. 

1  P.  Pennsylvdnica  Muhl.     Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  veiny,  tapering  to  an  obtuse 
point,  entire,  punctate  with  opaque  dots ;  invol.   longer  than  the  flowers. — (J)  A 
rough,  pubescent  herb,  found  in  damp,  rocky  places,  Vt.  to  Wis.  and  Ga.     Stem 
erect,  simple  or  sparingly  branched,  6 — 12'  high.     Leaves  alternate,  entire,  hairy 
and  rough,  about  •£'  wide  and  3  or  4  times  as  long,  petiolate,  and  ending  with  an 
obtuse  acumination.     Segments  of  the  involucre  about  3,  lance-linear.     Flowers 
dense,  greenish  and  reddish  whits.     May,  June. 

2  P.  Floridana  Nutt.     Lvs.  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  as  long  as  the  petiole,  opaquely 
punctate;  fls.  as  long  as  the  involucre. — CD  Damp,  sandy  soils,  Ga.  and  Fla.     St 
decumbent  at  base,  branches  erect,  10  to  12'  high.     Lvs.  small,  1'  long,  including 
the  filiform  petiole,  3  to  5"  wide.     Bracts  linear.     May — Oct. 

6.  HU'MULUS,  L.     HOP.     (Lat.  humus,  moist  earth ;  the  hop  grows 
only  in  rich  soils.)     Flowers  $  <j> . —  $   Calyx  5-sepaled ;   stamens   5  ; 
anthers  with  2  pores  at  the  summit.      $  Bracts  imbricate,  large,  entire, 
concave,  persistent,  1 -flowered,  forming  an  oblong  ament ;  calyx  of  1 
sepal;  membranous,  entire,  persistent ;  styles  2  ;  acheniuni  invested  by  the 
thin  calyx;  embryo  coiled. —  If.  Twining  with  the  sun.     Lvs.  opposite. 
Fls.  in  axillary  panicles  and  strobile-like  aments. 

H.  liptilus  L.  The  hop-vine  is  found  wild  in  hedges,  &c.,  throughout  this  country, 
and  is,  as  every  one  knows,  extensively  cultivated  for  the  sake  of  its  ament-liko 
fruit.  It  has  a  long,  annual  stem  of  rapid  growth,  always  twining  with  the  sun, 
rough  backwards  with  reflexed  prickles.  Leaves  very  rough,  generally  3-lobed, 
deeply  cordate  at  base,  on  long  stalks.  Flowers  of  the  barren  plants  innumer- 
able, panicled,  greenish ;  those  of  the  fertile,  in  aments  with  large  scales.  Cal. 
and  scales  in  fruit  covered  with  reddish,  resinous  atoms  (lupulin)  in  which  the 
virtue  resides.  Jl. 

7.  CAN'NABIS,  Tourn.    HEMP.     Flowers  $  $  .—  $  Calyx  5-parted  ; 
stamens  5.      $   Calyx  entire,  oblong-acuminate,  opening  longitudinally 
at  the  side  ;  styles  2  ;  caryopsis  2-valved,  inclosed  within  the  persistent 
calyx  ;  embryo  curved.     (I)  Lvs.  opposite,  digitate.     Fls.  axillary,  $  in 
cymous  panicles,  <j>  in  sessile  spikes. 

C.  sativa  L.  Lvs.  palmately  5  to  7 -foliate. — The  hemp  springs  up  spontaneously 
in  our  hedges  and  waste  grounds.  It  is  a  tall,  erect  plant,  with  handsome  petio- 
late leaves.  Lfts.  lanceolate,  serrate,  3  to  5'  long,  ^  as  wide,  the  middle  one 
largest.  Fls.  small,  green,  solitary  and  axillary  in  the  barren  plants,  spiked  in 
the  fertile  ones.  It  is  cultivated  in  Ky.,  Tenn.,,  &c.,  as  one  of  tho  staples.  Jn. 
§  India. 

ORDER  CXVI.     EMPETRACEJ3.     CROWBERRIES. 

Shrubs  low,  evergreen,  heathlike,  with  crowded,  narrow  leaves  and  small,  diclin- 
ous flowers.  Calyx  of  4  to  6,  hypogynous,  persistent,  imbricated  scales,  the  inner 
often  colored.  Stamens  2  or  3,  pollen  grains  quaternate.  Ovary  free,  2  to  9-celled, 


ORDER  117.— PLATANACE^E.  C39 

2  to  9-ovuled.     Fruit  fleshy,  -with  as  many  1-seeded  nuts.     Seed  ascending,  albu- 
minous, radicle  inferior. 

Genera  3,  specie*  4,  natives  of  N.  Europe,  N.  America  and  the  Straits  of  Magellan.  Proper- 
ties, acidulous.  The  berries  are  nutritious. 

GEKERA. 

*  Stamens  8.    Stigmas  6  to  9-rayed.    Berry  6  to  9-seeded EMPETRUM.  1 

*  Stamens  3.    Stigmas  3  or  4,  style  slender.    Drupe  8  or  4-seeded COBKMA.  2 

*  Stamens  2.    Stigmas  4.    Berry  2-seeded.    Shrub  erect CKRATIOLA.  8 

1.  EM'PETRUM,  Tourn.    CROWBERRY.    (Gr.  iv,  upon,  Trerpof,  a  stone; 
from  the  places  of  its  natural  growth.)     Flowers  $  $  .     Perianth  con- 
sisting of  2  series  of  scales,  the  3  inner  petaloid;    $  Stamens  3,  anthers 
pendulous  on  long  filaments.     $  Stigma  snhsessile,  6  to  9-rayed ;  drupe 
globular,  with  6  to  9  seedlike  nutlets. — Alpine  undershrubs. 

E.  nigrum  L.  Procumbent  branches  smooth ;  Ivs.  imbricated,  linear-oblong,  obtuse 
at  each  end,  nearly  smooth,  with  a  revolute  margin. — A  small,  prostrate  shrub, 
found  on  the  granite  rocks  of  the  White  Mts.  of  N.  H.,  and  the  calcareous  moun- 
tains of  Vt.  The  stem  is  1  to  3  or  4f  long,  much  branched  and  closely  covered 
all  around  with  evergreen  leaves,  which  are  2  or  3"  long,  half  a  line  wide. 
Flowers  very  small,  reddish,  crowded  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  Ivs.  Berries  black, 
not  ill-flavored.  May,  Jn. 

2.  COREVMA,  Don.     (Oakesia,  Tuckerman.)     (Gr.  KdpqpME,  a  broom  ; 
from  the  resemblance.)     Flowers  $  $  or  $  £  ?  •     Perianth  of  5  or  6 
bractlets,  the  3  inner  sepaloid.      $  Stamens  3,  sometimes  4,  with  ex- 
serted  filaments.      $   Ovary  3  or  4-celled ;  style  filiform,  3  or  4-cleft, 
with  narrow  stigmas;  drupe  globular,  minute,  with  3  or  4  nutlets. — • 
diffuse  undershrubs.     Lvs.  linear. 

C.  Conradii  Torr.  Diffuse,  very  slender,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  linear,  revolute  on  tho 
margin,  coriaceous ;  fruit  dry. — Sandy  and  rocky  plains,  here  and  there,  from  Can.  ? 
Me.  to  N".  J.  Sts.  If  high,  with  a  reddish-ash-colored  bark,  with  short,  vertieillate 
branches.  Lvs.  evergreen,  numerous,  spiral  or  imperfectly  verticillate7  3"  long, 
linear,  revolute.  Fls.  in  terminal  clusters  of  10  to  15,  with  brownish  scales  and 
purple  stamens  and  styles. — Plants  with  £  are  less  common  than  those  with  <$ 
or  $  .  Mar.,  Apr. 

3.  CERATrOLA,  MX.     SAND-HILL  ROSEMARY.     (A  Latin  diminutive, 
from  ffepOf,  a  horn  ;  referring  to  the  stigmas.)     Flowers  8  .     Perianth 
of  6  to  8  imbricated,  concave,  fimbriate  scales,  the  two  or  4  inner  mem- 
branous.    $  Stamens  2,  exserted,  anthers  2-celled,  roundish.      ?  Ovary 
2-celled;  style  short;  stigmas  4  or  0,  spreading,  toothed  ;  fruit  a  drupe 
with   2-seed-like  nuts. — A   shrub  with  vertieillate  branches,  crowded, 
acerous  Ivs.  and  axillary,  sessile  Us. 

C.  ericoides  MX. — Hills  or  plains  sandy  or  gravelly,  Augusta,  Ga.  to  Apalaclu- 
cola,  Fla.  Shrub  evergreen,  3  to  Gf  high.  Young  branchlets  downy.  Lvs.  in 
close  whorls  of  3s  and  4s,  about  6"  long,  rigid,  acute.  Fls.  lateral,  stigmas  pur- 
ple. Fr.  yellowish,  small,  astringent.  Aug.,  Sept. 

ORDER  CXVII.     PLATANACE^E.     SYCAMORES. 

Trees  with  a  watery  juice,  alternate  palmate  leaves  and  sheathing,  scarious  sti- 
pules, flowers  monoecious,  in  globular  aments,  destitute  of  both  calyx  and  corolla. 
Sterik. — Stamens  single,  with  only  small  scales  intermixed.  Anthers  2-celled, 
linear.  Fertile. — Ovary  terminated  by  a  thick  style  with  one  side  stigmatic.  Nut 
clavate,  tipped  with  the  persistent,  recurved  stylo.  Seed  solitary,  albuminous. 
Fig.  82. 


640 


ORDER  118.— JUGLANDACE.E. 


Genus  1,  species  5?  Trees  of  the  largest  dimensions,  natives  of  Earbary  Levant  and  K. 
America. 

PL  AT' AN  US,  L.     PLANE  TREE.     BUTTON  WOOD.     SYCAMORE.     (Gr. 

rrAarvf,  broad ;  in  reference  to  the  ample  foliage.)     Character  of  the 

genus  the  same  as  that  of  the  order. 

P.  occidentalis  L.  Lvs.  angularly  lobed  and  toothed ;  stipules  obliquely  ovate ; 
branches  whitish;  fertile  heads  solitary. — The  largest  (though  not  the  loftiest) 
tree  of  the  American  forest.  Along  the  Western  rivers  trees  are  found  whoso 
trunks  measure  from  40 — 50f  in  circumference,  or  more  than  13f  in  diameter  1 
Jt  flourishes  in  any  soil,  but  is  most  frequently  met  with  on  the  stony  borders  and 
beds  of  streams.  Leaves  very  large,  tomentous  beneath  when  young.  The  pet- 
iole covers  the  axillary  bud  in  its  concave  base.  Fls.  in  globular  aments  or  balls, 
which  hang  upon  the  tree  on  long  pedicels  most  of  the  winter.  The  bark  is 
yearly  detached  from  the  trunk  in  large  scales  leaving  a  white  surface  beneath. 
May." 

ORDER  CXVIII.     JUGLANDACE^E.     WALNUT. 

Trees  with  alternate,  pinnate,  exstipulato  leaves  and  monoscious  flowers.  Sterile 
flowers  in  aments,  with  an  irregular  perianth.  Fertile,  solitary  or  clustered.  $  Calyx 
regular,  3  to  5-lobed,  tube  adherent  to  the  partly  2  to  4-celled  ovary.  Fruit  a  tryma 
(§  564),  with  a  fibrous  epicarp  (shuck)  and  a  bony  endocarp  (>/«$).  Seed  large,  or- 
thotropous,  exalbuminous,  with  lobed,  often  sinuous,  oily  cotyledons. 

Genera  4,  species  27,  mostly  North  American. 

Properties. — The  well-known  fruit  of  the  Butternut,  -walnut,  pecan  nut  is  sweet  and  whole- 
sonic,  abounding  in  a  rich  drying  oil.  The  epicarp  is  very  astringent  The  timber  is  highly 
valuable. 

1.  JUG'LANS,  L.     WALNUT.     (Lat.  Jovis  glans  ;  i.  e.,  the  nut  of 
Jove  ;  a  name  given  it  by  way  of  eminence.)      $  Flowers  in  an  imbri- 
bricated,  simple  ament ;  calyx  scale  5 — 6-parted,  somewhat  bracteate 
at  base ;  stamens  about  20.     $  Calyx  4-cleft,  superior ;  corolla  4-parted  ; 
stigmas  2 ;    fruit  drupaceous,    epicarp   spongy,    indehiscent,  endocarp 
rugous  and  irregularly  furrowed. — Trees  of  large  size.     Leaflets  numer- 
ous.   Sterile  aments  axillary.    Fertile  flowers  terminal.    Pith  separating 
into  thin,  transverse  disks. 

1.  J.  cin£rea  L.  WHITE  WALNUT.  BUTTERNUT.  Lfts.  numerous  (15 — 17), 
lanceolate,  serrate,  rounded  at  the  base,  soft-pubescent  beneath ;  petioles  villous ; 
fr,  oblong-ovate,  with  a,  terminal  obtuse  point,  viscid,  hairy ;  shell  oblong,  acumin- 
ate, deeply  and  irregularly  furrowed. — A  common  tree,  Can.  to  Ga.  and  W.  States, 
It  is  40 — 50f  high,  with  a  large,  but  short  trunk.  Branches  horizontal,  and  un- 
usually wide-spreading,  forming  a  very  large  head.  Leaves  12 — 20'  long,  con- 
sisting of  7  or  8  pairs  of  leaflets,  with  an  odd  one.  Barren  flowers  in  long 
aments ;  fertile  in  short  spikes.  The  kernel  is  rich  in  oil,  and  pleasant-flavored. 
The  wood  is  of  a  reddish  hue,  light,  used  in  panneling  and  ornamental  wcrk.; 
Bark  cathartic.  April,  May. 

2  J.  nigra  L.  BLACK  WALNUT.  Lfts.  numerous  (15  to  21),  ovate-lanceolate,  ser- 
rate, subcordate,  tapering  above;  petioles  and  under  side  of  the  leaves  subpubes- 
cent;  fr,  globular,  glabrous,  uneven  with  scabrous  punctures. — A  common  and 
stately  forest  tree  in  the  Mid.  S.  and  W.  States,  sparingly  found  ia  the  Northern. 
It  arises  60 — 90f !  high  with  a  diameter  of  3 — Gf.  In  open  lands  it  spreads  widely 
into  a  spacious  head.  The  duramen  of  the  wood  is  compact  and  heavy,  cf  a 
deep  violet  color,  with  a  white  alburnum.  It  is  used  extensively  west  of  tha 
Alleghanies,  for  buildmg  and  fencing,  every  where  for  cabinet  work.  Apr.,  May. 

2.  CA'RYA,   Nutt.     HICKORY.     SHAGBARKS.     (Gr.  itayva,  the  wal- 
nut, from  /capa,  the  tead  ;  in  allusion  to  the  shape  of  the  nut?)      & 
Aments  imbricated,  slender  and  mostly  3-parted  or  trichotomous ;  scales 


ORDER  118.— JUGLANDACEJE.  641 

3-parted;  stamens  4 — 6;  anthers  hairy.  $  Calyx  4-cleft,  superior; 
corolla  0 ;  style  0 ;  stigma  divided,  2-lobed,  the  lobes  bifid ;  epicavp 
4-valved  ;  nucleus  subquadrangular,  even. — Large  trees,  with  hard  and 
strong  timber.  Lfts.  few.  Both  kinds  of  fls.,  and  the  Ivs.  from  the 
same  bud,  the  $  terminal.  Pith  continuous. 

§  Leaflets  13,  to  15,  scythe-shaped.     Not  oblong,  thin-shelled,  very  sweet No.  1 

§  Lecflets  7  to  11.     Nut  with  a  tender  shell  and  very  bitter  kernel Noa.  2,  3 

§  Leaflets  5  to  9. — Nut  roundish,  hard-shelled,  sweet  and  eatable.  (*) 

*  Valves  of  the  epicarp  distinct  to  the  base.     Bark  with  loose  plates Nos.  4,  5 

*  Valves  of  the  epicarp  united  below.    Bark  continuous,  firm Nos.  6—3 

1  C.  olivaeformis  Nutt.     PECAN-NUT   (PE-CAWN).     Lf.  with  a  slender  peliolo 
and  13  or  15  lanceolate-falcato  Ifts.,  all  acuminate,  sharply  serrate  and  short  pet- 
iolulate, fr.  oblong,  4-angled,  valves  distinct ;  nut  (olive-shaped)  oblong,  with  a 
thin  shell  and  delicious  kernel. — Low,  inundated  river  banks,  Ind.  (Wabash),  III, 
to  La.     At  Terre  Haute  are  specimens  80  to  90f  high,  with  a  rough,  shaggy  bark, 
the  smaller  with  bark  slightly  broken.     Lfts.  seldom  less  than  13,  often  15,  5  or 
6'  long,  by  1  to  2',  decidedly  falcate,  nearly  smooth.     The  kernel  fills  the  shell, 
and  not  being  divided  by  bony  partitions,  is  easily  extracted.     Its  rich  flavor  ia 
well  known."  Mar. — May. 

2  C.  arnara  Nutt     BITTERNUT.     Lfts.  about  9,   ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  sharply 
serrate,  smooth  both  sides  except  the  pubescent  veins  and  midvein,  odd  one  sub- 
sessile,  the  rest  sessile ;  fr.  subglobous,  with  the  sutures  prominent  above,  valves 
half  united]  nut  white,  very  thin-shelled,   smooth,   subglobous;    kernel  bitter. — 
Grows  in  most  of  the  U.  S.,  but  attains  its  greatest  size  in  Penn.  and  along  tho 
Ohio  valley.     "Winter  bud  orange  yellow.     The  nut  may  be  broken  by  the  fingers 
and  contains  a  kernel  so  bitter  that  animals  will  scarcely  touch  it.     May. 

3  C.  aquatica  Nutt.    "WATER  BITTERNUT.     Lfts.  about  11,  lanceolate,   oblique, 
acuminate,  subentire,  sessile,  tho  odd  one  petiolulate,  fruit  pedunculate,  ovate,  sutures 
prominent ;  nut  small,  angular,  compressed,  with  a  very  tender,  reddish  shell  and 
bitter  kernel. — Southern  States,  in  swamps  and  rice-field  ditches.     Tree  30  to  40f 
high.     Lfts.  slightly  inequilateral,  of  a  shining  rich  green  both  sides,  resembling 
the  peach  leaf.     Fruit  wholly  unpalatable,  and  timber  of  little  value.     Apr. 

4  C.  alba  Nutt.     SHAGBARK.     Lf.  long-petioled,  of  5  Ifts.,  the  3  upper  oblanceo- 
late,  the  2  lower  much  smaller,  oblong-lanceolate,  the  terminal  petiolulate,  lateral 
sessile,  all  subacuminate,  sharply  serrulate,  downy  beneath ;  fr.  depressed-globular  ; 
valves  distinct ;  nut  roundish,  compressed,  subquadrangular,  with  a  thin  shell  and 
large,  sweet  kernel. — Native  from  Me.  to  "Wis.,  S.  to  Ga.     In  forests  it  is  very 
tall,  straight  and  slender,  with  a  rough,  shaggy  bark  consisting  externally  of  long 
broad  plates  loosely  hanging.     Lfts.  uniformly  5,  the  2  lower  deflexed,  odd  one 
tapering  to  a  stalk  5  to  8"  long.     Aments  3  on  each  stalk,  long,  slender,  pendu- 
lous.    Fertile  fls.  2  or  3  together,  sessile,  terminal.     "Wood  straight-grained,  very 
fertile,  heavy,  elastic,  excellent  as  timber  or  fuel,  while  the  fruit  is  of  the  richest 
flavor.     Apr.,  May. 

5  C.  sulcata  Nutt.    THICK-SHELLBARK.     Lfts.  7  or  9,  oblanceolate,  acuminate, 
sharply  serrate,  tJie  odd  one  subsessile,  attenuate  to  the  lase ;  fr.  large,  oval,  subquad- 
rangular, 4-furrowed,  valves  opening  to  the  base ;  nut  longer  than  broad,  pointed 
at  each  end,  with  a  very  thick  shell  and  rich-flavored  kernel. — Penn.  to  Ga,,  rare, 

-but  common,  "W.  of  the  Alleghanies.  Tree  40  to  80f  high,  with  a  shaggy  bark 
in  loose  narrow  plates.  Lfts.  often  9,  the  lower  pair  smaller,  odd  one  generally 
sessile, — a  good  mark  of  distinction.  Nut  usually  twice  larger  than  in  C.  alba, 
and  scarcely  less  delicious.  Mar. — May. 

6  C.  tomentosa  Nutt.    MOCKERNUT.     Leaf  of  7  cr  9  lfts.,  odd  1ft.  petiolulate, 
the  lateral  sessile,  all  oblong-lanceolate,  obscurely  serrate  or  entire,  rough-downy 
leneath  as  well  as  the  thick  pdiole;  aments  very  slender,  hairy;  fr.  globular  or 
suboral,  valves  united  at  base ;  nut  subhexagonal,  with  a  very  thick  shell  and 
well-flavored  kernel. — Native  throughout  the  country  but  more  abundant  "West 
and  South.     A  large  tree  40  to  60f  high  in  woods.     Bark  thick  and  rugged,  but 
not  scaly.    "Winter  bud  large,  hard,  grayish  white.     Lvs.  strongly  resinous-scented. 
Fruit  varying  in  size  from  1'  to  2'  diam.,  with  a  very  thick  husk,  rounded  shell, 

41 


642  OBDER  119.— CUPULIFER^E. 

and  a  comparatively  small  kernel  difficult  of  extraction.     Taste  inferior  to  the 
shellbark.     Wood  with  a  small  duramen,  excellent  for  fuel.     Apr.,  May. 

7  C.  glabra  Torr.    PIGNUT.    Lfts.  5  or  7,  ovate-lanceolate,  subacuminate,  serrate, 
nearly  glabrous  loth  sides ;  fruit  roundish- obovate  or  pyriform,  half  4-valved;  nut 
.smooth  and  even  or  slightly  angular,  hard,  thin-shelled,  with  a  bitterish  but  eatable 
kernel. — Forests  U.  S.  and  Can.,  growing  to  the  height  of  60 — lOOf.     Trunk  1  to 
2if  diam.,  covered  with  a  moderately  even  bark.     Lfts.  mostly  7,  often  5,  some- 
times 9,  the  odd  one  tapering  to  a  short  stalk.     The  fruit  is  considerably  variable 
in  form  and  quality,  often  pear-shaped,  then  obovate  or  roundish,  always  some- 
what bitter.     Wood  exceedingly  tough  and  hard,  and  excellent  for  fuel.     Mar., 
May.     (Juglans,  Muhl.     C.  porcina  Nutt.) 

8  C.  microcarpa  Nutt.     Lfts.  5  or  7,  oblong-lanceolate,  glabrous,  glandular  be- 
neath, serrate,   conspicuously  acuminate ;    aments  glabrous ;  fr.   roundish-ovoid, 
valves  thin,  united  below ;  nut  thin-shelled,  small,  slightly  quadrangular. — A  large 
tree  60  to  SOf  high,  in  moist  woodlands,  Penn.  to  Ky.  and  Tenn.?     Trunk  1-J-  to 
2f  diam.  with  an  even  bark.     Lfts.  mostly  5,  often  7,  4  to  8'  by  2  to  3',  the  under 
surface  tufted  in  the  axils  of  the  veinlets,  and  sprinkled  with  dark  glandular  dots. 
Fruit  about  the  size  of  a  nutmeg.     Nut  with  a  thin  shell',  not  mucronate,  eatable. 
May. 

ORDER  CXIX.     CUPULIFEILE.     MASTWORTS. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  straight-veined,  with  deciduous  stipules. 
Flowers  monoecious,  the  sterile  in  aments  which  are  racemed  or  capitate.  $  Calyx 
scale-like  or  regular,  with  5  to  20  stamens  inserted  at  its  base.  $  Calyx  tube 
adherent  to  the  ovary,  the  toothed  limb  crowning  its  summit.  Ovary  2  to  3  to  6- 
celled,  with  sessile  stigmas  and  1  or  2  ovules  in  each  cell.  Fruit  a  1 -celled,  1 -seeded 
nut,  solitary  or  several  together  invested  by  an  involucre  which  forms  a  scaly  or 
echinate  cupule.  Seed  destitute  of  albumen,  filled  by  the  embryo  with  its  large 
cotyledons.  lilust.  in  figs.  G,  7,  8,  9,  71,  138, 139,  140,  202,  418, 438,  471,  472,  473, 
474.  46.  B. 

Genera  8,  species  2C5,  constituting  a  large  portion  of  the  forests  of  the  northern  temperate 
regions,  and  of  mountainous  tracts  within  the  tropics. 

Properties. — The  bark  of  the  oak  and  other  genera  is  well  known  for  its  astringent  qiialities. 
The  edible  fruit  of  the  hazel-nut,  chestnut,  beech,  &c.,  are  too  well  known  to  require  description. 
Cork  is  the  bark  of  Quercus  Suber.  Nutt  galls  are  produced  from  the  petioles  of  Q.  infectoria  of 
Asia  Minor,  being  caused  by  wounds  made  by  insects.  But  the  timber  is  of  the  highest  quality 
and  value. 

GENERA. 

§  Sterile  flowers  in  aments,  fertile,  solitary,  or  few  together.     (*) 

*  Involucre  of  many  scales,  valveless,  cup-like,  partly  enclosing  the  1  nut QUERCITS.  1 

*  Involucre  of  prickly  scales,  4-valved,  enclosing  2  or  3  nuts CASTANEA.  2 

*  Involucre  of  soft,  prickly  scales,  4-valved,  enclosing  2  nuts FAGUS.  3 

*  Involucre  of  2  or  3  large,  lacerated,  united  scales,  valveless,  with  1 — 2  nuts..CoRYLUS.  4 
§  Sterile  flowers  and  fertile,  both  kinds  in  pendulous  aments.     (*) 

*  Involucre  scales  in  pairs,  with  their  edges  united,  inflated OSTKYA.  5 

*  Involucre  scales  in  pairs,  distinct,  8-lobed,  becoming  leaf-like CARPINUS.  6 

i.  QUER'CUS,  L.  OAK.  (Celtic  quer,  fine,  cucz,  tree.  The  Celtic 
name  is  drysy  hence  druid.)  $  Fls.  in  loose  aments  ;  calyx  mostly  5- 
cleft;  stamens  5 — 10.  ?  Cupule  cup-shaped,  scaly;  ovary  3-celled, 
6-ovuled  (Fig.  418),  2  of  the  cells  and  5  of  the  ovules  abortive  ;  stigmas 
3 ;  nut  (acorn)  coriaceous,  1-ccllcd,  1-scedcd,  surrounded  at  the  base 
by  the  enlarged,  cup-shaped,  scaly  cupule. — A  noble  genus  of  trees, 
rarely  shrubs.  Aments  axillary,  pendulous,  filiform,  with  the  flowers 
separate,  in  one  section,  not  maturing  fruit  until  the  s.econd  year  (fruit 
biennial).  Timber  invaluable.  Fig.  420. 


ORDER  119.— CUPULIFER^E.  643 

|  Leaves  mostly  entire,  the  ends  subcqual,  the  petioles  very  short.    Fruit  ©.    (*) 

*  Peduncle  longer  than  the  oblong  acorn.     Leaves  evergreen No.  1 

*  Peduncle  shorter  than  the  acorn.— Leaves  downy  beneath Nos.  2,  3 

— Leaves  smooth  both  sides Nos.  4,  5 

§  Leaves  8-lobed  and  dilated  above,  short-petioled,  awnlesa  when  mature.    Fr.  @..Nos.  6,  T 
§  Leaves  3  to  9-lobed  or  pinnatifld,  broad,  lobes  setaeeouxly  awned.    Fruit  @-    (*) 

*  Leaves  at  base  cuneate,  short-petioled,  8  or  5-lobed.    Shrubs  or  small  trees.... Nos.  8—10 

*  Leaves  at  base  abrupt  or  truncate,  mostly  long-petioled,  7  to  9-lobed.    (a) 

a  Nut  one-thin!  immersed  in  the  saucer-shaped,  fine-scaled  cup Nos.  11,  12 

a  Nut  near  half  immersed,  in  the  hemispherical,  coarse-scaled  cup.    (b) 

b  Leaves  cincrous-downy  beneath,  acorn  also  downy No.  13 

b  Leaves  (except  when  young)  glabrous  botli  sides Nos.   14 — 16 

$  Leaves  5  to  9-lobed.  divisions  obtuse,  never  bristle-awncd.     Fruit  (T),  sessile Nos.  17—19 

§  Leaves  13  to  25-toothed,  downy  beneath,  teeth  awnless.    Acorn  sweet,  eatable,    (c) 

C  Acorns  large  (!'  long)  pedunculate Nos.  20,  21 

0  Acorns  small  (S"  long)  nearly  sessile Nos.  22,  23 

1  Q.  virens  Ait.     LIVE   OAK.     Lvs.  coriaceous,  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse,  downy 
and  paler  beneath;  cup  turbinate;  nut  oblong-obovoid,  on  a  slender  peduncle. — 
In  the  maritime  or  low  districts  of  the  S.  States.     Tree  40  to  50,  rarely  7 Of  high, 
of  slow  growth.     Branches  wi4ely  spreading.     Bark  blackish  and  thick.     Wood 
very  heavy,  close-grained,  yellowish.     Lvs.  18"  to  3'  long,  short  petioled,  the  old 
ones  cinerous-green,  revolute-edged.     Peduncle  about  1'  long,  acorn  9"  by  6", 
maturing  the  second  year.     May. — Tho  timber  is  in  great  demand  for  ship  build- 
ing and  is  fast  disappearing. 

2  Q.  cinera  Ph.     UPLAND  WILLOW  OAK.     Los.   coriaceous,  tardily  deciduous, 
lanceolate-oblong,  entire,  apex  acutish,  mucronate,  margin  revolute,  white-downy 
beneath,  attenuate  at  base ;  cup  subsessile,  saucer-shaped,  nut  subglobous. — Sandy  or 
pine  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.     A  shrub  or  small  tree,  4  to  2 Of  high,  trunk  not  exceed- 
ing 4  to  6'  diam.     Lvs.  partly  persistent,  1'  to  30"  long,  resembling  those  of  the 
live  oak,  but  mucronate,  and  on  the  shrubby  stocks  often  toothed.     May. 

ft.  SERICEA.     Dwarf;  Ivs.  silky ;  tomentous  beneath,  1  to  3'  long,  deciduous. — 
South,  in  pine  barrens.     (Q.  sericea  Ait.     Q.  pumila  MX.) 

3  Q.  ixnbricaria  MX.    LAUREL  OAK.     SHINGLE  OAK.     (Fig.  138.)    Lvs.  decid- 
uous, lance-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  briefly  petiolate,  very  entire,  shining-glab- 
rous above,  subpubescent  beneath  (but  not  hoary),  mucronate  at  apex;  acorn  sub- 
globous, in  a  shallow  cup;  .scales  of  the  cup  broad-ovate. — A  beautiful  tree,  very 
abundant  in  the  W.  States,  also  common  along  rivers,  Penn.  to  Ga.     Trunk  40 — 
50f  high,  1 — 2f  diam.,  with  a  smooth  unbroken  bark,  and  a  large  head  of  coarse, 
irregular  branches.     The  leaves  are  dark  green,  thick  and  firm  in  texture,  3 — 5' 
by  1 — 1-J-',  forming  a  dense,  heavy  foliage.     June. — The  timber  makes  miserable 
shingles.     In  Indiana  it  is  called  Jack-Oak.     • . 

ft  Q.  Phellos  L.  WILLOW  OAK.  Lvs.  deciduous,  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  to 
each  end,  very  entire,  glabrous,  mucronate  at  apex ;  acorn  subglobous,  in  a  shallow 
cup. — A  tree  30  to  60f  high,  borders  of  swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  W.  States. 
Trunk  straight,  10  to  20'  diam.,  covered  with  a  smooth,  thick  bark.  The  leaves 
which  bear  considerable  resemblancs  to  those  of  the  willow,  are  of  a  light  green 
color,  dentate  when  young,  3  to  5'  in  length.  Acorns  6"  diam.  May. — Tho 
timber  is  of  little  value. 

ft.  MARITIMA.     Low,  shrubby ;  Ivs.  evergreen. — Sea  coast,  Ya.  to  Fla.     A  few 
feet  high. 

5  Q.  laurifolia  MX.    SWAMP  LAUREL  OAK.    Los.  oblanccolate  or  lance-obovate, 
acute,  mucronate,  entire,  or  some  of  them  with  2  lateral  teeth  above,  glabrous  both 
sides,  base  abruptly  ending  in  a  very  short  petiole ;  cup  saucer-shaped,  nut  de- 
pressed-ovoid.— Damp  woods,  and  often  planted  for  shade,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.     A  tree 
with  handsome,  dense  foliage,  partly  evergreen,  30  to  50f  high.     Bark  blackish, 
rough.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  coriaceous,  green  both  sides,  shining  above,  often  ap- 
pearing tricuspidate.     Ped.  1£"  long.     Acorn  as  broad  as  long,  cup  6"  across. 
May. 

P.  OBTUSA.     Lvs.  obtuse,  not  mucronate,  sessile. — Ga.  (Pond).    Fruit  the  same. 

6  Q.  aquatica  MX.     WATER  OAK.     Lvs.  wedge-obovate,  entire,  or  mostly  dilated 
and  obscurely  3-lobed  above,  not  mucronate,  glabrous  both  sides,  gradually  attenu- 
ated to  a  very  short  petiole ;  cup  subsessik,  very  shallow,  nut  globular. — Swamps, 
Md.  to  Fla.,  also  planted  for  shade.     It  is  a  handsome,  round-headed  tree,  with 


644  ORDER  119.— CUPULIFER^E. 

very  dense  foliage  of  a  bright,  shining  green.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  1  to  2'  wide 
above,  coriaceous,  but  mostly  deciduous,  very  variable,  but  always  cuneate.  Cup 
G"  across,  1"  deep.  Apr.,  May. 

7  Q.  iiigra  L.     BARREN  OAK.     BLACK  JACK.     IRON  OAK.     Lvs.  coriaceous,  cu- 
neiform, obtuse  or  subcordale  at  base,  mostly  3-lobed  at  apex,  lobes  subequal,  entire 
or  toothed,  setaceous-mucronate  when  young,  smooth  and  shining  above,  rust- 
downy  beneath ;  villous  in  the  axils  of  the  veins ;  cup  turbinate,  half  covering  the 
globular  nut;    scales  of  the  cup  obtuse,  scarious. — A  small,  gnarled   tree,  with 
dark,  massy  foliage,  in  sandy  soils,  N.  J.  to  111.  and  S.  States.     Trunk  20  to  30f 
high,  with  a  thick,  black,  broken  bark.     The  leaves  are  very  firm  in  texture,  3  to 
7  to  8'  by  2  to  5',  broadest  above,  the  middle  lobe  narrowest.     Petioles  3  to  6" 
long.     May. — The  wood  is  very  valuable  for  fuel.     (Q.  ferruginea  MX.) 

8  Q.  trfloba  MX.     DOWNY  BLACK  OAK.     Lvs.  oblong-cuneiform,  acute  at  the 
base,  on  very  short  petioles,  3-lobed  at  the  end,  rusty-tomentous  beneath,  lobes  mu- 
cronate  with  setaceous  awns,  middle  one  longer;  fruit  with  a  flat  cup  and  a  de- 
pressed-globous  acorn. — A  tree  of  rapid  growth,  25  to  40f  high,  in  the  pine  bar- 
rens of  N.  J.  to  Fla.     Lvs.  very  large,  those  of  the  young  shoots  8  to  1 2'  long  and 
often  5-lobed,  approaching,  perhaps,  too  closely  the  next.     May. — It  has  been 
recommended  for  hedges. 

9.  Q.  Catesbssi  MX.  BARREN  SCRUB  OAK.  Lvs.  short-petiolate,  cuneate  at 
base,  deeply  sinuate-lobed,  glabrous  on  both  sides,  lobes  3  to  5,  divaricate,  acute 
and  setaceous-pointed,  simple  or  toothed  with  setaceous-pointed  teeth ;  cup  large, 
turbinate,  half  covering  the  ovoid  nut,  scales  obtuse,  the  upper  inflexed. — Pino 
barrens,  Car.  to  Ga.  A  tree  20  to  25f  high,  with  large  and  very  irregular  leaves, 
6  to  10'  long  and  nearly  as  wide,  smooth,  at  length  coriaceous,  deciduous.  Cup 
about  8"  broad,  nut  covered  with  an  ashy  meal.  May. 

10  Q.  ilicifolia  Willd.    SHRUB  OR  SCRUB  OAK.    BEAR  OAK.    Lvs.  petiolate,  dbo- 
vate-cuneate,  with  3  or  5  angular  lobes,  entire  on  the  margin,  whitish  downy  beneath ; 
cup  subturbinate ;  acorn  ovoid. — A  shrub,  common  throughout  the  U.  S.,  grow- 
ing only  on  gravelly  hills  and  barrens,  which  it  occupies  exclusively  in  largo 
tracts.     St.  3  to  4f  high,  divided  into  numerous  straggling  branches.     Lvs.  3  to 
4'  long,  petioles  6  to  12".     Acorns   6"  loop,  abundant,  and  said  to  bo  greedily 
eaten  by  bears,  deer,  and  swine.     May.    (Q.  Bannisteri  MX.) 

ft.  ?  GEORGIAXA.  Lvs.  glabrous,  except  a  tuft  in  the  axils  of  tho  veins ;  cup 
flat,  covering  only  one-fourth  of  the  ovoid  nut. — On  stone  Mt,,  Ga. !.  (Q. 
Georgiana  Ravanel.) 

11  Q.  rubra  L.     RED  OAK.     Lvs.  on  long  petioles,   smooth,   obtusely  sinuate, 
lobes  rather  acute,  shallow,  incisely  dentate;  acorn  large;  cup  shallow  and  flat, 
smooth ish ;  nut  turgid-ovoid. — The  red  oak  is  the  most  common  species  in  tho 
Northern  States  and  in  Canada.     It  is  a  lofty,  wide-spreading  tree,  70f  in  height, 
with  a  diameter  of  3  or  4.     Leaves  G — 10'  long,  smooth  on  both  sides,  with  deep 
and  rounded  sinuses  between  tho  narrow,  mucronate  lobes.     The  flowers  appear 
in  May,  succeeded  by  large  acorns  (9"  long)  contained  in  cups  so  shallow  as  rather 
to  resemble  saucers.    The  wood  is  reddish,  coarse-grained,  of  little  value  as  timber, 
but  excellent  fuel. 

12  Q.  palustris  MX.    PIN  OAK.    "WATER  OAK.    (Figs.   6 — 9.)    Lvs.   on  long 
petioles,   oblong,   deeply  lobed  with  broad,  rounded  sinuses,  smooth,  axils  of  tho 
veins  tufted-villous  beneath,  lobes  divaricate,  rather  narrow,  dentate,  acute;  cup 
flat,  smooth ;  acorn  small,  nearly  spherical. — The  pin  oak  is  most  luxuriant  in  the 
"VV.  States,  and  the  adjacent  districts  of  other  States,  rare  in  N.  Eng.,  growing  in 
swamps  and  cold,  clay  soils.     Height  GO  to  80f,  with  a  diameter  of  2  to  4,  and 
light,  open  foliage.    Bark  blackish.    Leaf  lobes  narrower  than  the  spaces  between. 
Wood  coarse-grained,  little  esteemed  as  timber.     Acorns  7"  long,  round,  in  shal- 
low cups.     May. 

13  Q.  falcata  L.     SPANISH    OAK.      Lvs.  long-petiolate,  elongated,  obtuse  or 
rounded  at  base,  ashy-tomentous  beneath,  deeply  sinuate  lobed,  lobes  5  to  7, 
rarely  3,  narrow,  bristle-pointed,  simple  or  toothed,  more  or  less  falcate ;  acorn 
small,  roughened,  globular,  cup  shallow,  subsessile,  its  margin  incurved. — Ya.  to 
Fla.,  in  the  lower  districts.     A  tree  of  large  dimensions,  GO  to  7  Of  high,  most 
flourishing  in  Mid.  Fla.     Lvs.  5  to  6'  long,  on  vigorous  shoots  much  larger,  peti* 


ORDER  119.— CUPULIFEPLE.  045 

oles  about  2'  long.  Cup  6"  across,  1J"  deep.  Nut  fuscous,  with  a  brown,  as- 
tringent seed.  Timber  reddish,  coarse-grained.  Apr.,  May. 

&  TRINACRIS.     Lvs.  3  and  5-lobed.  the  terminal  lobe  long  and  narrow-lanceo- 
late, narrowed  to  its  base;  petioles  3'  long. — Large  trees  at  Tallahassee. 

14  Q.  tinctoria  Bartram.      BLACK  OAK.     YELLOW-BARK  OAK.     Lvs.  obovate- 
oblong,  sinuate-lobed  or  pinriatifid,  pubescent  beneath,  finally  glabrous,  lobes  oblong, 
obtuse,  mucroriate;  cup  thick,  shallow;  acorn  depressed  globous. — Found  through- 
out the  U.  S.     It  is  one  of  the  loftiest  trees  of  the  forest,  80  to  90f  in  height,  and 
4  to  5f  diam.     Bark  deeply  furrowed,  black  or  deep  brown,  yellow  within.     LA'S. 
6  to  8'  long,  broadest  toward  the  end,  quite  variable,  yellowish  after  frost.   Acorns 
brown,  7"  diam.,  about  half  covered  with  the  subsessile,  scaly  cup,  which  is  9" 
diam.     Bark  used  in  tanniug,  also  yields  quercitron,  a  useful  dye. 

15  Q.  coccinea  "Wang.     SCARLET  OAK.     Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  oblong  in  outline, 
deeply  siwtate-pinnatifid,  smooth  and  shining  both  sides,  nearly  truncate  at  base, 
lobes  divaricate,  dentate,  acute;  cup  turbinate,  scaly;  acorn  short,  ovate. — Most 
abundant  in  the  Middle  and  Southern  States,  but  is  often  met  with  in  the  more 
southern  parts  of  N.  Eng.  to  111.     It  is  a  large  tree,  80f  in  height,  with  a  diameter 
of  3  or  4.     Leaves  of  a  bright,  shining  green,  with  3  or  4  deep  sinuses  each  side, 
remarkably  rounded  and  broad  at  the  base.     By  the  frosts  of  autumn  they  are 
changed  to  scarlet,  unlike  those  of  the  red  oak,  which  become  dull  red  or  brown. 
Acorns  large,  similarly  rounded  at  both  ends,  half  immersed  in  the  cup.     Bark 
very  thick,  used  in  tanning. 

16-  Q.  heterophy-lla  MX.  BARTRAM'S  OAK.  Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  coriaceou^ 
oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  round  or  subcordate  at  base,  margin  with  a  few  shallow, 
tooth-lilte  lobes,  or  often  cnly  wavy,  lobes  setaceous-acuminate ;  acorn  subglobous, 
iii  a  hemispherical  cup;  scales  of  the  cup  oblong-ovate,  obtuse. — Ohio  to  111.,  rare. 
Lvs.  exceedingl}r  variable,  4  to  G'  by  1£  to  2',  smooth  and  shining  above,  tomen- 
tous  along  the  veins  beneath,  generally  broad  and  abrupt  at  base.  Fruit  9"  diam. 
(Q.  Leana  Nutt  ?  Clark.)  Our  specimens  well  agree  to  Michaux's  figure  and 
character. 

17  Q.  dlba  L.    WHITE  OAK.     (Fig.  139.)    Lvs.  short-petioled,  cuneate  at  base, 
cblony  in  outline,  at  length  coriaceous  and  smooth,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  lobes  subequal, 
obtuse;  acorn  sessile;  nut  ovoid  or  oblong,  only  a  third  immersed  in  the  subhemi- 
sphericai,  tubercular  cup. — U.  S.  and  Can.     A  tree  preeminent  among  the  sons  of 
the  forest  for  grandeur,  strength,  and  usefulness.     With  a  diameter  of  4  to  6f,  it 
attains  the  height  of  70  to  80f,  but  its  magnitude  varies  greatly  with  the  soil 
Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  downy  beneath  when  young.    Acorn  8  to  9"  long.    Bark  whit- 
ish.    Timber  useful  for  innumerable  purposes,  and  the  bark  for  tanning  and  in 
medicine.     May,  Jn. 

18  Q.  macrocarpa  MX.     (Fig.  140,  194.)    Lvs.  deeply  and  lyrately  sinuate-lobed 
(most  deeply  in,  the  middk\  lobes  obtuse  and  repand,  upper  dilated ;  acorn  very 
large,  cup  very  deep,  composed  of  distinctly  imbricated  and  hard-pointed  scales, 
the  upper  u3i  form-pointed,  farming  a  fringe;  nut  globular  ovoid,  more  than  half 
inclosed. — N.  Eng.  (rare)  to  III  and  S.  States.     Tree  60  to  70f  high,  with  rich, 
green  foliage.     Lvs.  downy  beneath,  at  length  nearly  smooth,  6  to  10  to  15'  long, 
stalks  not  1'.     Acorns  12  to  15"  long,  sometimes  nearly  fringeless  or  nearly  cov- 
ered.    May.     (Q.  lyrata  MX.)    A  beautiful  tree,  with  valuable  timber.     (Also  Q. 
oliviefonnis  MX.) 

19  Q.  obtusiloba  MX.     IRON  OAK.     Lvs.  deeply  sinuate,  cuneiform  at  the  base^ 
pubescent  beneaUi,  lobes  very  obtuse,  the  3  upper  ones  dilated,  each  2-lobed ;  cup 
hemispherical ;  acorn  oval — The  iron  oak,  called  also  post  oak,  box  white  oak,  tur- 

•key  oak,  is  common  in  the  Mid.,  W.  and  S.  States,  rare  in  N.  Eng.  It  is  a  tree  of 
moderate  size,  with  widely  spreading  and  very  crooked  branches.  The  bark  if 
grayish-white.  Lvs.  thick,  strongly  tomentous  beneath,  in  4  or  5  lobes,  which 
are  sometimes  arranged  so  as  to  appear  cuneiform  or  stellate.  Acorns  very  sweet. 
Timber  is  lino  grained,  strong,  and  durable.  May.  (Q.  stellata  Willd.) 

20  Q.  Prirnis  Willd.    SWAMP  CHESTNUT  OAK.    Lvs.  on  long  petioles,  obovate^ 
acute,   pubescent  beneatli,  with  large,  somewhat  equal,  obtuse  or  rounded  teeth; 
acorn  short-ptdunckd,  large ;  cup  tubercular,  about  half  inclosing  the  ovoid  nut 
—This  oak  is  seldom  met  with  in  N.  Eng.,  but  abounds  in  the  rest  of  the  country. 


C4o  ORDER  119.—  CUPULIFER^E. 

It  is  a  lofty  tree,  arising  to  the  height  of  50f,  with  its  undivided,  straight  and  uni- 
form trunk,  and  thence  with  its  expansive  top  to  the  height  of  80  to  9  Of.  Acorns 
large  and  sweet.  Fed.  3  to  G''  Jong,  acorn  12  to  15".  The  timber  valuable.  (Q. 
prinus  palustris  MX.) 

(3.  MOXTICOLA.     ROCK  CHESTNUT  OAK.    Lvs.  glaucous  beneath  ;  nut  oblong- 
ovate,  about  a  third  covered  by  the  cup.  —  In  mountain  woods. 

21  Q.  bicolor  "Willd.     SWAMP  WHITE  OAK.     Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  downy,  white 
underneath,  with  large,  irregular  teeth  above,  somewhat  sinuate-lobed  in  the  middle, 
subentire  below,  on  very  short  petioles  ;  acorns  on  long  peduncles,  in  pairs,  cup 
hemispherical,  with  pointed  scales,  nut  oblong-ovoid.  —  In  low,  swampy  woods, 
U.  S.     It  is  a  beautiful  tree,  attaining,  in  favorable  situations,  the  height  of  lOf. 
Foliage  rich  and  luxuriant  ;  Ivs.  smooth  and  green  above,  white-downy  beneath, 
6  to  7'  by  2  £  to  4'.     Fed.  1  to  2'  long.     The  trunk  bark  grayish-white,  dividing 
into  large,  flat  scales.     It  affords  excellent  fuel  and  timber.     (Q.  prinus  dis- 
color MX.) 

22  Q.  castanea  Muhl.    CHESTNUT  OAK.     Lvs.  long-petioled,  lance-oval  or  lance- 
obovate,   acuminate  downy  and  glaucous-hoary  beneath,  with  coarse,  subequal, 
acute  and  submucronate  teeth;  acorn  nearly  sessile,  cup  hemispherical,  covering 
about  a  third  of  the  roundish-ovoid,  light  brown  nut.  —  Mid.,  S.  and  W.  States,  in 
rocky  or  sandy  soils.     A  large  tree.  40  to  60f  high,  with  a  whitish,  furrowed 
bark.     Lvs.  4  to  6'  long,  more  nearly  resembling  the  chestnut  leaf  than  any  other 
oak.     Acorns  about  9"  long,  sweet-flavored.    Used  for  rails  and  shingles. 

23  Q.  prinoides  Willd.     DWARF  CHESTNUT  OAK.    Shrub  with  Ivs.  on  short 
petioles,  obovate,  acute  at  the  base,  glaucous  beneath,  with  large,  subequal,  sin- 
uate te',th,  callous  at  the  tip  ;  cup  hemispherical,  acorn  ovate.  —  This  is  one  of  the 
most  diminutive  of  all  the  oaks,  never  exceeding  3  to  4f  in  height.     It  is  a  native 
of  the  N.  and  Mid.  States,  in  barren  woods,  but  not  common.     The  flowers  ap- 
pear in  May,  followed  by  acorns  of  middle  size,  very  sweet  and  very  abundant. 

2.  CASTA'NEA,  Tourn.  CHESTNUT.  (Castanea  was  a  city  in  Thes- 
saly,  famed  for  the  growth  of  chestnuts.)  $  Flowers  clustered  in  long, 
slender,  cylindric  aments  ;  calyx  5  to  6-parted;  stamens  5  to  15.  <j>- 
Flowers  in  3s,  inclosed  in  a  4-lobed  involucre,  which  in  fruit  becomes 
coriaceous  and  beset  with  prickles  j  calyx  5  to  6-Iobed,  tube  adherent 
to  the  3  to  6-celled,  3  to  G-ovuled  ovary  ;  stamens  5  to  12r  abortive  ; 
gtigmas  as  many  as  the  cells  ;  fruit  a  4-valyed  involucre  enclosing'  1  to  3 
one-seeded  nuts.  —  Trees  and  shrubs.  Lvs.  mostly  deciduous,  alternate, 
acuminate,  expanding  before  the  flowers. 

1  C.  vesca  L.     Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  mucronately  serrate,  smooth  both 
sides  ;  nuts  mostly  2  or  3  together.  —  Abundant  in  particular  districts  throughout 
the  U.  S.     It  is  a  lofty  tree  in  woods,  with  a  large,  straight  trunk.     Lvs.  6  to  9' 
long,  i  as  wide  ;  teeth  mucronate,  with  the  prolonged,  straight  veins.     Aments 
as  long  as  the  leaves,  and  so  numerous  as  to  impart  their  yellowish  hue  to  tho 
whole  tree  when  in  tflossom.     Nuts  of  a  peculiar  brown,  villous  above,  enclosed  in 
the  enlarged  cupule  or  burr  which  is  beset-  on  all  sides  with  strong,  compound, 
acute  spines.      Timber  coarse-grained,  strong,  elastic,  light  and  very  durable. 
Jul}r,  fruit  in  Oct.  —  The  nuts  are  smaller  but  sweeter  than  those  of  the  European 
variety  (the  Spanish  Chestnut). 

2  C.  pumila  Michx.     CHINQUAPIN.     Lvs.  oblong,  ovate  or  obovate,  mucronate-ser- 
rate,  hoary-tomentous  beneath  ;  nut  solitary.  —  Sterile  places,  N.  J.,  Penn.  to  Ga. 
and  Tenn.    Shrub  6  —  12f  high,  much  branched.    Leaves  3  —  5'  by  1|  —  2',  smooth 
above,  generally  obtuse  at  base,  acute  at  apex,  margins  mucronate,  with  the  pro- 
jecting, straight  veinlets  ;  petioles  G'  long  ;  under  surface  nearly  white.     Aments 
axillary,  the  lower  staminate,  6  —  10"  long,  upper  fertile,  with  remote,  pistillate 
flowers.     Involucre  of  fruit  bristly  and  prickly,  4-lobed.     Nut  (by  abortion)  soli- 
tary, small,  ovoid,  sweet.     Fl.  Jn.    Fr.  Oct. 


3.  FA'GUS,  Tourn.    BEECH.    (Gr.  ^fyyo^,  the  beech  ;  it  also  signifies 
something  eatable.)     $  Flowers  in  a  capitate  ament  suspended  by  a 


ORDER  119.— CUPULIFEILE.  647 

slender  peduncle;  calyx  6 -cleft,  campanulate;  stamens  5  to  12.  $ 
Flowers  2,  within  a  4-lobed,  prickly  involucre  composed  of  united  linear 
scales;  calyx  with  5  to  6  minute  lobes;  ovary  3  celled,  6-ovuled; 
styles  3 ;  nut  1-seeded,  acutely  3-angled,  enclosed  within  the  enlarged, 
spiny  involucre  or  capsule. — Lofty  trees,  with  smooth  ash  -colored  bark. 
Lvs.  alternate,  plicate  in  vernation.  Buds  slender,  pointed. 

P.  sylvatica  L.  (Figs.  438,  471—4.  46,  B.)  Lvs.  broadly  ovate-lanceolate, 
briefly  petiolate,  obtuse  at  base,  ciliate,  with  soft  white  hairs  when  .young,  at 
length  nearly  glabrous,  with  small,  remote  teeth,  apex  acuminate ;  buds  laneeo- 
late-cylindric,  imbricated  with  brown  scales,  developing  both  leaves  and  flowers; 
nuts  ovoid  triangular,  obtuse-mucronate. — A  common  forest  tree,  abundant  in  the 
U.  S.  and  Can.  The  trunk  is  tall  and  straight  in  forests,  50— 80f  high,  but  lower 
and  with  an  expansive  head  in  open  situations,  always  known  by  the  light  gray, 
unbroken  bark.  Leaves  with  very  regular  and  straight  veinlets,  4 — 6'  long,  J  as 
wide,  often  persistent  through  the  winter.  $  Aments  pubescent,  peduncles  2' 
long.  Xut  small,  2  together  in  the  4-lobed  burr,  oily,  sweet  and  nutritious.  Tim- 
ber compact,  fine-grained.  May.  (F.  ferruginea  Ait.)  THE  RED  BEECH  is  now 
regarded  only  as  a  variety,  with  the  wood  softer,  and  of  more  easy  cleavage,  and 
perhaps  a  slight  difference  in  foliage.  There  are  several  beautiful  varieties  in  cul- 
tivation, with  purple  foliage,  silver  foliage,  &c.  See  garden  catalogues. 

4.  COR'YLUS,  Tourn.     HAZEL-NUT.     (Gr.  ttopvg,  a  bonnet ;  to  which 
the  cupule  enwrapping  the  nut  may  well  be  compared.)    $  Flowers  in 
a  cylindric  ament;  calyx  of  2  scales  united  at  base  to  the  bract;  sta- 
mens 8 ;  anther  1-celled.    ?  Involucre  of  2  to  3  scales,  1  to  2-flowered ; 
calyx  adherent  to  the  2-celled,  2-ovuled  ovary  ;  stigmas  2  ;  nut  ovoid, 
surrounded  with  the  enlarged,  coriaceous,  lacerated  involucre. — Shrubs. 
Aments   and    capitate  fertile    clusters  subterminal,  expanding   before 
the  Ivs. 

1  C.  Americana  "Walt.     Lvs.  roundish,  cordate.,  acuminate ;  invol  roundish,  cam- 
panulate. much  larger  than  the  roundish  nut,  its  border  dilated  and  coarsely  ser- 
rale. — Shrub  5  to  6f  high,  growing  in  thickets  and  borders  of  fields,  U.  S.     Lvs. 
3  to  C'  long,  |  as  wide.     From  the  ends  of  the  branches  hang  the  long,  pendulous 
aments  of  barren  flowers  in  April.     The  nuts  are  remarkably  distinguished  by 
the  large,  bell-shaped  invol.  in  which  each  one  is  enveloped.     They  are  a  well- 
flavored  fruit,  though  somewhat  inferior  to  the  European  hazel  or  filbert. 

2  C.  rostrata  Ait.      Lvs.  ollong-ovate,  acuminate;  stip.  linear-lanceolate:  invol 
campanulaie-tubular,  longer  than  the  nut,  2-parted,  with  dentate  segments.-— Thia 
species  is  found  in  the  same  localities  as  the  former,  is  a  rather  smaller  shrub,  and 
chiefly  differs  from  it  in  the  involucre  which  is  covered  with  short,  stiff  hairs,  and 
contracted  at  the  top  into  a  long  (1  to  1|-'),  r  arrow  neck,  like  a  bottle.     Nuts  as 
in  C.  Americana.     May. 

3  C.  Avellana  L.  FILBERT.  Lvs.  roundish,  cordate,  acuminate ;  stip. 
ovate- oblor.g,  obtuse;  invoL  scarcely  exceeding  the  fruit. — Shrub  3  to  lOf  high,  in 
gardens,  <tc.  Lvs.  nearly  sessile,  doubly  serrate,  3  to  5'  long.  Sterile  aments  3' 
long,  the  fertile  clusters  at  their  base.  Nut  larger  than  the  native  species,  f  Asia, 

5.  OS'TRYA,  Michel.    HOP  HORNBEAM.    IRON-WOOD.  LEVER  WOOD. 
(Gr.  oarpeov,  a  scale ;  in  allusion  to  the  conspicuous  sacs  (not  scales)  of 
the  fertile  aments.)    $  Flowers  in  a  cylindric  ament ;  calyx  scale  round- 
ish-ovate, ciliate,  1-flowcred;  anthers  8  or  more,  conspicuously  bearded 
at  the  summit.     $  Flowers  geminate,  in  a  loose,  imbricated  ament; 
flowers  enclosed  each  in  an  inflated,  membranous  sac  which  at  length' 
enlarged,  contains  the  matured  nut.  —  Small  trees,  flowering  before 
leafing. 

O.  Virginica  Willd.     Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate  ;  fertile  ament  oblong,  pen- 


648  ORDER  120.— BETULACE^E. 

dulous;  buds  rather  acute. — A  small  tree  disseminated  throughout  the  U.  S., 
25 — 30f  in  height.  Its  bark  is  remarkable  for  its  fine,  narrow,  longitudinal  di- 
visions. Leaves  about  twice  as  long  as  wide.  The  fruit  is  similar  in  appearance 
to  hops,  suspended  from  the  ends  of  the  branches,  consisting  of  membranous,  im- 
bricated sacs  (cups  ?)  containing  each  a  flower.  The  wood  is  very  white,  hard 
and  strong,  much  used  for  levers,  &c.  Apr.,  May. 

6.  CARPFNUS,  L.  HORNBEAM.  (Celtic  car,  wood,  and  pino,  the 
head ;  alluding  to  its  use  in  making  yokes  for  cattle.)  $  Flowers  in  a 
long,  cylindric  ament;  cal.  scale  roundish,  clliate ;  sta.  8 — 14,  slightly- 
bearded  at  summit.  ?  Flowers  in  a  loose  ament ;  scale  large,  oblong,  3- 
lobed,  1 — 3-flowered ;  cal.  6-toothed ;  stig.  2  ;  nut  long,  ovoid,  fur- 
rowed, 1-seeded. — Small  trees.  Scales  of  the  $  aments  persistent  and 
becoming  foliaccous. 

C-  Americana  L.  Lvs.  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  unequally  serrate  ;  scales  of  tho 
fertile  ament  3-parted,  the  middle  segment  much  the-  largest,  obliquer  with  a 
lateral  tooth. — A  small  tree  (12 — 20f  high),  common  in  woods  throughout  the  U. 
S.  The  wood  is  very  fine-grained,  compact  and  white,  covered  with  a  light  gray 
or  ash-colored  bark.  Leaves  2 — 4'  long,  £  as  wide,  petiolate.  From  the  ends  of 
the  branches  hang  the  long,  loose,  pale  green,  leafy  aments,  consisting  of  alter- 
nate pairs  of  enlarged  scales,  with  a  dark-colored  nut  at  the  base  of  each.  Apr., 
May. 

ORDER  CXX.     BETTJLACEJi     BIRCHWORTS. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  deciduous  stipules.  Bark  separating  into  thin  layers.  Leaves 
alternate,  simple,  with  the  veinlets  running  straight  to  the  margin.  Flowers  mon- 
oecious, amentaceous,  mostly  naked,  3  in  tho  axil  of  a  3-lobed  bract.  $  Stamens 
definite,  distinct.  Anthers  2-celled.  $  Ovary  2-celled,  2-ovuled,  becoming  in  fruit 
1-celled  and  1-seeded  (by  abortion)  membranous  and  indohiscent.  Seed  pendulousr 
without  albumen.  Figs.  7  7,  90,  106,  111,  419,  420. 

Genera  2,  species  65,  chiefly  natives  of  tho  cool  parts  of  tho  northern  hemisphere.  Properties- 
generally  astringent.  The  birches  arc  often  lino  timber  trees. 

I.  BE'TULA,  Tourn.  BIRCH.  (Betu  is  the  Celtic  name  for  the  birch.) 
$  Flowers  in  a  cylindric  ament ;  bracts  deeply  3-parted,  peltate ;  calyx 
a  scale  ;  stamens  4.  $  Ament  oblong-ovoid,  scales  trilobate  ;  calyx  0 ; 
ovaries  3  under  each  scale ;  stigmas  2,  filiform ;  nut  compressed,  with 
a  membranous  margin. — Trees  and  shrubs,  with  the  outer  bark  lam- 
inated and  horizontally  fibrous,  the  inner  aromatic.  Branchlets  dot- 
ted. Lvs.  ovate,  serrate.  Figs.  419,  420. 

*  Trees  with  a  yellowish  bark,  smoothish  leaves,  and  short,  erect,  $  nmeuts No.  1 

*  Trees  with  a  reddish-brown  bark  and  ovate-oblong,  suberect,  9  aments Nos,  2,  3 

*  Trees  with  a  white  bark,  long-stalked  loaves  and  drooping  ?  aments Nos.  4,  5 

*  Shrubs  with  brownish  bark,  roundish  leaves  and  short,  erect,  ?  aments Nos.  6, 1 

1  B.  excelsa  Ait     YELLOW  BIRCH.      Lvs.  ovate-elliptic,   subacuminate ;    sub- 
cordate,  coarsely,  sharply,  and  doubly  serrate,  smooth  when  old,  on  short,  downy 
petioles ;  fertile  aments  erect,  ovoid-oblong ;  lobes  of  the  bracts  subequal,  acute, 
diverging. — A  common  forest  tree,  N.  Eng.  to  Mich,  and  Can.,  arising  in  woods 
to  the  height  of  60  to  80C  with  a  trunk  2  to  3f  in  diam.,  invested  with  a  thin, 
yellowish,  silvery  outer  bark  stripping  off  in  transverse  shreds.     Barren  aments 
2  to  4'  long,  cylindric,  clustered,  and  pendulous  at  the  ends  of  tho  branches ; 
fertile  1'  long,  6"  diam.     Apr.,  May. 

2  B.  lenta  L.    BLACK  BIRCH.    SWEET  BIRCH.    MAHOGANY  BIRCH.    (Tig.  202.) 
Lvs.  cordate-ovate,   acuminate,  acutely,  finely,  and  doubly  serrate,  veins  beneath 
and  petioles  hairy;  fertile  aments  erect,  oval-oblong,  thick,  obtuse,  pedunculate; 
ecales  hairy,  the  lobes  obtuse,  subequal,  diverging. — This  noble  species  is  com- 
mon in  the  Eastern  and  Middle  {States,  often  exceeding  6  Of  in  height,  with  a 


ORDER  120.— BETULACEJ3.  649 

diameter  of  2  to  3f.  The  trunk  is  invested  -wth  a  dark  brown  or  reddish  bark, 
which  becomes  rough  in  old  trees,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  agreeably  aromatic 
fragrance  and  flavor.  Leaves  3 — 4'  long,  about  -£  as  wide.  Sterile  aments  2 — 3' 
long,  fertile  much  shorter  and  thicker.  In  spring  the  cambium  affords  the  boys  \ 
delicious  morseL  Wood  reddish,  strong,  compact.  Apr.,  May. 

3  B.  nigra  Ait     BED  BIRCH.     Lvs.  rhombic-ovate,  acute  at  each  end,  doubly  ser- 
rate, or  obscurely  9  to  13-tobed,  glaucous  beneath ;  fertile  ament  sessile,  erect,  ovoid, 
scales  villous,   the  segments  linear,  equal. — A  tree  30  to  50f  high,  growing  on 
banks  of  streams  and  in  river  swamps,  Mass.,  111.  and  Fla.  (!)     Trunk  covered 
with  a  reddish  or  chocolate-colored  bark  which  at  length  becomes  very  loose  and 
torn,  hanging  in  shreds,  and  finally  rough  like  that  of  the  black  cherry.     Branches 
arched  and  slender ;  branchlets  almost  filiform,  often  clothing  the  trunk  to  the 
base.     Lvs.  dark  green  above,  about  3'  by  2'  often  smaller,  petioles  6  to  8"  long, 
pubescent.    May.     (B.  rubra  MX.) 

4  B.  populifolia  Ait.    POPLAR-LEAVED  BIRCH.   WHITE  BIRCH.   (Fig.  106.)  Lvs. 
deltoid,  long-acuminate,  unequally  serrate  or  obscurely  many-lobed,  very  smooth,  on 
smooth  petioles ;  fertile  aments  pedunculate ;  scales  with  roundish,  lateral  lobes. 
— Like  the  next,  distinguished  for  the  white  cuticle  with  which  the  trunk  is  in- 
vested.    It  is  common  in  the  rocky  and  mountainous  woods  of  N".  Eng.,  where  it 
seldom  exceeds  30  to  40f  in  height.     The  branches  are  covered  with  a  reddish- 
brown  bark,  very  slender,  and  throw  out  in  May,  long,  pendulous  aments. 

5  B.  papyracea  Ait     PAPER  BIRCH.     CANOE  BIRCH.    Lvs.  ovate,  acuminate, 
doubly  serrate,  the  veins  hairy  beneath;  fertile  aments  nodding,  pedunculate; 
lateral  lobes  of  the  calyx  short,  roundish. — This  birch  is  abundant  in  the  hillside 
woods  of  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.  and  Can.     It  sometimes  attains  tho  height  of  60 — 7  Of, 
but  is  generally  smaller.     Trunk  1 — 2f  diam.,  covered  with  a  tough  cuticle  con- 
sisting of  numerous  lamina;,  the  outer  of  which  is  snow  white.     Of  this  the  In- 
dians construct  their  light  canoes.     Branches  dark  brown.     Leaves  2 — 3'  long,  £ 
as  wide.     Sterile  aments  1 — 2'  long.     The  wood  is  of  a  fine,  compact  texture, 
easily  wrought     May,  Jn. 

/?.  MINOR,     Lvs.  smaller,  ovate,  glabrous,  acute,  some  of  them  roundish-obtuse. 
—White  Mts.    Shrubs  6— 9f  high. 

6  B.  pumila  L.     DWARF  Bmcn.     Shrub  erect,  its  ascending  branches  glandular- 
punctate,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  obovate,  entire  at  base,  obtusely  serrate,  glabrous ;  fertile 
ament  cylindrical,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  scales  half  3-cleft,  lobes  ovate- 
oblong,  middle  one  rather  longest ;    nut  orbicular,  conspicuously  margined. — A 
beautiful  shrub  inhabiting  tho  mountainous  districts  of  N.  and  N.  W.  States,  N. 
to  Hudson's  Bay.     Height  2  to  6f.     Lvs.   about  9"  by  6  or  7",  very  regularly 
toothed.     Aments  of  both  kinds  7  to  9".     (B.  glandulosa  MX.) 

7.  B  nana  L.  TINY  BIRCH.  Shrub,  low,  trailing,  smooth ;  Ivs.  orbicular,  crenate, 
reticulated  beneath;  scales  of  the  $  ament  deeply  ^-parted;  seeds  orbicular,  nearly 
wingless. — This  miniature  tree  is  found  on  the  summits  of  Mt.  Clinton,  Mt.  Frank- 
lin, &c.,  of  the  White  Mts.  It  is  scarcely  more  than  a  foot  in  height,  often  but  a 
few  inches,  the  branches  few  and  straggling,  the  Ivs.  -J-  to  f  dinm.,  smooth  both 
sides  pale  and  distinctly  reticulate  beneath,  and  on  petioles  1  to  2"  long.  (B.  Littel- 
iana  Tuckerman.) 

3.  AL'KUS,  Tourn.  ALDER.  (The  ancient  Latin  name  from  Celtic 
e/,  near,  Ian,  the  river  bank.)  £  Aments  cylindric,  drooping,  the 
bracts  with  5  bractiolcs  beneath ;  calyx  4-parted ;  stamens  4,  anthers 
2-celled.  ?  Aments  ovoid,  bracts  cuneate,  truncate,  fleshy,  2-flowered; 
calyx  of  4  scales  adnatc  below  to  the  bracts,  all  persistent  and  woody 
in  fruit ;  fruit  compressed,  wingless  or  winged.  Shrubs  arising  from 
large  and  strong  roots.  Buds  pedunculate.  Lvs.  plicate  in  vernation, 
$  Aments  panicled.  (Fig.  111.) 

§  Fruit  wingless,    Kos.  1,  2.  §§  Fruit  broadly  winged.    (ALNASTER,  Spach.)    No.  3. 

1  A.  incana  Willd.  SPECKLED  ALDER.  BLACK  ALDER.  Lvs.  submembranous, 
oblong,  acutish,  obtuse  at  base  cr  cordate,  margin  somewhat  lobed,  sharply  ser- 
rate, glaucous-pubescent  beneath;  veins  hirsute,  their  axils  naked;  stip.  oblong* 


650 


ORDER  121.— MYRIC  AGILE. 


lanceolate;  fertile  amenta  oval.  —  Not  uncommon  along  streams,  N.  Eng. 

and  Can.  '  A  tall  shrub  or   small  tree,  readily  distinguishable  by  the  form  and 

pubescence  of  the  leaves.     (A.  glauca  MX.) 

2  A.  sernilata  Willd.     SMOOTH  ALDER.     Lvs  obovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serru- 
late, smooth  beneath,  except  the  veins  and  their  axils  ;  stip.  elliptical,  obtuse.  —  A 
>vell  known  shrub  growing  in  clumps,  and  forming  thickets  on  the  borders  of 
ponds  and  rivers,  and  in  swamps.     Stems  numerous,  rather  straight,  10  —  15f  in 
height.     Leaves  2  —  4'  long  and  |  as  wide,  strongly  veined  ;  petioles  ^  —  -£'  long. 
Aments  2  —  3'  long,   slender,  pendulous,  'fascicled  at  the  ends   of  the  branches; 
fertile  ones  short,  thick,  dark  brown,  persistent,  several  together  a  little  below  the 
sterile  one.     Mar.,  Apr.     (A.  rubra  Tuckerman.) 

3  A.  viridis  DC.     MOUNTAIN  ALDER.     Lvs.  oval,  acute,  obtusish  at  base,  donbly 
serrate,  clothed  with  a  soft  viscid  pubescence,  or  subglabrous,  villous  on  the  veins 
and  axils  beneath  ;  stip.  broadly  ovate  ;  fertile  aments  on  long  peduncles,  oval.  — 
High  mountain  streams,  N.  Eng.  N.  Y.  and  Can.    An  elegant  shrub,  3—  -4f  high. 
Leaves  varying  to  broad-ovate,  rarely  cordate,  nearly  smooth  in  the  alpine  state, 
otherwise  softly  pubescent  and  sprinkled  with  resinous  particles.     Apr.     (A. 
crispa  MX.) 

ORDER  CXXI.     MYRICACEJE.     GALEWORTS. 

Shrubs  with  alternate,  resinous-dotted,  often  fragrant  leaves,  with  the  flowers 
monoecious  or  dioecious,  achlamydeous,  both  kinds  in  scaly  aments.  $  Stamens  2 
to  8.  2  Ovary  1  -celled,  with  1  erect  ovule;  stigmas  2,  filiform.  Fruit  dry  or  dru- 
paceous, indehiscent.  Seed  with  no  albumen. 

Genera  3,  specie*  20,  found  in  the  temperate  parts  of  N.  America,  in  India  and  S.  Africa,  am! 
one  species  in  Europe.  Sweet  Fern  is  highly  aromatic  and  astringent.  The  fruit  of  the  JBUy- 
terry  bmtb  yields  wax  abundantly. 


1.  MYRFCA,  L.  CANDLEBERRY  MYRTLE.  (Gr.  ^vp/^w,  to  perfume, 
The  name  anciently  designated  the  Tamarind  tree.)  Flowers  $  ?  .  — 
Aments  $  cylindrical,  $  small,  ovoid-capitate.  $  Stamens  4  to  6, 
short,  erect,  anthers  large,  4-valvcd.  ?  Ovary  1  to  each  bract,  with  3 
scales  at  its  base,  superior  ;  styles  2,  spreading  ;  stigmas  2,  acute  ;  drupe 
1-celled,  1  -seeded,  covered  with  wax  or  resinous  dots.  Stip.  very  fuga- 
cious or  0. 

1  M.  Gale  L.    SWEET  GALE.    DUTCH  MYRTLE.    Lvs.  clustered,  cuneate-lanceolate, 
obtuse  and  serrate  above,  margin  very  entire  and  slightly  revolute  below,  tapering 
to  a  very  short  petiole  ;  sterile  aments  clustered,  of  ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  ciliato 
scales  ;  ft:  dotted  in  an  oblong,  dense,  amentaceous  head.  —  A   branching  shrub, 
3  —  4f  high,  on  the  inundated  borders  of  ponds  and  mountain  lakes,  Can.  to  Car. 
Leaves  dark  green,  paler  beneath  with  a  strong  midvein,  9  —  18"  by  4  —  6",  entire* 
%  the  length.      $  and  2  aments  on  separate  plants,  the  former  terminal,  about  1' 
in  length,  the  latter  axillary  and  much  shorter.     Fruit  and  leaves  when  crushed, 
with  a  pungent,  spicy  odor.     May. 

2  M.  cerifera   L.    BAYBERRY.     TV  AX  MYRTLE.    Lvs.  glabrous,  cuneate-ollong, 
rather  acute  cr  obtuse,  distinctly  petiolate,  margin  entire  or  remotely  undulate- 
dentato  above;    aments  cotemporary  with  the  leaves,   scattered,  naked,  the  S 
larger,  with  lax,  roundish  scales;  //•.  spherical,  distinct,   clustered,  covered  with 
wax.  —  This  interesting  and  useful  shrub  is  found  in  dry  woods  or  in  open  fields, 
Nova  Scotia  to  Flor.,  "W.  to  Lake  Erie.     Height  2  —  8f,  covered  with  a  grayish 
bark.     Very  branching  with  numerous  dry  looking  leaves,  18  to  30"  by  6  to  9". 
Aments  G  to  9"  long.     Drupe  1  J"  long,  covered  with  white  wax,  —  tho  bayberry 
tallow  of  commerce.     May. 

3  M.  Carolinensis  L.     Lvs.  larger,  evergreen,  coriaceous,  cuneate-elliptical,  acute, 
with  about  4  acute  teeth  near  the  apex,  petiolate  ;    $  aments  solitary  or  several  iu 
the  axils  of  the  old  leaves  ;    2  naked,  with  rounded,  acuminate  scales.  —  Swamps, 
S.  Car.  to  Fla.     Shrub  4  to  8f  high.     Lvs.  3  to  5'  by  1  to  2',  petiole  1'  or  less. 


ORDES  122.— SALIC  ACE.E.  651 

3  Aments  as  long  as  the  petioles,    ?  much   shorter.      Fruit  large,  globular. 
(Pursh.     Our  specimens  in  flower.)     Mar.,  Apr. 

2.  COMPTCTNIA,  Soland.  SWEET  FERN.  (In  honor  of  Henry 
Compton,  Lord  Bishop  of  London.)  Flowers  8  ,  $  Ament  cylindric  ; 
bract  renifbrm-cordate,  acuminate ;  calyx-scale  2-parted  ;  stamens  3, 
forked,  each  bearing  2  half  anthers.  ?  Amcnt  ovate ;  calyx-scales  6, 
longer  than  the  bract;  styles  2-;  nut  ovoid,  1-celled. — Low  shrubs. 
Lvs.  long  and  narrow,  pinnatifid-lobed,  with  small  stipules,  strongly  aro- 
matic. 

C.  asplenifolia  Ait.  Lvs.  long,  linear-lanceolate,  alternately  sinuate-pinnatifid- 
— A  shrub  2f  high,  common  in  dry  woods  and  hills,  Can.  to  Md.  (Shriver)  and 
TVis.  (Lapham).  The  main  stem  is  covered  with  a  rusty  brown  bark  which  be- 
comes reddish  in  the  branches,  and  white  downy  in  the  young  shoots.  Lvs.  nu- 
merous, on  short  peduncles,  3  to  4'  by  6",  divided  nearly  to  the  midvein  into  nu- 
merous rounded  lobes  so  as  to  resemble  those  of  the  Spleenwort.  Stip.  in  pairs, 
acuminate.  Barren  flowers  in  erect,  cylindric  catkins,  terminal  and  lateral.  Fer- 
tile fls.  in  a  dense,  rounded  burr  or  head,  situated  below  the  barren  one.  Fr.  a 
small,  ovate,  brown,  1-celled  nut.  May. 

ORDER  CXXIL— SALICACE^E.     WILLOWORTS. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate,  simple  leaves  and  deciduous  or  persistent  stipules. 
Flowers  $  $ ,  both  kinds  in  aments,  one  under  each  bract  of  the  ament.  Calyx 
none  or  cup-form  and  entire.  Ovary  1  to  2  celled,  with  2  short  styles.  Fruit  a 
capsule,  2-valved,  co-seeded.  Seeds  with  a  coma,  and  no  albumen.  Illust  in 
figs.  47,  a;  81,  93,  266,  267,  268,  269,  465. 

Genera  2,  species  220,  chiefly  natives  of  the  northern  temperate  and  frigid  zones,  one  species, 
Salix  arctica,  extending  farther  north  than  any  other  known  woody  plant 

Properties. — The  bark  is  astringent  and  tonic,  possessing  the  febrifugal  properties  of  the  sul- 
phate of  quinia.  The  wood  is  employed  for  various  economical  purposes.  Several  of  the  Wil- 
lows and  Poplars  are  much  admired  as  shade  trees. 

i.  SA^LIX,  Tourn.  WILLOW.  OSIER.  (Celtic  sal,  near,  and  Us,  water ; 
alluding  to  their  usual  locality.)  Aments  cylindric,  bracts  imbricated, 
entire,  1-flowered,  each  with  a  nectariferous  gland  at  base.  $  Calyx 
0 ;  sta.  2 — 7.  <j>  Calyx  0  ;  ova.  ovoid-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  stig.  2, 
mostly  bifid ;  caps.  1-cellcd,  2  valved,  valves  acuminate,  finally  revolute 
at  summit ;  seeds  numerous,  minute,  comous. — Trees,  shrubs  and  under- 
shrubs.  Lvs.  usually  narrow  and  elongated,  usually  with  conspicuous 
stipules.  Aments  terminal  and  lateral. 

§  Aments  sessile,  expanding  before  the  leaves  in  early  spring.    Stamens  2.    Ovaries 
clothed  with  wool,  silk  or  down.    Shrubs  or  small  trees.     (*) 

*  Ovaries  pedicellate.    Leaves  subentire,  grayish-downy,  rugous,  margins  subrev- 

olute.    Upland  grayish  shrubs.    Aments  small  Nos.  1 — 3 

*  Ovaries  pedicellate.    Leaves  serrulate,  smooth  and  shining  above,  glaucous  be- 

neath.   Aments  large,  very  hairy.     Shrubs  8  to  15f Nos.  4 — 8 

*  Ovaries  pedicellate.      Loaves    sen-ate,  grayish-silky  beneath,   drying    black. 

Aments  with  2  or  3  bracts  at  base Nos.  7, 8 

*  Ovaries  sessile.    Leaves  subentire,  not  drying  black Nos.  9,  10 

§  Aments  more  or  less  pedunculate,  expanding  with  the  leaves  in  late  spring.  Ovaries 

mostly  glabrous.      (*). 

*  Ovaries  clothed  with  silk  or  clown  and  pedicellate.    Stamens 2.    (a) 

a  Leaves  downy  both  sides.    Ovary  long-beaked.    Shrub  erect No.  11 

a  Leaves  glabrous  when  mature.     Shrubs  low,  mostlyalpine,  spreading. .  .Nos.  12—14 

*  Ovaries  glabrous.     Shrubs  ulpine,  low,  creeping  or  ascending Nos.  15 — 17 

*  Ovaries  glabrous.     Shrubs  erect,  or  trees,  3  to  60f  high,    (a) 

ft  Ovaries  pedicellate.    Scales  greenish-yellow,  deciduous,     (b) 

b  Stamens  mostly  2,  sometimes  3.    Leaves  glaucous  beneath Nos.  18,  19 

b  Stamens  mostly  5  (4  to  6).  Leaves  green  on  both  sides .N  os.  20,  21 

a  Ovaries  pedicellate.    Scales  dark  or  black,  persistent,     (b) 

b  Leaves  cordate  or  at  least  truncate  at  the  base,  4  to  15f  high Nos.  22,  23 

b  Leaves  acute  or  tapering  at  base.     Shrubs  6  to  lOf  high Nos.  24,  25 

a  Ovaries  sessile.    Stamens  2.    Trees  of  tho  largest  size Nos.  i.6,  27 


652 


ORDER  122.— SALIC  ACE^E. 


1  Q.  tristis  Ait     SAGE  WILLOW.     Lvs.  linear-lanceolate  or  oblanceolate,  cuneato 
at  base,  entire  or  remotely  undulate-toothed,  margin  subrevolute,  apex  acute  or 
obtusish ;  stip.  minute,  narrow-lanceolate,  caducous ;  aments  very  small ;  scales  or- 
bicular-oblong, hairy  at  the  margin;  ova.  with  grayish,  silky  pubescence;  sty. 
short. — Sandy  or  dry  lields,  borders  of  woods,  pastures,  X.  Eug.  to  Wis.  and  Car. 
A  small,  downy  shrub,  with  a  profusion  of  naked  aments.     Leaves  at  length  nu- 
merous, often  crowded  and  rosulate  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  1 — 2'  long,  taper- 
ing from  above  the  middle  to  a  very  short  petiole,  the  margin  often  revolute, 
under  surface  glaucous,  often  pubescent.     Varies  with  the  twigs  and  the  dimin- 
ished Ivs.  grayish  white. 

2  S.  Muhlenberghiana  Barratt.     Lvs.  cblanceolate,  remotely  serrate,  glabrous 
above,  pubescent  and  not  rugous  beneath ;  young  branches  smooth ;  stip.  lunate, 
subdentate ;  aments  precocious,  diandrous ;  scales  lanceolate,  obtuse,  villous ;  ova. 
pedicellate,   lanceolate,   silky ;  sty.   long,   biiid ;    stig.  2-lobed. — A  shrub  in  dry 
soils,  N.,  Mid.  and  ~VV.  States,  4 — Sf  high,  with  brown  twigs.     On  the  ends  of 
these,  cone-like  excrescences  aro  often  produced  by  the  punctures  of  insects. 
Aments,  covered  with  very  hairy  scales,   appearing  before  the  leaves  in  April. 
(S.  humilis  Marshall  ?     S.  conifera  Muhl.) 

3  S.  Candida  "Willd.      WHITE  WILLOW.      Lvs.  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate, 
very  long,  obscurely  serrulate  at  the  summit,  pubescent  above,  hoary-tomentous 
beneath,  revolute  on  the  margin;  stip.  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  pslioles;  aments 
cylindric ;  scales  obovate,  obtuse,  very  long,  hairy ;  stig.   2-lobed. — A  beautiful 
species  in  shady  woods,  Mid.  and  W.  States.     Stems  4 — Of  high.     Loaves  8 — 12' 
by  l — 2'.     Catkins  dense,  white  with  dense  wool.     Styles  and  stigmas  dark  red, 
•J'"  in  length.     Apr.,  May. 

4  S.  discolor  Muhl.     Branches  pubescent  when  young,  brownish  or  greenish ; 
Ivs.  oblong  or  obovate-oblong,  acute  or  rather  acuminate,  remotely  serrulate- 
toothed,  pubescent  when  young,  glaucous  beneath ;  stip.  lunate,  entire,   or  with 
obtuse  teeth;  aments  oblong-cylindric,  siUcy,  erect;  scales  very  hairy,  oblanceolate, 
acute ;  ovaries  on  short  pedicels,  densely  silky. — Shrub  or  small  tree,  1  to  15f 
high,  in  wet  places,  N.  Eng.  to  111.  and  Car.     Lvs.  2  to  5'  long,  finally  glabrous, 
the  stipules  usually  conspicuously  toothed  at  base.     Aments  1'  to  18"  in  flower, 
the  fertile  at  length  2'  or  more.     Sterile  dense,  silky  white, 

5  S.  eriocephala  MX.    WOOLLY-HEADED  SWAMP  WILLOW.    Branchlets  very  pu- 
bescent, brown  or  purplish ;  Ivs.  lanceolate-elliptic  or  oblong,  cuneate  at  base, 
entire  or  remotely  serrulate  above,    under  surface  glaucous  or  ferruginous,  both 
surfaces  pubescent  when  young,  at  length  the  upper  surface  green  and  nearly 
smooth;  stip.  semicordate,  with  sharp  serratures,  aments  oval-oblong,  densely  vil- 
lous; scales  obovate,  obtuse. — A  small  tree,  putting  forth  its  largo  and  exceedingly 
woolly  catkins  in  Apr.     Grows  in  swamps,  N.  Eng. 

6  S.  seiisitiva  Barratt.     FROST  OR  TENDER  WILLOW.     Lvs.   ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  cuneato  and  entire  at  base,  finely  serrate  at  the  apex,  and  more  dis- 
tantly and  strongly  serrate  towards  the  base,  glabrous  and  rather  thin  ;  stip.  sub- 
fakate,  serrate ;    $  aments  rather  lax ;  scales  rather  lax,  lightly  clothed  with  grayish 
black  hairs. — A  small  tree  about  15f  high,  found  in  various  parts  of  N.  Eng.,  &c. 
The  aments  and  twigs  are  frequently  destroyed  by  frost  at  flowering  time,  being 
thinly  protected  with  hairs.     Lvs.  smooth,  3  to  5'  by  1^  to  2'.     Aments  1^' 
long. 

7  S.  sericea  Marsh.      GRAY  WILLOW.      Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrulate,  acuminate, 
smooth  above,  silky  beneath ;  stip.  ovate-oblong,  denticulate,  deflected,  deciduous ; 
scales  oblong,  hairy,  black  at  the  tip,  rather  longer  than  the  pedicel  of  the  oblong, 
silky  ovary ;  stig.  sessile,  obtuse. — A  shrub  6  to  8f  high,  in  inundated  meadows, 
K.  Eng.  to  Wis.  and  Va.     Branches  purplish,  long  and  slender,  very  tough,  ex- 
cept at  the  base,  where  they  are  very  brittle.     Lvs.  2  to  4'  by  ^  to  1'.     $  Amenta 
very  abundant,  £'  long.     (S.  grisea  Willd.) 

8  S.  petiolaris  Smith.     LONG-STALKED  GREEN  OSIER.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  serrate, 
acuminate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  silky  at  base,  mostly  inequilateral :  stip.  lu- 
nate,  dentate ;  aments  appearing  before  the  leaves ;    scales  lax,   obovate,  obtuse, 
hairy,  black,  shorter  than  the  pedicel  of  tiie  ovoid-acuminate,  silky  ovary ;  stigma 
2-lobed,  short-styled. — Low  grounds,  banks  of  streams,  Conn,  to  111.  and  S.  CUE. 


ORDER  122.— SALIC  ACE^E.  653 

Shrub  or  small  tree,  4  to  15f  high,  with  long,  slender,  smooth,  purple  or  yel- 
lowish green  twigs,  tough  and  elastic,  used  in  basket  making.  (3u  rosmarini- 
folia  Ph.) 

/?.  FUSCATA.     Lvs.  obovate-lanceolate,  acute ;  aments  of  a  leaden  hue  from  tho 
thinner  hairs. 

9  S.  viminalis  L.     BASKET  OSIER.     Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  very  long,  acuminate, 
subentire,  silky-canescent  beneath ;  stip.  minute ;  branches  virgate ;  aments  preco- 
cious ;  scales  roundish,  very  hairy ;  filaments  distinct  ;  ova.  sessile,   ovoid ;  sty. 
filiform;  stig.  undivided,  acute. — Wet  meadows  and  margins  of  rivers.     Sts.  10  to" 
12f  high,  with  long,  straight,  slender,  and  flexible  branches.     Lvs.  often  a  foot  in 
length,  narrow,  covered  with  a  snow-white  pubescence  beneath.     Amenta  very 
hairy.     May.     §  Eur. 

10  S.  purptirea  L.     PURPLE  WILLOW.     Lvs.  partly  opposite,  obovate-lanceolate, 
serrulate  above,  very  smooth,  narrowed  at  the  base,  aments  cylindrical,  with  leafy 
bracts  at  base ;  scales  orbicular,  black;  filaments  united  into  1,   with  2  anthers; 
ovary  sessile,  ovate-elliptic;  sty.  very  short;  stig.   emarginate. — Low  grounds, 
river  banks,  and  cultivated  like  the  last  for  basket-making.     Shrub  6  to  lOf 
high.     Twigs  very  long,  slender  and  tough,  covered  with  a  smooth,  olive-colored 
bark. 

11  S.  rostrata   Richardson.      Branches  erect,    straight,    pubescent,   at  length 
smooth;  Ivs.  broadly  or  obovate-lanceolate,   acute,   subentire,  at  length  coriaceous, 
smooth  above,   glaucous-pubescent   beneath ;  stip.  semicordate,    dentate ;  aments 
short,  cylindric,  dense,  the  fertile  ones  becoming  very  long  and  loose ;  scales  ob- 
long, membranous,  hairy  at  the  apex;  ova.  narrow-lanceolate,  silky,  long-acumi- 
nate, on  very  long  pedicels;  sty.  very  short;  stig.  lobed,  the  lobes  bifid  or  entire. 
— Shrub  or  small  tree  8 — lOf  high.     Bark  of  the  trunk  dark-colored,  of  tho 
branches  yellow. 

12  S.  longifolia  Muhl.     LONG-LEAVED  WILLOW.     Lvs.  linear,  acuminate  at  each 
end,  elongated,  remotely  toothed,  smooth,  nearly  of  the  same  color  on  both  sides ; 
stip.  lanceolate,  dentate;  aments  tomentous,  pedunculate;  sta.  2;  scales  flat,  re- 
tuse ;  ovary  short-stalked ;  fil.  bearded  at  base,  twice  longer  than  tho  scales. — 
River  banks  from  the  Conn,  and  Ohio  to  Oregon  and  Brit.  Am.     It  possesses  a 
remarkable  power  of  rooting,  extending  itself  and  binding  tho  loose  sands  to- 
gether.    Stems  about  2f  high,  with  brown  branches  and  white  branchlets. 

13  S.  phylicifolia  L.     MOUNTAIN  WILLOW.     Lvs.  ovate  or  lanceolate,  remotely 
repand-serrate,   glabrous,  glaucous  beneath;  stip.  semicordate,   oblique  at  apex; 
aments  bracteate,    $  sessile ;  caps,  pedicellate,  conical-elongated,  somewhat  silky ; 
sty.  long. — White  Mts.    A  handsome,  low  shrub,  spreading,  with  broad-elliptical, 
very  smooth  leaves,  the  margins  repand-serrate. 

14  S.  repens  L.     CREEPING  WILLOW.     Low,  creeping ;  Ivs.  obovate  or  lance-obo- 
vate,  acutish  or  bluntly  acuminate,  obscurely  crenate-toothed,  glabrous  and  shining 
above,  silky-pubescent,  at   kngth  glabrous  and  glaucous  beneath,  reticulate  both 
sides ;  stip.  oblong,  very  caducous ;  aments  short,  few-flowered,  very  silky ;  stam. 
2  ;  ovary  silky,  pedicellate. — Alpine  summits  White  Mts.  and  northward.     Sts.  a 
fjw  inches  above  ground.     Lvs.  8  to  12"  by  4  to  6",  petioles  3  to  4",  clothed 
with  silky  pubescence  when  young,  very  smooth  when  old. 

15  S.  pedicillaris  Ph.     Lvs.  elliptic-oblanceolate,  acute  or  obtuse,  rather  obtuse 
at  base,  entire,   both  sides  glabrous,  beneath  slightly  glaucous  and  reticulate- 
veined;  amenta  pedunculate;  caps,  ovate-conic,  glabrous,  long-pedicellate;  scales 
short,  obtuse,  a  little  hairy ;  sty.  very  short ;  lobes  of  the  stigma  cleft. — Mountain 
swamps,  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.     A  low  and  elegant  shrub,  with  rather  a  virgato 
habit,  remarkable  for  its  entire  smoothness.     On  mountains  it  is  more  straggling. 
Lvs.  light,  yellowish  green,  1  to  2'  long,  very  entire.     (S.  myrtilloides  Tucker.) 

16.  S.  Uva-ursi  Ph.  Lvs.  elliptical  or  obovate,  obtuse  at  each  end,  glandular- 
denticulate,  smooth  above,  glaucous-smoothish  beneath,  silky- villous  when  young ; 
aments  pedunculate,  cylindric,  dense ;  caps,  ovate-conic,  briefly  pedicellate,  glabrous; 
scales  obovate,  black,  silky ;  stam.  one ;  stig.  bifid,  lobes  at  length  cleft. — Whito 
Mts.  N".  H.  A  low  or  prostrate  shrub.  Lvs.  3  to  5"  by  2  to  3".  Aments  6". 

17  S.  herbacea  L.  HERB  WILLOW.  ARCTIC  WILLOW.  Dwarf;  Ivs.  orbicular, 
cordate, ser7 ate,  glabrous,  veiny;  aments  fow-flowered,  sessile;  scales  small,  glab- 


554  ORDER  122.— SALIC  ACE^E. 

rous;  ovaries  sessile,  lanceolate,  glabrous;  style  short;  stig.  lobes  bifid. — On  the 
alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mountains,  N.  to  Lab.  and  the  Arc.  Islands.  An  in- 
teresting little  shrub,  the  smallest  of  its  tribe.  Stem  ascending,  1 — 2'  high. 
Leaves  about  3'  diameter,  smooth  and  shining  on  both  sides.  Stipules  wanting. 
Roots  long,  creeping,  branching.  Jn.,  Jl. 

18  S.  fragilis  L.    CRACK  WILLOW.    BEDFORD  WILLOW.     Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate, 
glabrous,  whole  margin  serrate,  acuminate,  petioles  glandular  ;   stip.  semicordate, 
pointed,  dentate ;  ova.  on  short  pedicels,  oblong-ovoid,  glabrous  ;   stig.  bifid,  longer 
than  the  styles ;  scales  oblong,  about  equaling  the  ovaries,  pubescent,  ciliate;    S 
with  an  abortive  ovary. — A  tall  tree,  60  or  80f  high,  native  in  Great  Britain.     It 
has  a  bushy  head,  with  numerous  oblique,  irregular  branches.     The  twigs  break 
off  at  base  by  a  slight  touch.     The  wood  is  of  a  salmon-color.     (S.  Russelliana 
Sra.)    §Eur. 

19  S.  decipiens  Hoffm.    Branches  smooth,  highly  polished ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  glab- 
rous, serrate,  acuminate,  floral  ones  often  obovate  and  recurved,  petioles  somewhat 
glandular;  stip.  small,  semi-ovate,  acute,  dentate,  often  0;  ova.   pedicellate,  glab- 
rous, acuminate ;  sty.  longer  than  the  2-ckft  stigma. — A  small,  elegant  tree,  re- 
markable for  the  polished,  light,  reddish-brown  twigs,  appearing  as  if  varnished. 
The  young  twigs  stained  with  crimson.     It  is  often  set  in  rows  for  ornament  and 
shade.     §  Eur. 

20  S.  nigra  Marshall.     BLACK  WILLOW.     Lvs.  lanceolate  and  lance-linear,  attenu- 
ate at  each  end,  serrulate,  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides,  petiole  and  midvein 
above tomentous ;  stip.  dentate,  caducous;  aments  erect,  cylindric,  villous;  scales 
oblong,  very  villous ;  fil.  3  to  6  (generally  5),  bearded  at  base ;   ova.  pedicellate, 
ovoid,  smooth  ;  sty.  very  short ;  stig.  bilid. — A  large  shrub  or  small  tree,  10  to  15 
to  20f  high,  on  the  banks  of  streams,  Can.  to  Fla.  and  Ark.    Branches  very  brittle 
at  base,  pale  yellow.     The  trunk  has  a  blackish  bark.     Lvs.  narrow,  4  to  8'  long. 
Sterile  aments  3'  long. 

/?.  FALCATA.     Lvs.  long  and  more  or  less  falcate.     (S.  Purshiana  Spr.     S.  fal- 
cata  Ph.) 

21  S.  lucida  Muhl.    SHINING  WILLOW.    Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate  long-pointed,  rounded 
at  base,  smooth  and  shining ;  stip.  oblong,  serrate ;  stam.  3  to  5,  mostly  5  ;  scales 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  serrate  and  smooth  at  the  tip,  hairy  at  the  base  ;   ovaries  lan- 
ceolate-subulate, smooth ;  style  bifid ;  stigmas  obtuse. — A  small  and  beautiful  tree, 
common  in  N.  Eng.,  Middle  States,  Mich,  and  British  Am.     Trunk  12 — 15f  high, 
3 — 4'  diam.     Branches  smooth,  dark,  shining  green.     Leaves  broad  and  glossy, 
dark  green  above,  tapering  to  a  long  point.     May. 

22  S.   cordata    Muhl.      Lvs.   oblong-lanceolate,    acuminate,    cordate   at  base, 
smooth ;  stip.  largo,  roundish-ovato,  finely  serrate ;  stam.  sometimes  3  ;   scales  lan- 
ceolate, woolly,  black,  twice  shorter  than  the  pedicel  of  the  lanceolate,  smooth 
ovary;  sty.  very  short;  stig.  bifid. — An  elegant  shrub,  6  to  Sf  high,  in  swamps 
throughout  the  Mid.  States.     Branches  green  and  smooth,  with  light-green  Ivs. 
an  inch  wide  and  3'  long.     Aments  an  inch  long,   accompanying   the  leaves  in 
Apr.  and  May.     (S.  Torreyana  Barratt.) 

23  S.  rigida  Muhl.     STIFF-LEAVED  WILLOW.      Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,   acumi- 
nate, subcordato,  rigid,  smooth,  coarsely  serrate,  the  lowest  serratures  elongated, 
petioles  villous ;  stip.  very  large,  reniform-ovate,  obtuse,  glandular-serrate  ;  am- 
ents triandrous;  scales  lanceolate,  woolly,  black,   a  third  shorter  than  the  pedi- 
cel of  the  lanceolate,  smooth  ovary ;  sty.  very  short ;  stig.    2-parted. — A  small 
tree,  10  to  15f  high,  growing  in  swamps.     Branches  green,  red  towards  the  end, 
the  younger  ones  pubescent.     Much  used  in  basket-making.     Apr.,  May. 

24  S.  myricoides    Muhl.      GALE-LEAVED   WILLOW.      Lvs.    oblong-lanceolate, 
acute,  with  2  glands  at  base,  obtusely  serrate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  stip.  ovate, 
acute,  glandular-serrate;  aments  villous,  black',  ova.  on  long  pedicels,  glabrous; 
sty.  bifid ;  stig.   bifid. — Swamps,  N.  Eng.  to  Va.     A  small  shrub,  with  green 
branches,  the  branchlets  purple,  smooth.     Lvs.  at  length  thick  and  coriaceous, 
the  serratures  each  tipped  with  a  gland.     Apr. 

25  S.  angustata  Ph.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  acute,  very  long,  gradually  attenuated  of 
base,  very  glabrous,  serrulate,  nearly  the  same  color  bcth  sides ;  stip.  semi-cordate; 
aments.  erect,  somewhat,  glabrous ;  ova.  pedicellate,  ovoid,  glabrous  sty,  bifid ;  stig* 


ORDER  122. — SALICACE^E.  655 

2-lobed. — Banks  of  streams  from  the  Conn,  to  the  Miss.    An  excellent  osier, 
•with  very  long  and  slender  twigs,  long  and  narrow  leaves. 

26  S.  vitellina  L.     YELLOW  WILLOW.     GOLDEN"  OSIER.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, with  thickened  serratures,  smooth  above,  paler  and  somewhat  silky  be- 
neath.; stip.  0;  aments  cylindric;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  pubescent  outside  ;  ova. 
sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  smooth ;  stig.  subsessile,  2-lobed. — This  willow  was  pro- 
bably introduced,  but  is  now  very  common  by  roadsides,  &c.     Ifc  is  a  tree  of 
moderate  height,  with  shining  yellow  branches.     May. 

/?.  CERULEA.     Lvs.  with  a  bluish  hue,  nearly  or  quite  smooth  beneath. — On 
river  banks. 

27  S.  Babylonica  L.    "WEEPING  WILLOW.     (Fig.  4T,  a).     Branches  pendulous ; 
Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath ;  stip.  roundish,  oblique, 
acuminate;  ova.  sessile,  ovate,  smooth. — A  large  tree  of  rapid  growth  and  of  a 
most  graceful  and  elegant  form,  cultivated  until  nearly  naturalized.     Only  the  $ 
plant  has  yet  been  recognized  in  the  U.  S.     §  Eur. — /?.  ANNULARIS,  the  curled 
willow,  with  the  leaves  regularly  recurved  into  rings  or  coils,  is  a  cultivated 
variety. — The  long,  slender  branchlets  very  naturally  indicate  the  English  namo 
of  the  tree  and  give  it  a  place  in  the  church-yard  to  "  weep"  over  the  remains  of 
the  departed.     The  Latin  name  was  happily  suggested  to  Linnaeus  by  the  137th 
Psalm  : 

"  Ry  the  rivers  of  I?abylon  thoro  wo  sat  down ; 
Yea,  we  wept,  when  wo  remembered  Zion. 
Wo  hanged  our  harps  upon  the  ^cillow3  in  the  midst  thereof." 

2.  POP'ULUS,  Tourn.  POPLAR.  ASPEN.  (Lat.  populus,  the  people ; 
being  often  planted  along  the  public  ways.)  Amcnts  cylindric  ;  bracts 
lacerately  fringed ;  calyx  an  oblique,  dak-like  cup,  its  margin  entire ; 
$  Stamens  8  to  30.  $  Ova.  superior;  style  very  short,  bifid;  stigma 
large,  2-lobcd ;  capsule  2-valved,  2-cellcd. — Trees  of  large  dimensions. 
Wood  soft  and  light.  Buds  varnished  with  a  fragrant  resin.  Lvs.  broad, 
petioles  long,  often  compressed  vertically,  and  glandular.  Aments  lat- 
eral, expanding  before  the  Ivs. 

*  Branchlets  winded  or  angular.    Leaves  ovate-cordate,  acuminate Nos.  1,  2 

*  Brauchlets  terete. — Leaves  ovate-orbicular,  short  acuminate No.  3 

— Leaves  ovate-orbicular,  obtuse  or  acute Nos.  4,  5 

— Leaves  ovate,  acuminate.     Stamens  20  to  50  ? Nos.  C,  7 

— Leaves  deltoid,  acuminate,  smooth Nos.  8,  9 

— Leaves  lobed,  white-tomentous  beneath No.  10 

1  P.  angulata  Ait.    WATER  POPLAR,  WESTERN  COTTON  TREE.    Branches  acutely 
angular  or  winged;  Ivs.  ovate-deltoid,  subcordate,  uncinate-serrate,  acuminate, 
glabrous,  younger  ones  broadly  cordate. — A  tree  of  noble  dimensions,  growing 
along  the  rivers  of  the  S.  and  W.  States.     Trunk  40  to  80f  high,  1  to  3f  diam., 
bearing  a  broad  summit,  with  coarse  branches  and  branchlets.     Lvs.  on  adult 
trees  2  to  3'  long,  about  the  same  width,  truncate  at  base,  on  j-ounger  shoots 
they  are  2  or  3  times  larger,  with  a  cordate  base.     Petioles  longer  than  the  Ivs. 
Branchlets  remarkably  thick,  greenish,  spotted  with  white,  striato.     Buds  short- 
ovoid,  green,  not  coated  with  resin.     Timber  not  valuable.     Mar.,  Apr. 

2  P.  monilifera  Ait.    NECK-LACE  POPLAR.     COTTON-WOOD.    Branchlets  angular, 
becoming  terete;  Ivs.  broadly  deltoid-ovate,  acuminate,   serrate-dentate,  smooth, 
teeth  incurved,  ciliate,  base  nearly  entire  and  subcordate ;  scales  of  the  ament 
lacerate-fringed,  not  hairy ;  stigmas  3  or  4,  very  large. — A  large  tree,  GO  to  80f 
high,  in  woods  along  rivers  and  lakes,  Western  Yt.  to  111.  and  La,     Trunk  cylin- 
dric, straight,  1  to  3f  diam.     Lvs.   2  to  4'  long,  conspicuously  acuminate,  nearly 
as  wide  as  long,  on  petioles  of  nearly  equal  length.     Fertile  aments  recurved  or 
pendulous,  at  length  4  to  8'  long  and  the  capsules  remote.     Buds  varnished  as  in 
the  other  species.     Apr.     (P.  lasvigata  Willd.) 

3  P.  tremuloides  MX.     AMERICAN  ASPEN.     Lvs.  orbicular-cordate,  abruptly 
acuminate,  dentate-serrate,  pubescent  at  the  margin;  bracts  of  the  ament  3  or  4- 
cleft,  margin  silky-fringed. — Abundant  in  N.  Eng.  and  in  the  Mid.  States,  growing 
in  woods  and  open  lands.    St.  25  to  40f  in  height,  with  a  diam.  of  8  to  12'.    Bark 
greenish,  smooth,  except  on  the  trunks  of  the  oldest  trees.     Lvs.  small  (2  to  2J' 


656  ORDER  123.— SAURURACE^E. 

long  and  of  equal  or  greater  width),  dark  green,  petioles  2  to  3'  long  and  laterally 
compressed,  so  that  they  can  scarcely  remain  at  rest  in  any  position,  and  aro 
thrown  into  excessive  agitation  by  the  slightest  breeze.  The  trembling  of  tho 
"aspen  loaf"  is  proverbial.  Amenta  plumed  with  silken  hairs,  about  2'  long, 
pendulous.  Apr. 

4  P.  grandidentata  MX.      LARGE  POPLAR.      Los.  roundish-ovate,   acute,  with 
large,  unequal,  sinuate  teeth,  smooth,  villous  when  young;  bracts  fan-shaped,  5-cleft 
and  silky-fringed. — Woods  and  groves.  Can.   and  Nor.  U.  S.  not   uncommon. 
St.  40f  high,  with  a  diam.  of  If,  straight,  covered  with,  a  smooth,  greenish  bark. 
Branches  distant,   coarse  and  crooked,    clothed  with  leaves   only  at  their  ex- 
tremities, with  terete  twigs.      Lvs.  3  to  5'  long  and  nearly  as  wide,  clothed 
with  thick  white  down  in  spring,  but  becoming  perfectly  smooth.     Aments  3  to 
4'  long,  all  the  parts  hairy,  the  sterilo  longer  thau  the  fertile.     Stain,  about  12, 
as  in  the  preceding  species.     May. 

5  P.  heterophylla  L.      COTTON  TREE.     Branches  terete;  Ivs.  roundish-ovate, 
obtuse,  uncinately  serrate,  cordate  at  base,  the  small  auriculate  lobes  over-closed, 
white-tomentous  when  young,  at  length  nearly  smooth ;  ovaries  with  a  long  pedicel 
and  conspicuous  style. — Swamps,  N.  Eng.  (rare)  to  111.  and  La.    A  tree  40  to  60f 
high,  trunk  1  to  2f  diam.     Lvs.   3  to  6'  long,  with  small  teeth,  blunt  or  never 
acuminate  at  apex,  and  the  base  lobes  often  so  overlapping  as  to  conceal  tho 
insertion  of  the  petiole.     Apr.,  May. 

5  P.  balsamifera  L.  BALSAM  POPLAR.  TACAMEIIAC.  Branches  terete ;  Ivs.  ovate, 
acuminate,  with  close-pressed  serratures,  white  and  reticulate-veiny  beneath, 
glabrous  both  sides;  bracts  of  the  ament  dilated,  laciniate-fringed,  slightly  hairy ; 
stam.  40  to  50. — Swamps  and  river  banks,  Me.  to  Penn.,  N.  Y.,  Can.  and  the  N. 
W.  coast.  A  largo  tree,  40  to  80f  high,  trunk  1  to  2f  diam.  Lvs.  2  to  4'  long. 
Sterile  amenta  2  to  3'  long,  fertile  at  length  4  to  6'.  Stain,  purple.  Buds  in  spring 
covered  with  an  aromatic  resin  which  may  be  separated  in  boiling  water. 

7  P.  candicans  Ait.  BALM  or  GILEAD.  (Fig.  268,  269).  Branches  terete,  Ivs. 
ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  closely  and  unequally  serrate,  whitish  and  reticulate- 
veined  beneath,  petiole  hirsute ;  bracts  of  the  ament  oval,  laciniate-fringed ;  stam. 
about  20. — A  fine  tree  of  strong  and  peculiar  fragrance,  often  cultivated,  rarely 
growing  wild,  Can.  and  the  Northern  U.  S.  Height  30  to  50f,  with  a  pyramidal 
head  of  dense  ample  foliage.  Lvs.  4  to  G'  long,  at  length  smooth  and  dark  green 
above.  Sterile  aments  2  to  3'  long,  fertile  4  to  6.  Buds  filled  throughout  with 
fragrant  resin. 

0  P.  nigra  L.  /?.  BETULIFOLIA  Torr.  BLACK  POPLAR.  Young  branches  pubes- 
cent; Ivs.  deltoid-rhombic,  conspicuously  acuminate,  finely  crenate-serrate,  smooth 
both  sides;  aments  without  hairs. — Trees  30  to  40f  high,  planted  at  Hoboken, 
N.  J.  and  perhaps  in  Penn.  f  Eur.  (P.  betulifolia  Ph.  P.  Iludsonica  MX.) 

9  P.  dilatata  Ait.     LOMBARDY  POPLAR.     Lvs.  smooth,  acuminate,  deltoid, 
serrate,  the  breadth  equaling  or  exceeding  the  length ;  trunk  lobed  and  sulcate. — 
Early  brought  to  this  country,  and  has  been  planted  about  many  a  dwelling  and 
in  village  streets.    Its  rapid  growth  is  the  only  commendable  quality  it  possesses, 
while   tho   huge   worms  by  which  it  is  often  infested  render  it  a  nuisance. 
f  Italy. 

10  P.  alba  L.     ABELE.  SILVER-LEAP  POPLAR.      Lvs.  cordate,  broad-ovate, 
lobed  and  toothed,  acuminate,  dark  green  and  smooth  above,  very  white-downy 
beneath ;   fertile  amenta  ovate ;   stig.  4. — A  highly  ornamental,  cultivated  tree. 
Nothing  can  be  more  striking  than  tho  contrast  between  the  upper  and  lower 
surface  of  tho  leaves,     f  Eur. 

ORDER  CXXIII.     SAURURACE^E.     SAURURADS. 

Serbs  with  jointed  stems,  alternate,  entire  leaves  furnished  with  stipules.  Flow- 
ers in  spikes,  perfect,  naked,  having  neither  corolla  nor  calyx.  Stamens  definite. 
Ovaries  3  to  5,  more  or  less  tmited.  Sseds  ascending.  Embryo  enclosed  in  a  eac 
(amnios),  outside  of  hard,  mealy  albumen.  Fig.  264. 


ORDER  125.— PODOSTEMIACE^E.  657 

Genera  4,  species  7,  natives  of  China  and  North  America,  growing  in  marshes  and  pools. 
Properties    Unimportant. 

SAURITRUS,  L.  LIZARD-TAIL.  (Gr.  oavpa,  a  lizard,  oupa,  a  tail; 
alluding  to  the  form  of  the  inflorescence.)  Inflorescence  an  ament  or 
spike  of  1 -flowered  scales ;  stamens  6,  7,  8  or  more ;  anthers  adnate  to 
the  filaments;  ovaries  4;  berries  4,  1-seeded. —  2£  St.  angular.  Lvs. 
cordate,  acuminate,  petiolate. 

S.  cernuus  "Willd. — Common  in  marshes,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  H  to  2f  high,  weak, 
furrowed.  Lvs.  4  to  6'  long  and  half  as  wide,  smooth  and  glaucous,  with  promi- 
nent veins  beneath  and  on  petioles  1  to  2'  long.  Spikes  slender,  drooping  at 
summit,  longer  than  the  leaf.  Scales  tubular,  cleft  above,  white.  Fls.  very  small 
and  numerous,  sessile,  consisting  only  of  the  long  stamens,  and  the  ovaries  with 
their  recurved  stigmas.  JL,  Aug. 

ORDER  CXXIY.     CALLITRICIIACE^E.     STARWORT. 

Herbs  aquatic,  small,  with  opposite,  simple,  entire  leaves.  Flowers  axillary,  soli- 
tary, very  minute,  polygamous,  achlamydeous,  with  2  colored  bracts.  Stamen  1, 
rarely  2 ;  filament  slender ;  anthers  1-celled,  2-valved,  reniform.  Ovary  4-celled, 
4-lobed ;  ovules  solitary.  Styles  2 ;  stigmas  simple  points.  Fruit  1-celled,  4-seeded, 
indehiscent.  Seeds  peltate,  albuminous. 

Genus  1,  species  G,  growing  in  stagnant  waters,  both  of  Europe  and  America. 

CALLIT'RICHE,  L.  (Gr.  KaM?,  beautiful,  0pl£  rp^o?,  hair;  allud- 
ing to  the  slender  stems.)  Character  the  same  as  that  of  the  order. — (I) 

1  C.  verna  L.    Floating ;  Ivs.  obovate-spatulate,   3-nerved,  the  lower  more  narrow 
or  linear ;  fls.  subsessile  ;   bracts  2,  longer  than  the  ovary  •  fr.  obtusely  margined, 
obcordate. — A  little  aquatic,  common  in  pools  and  ditches.     Sts.  numerous,  slen- 
der, consisting  of  2  tubes,  8  to  12  to  20'  long,  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water. 
Lvs.  4  to  6"  long,  with  the  tapering  base,  \  to  2"  wide,  the  floating  broadest. 
The  fls.  solitary,  rarely  2  in  the  axil,  the  outer  a  stamen  only.    Bracts  white.    Sta- 
men posterior,  yellow,  styles  2,  filiform,  anterior.     Caps.  -£•''  long,   suboval.    Apr. 
— JL     (C.  intermedia  Willd.     C.  heterophylla  Ph.     C.  aquatica  Bw.) 

2  C.  atituixiiialis  L.     Floating',  Ivs.  all  linear,  \-nerved,   or  the  highest  linear- 
spatulate  ;  fls.  subsessilo  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovary  or  none ;  fr.  oval,  acutely 
margined. — In  similar  situations  with  the  first,  S.  States,  less  common.     Sts.  1  to 
2f  long.     Lvs.  5  to  7"  long,  often  bifid,  a  few  of  the  highest  3-veined.     May — 
Sept.     (C.  linearis  Ph.) 

3  C.  terrestris  Raf.     Sts.  short,   diffuse,  prostrate ;  Ivs.  very  small,   oblong,  all 
similar ,  fls.  sessile,  2-bracted ;  fruit  broader  than  long,  deeply  obcordate,  2-winged 
on  the  margins. — A  much  smaller  species,  on  the  muddy  borders  of  ponds,  cover- 
ing the  surface.     Sts.  1  to  2'  long.     Lvs.  1  to  2"  long,     Fr.  £"  long.    Jn. — Aug. 
(C.  brevifolia  Ph.     C.  platycarpa  Kutz.) 

ORDER  CXXV.     PODOSTEMIACEJE.     THREADFOOTS. 

Herbs  aquatic  with  the  habit  of  seaweeds,  with  alternate,  dissected  leaves,  with 
flowers  minute,  perfect,  naked  or  with  3  sepals,  stamens  1  or  many,  hypogynous. 
Ovary  compound,  2  to  3-celled,  with  as  many  stigmas,  and  numerous  ovules.  Fruit 
a  many-seeded  capsule,  ribbed  and  somewhat  pedicelled.  Albumen  none. 

Genera  20,  species  100,  frequent  in  S.  America  and  E.  India,  1  only  in  N.  America.  Thej  all 
grow  in  running  water,  attached  to  stones  like  the  following  species. 

PODOSTEVMUM,  L.  C.  Rich.  THREADFOOT.  RIVER  WEED.  (Gr. 
rrovg,  rnxSof,  a  foot,  GTTftiuv  ;  the  stamens  being  apparently  on  a  com- 
mon foot-stalk,)  Stamens  2,  with  the  filaments  united  below  ;  ovary 

42 


(J53  ORDER  12G.— CERATOPHYLLACEJE. 

oblong-ovoid ;    stigmas  2,   sessile   recurved ;    capsule   2-celled ;    seeds 
minute. — Small,  submersed  herbs,  adhering  to  stones  and  pebbles. 

P.  ceratoph^Uaim  Mr.  Lvs.  dichotomously  dissected ;  fls.  solitary,  axillary. — 
Mid.  W.  and  S.  States,  in  shallow  streams.  St.  a  few  inches  long,  usually  desti- 
tute of  roots  and  attached  to  stones  by  lateral,  fleshy  processes.  Lvs.  numerous, 
olive-green,  alternate,  coriaceous,  divided  into  many  long,  linear-setaceous  seg- 
ments. Fls.  on  short,  thick  peduncles,  the  2  stamens  and  styles  at  length  burst- 
ing through  the  lacerated  calyx.  Jl.  (Lacis  ceratophylla  Bougard.) 

ORDER  CXXVI.     CERATOPHYLLACE^E.     HORNWORTS. 

Herbs  aquatic,  with  verticillate,  dichotomously  dissected  leaves.  Flowers  mo. 
poecious,  sessile,  axillary,  minute,  with  neither  corolla  nor  calyx.  Involucre  8  to  12- 
cleft.  $  Anthers  (12  to  24)  sessile.  $  A  simple,  1-celled  ovary.  Seed  suspended, 
orthotropous,  embryo  with  2  pairs  of  cotyledons. 

Genus  1  only,  with  6?  species,  in  the  streams  and  pools  of  tho  northern  hemisphere. 
Properties — Unimportant. 

CERATOPHYL'LUM,  L.  HORNWORT.  (Gr.  Kepag,  a  horn,  ^v-Uov, 
a  leaf;  alluding  to  the  horn-like  divisions  of  the  leaves.)  Character 
the  same  as  that  of  the  Order. 

C.  demersum  L.  Lvs.  6  to  8  in  a  whorl,  doubly  dichotomous,  dentate-spines- 
cent  on  the  back ;  fls.  axillary ;  fr.  3-spined.- —  2{  An  aquatic  weed  in  ditches,  etc., 
N.  Y.  to  Va,,  TV.  to  111.  St.  floating  or  prostrate,  8  to  16'  long,  filiform,  with 
numerous  whorls  of  leaves.  These  are  dichotomously  divided  into  2  or  more 
narrow,  stiff  segments.  Fls.  minute,  axillary,  sessile,  with  sessile  anthers.  Fr. 
an  oblong,  beaked  capsule,  with  1  seed.  Jl. — Sept. 


FIG.  C92.  Taxus  Canad6nsis— naked  seeds. 


ORDER  127.— CONIFERS.  059 


CLASS  II.     GYMNOSPEEM^. 

EXOGENOUS  plants  with  chiefly  parallel-veined  leaves,  always 
diclinous,  with  the  flowers  very  incomplete.  Pistils  none,  or 
represented  by  open  scales.  Ovules  axillary  or  naked,  fertilized 
by  the  direct  application  of  the  pollen,  becoming  at  maturity 
naked  seeds,  destitute  of  a  true  pericarp.  Cotyledons  often 
more  than  2.  This  Class  constitutes  the 

COHOET  4.     CONOIDEJE. 

ORDER  CXXVII.     CONIFERS.     CONIFERS. 

Trees  or  shrubs  mostly  evergreen,  abounding  with  a  resinous  juice.  Leaves  scat- 
tered or  fascicled,  acerous,  linear  or  lanceolate,  parallel-veined.  Flowers  monoecious 
or  dioecious,  achlamydeous,  in  aments  or  cones.  $  Stamens  1,  or  several  united. 
$  Ovary,  style  and  stigma  wanting.  Ovules  1  or  several  at  the  base  of  the  car- 
pellary  scale.  Fruit  a  strobile  (cone),  woody  with  the  scales  distinct,  or  baccate 
with  the  scales  fleshy  and  coherent.  Illust.  in  Figs.  46,  S.  87,  152,  153,  367,  449, 
468,  579. 

Genera  20,  species  110,  natives  of  all  climates,  but  most  abundant  in  the  temperate  zones, 
those  of  the  southern,  however,  very  different  from  the  pines,  spruces,  larches  and  cedars  of  tho 
northern. 

Properties. — Few  orders  can  be  named,  which  are  of  more  importance  to  mankind,  whether  in 
reference  to  their  invaluable  timber  or  their  resinous  secretions.  Turpentine,  tar,  pitch  and  resin, 
are  the  product  of  the  pines.  Burgundy  pitch  is  yielded  by  Pinns  sylvestris  of  Europe;  Vene- 
tian turpentine,  by  the  Larix  ;  oil  of  Savin  by  Juniperus  Sabina  of  Europe,  etc.  In  stature  the 
Coniterfe  are  the  loftiest  of  all  trees.  Pinus  strobus,  arises  often  200f.  Araucaria  irabricata  of 
Chili  250f,  and  Sequoya  gigantca  of  California  400f. 

SUBORDERS   AND  GENERA. 

I.  ABIETINEJ3.     ?  Scales  many,  each  subtended  by  a  bract,  with  2  inverted  ovules 
(their  micropylc  turned  downwards)  at  the  base  inside.    Seeds  winged.  (*) 

*  Leaves  evergreen,  fasciculate  in  clusters  of  2  to  5 PINTTS.  1 

*  Leaves  evergreen,  separate,  scattered ABIES.  2 

*  Leaves  deciduous,  many  in  the  fascicles  on  short  lateral  branchlcts LAEIX.  S 

II.  CUPRESSINE^.     ?  Scales  few,  bractless,  each  with  2  to  8  erect  ovules.  (*) 

*  Flowers  monoecious.    Fruit  a  woody  cone  opening  at  maturity,  (a) 

a  Leaves  evergreen,  scale-like.    Cone-scales  oblong,  loose,  flattish,  2-ovuled Tnr/JA.  4 

a  Leaves  evergreen,  scale-like  or  subulate.    Cone-scales  peltate,  angular OUPBESSUS.  5 

a  Leaves  deciduous,  linear,  2-rowed.     Cone-scales  peltate,  angular TAXODIUM.  6 

*  Flowers  dioecious.    Fruit  a  fleshy  cone,  the  scales  consolidated,  berry-like. .  JCXIPEBUS.  T 

i.  PIVNUS,  L.  PINE.  (Celtic  pin  or  pen,  a  rock  or  crag;  from  the 
locality  of  many  species.)  Flowers  monoecious.  $  Aments  clustered, 
terminal;  stamens  GO,  with,  2  cells  and  a  scale-like  connective;  pollen 
grains  triple.  ?  Aments  conical  or  cylindric,  the  carpellary  scales 
bracted,  each  bearing  on  its  base  within  2  inverted  ovules ;  strobile  com- 
posed of  the  imbricated  hardened  scales  which  are  often  thickened  or 
awned  at  the  tip;  seeds  nut-like,  winged  ;  cotyledons  3  to  12,  linear. — 
Trees  with  evergreen,  acerous  Ivs.  in  fascicles  of  2  to  5,  each  fascicle 
subtended  and  invested  by  a  membranous  scale  or  leaf.  (Fig.  152.) 


(560  ORDER  127. — CONIFEKJ2. 

§  Leaves  fascicled  in  5s.     Cone  scales  not  thickened  at  the  end,  unarmed No.  \ 

§  Leaves  in  8s.    Cone  scales  at  the  end  thickened  and  prickly  or  spin}- Nos.  2—4 

I  Leaves  in  2s  (rarely  Ss).— Scales  at  the  end  thickened  and  spiny Nos.  5—7 

—Scales  at  the  end  thickened,  but  unarmed Nos.  8,  9 

1  P.  strobus  L.     WHITE  PINE.     WEYMOUTH   PINE.     Lvs.  in  5s,  slender,  with 
very  short  sheaths ;  cones  solitary,  cylindric,  loose,  pendant  longer  than  the  Ivs. — 
A  most  majestic  and  useful  forest  tree.     Can.,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.  and  Wis.     The 
trunk  is  perfectly  straight,  covered  with  a  comparatively  smooth  bark,  and,  in 
some  instances,  5 — 7f  in  diameter,  and  80  to  lOOf  in  height  without  a  limb ;  then, 
sending  out  a  few  branches,  it  forms  a  tufted  head  far  above  the  surrounding 
forest.     Branches  whorled  only  in  the  young  trees.     Leaves  about  4'  long,  nume- 
rous, slender,  of  a  bluish  green,  forming  an  extremely  soft  and  delicate  foliage. 
Wood  soft,  fine-grained,  easily  wrought,  very  durable,  used  in  immense  quantities 
in  architecture.     The  large  trunks  are  in  particular  sought  for  the  masts  of  ships. 
May. 

2  P.  palustris  Lamb.     LONO-LEAVED  OK  BROOM  PINE.     Lvs.  in  3s,  very  long, 
crowded  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  with  elongated,  ragged,  half-persistent  sheaths  ; 
cone  subcylindrical,  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves  •  scales  tipped  with  small,  recurved 
spines. — N.  Car.  to  Fla.,  very  abundant  and  valuable.    The  trunk  is  15  to  20'  diam., 
arising  with  a  slight  diminution  40  or  50f  to  the  branches,  thence  20  to  40f  to 
the  summit    Bark  slightly  furrowed.    Lvs.  dark  green,  10  to  15'  in  length.    Buds 
very  long,  whitish.     Sterile  aments  violet  colored,  2'  long.     Cone  8  to  10'  long. 
Sds.  with  a  thin  white  testa.     Timber  strong,  compact,  resinous  and  durable, 
used  at  the  south  in  vast  quantities.    The  young  trees  look  like  Irooms.    The  old 
are  festooned  with  the  long  moss.     They  yield  nearly  all  the  turpentine  and  resin 
of  commerce.     As  fuel  it  burns  with  fragrance,  splendor  and  heat. 

3  P.  Taeda  L.     LOBLOLLY  PINE.    OLD-FIELD  PINE.    Lvs.  in  3s,  long,  light  green, 
with  long,  subentire  sheaths ;  cones  oblong-ovoid,  deflexed,  half  as  long  as  the  leaves, 
the  scales  tipped  with  a  short  infiexed  spine. — Abundant  in  pine  woods  and  sandy 
fields  as  a  second  growth,  Va.  to  Fla.     A  tall  tree,  50  to  80  or  even  lOOf  high, 
with  a  wide-spreading  summit.     Bark  thick  and  very  rugged.     Lvs.  6  to  10'  long, 
rigid,  sheaths  blackish,  6"  long.     Sterile  aments  1'  long,  densely  clustered,  light- 
reddish.     Cones  3  to  5'  long. — Less  valuable  for  turpentine  or  timber  than  P. 
palustris,  but  equally  excellent  as  fuel  and  light. 

ft.  SEROTINA.  POND  PINE.  Cone  ovoid,  thick  (as  large  as  a  goose  egg),  pol- 
ished and  shining,  nearly  unarmed.  Tree  smaller. 

4  P.  rigida  Miller.     PITCH  PINE.     Lvs.  in  3s,  rigid,  with  short  sheaths;   cones 
pyramidal-ovoid,  clustered;  scales  with  short,  thick,  reflexed  spines. — Common  in 
barren,  sandy  plains,  which  it  often  exclusively  occupies.    It  is  of  moderate  height 
at  the  north  (25  to  30f),  but  attains  a  great  height  (40  to  70f)  in  the  S.  States. 
The  trunk,  which  is  seldom  straight,  is  covered  with  a  very  thick  and  rough  bark 
cleft  with  deep  furrows.     Lvs.  4  to  6'  long.     Cones  usually  several  together,  2 
to  3'  long.     The  wood  is  heavy  with  resin,  is  used  in  architecture  for  flooring, 
and  in  ship-building,  and  is  excellent  as  fuel  for  steam  engines. 

5  P.  mitis  MX.     YELLOW  PINE.     SPRUCE  PINE.     Lvs.  in  pairs  (sometimes  in 
3s),  slender,  channeled,  with  elongated  sheaths,  scattered  all  over  the  branchlets; 
cones  not  generally  clustered,  oblong-ovoid,  half  the  length  of  the  shortish  Ivs. ; 
scales  with  a  short,  weak,  slightly  incurved  prickle. — Widely  diffused  throughout 
the  country.     A  tree  of  slow  growth,  30  to  50  to  8 Of  high.     Bark  rough,  broken 
into  broad  plates.     Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  bluish  green,  in  3s  on  young  trees  or  the 
more  vigorous  shoots.     Cones  18  to  30"  long,  rugged  with  the  projecting  point 
of  the  scales.     Timber  close-grained,  moderately  resinous,  used  in  immense  quan- 
tities for  all  kinds  of  architecture. 

/?.  ?  PAUPERA.  Bark  smoother  than  the  pines  in  general,  the  branches  resem- 
bling those  of  the  beech ;  Ivs.  short,  (3  to  4')  and  thinly  scattered ;  cones 
smaller  than  a  hen's  egg,  with  minute,  straightish  spines;  barren  aments 
6"  long.— Ga.  Tree  40  to  50f  high.  (P.  glaber  Walt.  ?) 

6  P.  pungens  MX.     SOUTHERN  MOUNTAIN  PINE.     Lvs.  in  pairs,  short,  rigid,  acute, 
somewhat  channeled,  rough-edged;  sheatlis  very  short;  cones  ovoid,  longer  than 
the  leaves;  scales  tipped  with  a  long,  recurved  and  hooked  spine. — Lookout  Mt.  I 
Tenn.  and  Table  Mt,  Grandfather  Mt  &c.,  N.  Car.  and  Va.     Tree  with  rough 


ORDER  127.— CONIFERS.  C61 

and  scaly  bark,  gnarled  spreading  branches,  20  to  30f  high.  Lvs.  18  to  30"  long-, 
cones  finally  2  to  3'  long,  the  spines  fully  3''  long,  the  points  hooked.  In  the 
young  cones  the  spines  aro  projecting,  with  the  points  hooked.  Branchlets  bluish 
red.  °Resembles  the  next. 

7  P.  inops  Ait.     JERSEY  or  SCRUB  PINE.    Lvs.  in  pairs,  rather  short,  obtuse,  rigid, 
channeled  above,  terete  beneath,  margins  obscurely  serrulate;  cones  recurved, 
ovoid-oblong,  as  long  as  the  leaves ;  scales  compact,  obtuse  at  base,  with  a  straight, 
subulate  prickle. — A  tree  15 — 25f  high,  on  barrens  in  the  Middle  States.    Branches 
straggling,  and,  with  the  trunk,  covered  with  a  rough,  blackish  bark.     Branchlets 
glaucous.     Leaves  1 — 2'  long.     The  wood  abounds  in  resin.     May. 

8  P.  resinosa  AIT.     NORWAY  PIKE.     RED  PIKE.     Lvs.  in  pairs,  channeled  elon- 
gated, with  elongated  sheaths ;  cones  ovoid-conic,  rounded  at  the  base,  subsolitary, 
about  half  as  long  as  the  Ivs. ;  scales  without  spines,  dilated  in  the  middle. — It 
abounds  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  U.  S.  and  in  Canada,  attaining  the  height 
of  SOf,  with  a  trunk  of  2f  in  diameter,  very  straight  and  uniform.     Bark  smoother, 
and  of  a  clearer  red  than  other  pines.     Leaves  chiefly  collected  towards  the  ends 
of  the  branches,  always  in  pairs,  5 — 8'  in  length,  the  sheaths  G  to  12".     Timber 
fine-grained,  resinous,  strong  and  durable.     May.     (P.  rubra,  MX.) 

9  P.  Banksiana   Lambert.     SCRUB  PINE.     Lvs.  in  pairs,  rigid,  curved,  short, 
acute,  terete  upon  the  back  and  channeled  above,  margins  somewhat  scabrous ; 
cones  ovate-acuminate,  recurved,  tortuous,   longer  than  the  Ivs.,  scales  without 
spines,  obtuse,   smooth. — A  small  tree,  with  long,  spreading,  flexible  branches, 
abounding  in  barrens,  in  Me.  to  Wis.  and  British  America.     Leaves  about  an  inch 
in  length.     Cones  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves,  usually  in  pairs.  Apr.,  May. 
(P.  ruprestris  MX.) 

2.  A'BIES,  Tourn.  SPRUCE  FIR.  $  Aments  axillary,  clustered  to 
wards  the  ends  of  the  branches  *,  $  scales  of  the  cone  thin,  flat,  not 
thickened  nor  spine-pointed  at  the  end  ;  seeds  with  a  persistent  wing  ; 
cotyledons  3  to  9. — Trees  with  evergreen,  solitary,  scattered  Ivs.  never 
sheathed  at  base.  (Fig.  46,  S.) 

§  Cones  erect,  bracts  conspicuous  with  the  scales.    Leaves  flat,  whitened  beneath ....  Nos.  1,  2 

§  Cones  pendant,  bracts  inconspicuous. — Scales  rounded  and  entire  at  tip. Nos.  3,  4 

— Scales  eroded  or  dentate  at  tip Nos.  5,  6 

1  A.  balsamea  Marshall    FIR  BALSAM.    Lvs.  linear,  flat,  obtuse,  glaucous-silvery 
beneath ;  cones  cylindric,  large  (3  to  4'  long) ;  scales  broad,  compact ;  bracts  obovate, 
mucronate,  slightly  projecting. — A  beautiful  evergreen,  common  in  humid  forests  of 
the  northern  U.  S.  and  Can.     Branches  nearly  horizontal,   gradually  becoming 
shorter  upwards,  forming  a  regularly  pyramidal  head.     The  Ivs.  are  little  longer 
than  those  of  the  hemlock  (8  to  10"  long)  spirally  arranged,  bright  green  above, 
silvery  white  beneath.      Cones   1'  thick,  bluish   purple  when  growing.     Bark 
smooth,  abounding  in  reservoirs  filled  with  a  resin  or.  balsam  which  is  considered 
a  valuable  medicine.     May.     (Pinus,  L.  Picea  MX.) 

2  A.  Fraseri  Ph.     DOUBLE   FIB  BALSAM.     Lvs.   flat,  glaucous  beneath,  linear^ 
often  emarginate,  subsecund,  erect  above;  cone  ovoid-oblong,  erect,  very  small! 
bracts  elongated,  reflexed,  oblong-cuneate,   emarginate,  briefly  mucronate,  incisely 
toothed. — Smaller  tree  than  the  last,  much  resembling  it  in  habit,  in  Mts.  K  Eng. 
to  Car.     Lvs.  3"  long,  and  much  crowded.     Cones  1  to  2'  long  when  mature,  sin- 
gularly distinguished  by  the  long-pointed,  violet-colored,  reflexed  bracts.     Sterilo 
amenta  terminal     May. — A  highly  ornamented  shade  tree. 

3  A.  Canadensis  MX.   HEMLOCK.   Lvs.  linear,  fiat,  obscurely  denticulate,  glaucous 
beneath,  in  2  rows ;  cones  ovoid,  terminal,  scarcely  longer  than  the  kaves ;  scales 
rounded,  entire. — A  well  known  evergreen  inhabitant  of  rocky,   mountainous 
woods  Brit.  Am.  to  Car.  and  Wis.,  commonly  attaining  the  height  of  10 — SOf.  The 
trunk  is  large  in  proportion,  straight,  covered  with  a  rough  bark.     Branches  brit- 
tle and  nearly  horizontal,  with  pubescent  twigs.     Leaves  6 — 8"  in  length,  less 
than   1"  wide,  arranged  in  2  opposite  rows.     Cones  very  small.     Wood  soft, 
elastic,  cf  a  coarse,  loose  texture,  not  much  valued  for  timber.     The  bark  is  ex- 
tensively used  in  tanning.     May.     (Pinus,  L.) 

4  A.  alba  MX.     WHITE  OR  SINGLE  SPRUCE.    Lvs.  &-sided,  incurved;  cones  lax, 


OC2  ORDER  127.— CONIFERS. 

pendulous,  subcylindric,  with  entire,  broadly  obovate,  somewhat  2-lobed  scales. — 
Very  abundant  in.  humid  and  rocky  woods,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Wis.  Height  50f. 
Trunk  1  to  2f  diara.  at  the  base,  regularly  diminishing  upwards.  Lower  branches 
longest,  the  others  becoming  gradually  shorter  upwards.  Lvs.  £  to  f '  long,  placed 
on  all  sides  of  the  branches.  Cones  small.  The  timber  is  useful  in  the  frames  of 
buildings,  &c.  May.  (Pinus,  Ait.) 

5  A.  nigra  MX.  BLACK  OR  DOUBLE  SPRUCE.  Lvs.  4-cornered,  scattered,  straight 
erect ;  cones  ovoid,  pendulous ;  scales  elliptical-obovate,  erosety  dentate  at  the  edge,  erect. 
— Abounds  in  the  the  northern  U.  S.  and  Can.,  where  dark,  mountain  forests,  aro 
often  wholly  composed  of  it.  It  is  a  large  tree,  70 — 80f  high,  with  a  straight 
trunk  and  a  lofty  pyramidal  head.  The  leaves  thickly  cover  the  branches,  dark 
green,  little  more  than  £'  in  length.  Cones  1 — 2'  long.  Timber  light,  strong, 
elastic,  much  used  in  architecture.  That  salutary  beverage,  spruce  beer,  is  made 
from  the  young  branches.  May.  (Pinus  L.) 

6  A.  excelsa  DC.  NORWAY  SPRUCE.  Branches  pendulous;  Ivs.  elongated, 
somewhat  2-ranked ;  cones  long,  cylindrical,  pendulous ;  scales  broad,  with  a 
slightly  projecting  and  2-toothed  apex. — Parks  and  shrubberies.  A  tall  stately 
evergreen  with  dense  and  dark  green  foliage.  Lvs.  about  1'  long,  crowded. 
Cones  very  showy,  and  elegant,  5  to  8'  long,  more  than  1'  diam. — It  grows  luxu- 
riantly, and  is  a  finer  tree  than  any  of  our  native  species,  f  N.  Eur. 

3.  LA'RIX,    Tourn.      LARCH.      TAMARACK.     Amcnts   scattered   all 
over  the  brandies,  bud-like  ;    $  anthers  2-celled,  cells   opening  length- 
wise, with  simple  pollen  grains  ;   $  cones  erect,  oval  or  roundish,  scales 
colored,  persistent ;  seeds  with  a  proper  wing. — Lvs.  deciduous,  acerous, 
soft,  scattered,  and  in  axillary,  many-leaved  fascicles.   • 

1  L.  Americana  MX.  Lvs.  filiform,  very  slender ;  cones  ovoid,  inclining  upwards 
even  when  the  branches  are  pendulous ;  scales  few,  thin  and  injlexed  on  the  mar- 
gin; bracts  elliptical,  often  hollowed  at  the  sides,  abruptly  acuminate  with  a 
slender  point. — A  beautiful  tree,  often  seen  in  shrubberies,  and  thinly  interspersed 
in  forests,  Can.  to  Penn.  and  Wis.  It  is  remarkably  distinguished  from  the  pines 
by  its  deciduous  leaves,  the  branches  being  bare  nearly  half  the  year.  The  tree 
arises  80 — lOOf,  with  a  straight  and  slender  trunk  and  horizontal  branches. 
Leaves  1 — 2'  long,  collected  in  bunches  of  12 — 20  on  the  sides  of  the  branches. 
Cones  deep  purple,  6  to  10"  long.  "Wood  most  valuable  being  very  heavy,  strong 
and  durable.  Apr.,  May. 

/?.  PENDULA.  Branches  slender  and  drooping. — A  beautiful  variety.  (P.  pen- 
dula  Ait.) 

2  L.  Europsea  DC.  "WHITE  LARCH.  Lvs.  flattish,  filiform-linear ;  cones  ob- 
long, scales  slightly  refltxed  on  the  margin. — Rarely  cultivated.  Tree  much  re- 
sembling No.  1,  of  more  rapid  growth,  GO  to  SOf  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  cones 
about  1'.  f  Eur. 

4.  THtTJA,    Tourn.     ARBOR  YIT^E.     (Gr.    Ovu,  to    sacrifice ;    the 
wood  is  fragrant  in  burning  and  was  used  in  sacrifice.)     Flowers  8  . — 

$  In  an  imbricated  ament ;  anther  cells  4  on  each  scale-like  connectile  ; 
$  flowers  in  a  cone,  scales  few,  each  bearing  2  erect  ovules  at  the  base 
inside  ;  seed  winged ;  integument  membranous  ;  cotyledons  2. — Trees 
or  shrubs.  Lvs.  evergreen,  scale-like,  imbricate  and  apprcssed  to  the 
ancipital  branchlcts. 

1  T.  occidentalis  L.  Branchlets  spreading;  Ivs.  imbricate  in  4  rows,  rhom- 
boid-ovate, tuberculate  on  the  back;  cones  oblong,  the  inner  scales  truncated  and  gib- 
bous below  the  Tip. — This  tree  is  often  called  white  cedar,  and  from  its  resemblance 
might  easily  be  mistaken  for  the  Cupressus  thyoides.  It  abounds  in  the  northern 
U.  S.  and  Can.  on  the  rocky  borders  of  streams  and  lakes,  and  in  swamps.  It 
has  a  crooked  trunk,  rapidly  diminishing  in  size  upwards,  throwing  out  branches 
from  base  to  summit.  The  evergreen  foliage  consists  of  branchlets  much  more 
fiat  and  broad  than  those  of  the  White  Cedar.  Cones  terminal,  consisting  of  a 
few  long,  loose  scales.  Wood  very  light,  soft  and  durable.  May. 


ORDER  127.— CONIFERS.  6C3 

2  T.  orientals  L.  Branches  erect ;  Ivs.  slightly  furrowed  in  the  middle, 
cones  erect,  roundish  or  obovoid ;  scales  acute,  recurved  or  spreading  at  Hie  points. — 
Cultivated  shrubs  or  small  trees  much  branched.  The  flattened,  fan-shaped  rami- 
fications vertical,  not  horizontal  as  in  the  other,  \  China. 

5.  CUPRES'SUS,    Tourn.     CYPRESS.     (From   the   Isle   of    Cyprus, 
where  the  Cypress  is  very  abundant.)     Flowers  8  . —  $   in  an   ovoid 
ament ;  anthers  4,  sessile  at  the  base  of  the  peltate    scales  ;    $  in  a 
strobile  (cone) ;    scales   peltate,  bearing   4   to   8,   erect  (orthotropous) 
ovulus  at  base  inside ;  seed  angular,  compressed  ;  integuments  mem- 
branous ;  cotyledons  2  or  3. — Trees  with  evergreen,  flat,  squamous,  im- 
bricated Ivs.     Fertile  aments  becoming  indurated  cones. 

C  thyoides  MX.  WHITE  CEDAR.  Branchlets  compressed ;  Ivs.  imbricate  in  4 
rows,  ovate,  tuberculate  at  base ;  cones  spherical. — N".  Eng.  (from  Winchendon 
Mass.)  to  Ga.  "W.  to  0.  It  usually  occurs  in  swamps,  which  it  densely  and  ex- 
clusively occupies.  Height  40 — 60f.  The  leaves  consist  of  short,  minute,  ever- 
green scales,  covering  the  finely  divided  branchlets,  in  4  imbricated  rows,  and 
each  one  furnished  with  a  minute  gland  or  tubercle  on  the  back.  The  wood  is 
white,  fine-grained,  and  wonderfully  light,  soft,  and  durable.  Used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  shingles,  pails,  fences,  &c.  Posts  made  of  this  cedar  it  is  said  will 
last  50  years.  May. 

6.  TAXO'DIUM,  Richard.     BALD  CYPRESS.     (Gr.   rd%og,   the  yew, 
hdog,  form  ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  foliage.)     Flowers  8  . —  $ 
Aments  in  terminal,  panicled  spikes ;  stamens  few,  scale-like,   peltate, 
bearing  2  to  5  anther  cells.      $  Cones  sessile  in  pairs,  roundish,  placed 
below  the  sterile  ;  scales  numerous,  bearing  2  ovules  at  the  base,  becom- 
ing thick,  angular,  peltate  2-seeded  in  fruit ;  cotylendos  6  to  9. — Trees 
with  deciduous,  linear  Ivs.  arranged  in  2  rows. 

T.  distychum  Rich.  Lvs.  distychous ;  flat,  deciduous  with  the  slender  branchlets. 
— One  of  the  largest  trees  of  the  forest,  native  of  N.  J.  to  Mex.  It  grows  in 
wet  soils,  forming  what  is  called  the  cypress  or  cedar  swamps  of  the  S.  States. 
The  trunk  arises  to  the  height  of  125f,  with  a  circumference  of  25  to  40f,  above 
the  conical  base,  usually  of  smaller  dimensions.  The  enormous  roots  produce 
large,  conical  excrescences  covered  with  bark  but  leafless,  1  to  3f  high.  The 
head  is  wide-spread  and  often  depressed.  Foliage  light  green  and  open.  Cones 
1'  diam.,  composed  of  the  indurated,  combined  scales.  Timber  light,  fine-grained 
and  durable,  f 

7.  JUNIP'ERUS,  L.     JUNIPER.     (Celtic,  juneprus,  rough  or  rude.) 
Flowers  $    $  ,  rarely  <9  . —  $  Ament  ovate  ;  scales  verticillate,  peltate, 
each  with  4  to  7  anther  cells  at  base.     ?  Ament  globous  ;  scales  few, 
united  at  base,   concave ;  ovules   1,   rarely  more,  at  the  base  of  each 
scale  ;  berry  formed  of  the  enlarged,  fleshy  scales  containing  2 — 3  bony 
seeds  ;  cotyledons  2. — -Trees  or  shrubs.    Lvs.  evergreen,  mostly  acerous, 
opposite  or  in  whorls  of  3. 

1  J.  commtinis  L.     COMMON  JUNIPER.     (Fig.  153.)    Lvs.  ternate,  spreading,  sub- 
ulate, mucronate,  longer  than  the  berry. — Can.  to  N".  J.  and  Wis.     A  shrub,  with 
numerous,  prostrate  branches,  growing  in  dry  woods  and  hills,  often  arising  in  a 
Blender  pyramid,  6 — 8f  high  (rarely  arboreous  Bobbins).     Leaves  arranged  in 
whorls  of  3,  5—8"  long,  acerosc-lanceolate,  ending  in  a  sharp,  bristly  point,  chan- 
neled and  glaucous  on  the  mid  vein  above,  keeled  and  green  below.     Barren  flow- 
ers in  small,  axillary  aments  or  cones ;  fertile  ones  on  a  distinct  shrub,  small,  axil- 
lary, sessile.     Berries  roundish,  oblong,  dark  blue,  ripening  the  second  year  from 
the  flower.    They  are  then  sweetish,  with  a  taso  of  turpentine.    In  medicine  they 
are  diuretic  and  cordial.     May. 

2  J.  Virginiana.     RED  CEJ>AR.     Upper  Ivs.  imbricate  in  ±-rows,  ovate-lanceolate, 
pungently  acute,  oppressed,  older  ones  acerous,  cuspidate,  spreading ;  trunk  arbore- 


664  ORDER  128.— TAXACE^E. 

oug. — Found  throughout  the  U.  S.,  but  chiefly  in  the  maritime  parts,  growing  in 
dry,  rocky  places.  It  is  a  tree  of  middle  size,  sending  out  numerous,  horizontal 
branches.  Leaves  dark  green,  the  younger  ones  small,  ovate  acute,  scale-like, 
overlving  each  other  in  4  rows,  upon  the  subdivided  branchlets ;  the  older  ones 
6''  long.  Flowers  inconspicuous,  the  staminate  in  oblong,  terminal  aments,  3" 
long;  the  fertile  on  separate  trees,  producing  small,  bluish  berries  covered  with  a 
white  powder.  "Wood  reddish,  very  light,  durable,  used  in  making  drawing  pen- 
cils, etc.  Apr.,  May. 
/?.  PROSTRATA.  Lvs.  ovate,  submucronate,  glandular  in  the  middle,  appressed ; 

berries  tubercular ;  st.  prostrate,  creeping. — A  shrub,  on  gravelly  shores,  with. 

creeping  branches  4 — 8f  long. 

ORDER  CXXVIII.     TAXACE^E.     YEWS. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  narrow,  parallel-veined  or  broad  fork-veined  leaves,  and  the 
flowers  diclinous,  achlamydeous,  surrounded  with  imbricated  bracts.  $  Flowers 
several  together,  each  consisting  of  one  or  several  coherent  anthers.  ?  Flowers 
solitary  or  clustered,  each  consisting  of  a  single  naked  ovule,  terminal  or  axillary. 
Fruit  a  solitary  seed  usually  surrounded  at  base  by  a  fleshy  cupule.  Fig.  421. 

Genera  9,  species  50,  generally  natives  of  the  temperate  regions. 

1.  TAX'US,  To  urn.  YEW.  (Gr.  rdt;ov,  an  arrow ;  arrows  were 
formerly  poisoned  with  the  juice  of  the  Yew  tree.)  Flowers  $  $  or 
8 ,  axillary,  surrounded  with  numerous  scales.  $  Aments  globular, 
composed  of  8  to  10  stamens;  anthers  peltate,  6  to  8-celled,  cells  de- 
hiscent beneath.  ?  Flowers  solitary,  consisting  of  a  single  ovule,  be- 
coming in  fruit  a  seed  nearly  enclosed  in  a  pulpy  cupule. — Trees  or 
shrubs,  with  evergreen,  linear,  alternate  Ivs. 

1.  T.  Canadensis  L.  DWARF  YEW.  GROUND  HEMLOCK.  (Fig.  421.)  Shrub 
low  or  prostrate ;  Ivs.  linear,  mucronate,  2-ranked,  revolute  on  the  margin ;  sterile 
ament  globous ;  drupes  depressed-globous,  open  at  top. — A  small  evergreen  shrub 
with  the  general  aspect  of  a  dwarf  hemlock  spruce  (Firms  Canadensis).  It  grows 
on  thin  rocky  soils  in  shady  places,  2  to  3f  high,  Can.  to  Penn.  and  Ky.  Lvs. 
nearly  an  inch  long,  arranged  in  2  opposite  rows  on  the  sides  of  the  branchlets. 
Staminate  flowers  in  small,  roundish,  axillary  heads.  Drupes  coralline-red,  con- 
cave or  open  at  the  summit,  displaying  the  top  of  the  black  seed.  May. 
2  T.  baccata  L.  ENGLISH  YEW.  Tree  of  low  stature,  attaining  a  great  size ; 
Ivs.  linear  and  spatulate-linear,  imbricated  all  around  the  young  branchlets,  finally 
spreading  and  distichous ;  fr.  oblong-oval  or  somewhat  bell-shaped,  open  at  the 
top. — Trees  attaining  great  age  in  England,  with  short,  huge  trunks  and  wide- 
spread branches,  f 

2.  TORRE'YA,  Arnott.     (Dedicated  to  Prof.  John  Torrey,  of  New 
York.) — Flowers  8  . —  $  Aments  oblong,  many-flowered,  bracts  at  base 
imbricated  in  4  rows ;  stamen  a  pedicellate  scale,  bearing  several  an- 
ther cells  at  base.     $  Ament  ovoid,  1 -flowered,  consisting  of  a  solitary 
ovule  surrounded  with  bracts ;  fruit  oblong-ovate,  a  nut-like  seed  en- 
closed in  a  thick,  fibro-fleshy  testa. — Small  evergreen  trees,  with  spread- 
ing branches  and  2-ranked,  linear  Ivs. 

T.  taxifolia  Am. — Along  the  Chattahoochee,  Mid.  Fla.,  and  cultivated  at  Quincy 
(by  Judge  Dupont).  Tree  15  to  30f  high.  Branches  ramifying  distichousiy  and 
horizontally.  Lvs.  dark  green,  shining,  very  acute,  mucronate-pungent,  margins 
revolute,  18"  long.  Drupe  near  1'  long,  with  a  brittle  epicarp. 

3.  SALISBUVRIA         adiantifolia  Smith,  is  occasionally  seen  in 
gardens  and  shrubberies,  called  Jingko,  in  Japan.     It  is  remarkably 
distinguished  by  its  broad,  fan-shaped,  fork-veined  petiolate  Ivs.     It  bo- 
comes  a  tree  40  to  80f  in  height,     f  Japan. 


ORDER  129.— CYC  AD  ACE  JE. 


ORDER  CXXIX.     CYCADACE^E.     CYCADES. 


665 


Trees  of  low  stature,  simple  trunks  with  the  internodes  undeveloped  and  the  sur- 
face scarred  with  the  fallen  leaves  which  were  pinnate,  parallel-veined,  circinate. 
Flowers  dioecious,  in  cones,  £  anther  covering  the  under  surface  of  the  connective. 
$  Scales  peltate,  scale-like  or  leaf-like,  bearing  naked  ovules  dorsal  or  marginal. 

Genera  7,  species  46,  chiefly  tropical.  The  Cycades  form  tho  connecting  link  between  tho 
Exogens  and  the  Cryptogamia. 

CYVCAS  revoluta,  a  palm-like  plant,  representing  this  order  endures 
the  winters  of  the  far  South,  and  is  frequent  in  the  greenhouses  of  tho 
North.  Its  long,  pinnate  leaves  are  all  clustered  at  the  summit  of  the 
short,  abrupt  trunk  which  is  tesselated  all  over  with  leaf-scars. 


12 


FIG.  693.— 1.  Branch  of  Thuja  occid 
a  zone  of  staminate  flowers.    3.  A  ca 


identalis,  with  strobiles.    2.  A  magnified   branchlet  with 

«  «.v,nv,  „»  otaiuiuuu,  uuwers.  a.  A  carpellary  scale  with  the  two  winged  seeds.  4.  A  vertical 
tranverse  section  of  one  of  tho  seeds,  showing  the  embryo,  &c.  5.  Tho  immature,  erect  ovules, 
b.  Une  of  the  ovules  enlarged,  showing  the  micropyle  at  top.  7.  Branch  of  Abies  Americana. 
«.  Scale,  with  the  bract.  9.  Scale  with  immature  ovules.  10.  Scale  with  ripe  seeds.  11.  A  pair 
>f  leaves  of  Pmus  resinosa.  12.  Anther  of  Pinus  sylvestris.  13.  Scale  of  the  cone,  with  the 
ovules  turned  downward.  14.  Staminate  scale  of  Cupressus,  with  pollen.  15.  Fertilo  scale,  with 


QQQ  ORDER  130.—  PALM  ACE^E. 


PROVINCE,  ENDOGENS, 

OB  MONOCOTYLEDONS.  Phasnogamous  Plants  having  a  stem 
without  the  distinction  of  bark,  wood  and  pith,  composed  of 
thread-like  bundles  of  trachenchyma  imbedded  irregularly  in 
the  general  cellular  mass,  the  newest  interior,  not  forming  layers 
in  growth.  Leaves  mostly  parallel-veined.  Flowers  very  gener- 
ally 3-merous.  Embryo  with  one  cotyledon,  rarely  with  2  alter- 
nate and  unequal. 

CLASS  III.  PETALIFER^].  Plants  of  the  endogenous  struc- 
ture, the  flowers  normal  and  complete  with  a  whorled  pe- 
rianth, or  the  perianth  wanting — in  either  case  destitute  of 
glumes. 

COHORT  5,  SPADICIFLOR^.  Endogens  with  flowers  hav- 
ing no  perianth  or  a  scaly  one,  and  borne  on  a  thickened 
rachis  (spadix)  which  is  usually  enveloped  in  a  spathe. 

ORDER  CXXX.     PALMACE^E.     PALMS. 

Trees  or  shrubs  chiefly  with  unbranched  trunks  growing  by  the  terminal  bud. 
Leaves  large,  plaited,  on  sheathing  petioles,  collected  in  one  terminal  cluster,  flow- 
ers perfect  or  polygamous,  on  a  branching  spadix  bursting  from  a  spathe.  Perianth 
double,  3-merous,  hexandrous,  ovaries  (and  styles)  3,  distinct  or  commonly  united 
into  1,  each  1-ovuled.  Fruit  fleshy,  1 — 3-seeded,  embryo  minute,  superficially 
imbedded  in  albumen.  Fig.  47,  d,  e. 

Genera  73,  specie*  500?  of  noble  aspect  nml  most  interesting  attributes.  They  are  chiefly 
tropical,  a,  few  advancing  into  the  wanner  parts  of  the  Temperate  Zone. 

The  properties  and  uses  of  the  Palms  are  of  the  highest  importance  and  variety.  From  the 
drupes  of  several  African  Palms,  and  from  the  Cocoa  Nut,  oil  is  obtained.  Other  species  secrete 
wax  from  their  leaves.  Starch  is  obtained  abundantly  from  the  feago  Palm  (Sagus  liumphii) 
and  many  other  species.  Even  sugar,  and  alcoholic  liquors,  are  made  from  the  juice  of  the 
unopened  spathe.  of  Saguerus  saccharifer,  Matiritia  vinifer,  &c.  The  bud  of  the  Cabbage  Palm 
(Areca  oleracca)  is  boiled  and  eaten  as  a  vegetable.  Among  the  fruits,  are  enumerated  the  date, 
from  Phosnix  ductylifera,  and  the  cocoa-nut,  from  Attalea  lunifera.  &c. 

GENERA. 

*  Flowers  all  perfect.    Ovaries  and  styles  united  into  1.    Berry  single SABAL,  1 

*  Flowers  perfect  and  staminate.    Ovaries  and  styles  distinct.    Drupes  3 CHAMJEROPS.  2 

1.  SA'BAL,  Adanson.  PALMETTO.  Fls.  perfect,  sessile,  outer  pe- 
rianth (calyx)  cup-like,  3-cleft  or  3-toothcd,  inner  of  3  subdistinct,  ob- 
long sepals ;  stam.  6  ;  fil.  subulate,  their  broad  bases  contiguous  or 
connate,  anth.  ovate-cordate ;  ovaries  3,  soon  united  into  1  ;  style  3- 
angled;  fruit  a  single  globular  or  3-lobed,  3  (rarely  1  or  2)-secded 
dryish  berry. — Caudex  procumbent  or  erect,  covered  by  the  persistent 
bases  of  the  leaves.  Leaves  palmately  many-cleft,  scgm.  implicate,  2 
cleft  at  ap:>x,  spadix  branching,  sheathed  with  many  spathe-like  bracts. 
Fls.  small,  white  or  greenish. 
1  S.  Palmetto  Loddig.  PALMETTO.  Caudex  erect,  arborescent;  Ivs.  coriaceous, 

glaucous-green,  lamina  fan-shaped,  segments  numerous,  implicate,  united  to  near 

the  ensiform  summits ;  petioles  broad,  compressed,  nearly  the  length  of  the  lamina ; 

epadix  flexuous,  glabrous,  much  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  spathe  double ;  style 


ORDER   131.— ARACE^E. 


667 


thick,  obtuse  ;  berry  globular. — Woods  along  the  coast,  Ga.  and  Fla.  (scarce  N". 
to  "the  Cape  Fear  K.).  One  specimen  in  the  street,  front  of  the  P.  0.,  Charleston. 
Caudex  20  to  50f  high,  usually  enlarged  upwards,  and  rugged  above  with  the 
split  bases  of  the  old  leaf-stalks.  The  majestic  leaves  are  all  terminal,  from  1  bud, 
and  6  to  lOf  long.  Spadix  from  the  same  bud,  which  in  early  spring  is  tender 
and  nutritious  like  the  cabbage.  The  use  of  the  leaves  in  hat-work,  &c.,  is  well 
known.  Jn.,  JL  (Chamasrops,  MX.) 

2  S.  Adansoni  Guernsent.     DWARF  PALMETTO.     Caudex  prostrate ;  Ivs.  rigid, 
glaucous ;  petioles  shorter,  naked ;  spadix  strict,  glabrous,  branchlets  remote-flow- 
ered ;  style  thick,  obtuse,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  petals ;  berry  depressed-globous. 
— In  low,  sandy  swamps,  along  the  coast,  Neuse  river  to  the  Apalachicola,  &c., 
often  in  wide  patches.     Spadix  slender,  about  as  high  (3  to  4f)  as  the  leaves.     A 
compound  branch  issues  from  each  alternate  sheath.     Fls.  numerous,  1£"  long, 
calyx  half  as  long.     Berry  bluish  black,  3"  diam.     Jn. — Aug.     (S.  pumila  Walt.) 

3  S.  serrulata  K.  &  S.     Caudex  creeping ;  petioles  aculeate-serrate ;  lamina  flabel- 
iform,  10-12-cleft;  spadix  thick,  flexuous,  branchlets  densely  greyish  pubescent; 
style  very  slender,  subulate ;  berry  oblong-ovoid. — Flat  pino  barrens,  S.  Car.  to 
Fla.,  common.     The  prostrate  rhizomes  attain  a  diam.  of  4  to  6',  creeping  many 
feet.     Leaves  2  or  3f,  in  dense  masses,  affording  nice  shelter  for  rattlesnakes  1 
Sheaths  of  the  spadix  long  (2 — 3'),  loose.     Fls.  rather  close  on  the  branchlets, 
2£"  long,  calyx  ^  as  long,  stylo  single,  tapering  to  a  setaceous  point.    Berry  dark 
blue,  5"  diam.     JL,  Aug. 

p.  MINIMA.  Every  way  smaller ;  Ivs.  about  f -cleft. — E.  Fla.  (S.  min.  Nutt.) 
2.  CHAM^'ROPS,  L.  BLUE  PALMETTO.  (Gr.%a(ua/, on  the  ground, 
pwi/>,  a  bush.)  Fls.  polygamo-dicecious,  sessile  or  short  pedicellate; 
calyx  3-parted,  cor.  (inner  perianth)  3-petaled,  valvate  in  bud ;  stam.  6 
or  9  ;  fil.  connate  at  base,  anth.  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  cordate ;  ova- 
ries 3,  distinct,  stigmas  3,  sessile,  subulate,  berries  3,  or  by  abortion 
fewer,  1-sceded. — Palms  acaulescent.  Lvs.  palmately  many-cleft,  segm. 
split  at  apex  with  no  intervening  threads.  Petioles  aculeate  at  base 
and  edge.  Spadix  dense-flowered,  fls.  yellowish. 

C.  Hystrix  Fraser.  Caudex  low,  making  offsets  at  base ;  petioles  spiny  in 
the  axils ;  spadix  very  short ;  drupes  ovoid,  apex  oblique,  rather  large,  hirsute. — 
In  clayey  soils  around  Savannah,  to  Fla.  Caudex  creeping,  becoming  several 
inches  in  diam.  In  the  axils  of  the  sheathing  leaf-stalk  is  a  thick,  matted,  brown, 
canvas-like  stipule,  and  rigid,  sharp,  needle-shaped  spines  3  to  G  long.  Spadix 
enclosed  in  the  radical  sheaths,  bearing  a  dense  mass  of  hairy,  brown  drupes  G" 
in  length.  Jn. — Aug. 

ORDER  CXXXI.     ARACE^E.     AROIDS. 

Serbs  with  a  creeping  rhizome  or  corm,  and  an  acrid  or  pungent  juice,  with  the 
leaves  simple  or  compound,  often  veiny,  and  the  flowers  mostly  diclinous  and  naked. 
Inflorescence  a  spadix,  dense-flowered,  naked,  or 
mostly  surrounded  with  a  large  spathe.  Perianth 
none,  or  of  4  to  6  scales.  Stamens  hypogynous, 
with  ovate-extrorse  anthers.  Ovary  free,  stigma 
sessile.  Fruit  baccate  or  dry,  seeds  albuminous, 
embryo  axial.  Fig.  91,  201. 

Genera  46,  species  240,  abundant  in  tropical  regions,  more 
rare  in  temperate,  one  only,  Calla  palustris,  extending  to  the 
northern  frigid  zone. 

Properties.  An  acrid,  volatile  principle  pervades  the 
order,  which  is,  in  some  instances,  so  concentrated  as  to 
become  poisonous.  The  corms  and  rhizomas  abound  also  in 
starch,  which  in  some  cases  when  the  volatile  acridity  is  ex- 
pelled in  drying  or  cooking,  is  edible  and  nutricious,  as  in 
Colocasia.  «fec. 

Ficr.  709.  Calla  palustris,  its  spathe.  spadix  and  flowers. 
Z>,  One  of  the  flowers,  consisting  of  an  ovary  surrounded  by 
six  stamens,  c,  Cross  section  of  the  ovary. 


QQQ  ORDER  131.— ARACE^E. 

GENERA. 

$  Spadix  enveloped  in  a  spathe.  (*) 

*  Flowers  covering  only  the  base  of  tho  epadix.     Perianth  0 

*  Flowers  covering  the  whole  spadix,  and  (a) 

a  Monoecious.    Perianth  0.    Berry  1-seeded.    Spathe  convolute PELTANDRA.  2 

a  Monoecious.    Per.  0.  Berry  3  to  6-seeded.    Spathe  large,  revolute,  white.  KICHAKDIA.  3 

a  Perfect. — Perianth  0.    Spathe  open,  white CALLA.  4 

— Perianth  regular.     Spathe  shell-form,  purplish SYMPLOCARPCS.  5 

§  Spadix  naked,  having  no  spathe,— terminal,  yellow OKONTIUM.  6 

—lateral;  scape  leaf-like ACORUS.  T 

1.  ARIS^MA,  Martins.      DRAGON-ROOT.     INDIAN  TURNIP,     (dpov, 
arum,  tf'/J/m,  a  sign.)     Spathe  convolute  at  base,  limb  arched  or  some- 
what plain ;  spadix  covered  with  flowers  below,  naked  and  elongated 
above ;  flowers  diclinous,  achlamydeous ;  $  above  the  fertile,  each  flower 
consisting  of  4  or  more  stamens  with  anthers  opening  at  top ;    $  ovary 
1-celled;  stigmas  depressed; "ovules  2  to  6,  orthotropous,  erect  from  the 
base  of  the  cell;  berry  red,  1  or  few-seeded. — 11   Scape  arising  from  a 
a  corm  or  tuberous  rhizome,  sheathed  with  petioles  of  the  radical, 
veiny  Ivs.     (Arum,  L.) 

1  A.  triph^llum  L.     JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT.    Acaulescent;  Ivs.  trifoliate,  mostly 
in  pairs,  leaflets  oval,  acuminate;  spadix  clavate,  obtuse;  spathe  ovate,  acuminate, 
flat  and  inflected  above. — A  curious  and  well  known  inhabitant  of  wet  woodlands, 
Can.  to  Ga.  AV.  to  the  Miss.     The  stem  is  a  rugous,  fleshy,  subterraneous  corm 
giving  off  radicles  in  a  circle  from  the  edge.     Scape  8 — 12'  high,  erect,  round, 
embraced  at  the  base  by  the  long  sheaths  of  the  petioles.     Leaflets,  2 — 7'  long, 
£  as  wide.     Spathe  green  without,  usually  variegated  within  with  stripes  of  dark 
purple  alternating  with  pale  green.     Spadix  much  shorter  than  the  spathe,  vary- 
ing from  green  to  dark  purple.     Fruit  a  bunch  of  bright  scarlet  berries.     Tho 
corm  loses  its  fiercely  acrid  principle  by  drying,  and  is  then  valued  as  a  carmina- 
tive, &c.     Apr.,  Jn.     (Arum,  atrorubens  Ait.) 

2  A.  quinatum.     Acaulescent ;  Ivs.  with  very  long  sheaths,  in  pairs  one  or  loth 
quinate;  Ifts.  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  short  petiole  or 
sessile ;    spadix  long  and  slender,  nearly  inclosed  in  tho  ovate-lanceolate  spathe, 
which  is  briefly  inflected  at  the  pointed  apex ;  berry  1  to  2-seeded. — Ga.  and  S. 
Car.  (Curtis.)    Scape  1  to  2f  high.    Lvs.  with  long  petioles  and  still  longer  sheaths. 
Lfts.  5  to  10'  long,  spathe  3  to  5'  (Arum  quinatum  Nutt.) — Perhaps  identical  with 
A.  pentaphyllum  (Schott.)  of  India. 

(3.  OBTUSO-QUINATUM.     Lfts.  rounded-obtuse,  mucronate,  abruptly  narrowed  to 
a  long  petiolule. — Georgia  (Feay,  Pond). 

3  A.  Dracontium  Schott.     GREEN  DRAGON.     Acaulescent ;  If.  mostly  solitary, 
pedate;  Ifts.  7  to  11,  oblong-lanceolate;  spadix  subulate,  longer  than  the  convo- 
lute, oblong  spathe. — Less  common  in  N.  Eng.  than  the  former  species,  found  in 
wet  places,  banks  of  streams,  U.  S.     Stem  a  fleshy,  subterraneous  conn.     Scape 
slender,  10'  to  2fhigh.    Leaf  on  an  erect,  sheathing  petiole,  which  is  dichotomous 
above,  each  half  bearing  2 — 4  leaflets  with  an  odd  one  at  the  fork.     Leaflets  5  to 
8'  long,  one-third  as  wide.     Spathe  green,  1 — 2'  long,  rolled  into  a  tube  at  base. 
Spadix  slender,  with  its  long,  tapering  point  much  exserted.     Fruit  a  bunch  of 
red  berries.     Jn.,  JL     (Arum  Dracontium  L.) 

2.  PELT'ANDRA,   Raf.      (Gr.   TreA-n?,   a  shield    or  target,   avdpeg.) 
Spathe  convolute ;  spadix  covered  with  flowers,  staminate  above,  pistil- 
late below;  perianth  0;  anthers  8  to  12,  attached  to  the  margin  of  a 
peltate,  oblong,  connectile,  and  opening  by  a  terminal  pore;  berry  1- 
celled,  1  to  3-seedcd. —  If   Rt.  fibrous.     Lvs.  sagittate. 

1  P.  Virginica  Raf.  Acaulescent;  Ivs.  oblong,  hastate-sagittate,  acute  at  apex, 
the  lobes  obtuse ;  spathe  elongated,  incurved,  green,  wavy  on  the  margin ;  spadix 
covered  with  staminate  flowers  the  greater  part  of  its  length. — A  smooth,  dark 
green  plant,  in  wet  grounds,  N.  Y.  and  Ms.  to  Car.  Leaves  radical,  numerous, 


ORDER  131.—  ARACE^E.  669 

8  —  12'  long,  \  as  wide,  on  petioles  as  long  as  the  scapes.  Scapes  many  from  the 
same  root,  8  —  15'  long.  Spathe  closely  involving  the  spadix,  green,  3  to  5'  long, 
lanceolate,  wavy  on  the  margin.  Spadix  slender,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the 
spathe,  its  compact  stamens  6-sided.  Fr.  a  cluster  of  green  berries  inclosed  in 
the  base  of  the  spathe  after  the  upper  part  of  both  spathe  and  spadix  has  decayed. 
Jn.  (Arum,  L.  Calla,  Bw.  Lecontia,  Cooper,  Renssekeria,  Beck,  Caladium, 
Lindl.) 

2  P.  glaiica  Feay  (M  S.).  Acaulescent  ;  Ivs.  ovate-hastate,  acute  or  short-acu- 
minate, lobes  broad  and  obtuse  at  end  ;  scape  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  spathe  invol- 
ute, entire,  gradually  evolved  and  widened  above,  acuminate,  while,  spadix  much 
shorter;  berries  red,  1  -seeded.  —  Maritime  parts  of  S.  Car.  and  Ga.  (Feay,  Pond.) 
A  smooth,  glaucous  plant  with  1  to  3  radical  Ivs.,  and  one  or  more  slender  scapes 
12  to  20'  high.  Lvs.  5  to  7'  long,  with  large  base  lobes,  aud  a  vein  running 
close  to  the  margin.  Spathe  about  3'  long,  spadix  about  2'.  Fruit  smaller  than 
in  No.  1.  Seeds  without  albumen,  as  in  that  species.  May,  Jn.  (Caladium 
glaucum  Ell.) 

3.  RICHAR'DIA,  Kth.     EGYPTIAN  CALLA.     Spathe  involute  at  base, 
spreading,  marescent  ;  spadix  covered  with  flowers,  fertile  below,  stam- 
inate  above  ;  anthers  GO,  free,  sessile,  2-celled,  on  a  broad  connectile  ; 
ovaries  incompletely  3-celled,  intermixed  with  sterile  filaments  ;  berry 
few-seeded,  seeds  suspended.  —  It  Herb  with  a  thick  rhizome,  tall,  erect, 
radical  leaf-stalks,  and  scapes  with  a  large,  white  spathe. 

R.  JEthiopica.  A  fine,  showy  plant  of  the  green-house  and  parlors.  Lvs. 
2  to  4f  high,  hastate-cordate,  thick,  smooth,  on  sheathing  petioles.  Scape  rather 
taller,  bearing  a  cylindric  spadix  within  the  large,  involved,  milk-white  spathe. 
f  Cape  Good  Hope. 

4.  CAl'LA,  L.      (Probably  altered  from  A:aA,6o,  beautiful.)     Spathe 
ovate,  spreading,  persistent,  colored  ;  spadix  covered  with  flowers  with 
no  perianth  ;   filaments  slender,  with  2-celled  anthers,  encircling  each 
ovary;   ovary  1  -celled,  5  or  6-ovuled,  the  upper  often  abortive;  berry 
red,   depressed,   few-seeded.  —  2£    An   aquatic  herb  with  a  prostrate, 
creeping  rhizome,  cordate  Ivs.  and  a  broad  white,  open  spathe. 

C.  palustris  L.  —  An  interesting  plant  in  shallow  waters,  Penn.  to  N.  Eng.,  "Wis. 
and  Brit.  Am.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  nearly  as  wide,  cuspidate,  long-petioled,  smooth 
and  entire.  Scapo  thick,  4  to  6'  high.  Spathe  clasping  at  the  base,  recurved, 
with  a  twisted  cusp,  much  longer  than  the  oblong,  cylindric  spadix.  Jl.  —  Tho 
rhizome  is  acrid,  but  Linuseus  tells  us  that  the  Laplanders  extract  a  wholesome 
breadstuff  from  it. 


5.  SYMPLOCAR'PUS,  Salisb.  (Gr.  avfiTT^oici'^  connection,  Kaprrog, 
fruit.)  Spathe  shell-form,  ventricous  ;  spadix  oval,  covered  with  perfect 
flowers  ;  perianth  deeply  4-parted,  segments  cucullate,  cuneate,  trun- 
cate, persistent,  becoming  thick  and  spongy  ;  berries  globous,  1-seeded, 
imbedded  in  the  spadix,  and  with  the  fleshy  perianth  forming  a  kind 
of  sorosis  5  seed  without  albumen.  —  2£  Aquatic,  acaulescent  herbs. 

S.  foetidus  Nutt.  SKUNK  CABBAGE.  Lvs.  cordate-oval,  acute  ;  spadix  subglob- 
ous,  preceding  the  leaves.  —  A  common  plant,  Can.,  N.  Eng.,  Hid.  and  W.  States, 
growing  in  swamps,  meadows  and  ditches,  renowned  for  its  odor,  which  is 
scarcely  less  offensive  than  that  of  the  animal  whose  name  it  bears.  Early  iu 
spring,  the  swelling  spathe  is  seen  emerging  first  from  the  ground  or  water,  moro 
or  less  covered  with  purplish  spots,  its  edges  partly  infolded,  and  its  point  in- 
curved. It  incloses  the  spadix,  which  is  oval,  covered  with  flowers  of  a  dull 
purple.  The  leaves,  which  arise  after  the  flowers,  are  of  a  bright  green, 
numerous,  becoming  very  large  (often  20'  by  12').  (Pothos  foetida  MX.  Ictodes, 
Bw.) 


C70  ORDER  132.— LEMNACEJ3. 

6.  ORON'TIUM,  L.  GOLDEN  CLUB.  (Name  of  doubtful  origin.) 
Spathe  none  ;  spadix  cylindric,  covered  with  perfect  flowers  ;  perianth 
4  to  6-sepaled  ;  stamens  4  to  6  ;  ovary  few ;  stigma  sessile  ;  fruit  a  dry 
berry  or  utricle,  seed  without  albumen. —  2£  Acaulescent,  aquatic.  Fls. 
yellow  at  the  summit  of  the  scape,  which  thickens  upwards  into  the 
spadix. 

O.  aqiieiticum. — This  interesting  plant  is  a  native  of  inundated  banks  and  pools, 
TJ.  S.  Lvs.  lanceolate,  6  to  9'  by  2  to  3',  smooth,  of  a  deep  green,  velvet-liko 
surface  above,  paler  beneath,  on  long,  radical  petioles.  Scape  thick  and  terete, 
about  a  foot  in  length,  closely  invested  bj  a  short  sheath  at  base,  and  ending  in 
a  spadix  of  a  rich  yellow  color,  covered  with  small,  perfect,  yellow  fls.  of  an 
offensive  odor — the  upper  ones  often  tetramerous.  May. 

7.  ACO^RUS,  L.      SWEET  FLAG.      (Gr.  a,  privative,  and  Kopr),  the 
pupil  of  the  eye  ;  supposed  to  cure  maladies  of  the  eye.)     Spadix  cylin- 
dric, covered  with  flowers,  and  issuing  from  the  side  of  a  leaf-like  scape  ; 
perianth  6-sepaled ;  stamens  6,  linear  ;  ovary  free  ;  stigma  sessile,  min- 
ute ;  fruit  dry,  3-celled,  many-seeded. —  2£  Herbs  with  a  fleshy,  aroma- 
tic rhizome.     Lvs.  radical,  ensiform,  as  well  as  the  scape. 
A.  calamus  L.     Summit  of  the  scape  above  the  spadix  very  long  and  leaf-like. — 
Grows  in  wet  soils  throughout  the  U.  States.     The  thick,  prostrate,  creeping 
rhizome  is  highly  valued  for  its  aromatic  flavor,  its  warm  and  pungent  taste.    The 
long,  sword-shaped  leaves  are  readily  distinguished  by  the  ridge  running  their 
whole  length.     The  cylindrical  spadix  is  about  3'  long  and  3"  diam.,  covered 
with  small,  green  flowers.     Jn.,  JL 

ORDER  CXXXII.     LEMNACE^E.     DUCKMEATS. 

Herbs  minute,  stemless,  floating  free  upon  the  water,  and  consisting  of  a  leaf-like 
frond,  or  a  tuft  of  leaves,  with  one  or  more  fibrous  roots.  Flowers  bursting  from 
the  substance  of  the  frond,  or  axillary,  inclosed  in  a  spathe,  the  sterile  consisting  of 
1  or  2  stamens,  the  fertile  of  a  1 -celled  ovary.  Fruit  a  utricle,  with  1  or  more  seeds. 
Embryo  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen.  Fig.  602. 

General,  specie*  20,  little  aquatics,  -widely  diffused.  They  are  regarded  as  reduced  aroids, 
and  among  the  simplest  of  Phenogamous  plants. 

1.  LEM'NA,  L.  DUCK-MEAT.  (Perhaps  altered  from  AejUjua,  a 
scale.)  Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  in  the  same  spathe,  the  former  2  col- 
lateral stamens,  the  latter  a  simple,  carinate  ovary,  with  a  style  and 
stigma. — (J)  Herbs,  consisting  of  a  frond  (stem  and  leaf  confounded), 
sending  down  from  the  under  surface  roots  which  bang  loosely  in  the 
water,  and  producing  from  the  margins  the  spathaceous  flowers.  (The 
following  sections  are  regarded  as  genera  by  Schleiden.) 

|  LEMNA,  Schleiden.    Tils,  filiform.    Ovule  solitary.     Frond  with  a  single  root Nos.  1— 5 

§  TELMATOPIIACE,  Schl.    Fils.  dilated  in  the  middle.    Ovs.  2  to  7.    Fronds  l-rooted..No.  4 
§  SPIKODELA,  Schl.    Fils,  narrowed  below.     Ovules  2.    Frond  many-rooted No.  5 

1  L.  trisulca  L.     IVY -LEAVED  DUCK-MEAT.    Fronds  elliptic-lanceolate,  thin,  ser- 
rate at  one  extremity  and  caudate  at  the  other ;  roots  solitary. — Floating  hi  ponds 
and  pools  of  clear  water.     Fronds  nearly  £'  in  length,  diaphanous,  with  a  tail-like 
appendage  at  base,  obtuse  at  apex,  the  new  ones  issuing  in  a  cruciate  manner 
from  lateral  fissures  in  the  margin  of  the  old.     Root  a  solitary  fiber,  ending  in  a 
sheath.     Flowers  very  minute.     Utricle  sitting  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  frond. 
June — Sept. 

2  L.  minor  L.     Fronds  thickish,  roundish  or  obovate,  several  conjoined ;  root  soli- 
tary.— This  little  floating  plant  occurs  in  dense  patches  on  the  surface  of  stagnant 
waters.     The  leaves,  properly  fronds,  adhere  2 — 3  together,  2"  in  length,  rather 


ORDER  133.— TYPHACE.&.  671 

thick,  and  convex  below.     Root  undivided,  sheathed  at  the  end.     Flowers  mi- 
nute from  a  cleft  in  the  margin  of  the  fronds,  near  the  base.     Jn. — Sept. 

3  L.  perpusilla  Torn     SMALLEST  DUCK-MEAT.     Fronds  obovate,   thin;  rt  soli- 
tary; seed  erect. — Ponds  on  Staten  Island.     Fronds  1"  or  more  long,  grouped 
or  single,  bright  green.     Stamens  with  filiform  filaments,  maturing  in  succession. 
Ovary  obliquely  acuminate,  with  a  short  style.     Sd.  striate,  erect  in  the  ovary. 
Aug.  (Torrey). 

4  L.  gibba  L.     Fronds  obovate,  hemispherical  beneath,  nearly  plain  above ;  root 
solitary. — Floating  on  the  surface  of  stagnant  waters,  N.  York.     Fronds  about  a 
line  in  length,  pellucid  and  reticulated  beneath.     Filaments  recurved  as  in  the 
other  species.     Fruit  roundish,  indehiscent,  1  to  7 -seeded.     Jn.,  Jl. 

5  L.  polyrhiza  L.     Fronds  broad-ovate,  a  little  convex  beneath,  rts.  numerous. 
— Floating  in  stagnant  waters.     Fronds  resembling  flax-seed,  but  larger  (2  to  4 ' 
long),  scattered  on  the  surface  of  the  water,  of  a  firm,  but  succulent  texture,  be- 
coming purplish.     Ets.  in  thick  bundles  of  8  to  10  black  fibers  from  the  under 
surface  of  the  fronds.     All  these  species  are  eaten  by  ducks  and  other  aquatic 
birds.     Jn. — Sept. 

2.  PIS'TIA,  L.  (Gr.  marbg,  drinking.)  Spatho  tubular  at  base, 
connate  with  the  spadix,  limb  open,  ligulate,  cucullate  above ;  $  anth- 
ers 3  to  8,  adnate  to  the  thick  summit  of  the  spadix,  subglobous,  open- 
ing transversely  ;  $  ovary  1,  at  the  base  of  the  spadix,  1-celled,  oo- 
ovuled,  becoming  a  berry  in  fruit. — Floating  herbs,  consisting  of  rosulate 
tufts  of  little,  veined,  entire  Ivs.,  sending  out  filiform  stolons.  Spadix 
axillary,  on  a  short  scape. 

P.  Strati  otes  L.  Lvs.  roundish-obcordate,  margin  undulate,  veins  lamelliform, 
confluent  into  a  truncate  area  at  base.  ^In  the  var.  SPATHULATA  (P.  spathulata 
MX.)  the  leaves  are  rather  obovate  than  obcordate,  and  abruptly  contracted  into 
a  short  petiole. — (D  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  (Curtis),  in  stagnant  waters.  Spathe 
white.  May. 

ORDER  CXXXIII.     TYPHACEJ3.     TYPHADS. 

Herbs  growing  in  marshes  and  ditches,  with  rigid,  ensiform,  sessile  leaves. 
Flowers  monoecious,  arranged  on  a  spadix  or  in  heads,  with  no  spathe.  Perianth 
of  a  few  scales,  or  a  tuft  of  hairs,  or  0.  Stamens  1  to  4,  with  long,  slender  fila- 
ments. Ovary  with  1  pendulous  ovule.  Seed  albuminous,  with  an  axial  embryo. 
Fig.  457. 

Genera  2,  species  13,  -widely  distributed  throughout  the  world. 

I.  TYTHA.  L.  (Gr.  rv<po$,  a  marsh ;  where  all  the  species  grow.) 
Spadix  of  flowers  long,  cylindric,  dense  ;  $  stamens  about  3  together, 
united  into  a  common  filament ;  $  flowers  below  the  sterile  ;  ovary 
pedicellate,  surrounded  at  base  by  a  hair-like  pappus. — Root  2£.  Spa- 
dix terminal,  the  upper  staminate,  the  lower  pistillate.  Fls.  very 
numerous. 

T.  latifdlia  (nnd  angustifolia  Linn.)  CAT-TAIL.  REED  MACE.  Lvs.  ensiform, 
concave  within  near  the  base ;  sterile  and  fertile  spikes  close  together,  or  a  little 
remote. — A  common,  smooth,  tall  inhabitant  of  the  water,  in  muddy  pools  and 
ditches,  U.  S.,  Can.  Stem  3  to  5f,  round  and  smooth,  leafy  below.  Spikes  termi- 
nal, 6  to  10',  brown,  composed  of  slender,  downy  flowers,  packed  solid.  The  up- 
per portion  is  slender,  composed  of  the  sterile  flowers.  Leaves  somewhat  sword- 
shaped,  erect,  2— 4f  and  nearly  1'  wide.  They  are  called  flags,  and  useful  for 
weaving  the  seats  of  chairs,  &c.  July. 

(3.  ANGUSTIFOLIA.  Sterile  and  fertile  spikes  a  little  remote  (\ — 2'). — Found  in 
the  same  situations  with  the  former.  A  well  marked  varietj',  but  differing 
only  in  the  more  slender  habit,  and  less  complete  development  of  its  parts. 


672  OEDER  134.— NAI  ADAGES. 

2.  SPAR'GANUM,  L.  BURR  REED.  (Gr.  orrdpyavov,  a  band  or  fil- 
let ;  in  reference  to  the  long,  ribbon-like  leaves.)  Spadiees  many,  glob- 
ous,  the  lower  fertile,  the  upper  consisting  of  numerous  stamens  with 
scales  intermixed ;  filaments  slender ;  anthers  oblong-linear,  2-celled  ; 
?  pistils  numerous,  sessile,  eacli  surrounded  by  3  or  6  scales,  which 
represent  a  perianth  ;  stigma  ligulate,  unilateral,  fruit  nut-like,  sessile, 
1-seeded. —  U  Aquatic  herbs.  St.  leafy,  simple  or  branched.  Lvs. 
long,  linear,  sheathing  at  base. 

§  Stigmas  mostly  2.    Stems  of  the  inflorescence  branching.    Erect No.  1 

§  Stigmas  always  single.     Stein  simple.— Erect.     Heads  large  (half  inch  diuin.) No.  3 

—Floating  or  erect.    Heads  small Nos.  3,  4 

1  S.  ramosuxn  Huds.     Lvs.  triangular  at  base,  their  sides  concave;  common 
flower-stalks  branched;  stig.  2,  linear. — Grows  in  pools  and  ditches,  where  it  is 
conspicuous  among  other  reedy  plants  for  its  globular  burrs  of  flowers.     Stem 
1— -2f  high,  flexuous,  round,  with  a  few  branches  above.     Leaves  £ — 2f  long, 
4 — 8"  wide,  linear,  arising  above  the  stem,  triangular  towards  the  base,  and 
sword-form  upwards,  tapering,  but  obtuse.     Heads  of  flowers  light  green ;  fertile 
ones  2 — 5,  6"  diam.,  the  lowest  generally  raised  on  a  short,  axillary  stalk;  sterile 
ones  above,  more  numerous,  smaller,  sessile.     Aug. 

2  S.  simplex  Smith.     Lower  Ivs.  equal  with,  or  exceeding  the  stem,  which  13 
nearly  simple,  floral  ones  concave  at  base  and  erect ;  stig.  always  simple,  ovate- 
oblong,  oblique,  scarcely  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  style. — Ponds  and 
lakes.     Stem  1 — 2f  high,  simple  or  divided  at  base.     Leaves  mostly  radical, 
1 — 2^f  by  3",  carinate  at  base.     Fertile  heads  sessile,  generally  3,  6  to  8"  diam., 
below  the  several  barren  ones,  with  the  simple  styles  conspicuous.     Aug.     (S. 
Americanum  Nutt.) 

3  S.  natans  L.     Los.  floating,  flat;  common  flower-stalk  simple ;  stig.  ovate,  very 
short ;  head  of  sterile  fis.  subsolitary ;  fruit  beaked  and  stipitate. — Lakes  and  pools, 
U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.     Stem,  long  and  slender,  and,  with  the  leaves,  floating  upon 
the  surface  of  tho  water.     Leaves  thin  and  pellucid.     Heads  of  fertile  flowers 
axillary,  generally  2,  small,  mostly  sessile.     Sterile  cluster  terminal.     Aug. 

4  S.  angustifdlium  MX.    Slender,  weak,  simple,  erect  or  floating ;  Ivs.  narrowly 
linear,  shorter  than  the  stem  when  erect,  elongated  when  floating ;  heads  very 
small,  axillary,  the  lower  pedunculate ;  stigma  single,  short ;  jr.  scarcely  beaked, 
sessile. — N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  Can.,  pools  and  streams.     Sts.  1  to  2f  long,  Ivs.  1  to  3  to 
9'  or  more,  obtuse.     Hds.  scarce  a  fourth  of  an  inch  diam. 

ORDER  CXXXIV.     NAIADACEJ3.     NAIADS. 

Water  plants  with  jointed  stems,  and  sheathing  stipules,  or  sheathing  petioles. 
Flowers  perfect  or  diclinous,  naked  or  with  a  2  to  4-parted  perianth.     Stamens  defi- 
nite.    Ovaries  free,  sessile,  1-ovuled.     Stigma  simple,  often  sessile.     Fruit  indehis- 
cent.     Seed  without  albumen,  with  a  straight  or  curved  embryo. 
Genera  9,  species  GO,  in  waters  and  marshes,  salt  or  fresh  in  all  countries. 

GENERA. 

*  Flowers  axillary,  sessile,  the  staminate  reduced  to  a  single  stamen  (a)- 

a  Fertile  flowers  reduced  to  a  single  pistil,  with  2  or  3  stigmas.     Lvs.  opposite.  .NAJAS.    1 
a  Fertile  flowers  with  about  4  pistils  in  a  cup,  with  as  many  stigmas ZANICIIELLIA.     2 

*  Flowers  spadaceous,  or  2  to  20,  sessile  on  a  spadix  or  spike  (b). 

b  Flowers  monoecious,  seated  in  2  rows  on  the  side  of  a  linear,  flat  spadix ZOSTEBA.    3 

b  Flowers  perfect,  naked,  2  to  5,  4-inerous ;  fruit  raised  on  slender  stipes RUPPIA.    4 

b  Flowers  perfect ;  perianth  4-sepaled ;  etam.  4.    Pistils  and  achenia  4. .  POTAMOGETON.    5 

1.  NAM  AS.  L.  WATER  NYMPH.  (Gr.  i>ao>,  to  flow  ;  hence  Naif,  or 
Ntu'fcf,  Nymph  of  the  waters ;  from  the  habitat.)  Flowers  axillary, 
sessile,  solitary,  the  <$  reduced  to  a  single  stamen ;  filament  slender, 


ORDER  134.— NAIAD  ACE.E.  673 

often  elongated,  anther  4-valved,  valves  spreading ;  $  perianth  0  ; 
style  short,  stigmas  2  or  3,  subulate ;  fruit  a  little  1-seeded,  drupe-like 
nut — Herbs  entirely  submersed,  with  opposite  Ivs.  Fls.  minute. 

N.  flexilis  Rostk.  St.  filiform,  csespitous,  dichotomously  branching;  Ivs.  opposite 
or  fasciculate  in  3s,  4s  or  6s,  at  the  nodes,  linear,  obscurely  denticulate,  spreading, 
1-veined. — A  slender  plant,  Can.  to  N.  J.  and  W.  States,  consisting  of  tufts  of 
thread-like  knotted  stems  6  to  12'  long.  Lvs.  -£  to  1'  long,  •£"  wide,  sessile  and 
sheathing  at  base.  Flowers  solitary,  sessile,  axillary,  very  small,  the  fertile  ones 
consisting  of  an  oblong  ovary  tipped  with  a  filiform  style,  with  2  to  3  stigmas  at 
summit.  Aug.  (N.  Canadensis  MX.  Fluviatilis,  Pers.) 

ft.  FRAGILIS.     St.  and  Ivs.  rather  rigid,  the  latter  mostly  opposite  and  recurved. 
(Caulinia  fragilis  Willd.) 

2.  ZANNICHEl'ilA,  Micheli.    HORN  PONDWEED.    (In  honor  of  Zan- 
nichelli  an  eminent  botanist  of  Venice.)     Flowers  axillary,  usually  both 
kinds  together ;   $  stamen  1 ;  filament  elongated ;    $  calyx  monophyl- 
lous  ;  corolla  0  ;  ovaries  4  or  more,  each  with  a  single  style  and  stigma, 
and  becoming  in  fruit  an  oblong,  incurved,  subsessile  achenium. — (p 
Submersed,  slender,  branched,  with  entire,  linear,  scattered  leaves. 

Z.  palustris  L.  St.  filiform,  floating ;  Ivs.  opposite,  linear ;  anth.  4-celled ;  stig. 
entire ;  ach.  toothed  on  the  back. — In  pools  and  ditches,  N.  States.  St.  round, 
smooth,  1  to  2f  long,  branching,  leafy.  Lvs.  grass-like,  2  to  3'  long,  sessile. 
Flowers  issuing  from  axillary  bracts,  small,  2  together,  a  sterile  and  a  fertile,  the 
former  consisting  of  a  single,  naked,  erect,  yellowish -brown  stamen,  the  latter  of 
4  to  6  ovaries  which  are  free  from  the  inflated,  1-sided,  2  to  3-toothed  calyx.  JL, 
Aug. 

3.  ZOS'TERA,  L.     SEA  WRACK.     (Gr.  f&wrriyp,  a  girdle ;  alluding  to 
its  ribbon-like  leaves.)     Spadix  linear,  bearing  the  diclinous  flowers  in 
2   rows  on  one    side ;  perianth  0  ;    $   anther  ovoid,  sessile,  opening 
lengthwise  with  conferroid  pollen  ;  pistils  alternating  with  the  stamens  : 
style  bifid  ;  utricle  1-seeded. —  2£  Maritime  herbs.     Stip.  united  into  a 
sheath. 

Z.  marina  L.  St.  trailing,  throwing  out  tufts  of  fibrous  roots  at  the  joints ; 
branches  floating,  simple;  Ivs.  alternate,  linear,  entire,  sheathing  at  base,  1 — 
several  feet  in  length;  receptacle  or  spadix  linear,  flat,  pale  green,  2'  long,  issuing 
from  a  cleft  in  the  base  of  the  leaf,  covered  in  front  with  a  double  series  of  naked 
flowers. —  If  Aquatic,  growing  in  the  sea  on  sandy  banks  and  shallows  (Maine  to 
Ga.),  and  is  thence  washed  upon  the  shore  by  the  waves.  Like  other  sea-weeds, 
it  is  gathered  for  manure.  Aug. 

4.  RUP'PIA,  L.      DITCH-GRASS.      (In  honor  of  Ruppi,   a  German 
botanist.)     Flowers  £  ,  2  together  on  a  spadix  or  spike  arising  from  the 
sheathing  base  of  the  leaves ;  perianth  0  ;  stamens  4,  each  a  1-celled, 
sessile  anther ;  ovaries  4,  pedicellate,  becoming  in  fruit  4  dry  drupes  or 
achenia. —  4  Herb  slender,  branching,  submersed  except  the  flowers. 

R.  maritima  L.  A  grass-like  plant,  salt  water  bays  and  ditches  along  the  coast 
Stems  several  feet  long,  filiform,  branched,  floating.  Leaves  1 — 2f  long,  linear  and 
setaceous,  with  inflated  sheaths  at  base,  all  immersed.  The  common  peduncle  is 
contorted  and  spiral,  and  by  winding  and  unwinding  bears  the  spadix  of  naked, 
green  flowers  on  the  surface  of  the  water  as  it  rises  or  falls.  July. 

5.  POTAMOGErTON,  Tourn.     (Gr.  rrorajLto^,  a  river,  yeiruv,  near.) 
Flowers  £  ,  on  a  spadix  or  spike  arising  from  a  spathe ;  calyx  4-sepaled ; 
anthers  4,  alternate  with  the  sepals  ;  ovaries  4  ;  achenia  4,  sessile  flat- 
ted on  one  or  two  sides;  seeds  curved  or  coiled. — Mostly  2£,  aquatio 

43 


074  ORDER  134.— NAIADACEJE. 

and  submersed,  only  the  flowers  arising  above  the  surface  of  the  water. 
Spadix  (or  spike)  pedunculate,  3 — 10-flowered.  Lvs.  stipulate,  par- 
allel-veined, lower  alternate,  the  upper  mostly  opposite.  Fls.  small, 
greenish. 

§  Leaves  of  two  kinds  ;  the  floating,  oval-elliptical,  coriaceous  petiolate,  stipules  frco 
from  the  petiole,  connate;  submersed  leaves  thin,  (*) 

*  Floating  leaves  broader  than  the  submersed  ones,  (a) 

a  Leaves  all  conspicuously  stipulate Nos.  1,  2 

a  Leaves  (the  submersed  ones)  almost  destitute  yfstipuies Nos.  3,  4 

*  Floating  leaves  smaller  than  the  ample  submersed  ones No.  5 

§  Leaves  of  one  kind  only,  all  growing  beneath  the  water's  surface.  (l) 

•  Stipules  entirely  free  from  the  petiole  or  leaf,  (a) 

a  Leaves  lanceolate,  petiolate  or  merely  sessile Nos.  6,  7 

a  Leaves  oval  or  oblong,  broad  and  clasping  at  base Nos.  8,  9 

a  Leaves  linear, — Stems  evidently  compressed  more  or  less Nos.  10, 11 

—Stems  terete,  very  slender Nos.  12, 13 

*  Stipules  united  with  the  sheathing  base  of  the  leaf Nos.  14, 15 

1  P.  iiataiis  L.    BROAD-LEAVED  POND- WEED.     Moating  Ivs.  coriaceous,  oblong, 
or  elliptic-ovate,  acute  or  obtuse  or  cordate  at  base,  on  long  petioles,  submersed 
ones  linear-lanceolate,  membranous,   elongated,  attenuated  to  petioles  at  base, 
lowest  reduced  to  mere  petioles ;  stipules  connate,    distinct  from  the  petiole, 
elongated ;  spikes  rather  dense,   shorter  than  the  peduncles ;    fruit  somewhat 
semi-globous,  roughish,  more  or  less  carinato   at  the  back. — A  very  common 
species,  in  slow  waters  or  ponds,  N.  Eng.  to  "Wis.     St.  slender,  1  to  3f  long,  ac- 
cording to  the  depth  of  the  water,  branched.     Upper  Ivs.  2  to  4'  long,  about 
half  as  wide;  petioles  2  to  8',  submersed.     Spike  1  to  2'  long.     Jh,  Aug. 

2  P.  heteroph^llus  Schreb.     Floating  Ivs.  lanceolate  or  oblong,  5  to  7-veined. 
tapering  to  the  petioles,  scarcely  coriaceous,  submersed  Ivs.  long,  narrowly  linear, 
membranous,  acute,  1-veined,  slightly  tapering  to  the  sessile   base ;  stip.  nearly 
distinct,  resembling  the  Ivs. ;  spikes  dense,   on   thickened  peduncles ;  fr.  com- 
pressed, suborbicular. — Ponds  and  slow  waters,  frequent.     St.  round,  slender  or 
filiform,  often  branched.     Lower  Ivs.  3  to  G'  by  1£",  remote,  upper  about  2  to  3' 
by  £'.     Spikes  1'  long,  peduncles  2  to  4'.     (P.  Claytonia  Tuckerman.) 

3  P.  diversifolius  Bart.     St.  filiform,  branching;  upper  Ivs.  oval  or  lance-oval, 
6-veined,  on  short  petioles,  lower  ones  submerged,  sessile,  filiform,  alternate,  often 
densely  fascicled,  not  at  all  reticulated,  obtuse. — Common  in  pools  and  ditches. 
A  very  slender  and  delicate  species,  only  the  upper  Ivs.  arising  to  the  surface. 
These  are  6  to  10"  by  2  to  4",  acute  at  each  end,  on  hair-like  petioles  3  to  G"  Jong. 
Spadices  dense,  short,  5  to  G-flowered.     Jl.     (P.  setaceum  Ph.) — Varies  with  tho 
leaves  nearly  all  of  cither  kind. 

4  P.  hybridus  MX.      Floating  Ivs.   elliptic-oblong,  coriaceous,  scarcely  veined, 
longer  than  their  petioles ;  submersed  Ivs.  long-linear,  thin,  sessile ;  stipules  above 
equaling  the  petioles,  those  of  the  submersed  Ivs.  very  short  or  wanting;  spikes 
cylindric,  dense,  on  short,  thickened  ped. ;  fruit  keeled  on  the  back,  seed  coiled 
into  a  ring. — Pools  and  slow  waters,  S.  ?  and  W.  States.    Sts.  mostly  simple,  very 
slender,  1  to  3f  long.    Lower  Ivs.  3  to  5'  long,  alternate,  upper  opposite,  1'  to  18". 
Spike  about  1'.     A  handsome  species. 

5  P.  fluitaus  Eoth.     Floating  Ivs.  opposite,  oval-lanceolate,  coriaceous,  ncute  at 
each  enJ,  shorter  than  the  petioles ;   submersed  Ivs.  larger  than  tho  floating,  lan- 
ceol'.te,  sessile,  short-acuminate,  strongly  veined,  wavy,  thin,  not  shining,  faintly 
reticulated ;    stip.    large,    connate ;    ped.    thickened,    cylindric. — In   clear,    deep 
waters,  N.  New  Eng.  arid  Can.     Sts.  simple  or  branched,  several  feet  long.    Sub- 
mersed Ivs.  5  to  7'  long,  a  third  as  wide,  the  floating  2  to  3'  long.     Stip.  2  to  3' 
long.     Spikes  2'  long,  rather  dense-flowered.     Aug. 

6  P.  lucens  L.     Lvs.  shining,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  flat,  large,  the  short 
petioles  continuing  in  a  thick  midvein ;  spikes  long,  cylindric,  many -flowered ; 
ped.  thickened  upward ;   fr.  slightly  keeled. —  y  Can.,  X.  Eng.,  &c.     Rivers  and 
lakes.     Distinguished  for  its  large  leaves  which  are  very  pellucid,  and,  when  dry, 
ehining  above,  conspicuously  cross-veined,  3  to  5'  long,  an  inch  or  more  wide, 
each  with  a  lanceolate,  double  stipule  above  its  base.     Spadix  2'  long,  of  nu- 
merous green  flowers,  on  a  peduncle  2  or  3  times  as  long,  thick  and  enlarged  up- 
wards.    Jn. 


ORDER  134.— NAIAD  ACE  JE.  675 

7  P.  obriitus.     Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  rather  acute,  only  the  midvein  con- 
spicuous, alternate,  approximate,  the  lower  stip.  wanting;  spikes  long,  peduncu- 
late; ped.  not  enlarged  upwards;  ach.  inflated,  margined  on  the  back,  beak  in- 
curved, both  sides  conspicuously  urabilicate. — A  remarkable  species,  first  found 
at  Lyndon,  Vt.,  since  seen  southward  to  Ga.;  in  slow  waters.    St..  round,  slender, 
simple.     Lvs.  uniform,  3  to  4'  by  4  to  6",  tapering  to  tho  slightly  clasping  base, 
the  two  upper  opposite.     Spike  dense,  !£'  long,  ped  3'.     Seed  coiled  into  a  ring 
as  shown  by  the  pits  of  the  fruit. 

8  P.  praelongus  "Wolfg.     Lvs.  oblong  or  ovate,  obtuse,  many-veined,  with  threo 
stronger  veins,  all  reticulately  connected,  base  amplexicaul ;  ped.  very  long ;  spike 
cylindrical,  many-flowered ;  fr.  ventricous,  lunate,  acutely  carinate  on  the  back.— 
Ponds  and  rivers,  Northern  States  and  Can.     The  plant   is  wholly  submersed, 
sending  up  its  spike  to  tho  surface  on  a  very  long  stalk.     We  have  gathered  it  in 
Niagara  river,  growing  in  depths  of  G  or  8f.     July,  Aug. 

9  P.  perfoliatus  L.     Lvs.  cordate,  clasping  the  stem,  uniform,  all  immersed; 
spikes  terminal ;  fls.  alternate  ;  fruit  not  keeled. — A  common  species  growing  in 
ponds  and  slo',7  waters,  wholly  below  tho  surface  except  the  purplish  flowers. 
Stem  dichotomous,  very  leafy,   6 — 10'  long.     Leaves  alternate,  apparently  per- 
fbliate  near  the  base,  IV  long,  ^  as  wide,  obtuse,  pellucid.     Spadix  on  a  short 
peduncle  (1 — 2'),  few-flowered.     Jl. 

10  P.  pauciflorus  Pursh.     St.  dichotomous,  slightly  compressed,  filiform;  Ivs. 
linear,  alternate,  sessile ;  fls.  few  in  the  spike,  p3d.  short ;  fruit  distinctly  crested 
on  the  back. — A  delicate  species,  in  rivers,  &c.     Leaves  numerous,  obtuse,  taper- 
ing to  the  stipulate  base,  2 — 3'  long,  a  line  wide,  3-veined,  of  a  bright  green 
color.     Peduncle  an  inch  long,  terminal,  bearing  3 — 5  greenish  fls.  above  the 
water,  but  ripening  tho  seeds  below.     (P.  gramineum  MX.) 

11  P.  compressus  L.     St.  compressed,  ancipital,  flexuous ;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  ob- 
tuse; spike  short,  pedunclo  elongated. — A  very  distinct  species  in  ponds  and 
rivers.     Stem   1 — 2f  long,   branching,  weak,   flattened,    green,    with    sheathing 
stipules  above  tho  nodes.     Leaves  3 — 4'  in  length,  2"  wide,  closely  sessile,  re- 
mote, the  margins  perfectly  parallel,  ending  in  an  abrupt  point.     Spadix  terminal, 
^ — 1'  long,  on  a  pedunclo  1 — 2'  long,  and  bearing  5 — 25  flowers.     Jl.     (P.  zos- 
terifolium  Schum.) 

12  P.  pusillus  L.     St.  filiform,  flcxuoust,  branched;  Ivs.  linear-subulate,  mem- 
branaceous,  very  acute,  sessile,  not  narrower  than  tho  stipules;-  spikes  capitate, 
few-flowered;  fr.  ovoid-compressed,  oimbilicate  each  side. — Shallow  waters,  N. 
Eng.  to  Ohio  and  Can.     A  very  delicate  species,  wholly  submersed.     Leaves  1 
— 2'  by  £",  a  little  longer  than  tho  intcrnodes.     Spikes  3 — 5-flowered,  the  pe- 
duncles £'  long.     Fruit  with  sharp  pits,  as  in  P.  obrutus,  and  rather  inflated. 

13  P.  Tuckermani  Bobbins  ?     St  filiform,  with  capillary  branches ;  Ivs.  few,  all 
capillary  and  confervoid,  with  minute,  membranous  stipules;  spikes  few  (6  to  9)- 
flowered,  oblong,  on  a  long,  filiform  peduncle,  which  is  slightly  thicker  than  tho 
stem  ;  (fruit  immature). — In  clear  water,  Uxbridge,  Mass.  (Ricard)  (White  Mts., 
Alleghany  Mts.  Tuckerman  ?  in  Gray's  Manual.)    An  exceedingly  delicate  species. 
The  leaves  taper  to  the  fineness  of  cobwebs.     Spiko  4"  long,  the  ped.  about  5' 
long. 

14  P.  pectinatus  (and  P.  marinus  L.)     St.  slender,  branched,  striate,  fiexuous ; 
Ivs.  numerous  and  fascicled  in  the  axils,  long,  narrowly  linear,  acuminate,  oa 
sheathing  stipules :  spikes  cylindrical,  the  lower  fls.  remote ;  ped.  filiform,  long. 
— Plant  submersed  in  deep  water,  bushy  and  very  leafy,  N.  Eng.  ?  Middle  States  1 
W.  to  Wis.  (Lapham  ?)    Leaves  4 — 7'  by  (less  than)  1",  thin,  the  midvein  scarcely 
perceptible.     Fruit  large,  purplish,  rough,    a  little  compressed,  neither  carinate, 
nor  umbilicate.     Jn. 

15  P.  Robbinsii  Oakes.     Lvs.  lance-linear,   approximate,  sheathing  the  stem 
with  the  adnate  stipules,  lamina  auriculate  at  base,  margin  minutely  ciliate-ser- 
rulate;  spikes  oblong,  small  and  few-flowered;  ped.  shorter  than  the  leaves. — 
First  discovered  by  Dr.  Bobbins  in  Pondicherry  Pond,  Jefferson,  N.  H.     Since 
found  in  many  other  ponds  in  N.   H.,  Mass.  W.  to  Ohio.     St  long,  branched, 
almost  wholly  enclosed  in.  the  sheaths.    Lvs.  2  to  4'  by  2  to  3",  very  acute,  some- 
what crowded. 


676 


ORDER  135.—ALISMACE^E. 


COHORT  6,  FLORIDEJE. 

Endogenous  plants  with  the  Flowers  usually  perfect  and 
complete,  the  perianth  double,  3-parted,  the  outer  often,  and 
sometimes  both,  green. 

ORDER  CXXXY.     ALISMACKdE.     WATER  PLANTAINS. 

Harsh  herbs,  with  parallel-veined,  petiolate  leaves  and  branching  peduncles. 
Flowers  perfect  or  monoecious,  with  a  regular  double  perianth.  Sepals  3,  green ; 
petals  3,  colored  or  green ;  stamens  hypogynous.  Ovaries  3  or  more,  separating 
into  as  many  1 -seeded  achenia. 

Genera  9,  species  70,  distributed  in  all  parts  of  the  -\vorld,  more  common  in  temperate 
climates.  One  species  of  Sagittaria  is  cultivated  for  food  in  China  (S.  Sinensis).  (Our  specimens 
were  revised  by  Dr.  Engelnian.) 

SUBORDERS  AND   GENERA. 

I.  ALISME^E.     Petals  white,  with  a  green  calyx. 

Embryo  curved.    Leaves  rush-like,  with  no 
lamina,  (a)  J  Stam  G.  AI.ISMA.  1. 

a  Fls.  all  perfect.  1  Stain.  9.— 24.  ECIIIN.  2. 

a  FIs.  diclinous.  Stam.  Co  ..  .SAGITTABIA.        8 

II.  JUNCAGINE^E.  Petals  greenish,  like  the  sepals. 

Embryo  straight.    Leaves  mostly  expanded 

to  a  lamina,  (b) 

b  Anthers  oval.     Lvs.  radical ...  TEIGLOCIIIN-.  4 
b  Anth.  linear.   Lvs.  cauline.SciiEuciizEiUA..  5 

FIG.  712.  Inflorescence  of  a  Sagittaria,  leaf 
nnd  flowers.  <r,  One  of  the  pistils  enlarged.  I,  The  pis- 
til of  Alisma  cut  open,  showing  the  seed  and  curved  em- 
bryo. 

1.  ALIS'MA,  L.  WATER  PLANTAIX. 
(Celtic  alls,  water  ?)  Flowers  £  5  sepals 
3,  persistent ;  petals  3,  aestivation  involute ;  stamens  6 ;  ovaries  and 
styles  numerous,  arranged  in  a  circle,  forming  as  many  flattened  ach- 
enia.— 1£  Acaulescent,  marsh,  herbs,  with  mostly  expanded  leaves,  and 
with  panicled  flowers. 

A.  plantago  L.  Lvs.  all  radical,  ovate  or  oval,  subcordate,  abruptly  acuminate ; 
scape  many-flowered;  fls.  verticillate  in  the  panicle;  carpels  15  to  20,  ribbed  on 
the  back,  tbrming  an  obtusely  triangular  whorl. — A.  common,  smooth,  handsomo 
inhabitant  of  pools  and  ditches.  Lvs.  resembling  those  of  the  common  plantain, 
with  about  5  veins  running  from  end  to  end,  connected  by  cross  veinlets.  Peti- 
oles 8 — 12'  long.  Panicle  a  scape,  1 — 2f  high,  with  numerous,  small,  rose-white 
flowers.  Jl,  Aug.  (A.  trivialis  and  parviflora  Ph.) 

2.  ECHINODO'RUS,  Richard,  Engelm.  (Gr.  £%o>of,  the  sea-urchin, 
dopdf,  a  sack  ;  alluding  to  the  head  of  carpels  bristly  with  the  persistent 
styles.) — Flowers  £;  sepals  3,  persistent;  petals  3,  aestivation  imbri- 
cate; stam.  6 — co;  ovaries  and  styles  oo,  imbricated  in  a  head,  form- 
ing as  many  flattened,  beaked  achenia. — Scape  creeping  or  erect,  flow- 
ers verticillate. 
1  B.  radicans  Engelm.  Leaves  ampk,  ovate,  obtuse,  cordate,  about  7-veined,  on 

long  petioles ;  scape  prostrate,  running  and  rooting  at  the  proliferous  joints ;  fls. 


ORDER  135.— ALISMACE^E  677 

clustered  at  the  nodes,  on  long  pedicels;  stam.  18 — 24;  heads  of  carpels  ovoid, 
achenia  short-beaked,  very  numerous  (100 — 200). — U  Swamps,  W.  111.  (Engel- 
mann  in  Gray's  Manual)  S.  to  Ga.  (Mettauer)  and  La.  (Hale).  Lvs.  5 — 12'  by 
3 — 7'5  strongly  heart-shaped.  Scapes  several,  2 — if  long,  producing  roots  and 
small  leaves  as  well  as  flowers  at  the  upper  joints.  Flowers  white,  much  resem- 
bling' those  of  Sagittaria,  Jn.,  Jl.  (Alisrna,  NutL) 

2  E.  rostra tus  Eugelm.     Leaves  ovate,  rather  acute,  cordate,  about  5-veined,  the 
later  ones  oblong,  all  long-petioled ;  scapes  erect,   much  exceeding  the  leaves, 
sharply  angled;  stam.  12;  heads  of  carpels  globular;  ach.  numerous  (100),  strongly 
ribbed  and  beaJced. — (D  River  swamps,  111.  near  St.  Louis  (Engelm.)  S.  to  Ark. 
Much  smaller  than  the  preceding.    Lvs.  1 — 3'  long,  petioles  2 — 4'.    Scapes  1 — 3£ 
Flowers  about  half  as  large  as  in  Sagittaria.     (Alisma,  Nutt.) 

3  E.  parvnla  Engelm.     Dwarf;  leaves  eUiptic-lanceolate,  very  acute,  tapering  to  a 
petiole  of  equal  length;  scapes  erect,  3 — G-flowered;  pedicels  reflexed  in  fruit; 
stam.  9  ;  heads  of  carpels  depressed-globular;  ach.  about  20,  beakless. — CD  Muddy 
shores,  III,  Mo.  to  Mich.  (Engelm.).     Plant  a  few  inches  (1 — 3  or  4')  high,  often 
stoloniferous.      Leaves,   excluding  petiole,   Jess  than   1'   long.     Fls.  about  3" 
diameter, 

3.  SAGITTARIA,  Lu  ARROW-HEAD.  (Lat.  sagitta,  an  arrow  ;  from 
the  peculiar  form  of  the  leaf.) — Flowers  8 ,  rarely  $  $  ;  sepals  3  ;  pet- 
als larger,  colored,  sestivation  imbricate ;  stam.  co  ;  ovaries  very  nu- 
merous, crowded  into  a  head,  forming  in  fruit  as  many  flat,  margined, 
beaked  achenia, — Acaiilesccnt  marsh  herbs,  with  a  inilky  juice.  Lvs. 
commonly  arrow-shaped,  often  lanceolate,  linear,  or  even  reduced  to 
mere  petioles.  Scapes  with  fls.  in  whorls  of  3s,  the  lower  perfect. 
Petals  white. 

§  Lower  (fertile)  pedicels  mncli  shorter  tlma  the  upper  (sterile)  ones Nos.  1,  2 

<;  fertile  pedicels  as  long  as  the  sterile,  (a) 

a  Filaments  longer  than  the  anthers.     Lvs.  not  sagittate No.  3 

a  Filaments  very  short. — Leaves  lanceolate  and  linear,  mostly Nos.  4 — 6 

— Leaves  oval-obtuse,  sagittate  at  base .No.  1 

1  S.  Trariabilis  Engelm.     Lvs.  generally  sagittate;  scape  12-angled,  upper  fls. 
sterile,  on  pedicels  but  twice  longer  tJtan  tiwse  of  the  lower  fertilejis.;  fil.  glabrous, 
longer  tkan  tfie  anttiers^  ach.  obovate,  with  a  conspicuous,  averted  beak. — A  curious 
aquatic,  conspicuous  among  the  Rushes  and  Sedges  of  sluggish  waters,  Can.  and 
D.  S.    Lvs.  3  to  10',  the  lobes  about  as  long  as  the  lamina,  petioles  much  longer. 
Scape  10'  to  2£  simple  or  branched,  3  of  the  angles  prominent.     Fls.  mostly  in  3s, 
with  ovate,  slender-pointed  bracts,  often  dioecious.      Petals  roundish,  showy, 
wholly  white.    Jl.,  Aug.     The  leaves  are  exceedingly  variable.     (S.  sagittifolia, 
Ed.  1,  <tc^  nee.  L.,  from  which  it  differs,  according  to  Dr.  Engelmann,  in  the  char- 
acters emphasized  above.) 

/?.  OBTUSA.     Lvs.  largo,  broadly  ovate,  sagittate,  apex  obtuse;  fls.  dioecious. — 

A  large  form,  Mid.,  W.  and  S.  States.     (S.  obtusa  Willd.) 
y.  LATIFOLIA.     Lvs.  large,  broad-ovate,  acute,  with  ovate,  acuminate  lobes, 
d  GRACILIS.     Lvs.  linear,  with  linear,  long,  acute,  spreading  lobes. 
e.  PCBESCHXS.     Plant  pubescent  in  all  its  parts;  Ivs.  and  their  lobes  ovate. 

2  S.  heterophylla  Ph.     Lvs.  smooth,  linear-lanceolate,  rarely  some  of  them  ellip- 
tical and  sagittate ;  scape  simple,  weak ;  bracts  roundish,  obtuse ;  upper  fls.  sterile, 
on  long  pedicels,  the  lowest  whorl  fertile,  almost  sessile;  fil.  very  dwrt;  ach.  nar- 
rowly obovate.  long-beaked.— Muddy  shores,  common  S.  and  W.     Leaves  almost 
as  variable  as  in  No.  1,  but  the  other  marks  are  very  distinctive.   Stalks  If  to  sev- 
eral, according  to  the  depth  of  water.     Blades  5  to  10'  in  length.     Fis.  large,  12 
to  16"  diam.,  white.     July. 

/?.  EIGIDA.  Plant  rather  rigid  in  habit,  erect ;  Ivs.  narrowly  lanceolate ;  acuto 
at  apex,  acute  or  obtusish  at  base. — Lake  shores.  (S.  rigida  Ph.) 

7.  AXGCSTIPOLTA.  Lvs.  nearly  linear,  delicate,  often  floating  as  well  as  the 
weak,  elongated  scape. 

3  S.  lancifclia  L.,  MX.     Lvs.  lance-cblong,  acutish,  feather-veined,  long-taper- 

base  to  a  very  long  petiole;  scape  tall,  branched;  fls.  in  3s,  all  long-pedi- 


678 


ORDER  135.— ALISMACEJ3. 


collate-  bracts  broad-ovate,  short-pointed;  fil.  hairy,  longer  than  the  anthers  ;  ach, 
obovate-falcate. — River  swamps,  Conn.  ?  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.  (Hale).  Stalks  stout. 
3f  or  more,  according  to  the  depth  of  water.  Leaves  thick  and  leathery,  8  to  I4'f 
the  veins  diverging  irorn  the  midvein,  crossed  by  tha  veiulets.  Us.  white,  showy. 
(3.  falcata  Ph.) 

P.  f  Very  slender,  erect,  with  nearly  linear  leaves ;  bracts  and  sep.  scabrous. — 
La.  to  Tex. 

4  S.  graminea  MX.     Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  varying  to   linear,   rarely  sagittate; 
scape  erect,  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves ;  lower  whorls  fertile ;  all  the  pedicels 
elender,  equal;  filaments  short  as  the  anthers;  ach.  beakless. — In  shallow  water 
or  mud,  common.     Lvs.  commonly  very  narrow,  attenuate-pointed,  4  to  12'  or 
more.     Scape  5  to  20'  in  height,  the  pedicels  1'  or  less.     Flowers  small,  8  or  9'' 
diarn.,  whito;  stam.  few.     The  forms  with  lance-ovate  leaves  constitute  a  well 
marked  variety.     (S.  simplex,  Ed.  2.) 

5  S.  pusilla  Nutt.      Petioles  (leaves?}  short,   linear,  obtuse,  summits  only  folia- 
ceous ;  scape  simple,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  fls.  few,  fertile  one  solitary,  deflexed ; 
stam.  mostly  7. — A  diminutive  species  on  muddy  banks,  N.  Y.  to  Ga,  Leaves  rarely 
subulate,  an  inch  or  two  long,  less  than  a  line  wide.    Scape  2 — i'  high.    Flowers 
4 — 7,  the  lowest  one  only  fertile.     Aug. 

6  S.  natans  MX.     Lvs.  floating,  oval-lanceolate,  obtuse,  3-veined,  tapering  to  the- 
base,  lower  ones  subcordate ;  scape  simple,  few-flowered ;  lower  ped.  elongated. 
In  water,  Penn.  (Muhlenberg)  to  Car.     Scapo  mostly  erect,  3 — G'  long.     Leaves 
1 — 2'  long.     Flowers  few,  small,  the  upper  sterile  (Elliot). 

7  S.  uliginosa  Engelm.     Lvs.  oval-sagittate,  rounded-obtuse,  lobes  triangular; 
scapes  several,  as  tall  (6 — 10')  as  the  Ivs ;  fls.  in  pairs,  the  lower  pair  (fertile)  on 
thick  pedicels,  longer  than  the  upper;  bracts  obtuse;  ach.  broad-obovate,  long- 
pointed. — St.  Louis,  perhaps  not  within  our  limits. 

4.  TRIGLCTCHIN,  L.     ARROW  GRASS.     (Gr.  rpfo  three,  yAw^,  a 
corner ;  on  account  of  the  3-angled  fruit.)     Sepals  and  petals  concave, 
deciduous,  the  former  inserted  a  little  below  the  latter;  stamens  G,  very 
short ;  anthers  large,  extrorse  ;  ovaries  1-ovuled  ;  stigmas  adnate  ;  fruit 
clavate,  composed  of  3 — 6  united,  indehiscent,  1-seeded  carpels. —  2£  Lvs. 
grass-like,  all  radical. 

1  T.  maritimum  L.   Fruit  ovate-oblong,  grooved,  0/6  united  carpels ;  scapo  longer 
than  the  leaves. — A  rush-like  plant  in  salt  marshes  and  ditches  on  the  sea-ooast, 
and  at  Salina,  N.Y.,  also  lake  shores,  N.  Y.,  Wis.   Lvs.  linear,  semi-cylindric,  smooth, 
thick,  6 — 12'  long,  less  than  a  line  wide.     Scape  obtusely  angled,  simple,  9 — 18' 
long,  bearing  a  long  raceme  of  30 — 40   green  flowers  on  pedicels  1 — 2"  long. 
Fruit  separating  into  6  h'near  carpels,  each  containing  a  linear  seed.     The  plant 
has  a  sweetish  taste,  and  cattle  are  fond  of  it.     July.     (T.  elatum.   Nutt.) 

2  T.  paliistre  L.     Fruit  nearly  linear,  of 3  united  carpels;  scape  scarcely  longe-r 
than  the  leaves. — In  marshes,    Salina,  N".  Y.  N.  to  Arc.  Am.      Leaves  very  nu- 
merous, fleshy,  smooth,  very  narrow.     Scapo  G — 12'  high,  ending  ia  a  racem.c 
with  rather  remote,  very  small,  green  flowers  on  pedicels  2 — 3"  long.     The  aien- 
der  fruit  is  attenuated  at  base,  obtuso  at  apex,  grooved  and  margined,  consisting 
of  3  very  slender  carpels.     July. 

5.  SCHEUCHZE'RIA,  L.     (To  the  Scheuchzew,  two  brothers,  distin- 
guished botanists.)     Sepals  and  petals  oblong,  acute,  persistent ;  sta.  6, 
with  linear  anthers ;  stigmas  sessile,  lateral ;  ovaries  1 — 2-ovuled ;  cap- 
sules inflated,  compressed,  2-valved,  1 — 2-seeded. —  2£  Lvs.  cauline,  lin- 
ear, sheathing  at  base. 

B.  palustris  L.  A  rush-liko  plant,  in  swamps,  Yt.,  Penn.,  to  111.  Root-stock 
horizontal,  fleshy.  Stem  about  a  foot  high,  simple,  acgular.  Leaves  semi-cylin- 
dric, 4 — 6'  long,  in  the  barren  shoots  much  longer,  sheathing  at  base.  Raceme 
terminal,  5 — 8-flowered.  Flowers  yellowish-green,  on  short  pedicels,  eaek  axil- 
lary to  a  bract.  Stamens  large,  exserted,  erect.  June,  July. 


ORDER  13G.— HYDROCHARIDACE^E.  679 


ORDER  CXXXVI.     HYDROCHARIDACEvE.     FROGBITS. 

"Aquatic  Tierbs  with  parallel-veined  leaves  and  diclinous  fls.  on  a  slender-stalked 
spadix.  Perianth  regular,  3  to  6-parted,  the  inner  segments  petaloid.  Stamens  3 
to  12.  Ovary  adherent  to  the  perianth,  1  to  9-celled,  with  3.  6  or  9  large  stigmas. 
Fruit  dry  or  succulent,  many-seeded,  indehisent.  Seeds  without  albumen. 

•Gtnt>-fi  12,  sptcie*  20.  native  of  fresh  water  in  Europe,  N.  America,  E.  Indies  and  N.  Holland. 
They  appear  to  possess  no  active  properties. 

1.  LIIVINO'BIUM,  Richard.     FROGS-BIT.     (Gr.  Mfivrj,   a   lake,   fitog, 
life.}     Flowers  monoecious,  arising  from  subsessile  spathes ;    $  spathe. 
1-leaved,  about  3-flowered,  calyx  3-scpaled,  corolla  3-petaled,  petals  ob- 
long-linear; stamens   G   to   12,   monadelphous ;    ?  spathe  2-lcavcd,  1- 
flowered ;  calyx  and  corolla  as  in  the  $  ;  stamens  6,  subulate  rudiments  ; 
ovary  G  or  9-celled,  becoming  a  co-seeded  berry. —  2£  Herb  acaulescent, 
in  stagnant  waters,  multiplying  by  stolons,  and  with  floating  Ivs.     Fls. 
showy,  white,  the   $  on  long  stalks. 

Ii.  Spoiigia  Rich. — In  Braddock's  Bay,  L.  Ontario  (Sartwell);  scarce  at  the  north, 
common  ia  the  south,  E.  Ky. !  to  Ga.  (Feay)  and  La.  (Hale).  Lvs  on  long  pe- 
tioles, roundish,  obtuse  or  broadly  acute,  often  cordate,  1'  to  18"  diam.  Fed.  of 
the  sterile  fls.  slender,  about  3'  long,  of  the  fertile,  thick,  about  1'  long,  botli 
kinds  cither  together  on  the  same  stalk  or  on  different  stalks  which  are  connected 
by  the  stolons  (Dr.  Feay).  The  leaves  beneath  are  purplish  and  spongy  with  largo 
cells.  J!.,  Aug.  (Hydrocharis,  Bosc.  II.  cordifolia  Nutt.) 

2.  AUACH'ARIS,  Richard.     DITCH  Moss.    (Gr.  av,  an  indefinite  par- 
tide,  a%apL<;,  uncomely.)     Flowers  polygamous,  solitary,  from  a  tubular, 
bifid,  axillary  spathe ;    perianth  6-parted,  colored ;    $  minute,  with  9 
oval,  ncavly  sessile  anthers ;    ?   perianth  excessively  produced  into  a 
filiform  tube  above  the  ovary,  limb  6-parted,  stamens  3  to  G,  often  abor- 
tive1; style  capillary*  adherent  to  the  tube  of  the  perianth  ;  stigmas  3, 
large;  fruit  few- seeded.      If.  Small  aquatic  herbs,  with  submersed  pellu- 
cid opposite  or  verticillate  Ivs. 

A.  Canadensls  Planchon.  Lvs.  verticillate  in  3s  and  4s,  lanceolate,  oblong  or 
linear  sunulate;  stig.  2-lobed. — Resembling  a  coarse  moss,  in  still  waters  and 
bogs.  St.  filiform,  diffusely  dichotomous,  very  leafy.  Lvs.  3  to  G"  by  (less  than) 
1",  Ihin  r.nd  diaphanous,  sessile,  obtuse.  Fls.  minute,  of  a  dingy  white,  the  slen- 
der, hair-like  tube  2  to  10'  long,  according  to  the  depth  of  the  waters.  Stigmas 
recurved  between  the  segments,  crested  with  glandular  hairs.  Aug.  (Udora, 
Nutt.) 

3.  VALLISTtE'RIA,   Micheli.      EEL-GRASS.     (In  honor  of  Anthony 
ValU&ncr,  a  French  botanist.)     Flowers  $  $  ;  spathe  ovate,  2  to  4- 
parUd.      $  Spadix  covered  with  minute  flowers,  enclosed  in  a  3-parted 
.spathe;  corolla  0.      $  Spathe  bifid,   1-flowered ;  perianth  elongated; 
sepals  linear  :  stigmas  3,  ovate,  bifid  ;  fruit  elongated,  cylindrical,  many- 
seeded. —  2£   Submersed.     Lvs.   all   radical,   grass-like.     Scape    spiral, 
very  long. 

"V.  spirals  L.  Lvs.  linear,  obtuse,  serrulate  at  the  end,  tapering  at  the  base, 
floating. — A  curious  plant,  in  slow  moving  or  stagnant  waters,  U.  S.  Leaves 
linear,  1 — 2f  long,  about  •£'  wide,  the  edges  thinner  than  the  middle.  Scapes 
several,  of  the  sterile  plants  short,  of  the  fertile  plants  very  tortuous,  2 — 4f  long 
when  extended,  thread-like,  thickened  at  the  top,  bearing  each  a  single,  white 
Cower  at  <T  near  the  surface.  Sepals  and  petals  crowning  the  (!')  long,  narrow, 
incurved  ovary,  which,  is  half  concealed  in  the  spathe.  Jl.,  Aug.  (V.  Amei> 
icana  MX.) 


(330  OBDEB  133.— ORCHIDACE^E. 

ORDER  CXXXVII.     BURMANNIACE^L 

Small  annual  herbs  with  slender,  scaly  or  naked  stems  and  scale-like,  tufted  leaves. 
flowers  perfect,  with  a  tubular,  6-toothed  perianth  adherent  to  the  ovary.  Stamens 
3,  opposite  the  smaller  teeth  (petals),  introrse,  or  6  and  extrorse.  Capsule  1  or  3- 
celled,  seeds  numerous,  minute,  loose  in  a  membranous  testa. 

Genera  7,  opecies  30,  in  wet,  grassy  places  in  the  warm  parts  of  Asia,  Africa  and  America 
They  are  said  to  be  bitter  and  astringent. 

1.  APTE^RIA,  Nutt.     (Gr.  a,  privative,  Trrepov,  a  wing.)     Perianth 
bell-tubular,  tube  longer  than  the  slender  teeth,  marescent ;  teeth  alter- 
nately narrower  ;    capsule   globular,  wingless,   1-celled,  valves  opening 
first  at  base ;  placenta?  parietal  ;  seeds  innumerable,  oblong,  very  min- 
ute.— (p  Herbs  apparently  leafless. 

A.  setacea  Nutt.  Erect,  very  slender,  with  remote,  subulate  scales,  and  divid- 
ing above  into  2  racemes ;  fls.  distant,  pedicellate. — Moist,  shady  woods,  Fla. 
and  La.  (Hale).  St.  4  to  6f  high.  Raceme  often  simple.  Coralla  3  to  4"  long, 
purplish. 

2.  BURMAN'RIA,  L.     (Dedicated  to  one  Burmann,  a  German  bota- 
nist.)    Perianth  tube  scarcely  produced  above  the  ovary,  often  3-winged 
below,  limb  with  3  inner  teeth  much  shorter ;  capsule  prismatic,  often 
3-\vinged,  cells  3,  with  a  thick  placentae  in  the  axis ;  seeds  numerous. — 

(D  Leafless. 

1  B.  biflora  L.     St.  capillary,  simple,  with  scarcely  perceptible  bracts,  and  1  or  2, 
rarely  more,  small  light  blue  flowers  at  top,  the  angles  of  the  tube  conspicuously 
winged. — Grassy  swamps  in  the  lower  districts,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.     St.  2  to  3' 
high.     Fls.  2  to  3"  long.     Oct.,  Nov. 

2  B.   capitata  L.     St.  setaceous,  furnished  with  a  few  subulate  bracts,  simple, 
erect,  bearing  at  top  a  dense  cluster  of  white  fls. ;  ovary  and  fruit  scarcely  winged, — 
Upper  districts  of  S.  Car.  and  Ga.  (Bachman),  less  common,  and  with  smaller  fls. 
than  in  the  last.     St.  6  to  8'  high.     Sept. 


ORDER  CXXXVIII.     ORCHID ACE^E.     ORCHIDS. 

Herbs  perennial,  with  fleshy  roots,  simple,  entire,  parallel  reined  leaves.  Flowery 
very  irregular,  with  an  adherent,  ringent  perianth  of  6  parts.  Sepals  3,  usually 
colored,  odd  one  uppermost  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary.  Petals  3,  usually  colored, 
odd  one  lowest  by  the  twisting  of  the  ovary.  Lip  (labeUum,  the  odd  petal)  diverse 
in  form,  often  lobed,  frequently  spurred  at  base.  Stamens  3,  gynandrous  (consoli- 
dated with  the  style),  2  of  them  or  more,  rarely  1  of  them,  abortive  or  obsolete,  tho 
potten  powdery,  or  coherent  in  waxy  masses.  Ovary  inferior,  1-celled,  with  3  pari- 
etal placenta3  and  innumerable  ovules.  Fruit  capsular,  3-valved.  Seeds  numerous 
and  very  minute.  Illust.  in  Figs.  29,  37,  b,  57,  85,  200,  327,  366. 

Genera  394,  ftpeciff  3000  ?  They  are  among  the  most  interesting  and  curious  plants,  nlmost  al- 
ways remarkable  for  the  grotesque  form  of  their  tortuous  roots  and  steins,  and  the  fragrance, 
brilliancy  and  odd  structure  of  the  flowers. 

The  Orchids  are  natives  of  nearly  every  part  of  the  world.  In  the  tropics  multitudes  of 
them  are  epiphytes,  growing  on  living  trees  or  decaying  timber. 

This  order  is  remarkable  for  those  qualities  only  which  please  the  eye.  They  not  only  excel 
in  beauty  and  delicacy,  but  often  closely  imitate  objects  of  the  animal  kingdom,  as  bees,  flies, 
spiders,  doves,  swans,  pelicans,  &c.,  especially  those  of  the  tropical  regions.  Many  of  its  species 
are  cultivated  for  ornament,  but  few  of  them  possess  either  active  or  useful  properties.  Tho 
salep  of  commerce  is  a  nutritive,  mucilaginous  substance  afforded  by  the  roots  of  some  Asiatic 
Orchis.  The  aromatic  vanilla,  used  to  flower  chocolate,  &c.,  is  tho  fruit  of  the  West  Indian 
VaniUa  claviculata. 


ORDER  138.— ORCHID  ACE^E.  681 

TRIBES  AND    GENERA. 

§  CYPRIPEDIE  J2.  Anthers  2,  fertile,  the  3rd  a  petal-like  appendage  over  tlio 

stigma.    Lip  a  large,  inflated  spurless  sack 
§  OPIIRYDE jE,  &e.  Anther  only  1,  terminal  or  dorsal  on  the  stigma.     (*) 

*  Lip  produced  behind  into  a  spul-  which  is  free  from  the  ovary,     (a) 

a  Anther  erect,  terminal ;  pollinia  2,  granular,  pedicellate  and  attached  to  as 
many  glands  on  the  stigma,  which  glands  are  (b) 

b  concealed  ia  a  pouch  (Flowers  large,  rose-colored,  lip  entire)    in ORCHIS.    2 

b  naked  and  close  together  (Flowers  small,  lip  entire  or  toothed)   in...GYMNADEMA.    3 
b  naked  and  widely  separated  (Lip  entire  or  lobed,  or  cleft  or  fringed.)  PLATANTHERA.    4 

a  Anther  bont  over  the  end  of  the  stigma  like  a  lid.     Pollinia  4 TIPULARIA.    5 

*  Lip  not  produced  into  a  spur  behind,  or  the  spur  is  adnate  to  the  ovary,    (c) 

C  Lip  a  large,  inflated  sack  with  2  spur-like  points  lelow  the  apex CALYPSO.    6 

C  Lip  not  saccate.     Plants  brown,  leafless,  or  with  radical  leaf,    (d) 

d  Lip  hooded,  i.  e.,  its  margins  involute.     Pollinia  8.  Fls.  expanding. BLETIA.    7 

d  Lip  concave,  sessile,  often  with  an  adnate  spur.     Pollinia  4.  ..CORALLORHIZRA.    8 
d  Lip  concave,  raised  on  a  claw.  Pollinia  4.  Plant  with  1  late  leaf.  ..APLECTBUM.    9 
C  Lip  not  saccate.     Plants  green  and  with  leaves,     (e) 

e  Lip  flat.    Flowers  obscure,  in  racemes  nearly  bractless.    (f ) 

f  Lip  entire,  dilated ;  Column  minute.    (Leaf  1.) MYCROSTYLIS.  10 

f  Lip  sagittate  or  cordate.    Column  lengthened.    Leaves  2 LIPPAEIS,  11 

f  Lip  2-lobed  or  cleft  at  apex.    Lvs.  2,  cauline  opposite LISTEEA.  J3 

6  Lip  channeled,  recurved.    Fls.  whitish,  in  bracted  spikes,    (g) 

g  Sepals  reflexed.    Lip  arched  and  recurved,  3-lobcd CRANICHIS.  13 

g  Sepals  erect.— Lip  ascending,  embracing  the  column SPIEANTHES.  14 

— Lip  gibbous  beneath,  pointed  at  apex GOODYEBA.  J5 

e  Lip  bearded  or  3-lobed.    Stamen  lid-like.    Flowers  showy,    (h) 

h.  Flowers  several,  purple,  with  .a  bearded  lip  posterior CALOPOGOX.  10 

h.  Flowers  with  the  lip  anterior  (as  in  the  order  generally),     (k) 

k  Column  free  from  the  lip,  clavate.    Fls.  purplish POGONIA.  17 

k  Column  adherent  to  the  tip  below.     Fls.  purple ARETHUSA.  18 

k  Column  adherent  to  the  lip.  Fls.  yellow.  On  trees EPIDENDRUM.  19 

1.  CYPRIPE'DIUM,  L.  LADY'S  SLIPPER.  (Gr.  Kvnpig,  Venus, 
irodiov,  a  slipper ;  from  the  slipper-like  form  of  the  lip.)  The  2  lower 
sepals  united  into  1  segment,  or  rarely  distinct ;  petals  spreading ;  lip 
inflated,  saccate,  obtuse ;  column  terminated  by  a  petaloid  lobe  (barren 
stamen)  and  bearing  a  2-celled  anther  under  each  wing. — Fls.  large, 
very  showy,  distinguished  for  the  large,  inflated  lower  petal  or  lip  ;  Ivs. 
large,  plaited,  veined. 

§  Sepals  2,  the  lower  compound  of  2  united  either  wholly  or  near  the  tip.    (*) 

*  Stem  leafy.— Flowers  1  to  3,  mostly  but  1,  yellow Nos.  1,  2 

— Flowers  solitary  or  several,  white  or  rose-colored Nos.  8,  4 

*  Stem  a  leafless  scape,  2-leaved  at  base.    Flower  rose-colored No.  5 

§  Sepals 3,  the  2  lower  entirely  distinct No.  6 

1  C.  piibescens  Swartz.     LARGE  YELLOW  LADIES  SLIPPER.      St.  leafy,   Ivs. 
broad-lanceolate,  acuminate;  sepals  lanceolate;  lip  shorter  than  the  linear,  twisted 
petals,  compressed  laterally,  convex  both  above  and  below ;  sterile  stamen  triangular, 
acute ;  plant  pubescent.— Woods  and  meadows,  Can.  to  Wis.,  S.  to  Ga.     Sts.  usu- 
ally several  from  the  same  root,  If  or  more  high.     Lvs.  3  to  6'  by  2  to  3,  many- 
veined,  clasping  at  base.       Flower  mostly  solitary.     Segm.  4,   greenish   with 
purple  stripes  and  spots,  the  lower  bifid,  composed  of  2  united  sepals,  the  lateral 
2  to  3'  by  3",  wavy  and  twisted.     Lip  moccasin-shape^  bright-yellow,    spotted 
inside,  with  a  roundish  aperture.     May,  Jn. 

2  C.  parviflorum  Salish.   SMALLER  YELLOW  LADIES'  SLIPPER.  St.  leafy ;  Ivs.  lan- 
ceolate-acuminate j  sep.  ovate  or  lance-ovate ;  lip  shorter  than  the  petals,  compressed 
from  above  and  bancath;  sterile  stamen  triangular,  acute;  plant  pubescent. — In 
low  woods  and  prairies,   Can.  to  Wis.  and  Ga.  (Miss  Wyman).     More  common 
westward.     Plant  8  to  12'  high,  rarely  taller,  very  leafy.     Flower  a  third  smaller 
than  in  No.  1.    Petals  1  to  18",  twisted  or  not.     Upper  sep.  broadest.     Lip  evi- 
dently flattened  on  the  upper  side,  convex  laterally,  dull  yellow.     May,  Ju. 


C32  ORDER  138.— ORCHIDACE^E. 

3  C.  cdndidum  TVilld.     St.  leafy ;  Ivs.  oblong-lanceolate,  acute ;  fl.  terminal,  soli* 
tary ;  sep.    elliptic-lanceolate,    acuminate,   lower  scarcely  bifid   at   apex ;  petal 
lance-linear,  longer  than  the  laterally  compressed  white  lip  ;  sterile  stamens  lanceo- 
late, obtuse. — Border  of  wood?,  prairies,  Penn.  to  Ind.  (Plummer),  Wis.  and  Can. 
St.  about  If  high,  simple.     Lvs.  3  to  6'  by  14-',  sheathing  the  stem.     Ovary  pedi- 
cellate.    Lip  I'  in  length.    Petals  and  sepals  nearly  2'.    May. — Well  distinguished 
by  its  sterile  stamens  as  by  its  color. 

4  C.  spectabile  Sw.     St.  leafy ;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate ;  lobe  of  the 
column  elliptic-cordate,  obtuse ;    sep.  broad-ovate,  obtuse ;  lip  longer  than  the 
petals,  cleft  before. — A   tall,  superb  species,  found  in   swamps,  Can.  to  Ky.  and 
Car.     Stem  thick,  2   feet  or  more  high,  hairy.     Leaves  G — 10'  by  2 — 4',  veined, 
plaited,  hairy.     Flowers  2 — 3  on  each  plant,  very  large.     Lip  white,  striped  with 
purple,  2'  long,  1 J-  broad ;  upper  segment  largest,  lower  one  smaller,  composed  of 
2  sepals  completely  united.     Jl. 

5  C.  acaule  Ait.     Scape  leafless,  1-flowered ;  Ivs.  2,  radical,  elliptic-oblong,  rather 
acute ;  lobe  of  the  column  roundish-rhomboidal,  acuminate,  detiexed ;  pet.  lance- 
olate ;  lip  longer  than  the  petals,  cleft  before. — A  beautiful  plant,  in  dark  woods, 
Car.  to  Arc.  Am.     Leaves  largo,  plaited  and  downy.     Scape  10 — 14'  high,  with  a 
single  lanceolate  bract  at  the  base  of  the  large,  solitary  flower.     Sepals  V  long, 
the  two  lower  completely  united  into  a  broad  lanceolate  one  beneath  the  lip. 
Petals  lateral,  wavy.     Lip  2'  by  1',  purple,  forming  the  most  showy  part  of  tho 
flower.     May,  Jn.     (C.  humile  Sw.  7) 

6  C.  arietinum  Ait.     HAM'S  HEAD.     St.  leafy;   Ivs.  elliptical,   striate-veined ; 
Sep.  3,  distinct  (the  2  lower  not  united),  linear-lanceolate,  tho  upper  oblong-ovate, 
acuminate ;  2  lateral  pet.  linear ;  lip  as  long  as  the  petal,  saccate,  obconic. — In 
damp  woods,  Can.,  Me.,  Vt.  (Dr.  Phelps)  to  N.  Y.  and  Wis.?     Stems  usually 
clustered,  flexuous,   8 — 12'  high,  lower  part  sheathed.     Leaves  3 — 5,  2 — 3'  by 
\ — 1',  sessile,  amplexicaul.     Flower  mostly  solitary,  with  a  leafy  bract  at  base. 
Segments  about  equal  in  length,  tho  upper  one  as  broad  as  the  other  4  together. 
The  singular  form  of  the  lip  readily  suggests  the  name  of  this  curious  plant.  May. 

2.  OR'CHIS,  L.     (Gr.   op%i$,  the    ancient  name.)     Flower  ringcnt, 
sepals  and  petals  similar,  some  of  them  ascending  and  arching  over  the 
column  ;  lip  turned   downwards,  produced  at  base  beneath  into  a  spur 
which  is  distinct  from  the  twisted  ovary;  stamen  1,  anther  2-cclled ; 
pollinia  2,  one  in  each  cell,  composed  of  numerous  waxy  grains  im- 
plicated in  a  cobweb  tissue;  pedicellate  and  attached  to  2  glands  of  the 
stigma  which  are  contained  in  one  common  little  pouch.     Fls.  several, 
large,  bright-colored,  in  a  spike  or  raceme. 

O.  spectabilis  L.  Lvs.  2,  nearly  as  long  as  the  scape ;  lip  obovate,  undi- 
vided, crenate,  retuse  ;  segments  of  tho  perianth  straight,  the  lateral  ones  longer; 
spur  clavate,  shorter  than  the  ovary,  bracts  longer  than  the  flower. — This  pretty 
little  plant  is  found  in  shady  woods  and  thickets,  among  rocks,  etc.,  U.  S.  and 
Can.  Hoot  fasciculate.  Leaves  few,  radical,  ovate,  3 — G'  long,  £  to  %  as  wide. 
Scape  4 — G'  high,  acutely  angled,  with  a  lanceolate,  acute  bract  and  3 — 5  largo, 
ehowy  flowers.  Segments  of  the  perianth  purple,  ovate-lanceolate.  Lip  and 
spur  white  or  whitish,  each  about  8"  long.  May,  Jn. 

3.  GYMNADE^NIA,  R.  Brown.     ORCHIS.    (Gr.  yvpvos,  naked,  ad?p, 
gland.)     Anther-cells   parallel  or  converging   below ;    glands   of  the 
stigma  to  which  the  pollinia  arc  attached  naked.    Otherwise  as  in  Orchis. 
1  G.  nivea.     St.  very  slender,  lowest  leaf  long,  linear,   acute,  the  others  (G  to  12) 

very  much  smaller,  subulate,  bract-like ;  fls.  20  to  30,  small,  in  an  oblong-cylin- 
dric  spike ;  lip  (white}  oblong,  crenulate  or  wavy,  longer  than  the  petals,  produced 
behind  into  a  filiform  spur  which  is  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  ovary;  column 
very  short ;  pollinia  at  length  naked. — Ga.  (Pond)  to  Fla.  and  La.  (Hale).  Root 
fibrous,  producing  tuberous  corms.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  leaf  6  to  8'  long,  3  to  4" 
wide.  Fls.  white,  very  delicate,  rather  smaller  than  in  Nos.  2  and  3.  (Orchis 
nivea  Baldw.) 


ORDER  138.— -ORCHID  ACE^E.  683 

3  GK  f l^fe&t&ta  Lindl.  St.  slender ;  lowest  leaf  linear-oblong  or  oblanceolate^  ob- 
tuse, the  others  3  or  4,  very  small  and  bract-like;  fls.  7  to  12,  sessile,  in  a  short, 
open  spike ;  sop.  obtuse,  erect-spreading ;  Up  a  little  longer,  truncate  and  ^-toothed 
at  the  apex,  produced  behind  into  a  slender,  often  clavellate  spur  which  is  longer 
than  the  ovary. — In  damp  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.  Root  a  few  thick  fibers.  St. 
12  to  18' high,  leaf  about  6',  bracts  1' and  less.  Spike  often  as  wide  as  long, 
with  small,  greenish-white  fls.  Spur  4  or  5"  long,  usually  curved.  Jn.,  Jl.  (0. 
tridentata  Willd.) 

ft.  CLAVELLATA  has  the  fls.  more  diverging  and  the   spur  conspicuously  club- 
shaped. — South. 

3  G.  flava  Lindl.     St.  flcxuous,  leafy ;  lower  Ivs.  narrow-lanceolate,  acute,  upper 
gradually  smaller ;  spike  densely  many-flowered ;  lip  (ydlow)  ovate,  crenulate  or 
somewhat  wavy,  longer  than  the  broad-ovate,  obtuse  sepals,  shorter  than  the  sub- 
ulate spur. — Swamps,   in  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  and  La.     Rt.  of  thickened 
fibres.     St.   12  to   15'  high,  with  Ivs.  nearly  as  long  as  the  internodes.     Spiko 
globular  or  oblong,  with  30  to  50  small,  orange-colored  flg.     Sep.  about  1"  long, 
spur  nearly  3",  lip  2".     Jn.,  JL     (0.  flava  and  nigra  Nutt.) 

4.  PLATANTHERA,  Richard.  ORCHIS.  (Gr.  -rrharvg,  broad,  dvOijpd, 
anther.)  Anther  cells  diverging  below,  and  the  two  glands  to  which 
the  pedicellate  pollinia  are  attached  widely  separated.  Otherwise  as  in 
Orchis.  (Platanthcra  and  Gymnadenia  are  separated  from  Orchis  by 
characters  purely  artificial,  and  should  be  reunited  with  it.) 

*  Leaf  only  one.    Flowers  greenish-white.     Lip  entire  or  3-lobed Nos.  1,2 

*  Leaves  only  two,  roundish,  large.     Flowers  greenish.     Lip  entire Nos.  3,  4 

*  Leaves  several,  clothing  the  stem  more  or  less,  (a) 

a  Lip  undivided  and  entire,  neither  fringed,  lobed,  nor  toothed,  whitish Nos.  5,  <J 

a  Lip  undivided,— hut  3-toothed,  not  fringed.    Flowers  yellowish Nos.  7,  8 

— but  fringed.     Flowers  hright  yellow  or  white Nos.  9 — It 

a  Lip  8-parted, — segments  fringed.     Flowers  %vhite  or  greenish Nos.  12, 13 

— segments  fringed.    Flowers  purple Nos.  14, 15 

— segments  merely  toothed,  terminal  one  2-lobed.     Fls.  purple No.  16 

— segments  entire,  long,  linear-setaceous.     Whitish Nos.  17, 18 

1  P.  obtusata  Lindl.     Lf.  solitary,  oblong-obovate,  obtuse ;  st.  bearing  the  leaf 
near  its  base ;  epike  loose :  upper  sep.  broadest ;  pet.  subtriangular ;  lip  linear, 
entire,  with   2  tubercles  at  base,  as  long  as  the  arcuate,  acute  spur. — Found  in 
muddy  ponds  and  ditches,   N.  II.  (Storrs),  N.  to  Lab.     Stem  slender,  angular, 
G — 8'  high,   terminating  in  a  thin  spike  of  about  a  dozen  small,  greenish-white 
flowers.     Leaf  tapering  at  base,  usually  obtuse  at  the  summit,  2 — 3'   in  length, 
and  1  in  breadth,  issuing  with  the  stem  from  2 — 3  radical,  sheathing  bracts.    July. 

2  P.  rotundifolia  Lindl.     Lf.  solitary,  roundish-ovate ;  scape  naked  ;  spike  few- 
flowered  ;  bracts  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  ovary ;  sep.  and  pet.  obtuse ;  lip  3-lobed, 
lateral  lobes  subfalcate,  middle  one  obcordate  ;  spur  as  long  as  the  lip. — Ct.,  Penn. 
(Eaton),  Can.     Scapo  near  a  foot  high,  slender,  without  a  bract.    Leaf  2 — 4'  long, 
\  as  wide,  spotted,  sheathing  at  base.     Flowers  about  a  dozen,  of  a  greenish- 
white,  remarkable  for  their  broad,  3  (almost  4)-lobed,  pendent  lip.    (0.  rotund.  Ph.) 

.  3  P.  orbiculata  Lindl.  Lvs.  2,  radical,  suborbicular,  rather  fleshy ;  scape  bracte- 
ate;  upper  sep.  orbicular,  lateral  ones  ovate ;  lip  linear-subspatulate,  nearly  twice  aa 
long  as  the  sepals ;  spur  arcuate,  compressed,  clavate,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary. 
— A  remarkable  plant,  not  uncommon  in  old  woods  and  in  thickets,  Penn.  to 
Can.  and  W.  States.  Leaves  lying  flat  upon  the  ground,  3 — 6'  diam.,  rather  in- 
clining to  oval  or  ovate  with  the  apex  acute.  Scape  1 — 2f  high,  sheathed  with  a 
few  bracts,  bearing  a  raceme  of  numerous,  greenish-white  flowers.  Lip  9  to  12" 
by  1"  or  narrower.  Spur  1^ — 2'  long.  Jl.  (0.  orbiculata  Ph.) 

4  P.  Hcokeri  Lindl.     Lvs.   2,  radical,  suborbicular  or  suboval,  fleshy;    scape 
naked ;  bracts  lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  flowers ;  upper  sepal  ovate,  erect, 
lateral  ones  deflexed  and  meeting  behind ;  pet.  acute,   lip  lanceolate,  projecting, 
acuminate,  a  little  longer  than  the  sepals ;  spur  subulate,  arcuate,  about  twice 
longer  than  the  ovary. — Woods,  Can.,  N.  Eng.  to  "Wis.  (Lapham),  rare.     Resem- 
bles 0.  orbiculata,  but  is  very  distinct.     Scape  8 — 12'  high,  without  a  bract  bo- 
low  the  Cowers.     Leaves  4 — 5'  long,  nearly  or  quite  as  wide.     Flowers  12 — 18, 


(j34  ORDER  138.— ORCHID  ACB^E. 

in  a  straight  raceme,  yellowish-green,  the  spur  9 — 12"  in  length.     Ju.,  Jl     (ft 
Hookeriana,  2d  Edit.) 

5  P.  hyperborea  Lindl.     St.  leafy ;  Ivs.  very  erect,  acute,  lanceolate  ;  spike  elon- 
gated, many-flowered;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  longer  than  the  flower; 
sep.  deflexed ;  petals  and  lip  linear,  obtuse,  subequal,  the  latter  somewhat  lanceolate, 
and  about  as  long  as  the  pendulous,  obtuse  spur. — A  tall,   leafy,  variable  species, 
in  mountainous  woods  and  open  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Mich,  and  Can.     Stems  thick, 
1  to  3  or  even  4f  high.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  4  to  ?'  by  1  to  !£'.     Flowers  greenish 
in  shades,  nearly  white  in  open  situations,  forming  a  long,  more  or  less  dense 
spike.     Jl. — A  conrser  plant  than  the  next,  which  it  often  approaches  in  the  more 
slender  variety  HURONENSIS. 

6  P.  dilatata  Lindl.     St.  slender;  Ivs.  lance-linear  and  linear,  acute;  spike  many- 
flowered,  virgate ;  bracts  lance-linear,  about  as  long  as  the  flowers ;  upper  sepal 
ovate,  obtuse,  the  lateral  narrower  and  spreading;  lip  linear,  entire,  obtuse,  dilated 
and  rhomboid  at  base,  about  equaling  the  petals,  and  a  little  shorter  than,  the  ob- 
tuse, incurved  spur,  which  is  longer  than  the  ovary. — Swamps,  N.  States  (rare) 
and  Can.     More  slender  and  delicate  than  the  last,  10'  to  2f  high.     Lvs.  often 
narrow  and  grass-like  6  to  10'  long.     Fls.  10  to  50,  pure  white,  varying  to  green- 
ish.    Spur  about  4"  long.     Jl.     (0.  dilatata  Ph.) 

7  P.  bracteata  Torr.     St.  leafy ;  Ivs.  oblong,  obtuse,  upper  ones  ncuto ;  spike  lax ; 
bracts  2  to  .3  times  as  loog  as  the  flowers;  sep.  connivent,   ovate;  petals  linear, 
erect ;  lip  linear-cuneate,  truncate,  3-toolhed  at  the  end,  the  middle  tooth  small  or 
obsolete ;  spur  short,  inflated,  obtuse. — A  small,  green-flowered  orchis,  in  shades. 
St.  6  to  9'  high.     Lvs.  about  3,  18  to  30"  by  6  to  12",  upper  bracts  as  short  as 
the  flower.     Spikes  2  to  3'  long.    Fls.  yellowish-green.    Lip  as  long  as  the  ovary, 
3  times  as  long  as  the  sack-like  spur.     Can.  to  Ya.,  "W.  to  111.     Jl.,  Aug.     (Peri- 
stylus  Lindl.) 

8  P.  flava  Gray.     St.  leafy,  lower  Ivs.  oblong,  acute,  upper  lanceolate,  acuminate  ; 
spike  rather  dense,  cylindric ;  bracts  longer  than  the  fls. ;  lip  oblong,  obtuse,  with  a 
tooth  each  side  at  base ;  palate  with  one  tuberculate  tooth ;  spur  filiform,  rather 
shorter  than  the  sessile  ovary. — In  alluvial  soils,  North  and  South.     St.  flexuous, 
12  to  18'  high.     Lvs.  about  3,  with  long  sheaths,  3  to  6  or  1'  by  f  to  2',  tapering 
to  an  acute  summit.     Fls.  in  a  long,  thin  spike.    Sep.  short,  ovate,  green.    Petals 
yellowish,  drying  brownish.     Upper  bracts  about  as  long  as  the  flowers,  lower 
one  2  or  3  times  as  long.     The  tubercle  of  the  lip  is  a  remarkable  character.    Jn. 
(0.  flava  L.     0.  herbiole  and  fuscescens  Ph.     0.  bidentata  Ell.) 

9  P.  cristata  Lindl.     CRESTED  ORCHIS.     Slender,  lower  Ivs.  lance-linear,  very 
acute,    the  sepal  gradually  reduced,  linear,  acuminate ;  spike  oblong,   densely 
CO-flowered;  sep.  and  pet.  roundish  (1  to  2"  long),  the  latter  crenate  ;  lip  oblong, 
pinuately  fimbriate,  nearly  as  long  as  tho  spur  which  is  half  as  long  as  the  slender- 

•  beaked  ovary. — Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  and  La.  A  delicate,  yellow  Orchis,  18'  to 
2f  high.  Lvs.  G  to  10'  long.  Fls.  quite  small,  tho  sep.  and  pet.  scarcely  mora 
than  1"  long,  spur  2  to  3".  Jn.,  Jl. 

10  P.  ciliaris  Lindl.     YELLOW  FRINGED  ORCHIS.     Lower  Ivs.  lanceolate ;  spike- 
oblong,  dense,  with  numerous  large  fls. ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovary ;  lip.  ob- 
long-lanceolate, deeply  fringe-ciliate,  twice  longer  than  the  linear,  notched  petals; 
spur  longer  than  the  slender-beaked  ovary. — Delicately  beautiful,  with  bright  orange- 
colored  fls.,  in  swamps,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  Hot  common.     St.  about  2f  high.     Lvs. 
sheathing  at  base ;  lower  ones  3  to  5'  long,  rapidly  diminishing  upwards.     Sep. 
roundish^  obtuse,  concave.     Petals  linear,  very  small,  incised  at  the  summit ;  tho 
lip  narrow,  lanceolate,   conspicuously  fringed,  4"  long.     Spur  1'  in  length.     JL, 
Aug. 

11  P.  Blephariglottis  Lindl.    WHITE  FRINGED  ORCHIS.     Lower  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
channeled ;  spike  oblong,  dense ;  bracts  linear,  acuminate,  shorter  than  the  whits 
flowers;  petals  spatulate,   dentate  at  apex;   lip  lanceolate,  ciliate,  as  long  as  tho 
upper  sepal ,  spur  much  longer  than  the  long-beaked  ovary — In  swamps,  N.  Y. 
to  Car.,  Tesembing  the  last  species,  but  distinguished,  at  least,  by  the  color  of  its 
fls.  which  are  of  a  pure  white.     St.   1  to  2f  high.     Flowers  fewer  than  in  tho 
last.    Sepals  roundish-oblong,  lateral  retlexed.    Lip  fringed  in,  the  middle,  2'' long. 
Jn.,  JL 


ORDEB  138.— ORCHIDACE^E.  685 

12  P.  lacera  Gray.     RAGGED  ORCHIS.     Lower  Ivs.  oblong,  obtuse,  upper  one» 
narrow,  acuminate ;  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers ;  sep.  retuse ;  pet.  emarginate ; 
lip  3-parted,  segments  cuneate,   capillaceous-multifid ;  spur  filiform,  clavate,  as 
long  as  the  ovary.— Swamps  and  meadows,  Can.  to  Car.    Stem  1 — 2f  high,  smooth, 
slender.     Leaves  few,  3 — 6'  by  £  to  1 ',  mostly  acute.     Flower  numerous,  in  a 
long,  loose  spike,  of  a  greenish- white,  not  showy.     Sepals  ovate.     Petals  oblong- 
linear,  entire,  lip  reflexed,  very  deeply  laciniate.     Readily  distingiushed  from  tho 
following  by  its  more  slender  habit,  greenish  flowers,  and  tho  entire  (not  fringed) 
petals.     July. 

13  P.  leucoph^a  N.    WHITE-FLOWERED  PRAIRIE  ORCHIS.     St.  leafy ;  Ivs.  lance- 
olate, tapering  to  a  narrow,   obtuse  point,  channeled;  bracts  shorter  than  the 
ovaries ;  rac,  oblong .  sep.  roundish-oblong,  acutish ;  lateral  petals  obovote,  denti- 
culate ;  lip  3-parted,  flabelliform,  segments  deeply  fimbriate ;  spur  subulate-clavate, 
curved,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovary. — Wet  prairie?,  W.  States.     Stem  1 — 3f  high. 
Leaves  2 — 6'  long.     Raceme  about  12 -flowered.      Sepals  and  spur  yellowish, 
petals  white.     Ovary  curved,  1'  long. 

14  P.   Psycodes    Gray.     PURPLE   FRINGED   ORCHIS.     Lower    Ivs,  lanceolate, 
diminishing  upwards;    lip  3-parted,  scarcely  longer  than  the  petals,  the  segments 
cuneiform,  ciliate-fimbriate ;   lateral  pet.  ovate,  erose-crenulale  or  slightly  fringed, 
spur  filiform,  elavate,  longer  than  the  ovary,  common  in  meadows,  Can.  to  Ga., 
W.  to  Wis.     Stem  1£ — 2|f  high,   smooth,   slender.     Leaves  3 — 6'  long.     Flow- 
ers showy,  numerous,   in  a  terminal,  cylindric  spike,  light  purple.     Lip  some- 
what longer  than  the  petals,  its  3  spreading  segments  very  veiny  and  sparingly 
bristle-cleft.     Spur  an.  inch  in,  length.     Jl.     (0.  fimbriata  Ph.  Bw.     0.  incisa  & 
iissa  Muhl.) 

15  P.  Bigeldvii.     LARGE  FRINGED  ORCHIS.     Lower  Ivs.  oblong,  oval,  obtuse, 
upper  ones  very  narrow;  bracts  shorter  than  the  ovary;  rac.  oblong;  lip  depen- 
dent, twice  as  long  as  the  petals,  3-parted,  the  segments  fan-shaped  and  fimbriate, 
the  middle  one  largest,  with  connivent  fimbrise ;  lateral  pet.  fimbriate ;  spur  as- 
cending, clavate,  longer  than  the  ovary. — A  superb  plant,  considered  tho  most 
beautiful  of  the  genus,  in  wet  meadows,  Can.  to  Penn.     Stem  2 — 3f  high,  thick, 
hollow,  with  several  sheathing  bracts  at  base.    Leaves  2  or  3  principal  ones,  4 — 7' 
by  1 — 2',  upper  ones  linear,  an  inch  or  two  long.     Flowers  purple,  in  a  terminal 
raceme,  3 — 6'  long.     Middle  segm.  of  the  lip  nearly  semicircular,  twice  as  long  as 
the  lateral  ones.     June.     (P.  fimbriata  Lindl.  0.  grandiflora  Bw.) 

16  P.  peramcena  Gray.     St.  tall,  leafy;  Ivs.  lanceolate  and  lance-linear;  bracts 
nearly  equaling  the  ovary ;  sep.  roundish-ovate ;  lateral  petals  denticulate ;  lip  3- 
parted,  divisions  cuneiform,  dentate,  middle  one  2-lobed ;  spur  filiform,  clavate  at 
end,  curved,  longer  than  the  ovary. — A  large  and  showy  species  in  marshy  grounds, 
Penn.  to  Ind.  and  southward.     Stem  slightly  winged.     Leaves  4 — 6'  long.     Fls. 
violet-purple,  large,  20 — 50,  in  a  terminal  spike.     Ovary  1',  and  spur  1^'  long. 
June,  July.     (P.  fissa  Lindl.) 

17  P.  Michanxii.     St.  very  leafy;  lower  Ivs.  elliptic-oval,  acute,  upper  much  re- 
duced, lanceolate:   spike  few-flowered,  loose;  lip  3-parted  into  long  linear  setaceous 
segments ;  petals  2-parted,  lower  division  linear-setaceous ;  spur  near  twice  longer 
than  the  ovary. — Pine  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  (Chapman)  and  La.  (Hale).     Plant 
12  to  16'  high.    Lvs.  about  3'  by  1'.    Spur  filiform,  clavellate  at  end,  near  2'  long. 
Fls.  rather  distant,  white.     Aug. — Oct. 

18  P.  rdpens.     St.  very  leafy,  from  a  creeping  rhizome;  Ivs.  all  linear-lanceolate, 
elongated,  lower  bracts  longer  than  the  flowers ;  spike  closely  many-flowered;  lip  3- 
parted  into  setaceous  segments ;  petals  2-parted,  lower  segment  setaceous ;  spur 
recurved,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovary. — Borders  of  ponds  in  pine  barrens,  S. 
Car.,  Ga.  to  La.     (Hale.)     Strikingly  similar  to  the  last,  yet  strikingly  distinct, 
12'  to  18'  high.     Flowers  greenish  yellow,  about  half  as  large,  spur  about  half  an 
inch  long,  filiform.    Lvs.  5  to  8'  long,  tapering  to  a  very  acute  point.    Aug.,  Sept. 

19  ?  P.  quercicola.     Root  epiphytic,  creeping ;  Ivs.  all  cauline,  lance-ovate,  acute, 
rounded  at  base;  petioles  sheathing  the  stem ;  spike  dense,  few  or  many-flowered ; 
fls.  small,  riugent,  sep.  and  pet.  ovate,  obtuse ;  lip  spatulate,  free  from  the  column, 
slightly  recurved ;   spur  saccate,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  lip,  half  as  long  as  the 
ovary. — Chiefly  growing  in  the  rough  bark  of  oaks,  Fla.  (Chapman)  to  La.  (Hale). 


QQQ  ORDER  138.— ORCHID  ACE^E. 

Plant  3  to  10'  high,  with  2  to  20  flowers.  Lvs.  G  to  18"  long,  thin,  tho  sheath 
half  scarious.  Sep.  about  l£"  long. — Habit  quite  unlike  any  of  the  foregoing 
epecies. 

5.  TIPULA'RIA,  Nutt.     (Tipute,ilic  crane-fly;  from  the  fancied  re- 
semblance of  the  flowers.)     Sepals  spatulate,  spreading  ;  petals  lance- 
linear,  lip  sessile,  3-lobed,  middle  lobe  linear,  much  the  longest ;  spur 
filiform,  very  long;  column  wingless,  free;  anther  opcrculate,  persist- 
ent; pollinia  4,  parallel. — Corms  several,  connected  by  a  thick  fiber. 
Lf.  solitary.     Fls.  without  bracts. 

1  T.  discolor  Nutt.  A  slender,  green-flowered  plant,  resembling  a  Corallorhiza, 
growing  in  pine  woods,  Vt.,  Mid.  States  to  Ga.  Rare  northward.  Lf.  petiolato, 
ovate,  plaited,  smooth,  and  longitudinally  veined  2  to  3'  long.  Scape  10  to  15' 
high,  bearing  a  racemo  of  many  small,  greenish,  nodding  fls.  Spur  nearly  twice 
as  long  as  the  ovary.  Manner  of  growth  similar  to  that  of  Aplectrum.  Jl. 

6.  CALYP'SO,    Salisb.     (Named    for    the    goddess    Calypso,   from 
itahvTTTG),  to  conceal.)     Sepals  and  petals  subequal,  ascending,  secund  ; 
lip  inflated,  large,  2-pointed  or  spurred  beneath  near  the  end;  column 
petaloid  ;  pollinia  4. — Scape  1-flowered,  1 -leafed,  arising  from  a  corm. 
C.  borealis  Salisb.     A  beautiful  and  interesting  plant,  in  cold  mossy  bogs,  Vt.,  K. 

N.  Y.,  Can.,  but  very  rare.  Scape  6  to  8'  high,  bearing  a  single  large  flower  at 
top  and  sheathed  with  several  bracts.  Lf.  broad-ovate,  smooth  veined,  1  to  2' 
long.  Fl.  near  the  size  of  Cypripedium,  variegated  with  purple  and  yellow,  tho 
lip  its  most  conspicuous  part,  bearing  2  projecting  points  beneath  tho  apex.  May. 

7.  BLEVTIA,  Ruiz  ct  Pav.     (Named  for  Luis  Met,  a  Spanish  bot- 
anist.)    Petals  and  sepals  distinct,  nearly  equal ;  lip  sessile,  cucullata 
by  its  induplicatc  side-lobes,  spuiiess  (in  our  species) ;  column  free ; 
pollinia  8,  in  pairs,  waxy,  each  pair  pedicellate. — Sts.  or  scapes  simple, 
arising  from  globular  conns  and  bearing  a  raceme  or  head  of  showy  fls. 

1  B.  aphylla  Nutt.     Leafless;  scape  tall,  terete,  bearing  3  to  5  short,  sheathing 
remote  bracts ;  raceme  long,  loose,  with  ovate,  acute,  spreading  bractlets ;  fls.  many, 
much  longer  than  their  pedicels  ;  lip  divaricately  veined;  spur  none. — Car.  to  Ky., 
Fla.  and  La.     A  singular  plant,  in  the  borders  of  swamps,  15  to  30'  high,  tho 
thick  stem  tapering  above.     Sheaths  about  half  an  inch  long.     Sep.  (brownish 
purple)  and  pet.  (yellowish  brown)  8''  long.     Lip  3-lobed,  with  5  broad  plaits  or 
iblds.     Aug.,  Sept. 

2  B.  verecunda  II.  K.     Lvs.  all  radical,  broadly  lanceolate,  plaited  and  promi- 
nently veined ;  scape ;  scape  tall,  bearing  a  many-flowered  raceme ;  petals  con- 
invent ;  lip  with  divaricate  veins  and  folds,  the  side-lobes  narrowed  towards  tho 
apex;  the  middle  crispate,  emarginate,  broader  than  long;  spur  none. — Ga.  and 
Fla.  (Pursh.).     Common  in  the  W.  Indies.     Scape  2  to  3f  high.     Fls.  purple, 
large  and  showy.     Jn.,  Jl. 

8.  CORALLORHrZA,  Brown.     CORAL-ROOT.     (Gr.  Kopdkhiov,  coral, 
pi  fa,  root ;  its  branched  roots  much  resemble  coral.)     Sepals  and  petals 
nearly  equal,  converging;  lip  produced  behind;  spur  short  and  adnate 
to  the  ovary,  or  none ;  column  free ;  pollinia  4,  oblique  (not  parallel), 
free.'—'-Plants  leafless,  simple,  of  a  brown  color,  arising  from  coralline 
roots,  sheathed  with  bracts  and  bearing  a  raceme. 

*  Spur  conspicuously  prominent,  hut  ndnato.     Lip  8-lobed No.  1 

*  Spur  wholly  obliterated  ^-Lip  crenulate,  wavy,  not  at  all  lobed .No.  2 

^-Lip  entire,  slightly  toothed  near  the  base Nos.  3,  4 

1  C.  multiflora  Nutt.  Scape  many-flowered;  lip  cuneate-oval,  spotted;  3-parted, 
the  middle  lobe  recurved,  lateral  ones  short  and  ear-like ;  spur  conspicuous,  adnate ; 
caps,  elliptic-obovoid,  pendulous. — In  woods,  growing  on  the  roots  of  trees,  N. 
Eng.  and  Mid.  States.  Koot  coralline.  Scape  10  to  15'  high,  leafless,  brownish- 


ORDER  133.—  ORCHIDACE.E.  687 

purple,  sheathed  with  a  few  bracts.  Fls.  larger  than  in  tho  other  species,  15  to 
20,  erect,  spreading,  in  a  long  raceme.  Lip  showy,  3  to  4"  long,  white,  sprinkled 
with  purple  spots.  Spur  yellowish,  conspicuous,  but  short  and  adnate  to  tho 
Jl. 


2  C.  odontorhiza  Xutt.     Lip  undivided,  oval,  obtuse,  crenulate,  spotted;  spur 
none  ;  capsule  oblong  or  subglobous.  —  A  singular  plant,  with  no  leaves  or  green 
herbage,  inhabiting  old  woods,  Can.  to  Car.  and  Ky.     The  root  is  a  collection  of 
small,  fleshy  tubers,  articulated  and  branched  much  like  coral.    Scape  9  —  14'  high, 
rather  fleshy,  striate,  smooth,  invested  with  a  few  long,  purplish-brown  sheaths. 
Flowers  10  —  20,  in  a  long  spike,  of  a  brownish-green.    Lip  white,  generally  with 
purple  spots.     Capsules  large,  reflexed,  strongly  ribbed.     Jl.,  Aug. 

3  C.  innata  R.  Brown.     Scape  few-flowered  ;  ^  oblong,  angularly  1-toothed  towards 
the  base,  spotless,  deflexed  above;   spur  none  or  obsolete;    caps,  ell  iptic-obo  void, 
reflexed.  —  Rich  damp  woods,  N.  States  and  Can.,  rare.     Scape  not  bulbous  at 
base,  5  to  8'  high.     Fls.  5  to  10,  dull  purple,  with  a  white  lip.     May,  Jn. 

4  C.  Macr&i  Gray.     Scape  many-flowered  ;  fls.  large,  on  very  short  pedicels  ;  lip 
oval,  obtuse,  3-nerved,  entire  above,  obscurely  auricled  at  base;  spur  none.  —  "Canada, 
along  the  great  Lakes."    Also?  Northern  N.  II.    Plant  10  to  16'  high.    Sep.  and 
and  pet.  C"  long.    Caps,  reflexed,  oval,  6"  long.  —  Our  specimens  from  Nor.  N.  H. 
are  18'  high,  20-flowercd,  agreeing  with  Dr.  Gray's  description  as  far  as  we  cau 
judge  by  the  fruit. 

9.  APLEC'TRUM,  Nutt.     ADAM   AND  EVE.     PUTTY-ROOT.     (Gr.  a, 
TrhfJKTpov,  a  spur  ;  tho  lip  being  without  a  spur.)     Sepals  and  petals 
distinct,   nearly  equal,   converging  ;    lip  unguiculate,   3-lobed,    obtuse, 
middle  lobe  crenulate,  palate  ridged  ;  spur  none  ;  column  free,  anther  a 
little  below  the  apex  ;    pollinia   4,   oblique,    lenticular  !  —  Scape    and 
raceme  as  in  Coral  lorliiza,  but  arising  from  a  globous  conn  after  the 
single,  large,  coriaceous,  biennial  leaf. 

A.  hyemale  Nutt.  A  fine  plant  in  woods,  Can.  to  Fla.,  rare.  Rather  frequent 
westward.  The  corms  are  near  1'  thick,  composed  of  strongly  glutinous  matter, 
and  connected  by  a  thick  fiber.  A  new  corm  is  produced  annually,  in  advance 
of  the  old,  which  dries  up  the  second  or  third  year.  Leaf  elliptic  or  ovate,  3  to  5' 
long,  many-veined,  twice  longer  than  the  petiole,  arising  late  in  the  season  from 
the  new  corm,  remaining  through  the  winter,  until  tho  scape  (12  to  18'  high) 
arises  by  its  side.  Sheaths  brownish,  2  or  3.  Perianth  brownish,  6"  long. 
Caps,  pendulous,  1'  long.  May. 

10.  MICROS'TYLIS,  Nutt.     (Gr.  \imptx;,  little,  orvhog,  style  ;  alluding 
to  the  slender  column.)     Sepals  spreading,  distinct  ;  petals  filiform  or 
linear,  spreading;  lip  sessile,  concave,  spreading,  hastate  or  bidentate  at 
base,  not  tubercled  ;  column  minute,  with  2  teeth  or  lobes  at  the  sum- 
mit; pollinia  4,  loose,  cohering  by  pairs  in  each  cell.  —  Erect  from  tube- 
rous bulbs,  with  1  or  2  Ivs.  and  small,  racemed  fls. 

1  M.  ophioglossoides  Nutt.      Lf.  solitary,  ovate,  amplexicaul;  st.  5-angled; 
rac.  short,  obtuse;  pedicels  much  longer  than  the  flowers.  —  A  small  plant,  in  woods, 
&c.     Can.  and  N.  States.     Stem  5  —  9'  high,  with  a  single  leaf  a  little  below  the 
middle.     The  leaf  is  rather  acute,  smooth,  ovate  or  oval,  about  2'  in  length,  1  La 
width.     At  the  base  of  the  stem  is  an  abrupt  sheath.     Fls.  whitish,  minute,  nu- 
merous, in  a  terminal  raceme  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  dense  at  top,  often 
abortive.     Pedicels  about  4"  long.    Jn.     (Malaxis,  MX.) 

2  M.  monophyllus  Lindl.     Lf.  solitary,  ovate,  sheathing  at  base  ;  rac.  elongated, 
many-flowered,  pedicels  about  as  long  as  the  flowers  ;  bracts  minute;  sep.  acute, 
spreading  ;  lateral  petals  reflexed,  linear  ;  lip  triangular-hastate,  cucullate,  acum- 
inate with  a  recurved   point.  —  In  shady  swamps,  N.  Y.,  rare  (Hadley,  Gray.) 
Stem  .2  to  6'  high,  3-angled,  with  a  subspicato  raceme  of  20  to  40  small,  greenish 
fls.     Jl.     (Malaxis,  Wild.     Ophrys,  L.) 


ggg  ORDER  138.— ORCHIDACEJE. 

11.  LIP'ARIS,  Rich.     TWAT-BLADE.     (Gr.  ?a~ap6s,  elegant,  shining; 
a  term  characteristic  of  the  leaves.)     Sepals  and  petals  distinct,  sub- 
linear,  spreading  or  deflexed ;  lip  spreading,  flat,  ascending,  often  exte- 
terior;   column  winged;   pollinia  4,  parallel  with  each  other,  without 
pedicels  or  glands. — Erect  from  tuberous  bulbs,  with  about  2  Ivs.  and 
a  raceme. 

1  L.  lilifolia  Rich.     Lvs.  2,  ovate-lanceolate;   scape  triangular;  petals  filiform, 
reflexed;   Up  large,   wedge-obovate.   abruptly  cuspidate  at  the  broad  end. — Damp 
woods,  Can.  to  Car.  "W.  to  Wis.     Lvs.  radical,  3  to  4'  long,  rather  acute,  tapering 
into  a  sheathing  base.     Scape  about  G'  high.     Pis.  10  to  20,  in  a  terminal,  rather 
showy  raceme.     Pedicels  near  an  inch  in  length.     The  3  sepals  greenish-white, 
linear,  2  upper  petals  capillary,  yeliowish-wliite.     Lip   G"  long,  4"  wide,  purple- 
translucent.     Jn.     (Malaxis  lilifolia.     Sw.) 

2  L.  Loeselii  Rich.     Lvs.  2,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  keeled,  shorter  than  the  few- 
flowered  racemes ;  scape  angular ;  lip  oblong,  mucronate  incurved,  wavy  •  sep.  and 
pet.  linear,  subequal. — About  half  as  large  as  the  preceding,  in  moist  meadows 
and  fields,  Can.  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.  and  Wis.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  about  1'  wide, 
obtuse  or  acute,  sheathing  at  base.     Scape  3  to  5'  high.     Fls.  about  G,  appressed 
to  the  rachis,  in  a  thin  raceme.    Pedicels  about  2"  in  length.    Lip  2"  long.    Sepals 
and  pet.  greenish-white.     Ovaries  clavate,  as  long  as  the  pedicels.     Jn.  (Malaxia 
Correana  Bart.) 

12.  LIS'TERA,  K.  Brown.     TWAY-BLADE.     (Named  for  Dr.  Martin 
Lister,   an  English    naturalist.)      Sepals  and   petals  somewhat   equal, 
spreading  or  reflexed  ;  lip  usually  pendulous,  2-lobed,  or  2-cleft ;  column 
wingless,  the  beak  rounded;   anther  dorsal,  ovate ;  pollen  powdery. — 
St.  2-leaved  alwe  the  middle,  with  a  raceme.     Lvs.  opposite. 

1  L.  corclata  R.  Brown.     Lvs.  roundish,  subcordate,  acute ;   rac.  few-flowered  ; 
pedicels  the  length  of  the  ovary ;  lip  linear,  2-toothed  at  base,  deeply  bifid,  with 
divaricate,  linear  segments ;  column  very  short. — Rpot  fibrous.     St.  4  to  8'  high, 
furrowed.    Lvs.  8  to  10"  diam.,  sessile,  about  halfway  up  the  stem.    Fls.  minute, 
greenish-purple,  10  to  15,  in  a  short  raceme.     A  delicate  little  plant,  in  woods 
and  sphagnous  swamps,  among  mountains,  &c.,  N.   States,  and  Brit.  Am.     Jl., 
Aug. 

2  L.  convallarioides  Hook.     Lvs.  roundish-ovate;   rac.   few-flowered,  loose, 
pubescent;   sep.   ovate-lanceolate;   lip.   cuneate-spatulate,  twice  as  long  as  the 
sepals,  2-toothed  at  base,  with  2  roundish  lobes  and  an  intermediate  minute  one 
at  the  apex ;  column  elongated. — Car.  to  Arc.  Am.     Root  Cbrous.    St.  very  slen- 
der, 5  to  10'  high,  sheathed  with  a  few  bracts,  bearing  the  2  Ivs.  above  the  mid- 
dle.    Lvs.  1'  or  more  long,  nearly  as  wide.     Fls.  small,  the  broad,  obcordato  lip 
about  4"  long,  purplish.     May. 

3  L.  pubescens  Xutt.     St.  pubescent,  leafless ;  Ivs.  all  radical,  ovate,  acute ;  fls. 
in  a  raceme;  lip  2-lobed,  the  other  segments  connivent,  about  as  long  as  the  lip; 
caps,  clavate. — Pine  barrens,  Car.  and  Ga.    Fls.  greenish- white.  Jn.,  Jl. — We  havo 
seen  no  specimen.     Is  it  a  Cranichis  ? 

4  L.  australis  Lindl.     Lvs.   ovate;   fls.  minute,  puberulent,  on  pedicels  twice 
longer  than  the  ovary,  in  a  loose,  slender  raceme ;  lip  linear,  cleft  into  2  linear- 
setaceous  segments,  3  or  4  times  longer  than  the  sepals. — Swamps,  N.  Jer.  to  Ga. 
May,  Jn. 

13.  CRAN'ICHIS,  Swartz.     (Gr.  Kpdvog,  a  helmet  ?)— Sepals  spread- 
ing or  reflexed;   lip  narrow,  entire,  arched;   column  straight,  bearing 
the  anther  on  the  back,  parallel  with  the  style ;  pollen  farinaceous. — 
Lvs.  nearly  radical.     St.  bracted,  bearing  a  slender  spike.    Fls.  obliquely 
cernuous. 

C.  multifiora  Ell.  St.  slender,  with  a  few  sheathing  bracts,  pubescent  above ;  Ivs. 
ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  on  short,  sheathing  petioles  near  the  base ;  spike  many- 
ilowered,  rather  loose ;  sep.  pubescent,  lanceolate,  mostly  reflexed ;  petals  linear, 


ORDER  133.— ORCHID  ACE^E.  689 

connivent  and  curved  upwards,  lip  recurved  almost  to  a  half  circle,  channeled,  its 
base  embracing  the  column. — Sandy  soils,  S.  Ga.  Fla.  to  La.  (Described  from  an 
imperfect  specimen  resembling  a  Spiranthes.)  St.  10  to  20'  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2' 
long.  Perianth  scarce  5"  long,  greenish- white.  Sept.,  Oct. 

14.  SPIRAN'THES,    Rich.      LADIES'    TRESSES.       (Gr.    oneipov,   a 
wreath  ;  sc.  the  twisted  spike.)     Perianth  ringent ;  lower  sepals  oblique 
and  including  the  base  of  the  lip;   upper  sepal  connivent  with  the 
petals ;  lip  oblong,  channeled,  parallel  with  the  column,  and  with  callous 
processes  at  base ;   column  curved,  stigma  ovate,  rostrate,  becoming 
bidentate  at  apex ;  anther  dorsal ;  pollinia  2,  each  2-lobed,  powdery. — 
St.  scape-like,  bearing  many  white  Us.  in  an  oblique,  spiral  row. 

*  Spike  with  the  rachis  twisted,  and  the  flowers  in  one  moderately  twisted  row Nos.  1,  2 

*  Spike  with  the  rachis  straight  but  the  flowers  iu  a  dense  spiral  all  around Nos.  3,  4 

1  L.  gracilis  Bigelow.     SLENDER  LADIES'  TRESSES.     Lvs.  all  radical,  ovate  or  ob- 
lanceolate,  fugacious ;  scape  with  remote  sheatfis ;   fls.  in  a  single  row,  which  is 
moderately  spiral ;  lip  oblong-spatulate,  crenulate- wavy  at  the  recurved  tip,  the 
callosities  distinct ;  plant  nearly  glabrous. — A  very  delicate  plant,  not  uncommon 
in  old  woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Scape  very  slender,  8  to  1 2'  high.     Lvs.  close  on 
the  ground,  1  to  2'  long,  contracted  to  a  petiole,  usually  withering  before  tho 
flowers  appear.     Fls.  white,  fragrant.     Rachis  twisted  more  than  the  row  of 
flowers,  but  in  the  opposite  direction.     JL,  Aug. 

2  L.  tortilis  Ph.     Tall,  slender;  Ivs.  mostly  at  base;  long  and  linear ;  the  caulino 
distant  and  sheathing ;  bract-like ;  fls.  in  a  single  row,  moderately  twisted,  on  a 
twisted  rachis;  perianth  elongated  (5");  lip  oblong,  acute,  pinnatdy  lobed,  lobes 
crenulate ;  plant  more  or  less  pubescent  above, — Grassy  plains,  Car.  to  Ala.  and 
Fla.    St.  2  to  3f  high,  stouter  than  in  S.  gracilis.    Lvs.  6  to  10'  long,  2  to  5"  wide. 
Spike  3  to  5'  long.     Jn.  JL 

3  S.  cernua  Rich.    Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  the  lower  elongated,  the  cauline  gradually 
smaller;  spike  dense-flowered,  thick,  oblong,  the  flowers  oblique  and  cernuous ; 
lip  oblong,  obtuse,  wavy  and  crenulate,  recurved,  longer  than  the  petals ;  plant 
pubescent  above. — Can.  and  U.  S.,  common  in  meadows,  &c.     St.  9  to  18'  or  more, 
somewhat  leafy.     Lvs.  3  to  G  to  10'  long,  3  to  G"  wide.     Spike  1  to  3'  long.    Fls. 
large  for  the  genus,  fragrant.     Perianth  4  to  5"  long,  cream-white.     Aug. — Oct. 

4  S.  latifolia  Torr.     Lvs.  nearly  radical,  oblong  or  linear-lanceolate,  3  to  5-veined  ; 
st.  with  2  or  3  sheathing  bracts;  fls.  (small  3  to  4")  in  an  oblong,  dense  spiko 
which  is  somewhat  twisted ;  lip  oblong,  obtuse,  crenulate-crisped  on  the  margin. 
about  5-veined,  callosities  adnate;  plant  quite  glabrous. — In  moist  grounds,  C^-« 
to  Penn.     A  low  plant,  often  concealed  in  the  grass,  4  to  8'  high.    Lvs.   3  or 
more,  2  to  4'  long,  often  obtusish.     Fls.  rather  larger  than  in  No.  1,  white,  tho 
lip  yellowish,  with  green  lines.     Jn.,  JL 

15.  GOODYE'RA,  R.  Br.      RATTLESNAKE  PLANTAIN.     (Named   for 
John  Goodyer,  an  obscure  English  botanist.)     Perianth  ringent ;  calyx 
inflated,  upper  sepals  with  the  petals  vaulted,  the  two  lower  sepals 
placed  beneath  and  including  the  saccate,  entire  lip,  which  is  without 
callosities  and  abruptly  acuminate  and  reflexed  at  apex ;  anther  oa  tho 
back  of  the  free   column  ;  pollinia  2,  composed  of  angular  grains. — 
Bracted  scapes  arising  from  creeping  rhizomes,  with  radical,  ovate  Ivs. 
and  a  downy  spike  of  small  white  fls. 

1  G.  repens  R.  Br.    Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  obscurely  reticulated  with  white,  lip 
ovate,  with  an  oblong,  obtuse  acumination;  column  acutely  2-horned  at  the  sum- 
mit; spike  secund  or  slightly  twisted,  minutely  pubescent.      Rocky  mountain 
woods,  Can.  to  Car.     St.  slender,  6  to  8  high,  bearing  a  spike  2  to  3'  long.    Lvs. 
9  to  12"  in  length,  curiously  netted  with  white  lines,  but  less  so  than  the  next 
(which  is  scarcely  distinct  from  this).     JL,  Aug. 

2  G.  pubesceus  R.  Br.     Lvs.  ovate,  and  conspicuously  reticulate  with  white ; 

44 


690  ORDER  138.— ORCHIDACE^l. 

lip  roundish-ovate,  with  a  narrow,  abrupt,  recurved  point ;  column  rounded  and 
obscurely  2-toothed  at  apex;  spike  dense,  with  the  fls.  spirally  arranged,  pubes- 
cent— Woods,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  with  its  several  Ivs.  radical  and  singularly  mottled 
with  white  and  dark  green.  St.  6  to  12'  high.  Lvs.  1  to  2'  long,  contracted  into 
a  short,  winged  petiole.  Spike  2  to  4'  long.  Perianth  greenish,  about  2"  long, 
nearly  as  wide. — Jn.,  Jl. 

16.  CALOPCTGON,  Brown.      GRASS  PINK.       (Gr.   «oA6f,   beautiful, 
Trcjywv,  beard ;  in  allusion  to  the  bearded  lip.)      Sepals  and  petals  simi- 
lar, distinct ;  lip  on  the  upper  side  of  the  flowers  (the  ovary  not  twisted 
as  in  other  Orchids),  unguiculate  bearded ;  column  free,  winged  at  tho 
summit;  pollen  angular. — Corm  bearing  a  grass-like  If.,  a  naked  scape 
with  several  showy  fls. 

C.  pnlchelltis  Br.  Lf.  radical,  lin car-ens i form,  veined ;  scape  few-flowered ;  lip 
erect,  narrowed  at  base,  with  an  expanded  border  and  a  concave,  crested  disk. — 
A  beautiful  plant,  in  swamps  and  damp  meadows,  U.  S.  and  Can.  Scape  slender> 
10  to  20'  high,  with  a  long  leaf  (8  to  12'  by  £')  sheathing  its  base.  Pis.  3  to  8, 
large,  purple,  remarkable  for  their  apparently  inverted  position  ;  lip  expanded  at 
apex,  spatulate,  crested  with  white,  orange  and  purple  clavate  hairs,  and  on  tho 
upper  side  of  tho  flower,  while  tho  column  is  below!  Jn..  Jl.  (Cymbidium 
WilkL) 

17.  POGO'NIA,  Juss.     (Gr.  7rc5ywv,  beard  ;  in  allusion  to  the  bearded 
lip.)     Perianth  irregular,  sepals  and  petals  distinct ;  lip  sessile  or  un- 
guiculate, cucullatc,  bearded  inside;  column  wingless,  elongated,  free  ; 
pollinia  2,  farinaceous. — Habit  various.     Lvs.  1  or  more.     Fls.  purple. 

§  Sepals  about  equal,  and  similar  to  tho  petals,  light  purple.    Lip  scarcely  lobcd Nos.  1,  2 

§  Sepals  much  longer  than,  and  unlike  the  petals,  dark  brown.     Lip  8-lobed Nos.  3,  4 

1  P.  ophioglossoides  Br.     Rt.  fibrous ;  St.  furnished  with  an  oval-lanceolate  leaf 
and  a  foliaceous  bract  near  tho  single  flower ;  sap.  and  pet.  about  equal ;  lip.  fim- 
briate. — An  interesting  plant,  much  taller  than  the  bulbous  Arethusa.  found  in 
swamps  and  muddy  shores,  Can.,  N.  Eng.   to  Car.  and  Ivy.     The  stem  is  very 
slender  9 — 1C'  high,  with  2  remoto  leaves,  the  one  placed  about  midway,  2 — 3' 
long,  lanceolate,  acute,  sheathing  at  tho  base ;   the  other  (a  bract)  much  smaller, 
situated  near  the  fio\yer.     Flower  large,  nodding,  pale  purple.     Lip  long  as  petals 
and  sepals  (f ')    June.     (Arethusa  L.) 

2  P.  verticillata  Nutt.     Lvs.  5,  lance-oval  verticillate ;  fl.  solitary,  tho  3  outer 
petals  very  bng,  linear,  inner  ones  nearly  thrice  shorter,  lanceolate,  obtuse ;  lip  3- 
lobed,  the  middle  lobes  undulate. — Swamps,  Can.  to  Ga.  (Mr.  Wm.  Jones),  common. 
Stem  8 — 12'  high,  with  a  whorl  of  leaves  near  the  top  and  a  flower  1 — 2'  above  it. 
Leaves  !£'  long,  %  as  wide,  abruptly  acuminate.      Tho  flower  is  remarkable  for 
its  sepals  being  above  2'  long,  very  narrow,  and  of  a  greenish-brown  color.     Lip 
crested  in  the  middle.     July.     (Arethusa  "Willd.) 

3  P.  pendula  Lindl.    THREE-BIRDS.     Rt.  tuberous;  st.  leafy,  about  ^-flowered  at 
the  top;  Ivs.  clasping,  ovate,  alternate;  fls.  axillary  nodding;  Up.  entire,  scabrous, 
not  bearded ;  fr.  pendulous. — A  small,  delicate  plant,  in  swamps,  Mid.  and  W. 
and  S.  States.     St.  scarcely  G'  high,  slightly  angled,  with  about  3  fls.  which  with 
the  ovary  aro  1'  long.    The  fruit  often  resembles  3  little  birds.    Lvs.  3  to  G,  4  to  8" 
long,  purplish.     Fls.  light  purple,  tho  segments  of  the  perianth  equal,  converging, 
and  rather  longer  than  the  lip.     Aug.     (Triphora  Nutt.) 

4  P.  divaricata  R.  Er.     Lvs.  2,  one  of  them  in  the  middle  of  the  stem,  lanceolate- 
linear,  subfalcate,  tho  other  terminal,  bract-like,  at  the  base  of  tho  single,  large, 
flower;  sep.  narrow,  wide-spread,  recurved  at  apex,  one  third  longer  than  the  lan- 
ceolate, acuminate  petals ;  lip  spatulate,  3-lobed,  middlo  lobe  rounded,  cuspidate; 
lateral  lobes  somewhat  involute.— A  fine,  showy  plant,  near  2f  high,  in  grassy 
swamps,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Lf.  2  to  4'  by  3  to  5",  rather  oblong  than  lance- 
shaped,  the  bract  scarce  half  as  large.     Petals  1'  long,  pink,  sep.  18",  brownish- 
purple.     Lip  green,  with  purple  veins.     Apr.,  May. 

18.  ARETHUVSA,  Gronov.      (Arethusa,  a  nymph  of  Diana,  transi 


ORDER  139.— MARANTACE^E.  691 

formed  to  a  fountain.)     Perianth  somewhat  ringent;    sepals  and  petals 
cohering  at   the  base  ;  lip  spurless,  adnato  to  the  column  at  base,  de- 
flected at  the  end,  and  bearded  inside  ;  pollinia  4,  angular. — St.  low, 
sheathed,  1 -flowered,  arising  from  a  conn  or  bulb  imbedded  in  moss. 
A.  bulbosa  L.     This  beautiful  and  interesting  plant  is  found  in  wet  meadows  and 
swamps,  Can.  to  Va.  W.  to  Wis.     Stem  6 — 12' high,  invested  with  about  3  long, 
loose  sheaths,  with  lanceolate  points,  the  upper  ones  rarely  at  length  produced 
into  a  short  linear-spatulate  leaf.     At  the  top  is  a  single,  large,  fragrant  flower  of 
a  rich  purple  color.     At  the  base  of  the  flower  is  a  small  spathe  of  2  unequal 
bracts.     June. 

19.  EPIDEN'DRUM,  Swartz.  TREE  ORCHIP.  (Gr.  em,  upon,  dev- 
dpov,  a  tree.)  Sepals  and  petals  spreading;  lip  united  with  the  col- 
umn and  forming  a  tube  which  is  sometimes  dccurrent  on  the  ovary  ; 
anther  terminal,  opercular ;  pollinia  4,  separated  by  complete,  persistent 
partitions,  and  each  narrowed  at  base  into  a  reflexed,  elastic  pedicel. 
— Epiphytic  plants,  vegetating  in  air  and  the  scanty  soil  lodged  in  the 
bark  of  trees.  Sts.  few-leaved  at  base,  naked  and  many-flowered  above. 

E.  conopseum  II.  K.  Sts.  tufted,  2-leaved  simple ;  Ivs.  coriaceous,  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, acute  or  mucronate,  sessile ;  Us.  3  to  7,  spicate,  erect,  yellow ;  lip  3-lobed, 
middle  loba  obcordate,  spreading  as  well  as  the  narrow-linear,  obtuse  petals. — 
Chiefly  on  the  Magnolia  grandiflora,  in  damp  woods,  low  country,  S.  Car.  to  Fla. 
and  farther  West.  Root  an  entangled  mass  of  thick  fibers.  Sts.  in  clusters,  5  to 
8'  high.  Lvs.  1'  to  18"  long.  Fls.  expanding  5  or  G",  tinged  with  purple. 
Aug.,  Sept. 

ORDER    CXXXIX.     MARANTACE^E.     ARROWORTS. 

Herbs  with  a  creeping  rhizome,  sheathing  petioles,  and  ample  leaves,  with  par- 
allel veins  diverging  from  tho  midveiu.  Fls.  with  spathaceous  bracts.  Perianth 
adherent,  irregular,  of  3  circles,  each  of  3  parts,  tho  inner  often  abortive.  Stamens 
3,  petaloid,  2  sterile,  the  3d  fertile,  lateral,  with  only  half  an  anther.  Ovary  infe- 
rior, 1  to  3-celled.  Seeds  albuminous,  embryo  not  in  a  sac  (vitellus). 

Genera  C,  species  166,  chiefly  found  in  the  tropics.  They  are  remarkable,  us  an  order,  for  the 
abundance  of  pure  starch  contained  in  the  rhizomes  of  many  species,  constituting  the  penuino 
arrow  root  of  commerce.  This  is  chiefly  obtained  from  Marnntd  arundinacea  and  iiobiliaf  E. 
Indies,  and  J/.  ramonisnima,  W.  Indies.  Some  are  cultivated  for  ornament. 

1.  THA^LIA,  L.     (Named  for  John  Thalius,  a  German  physician  and 
author.)     Flowers  contained  in  a  2-leavecl,  glume-like  spathc ;  calyx  3- 
sepaled,  small,  concave,  lance-ovate ;  corolla  6-parted,  the  3  outer  seg- 
ments equal,  3  inner  very  unequal ;  stamen  2-parted,  the  outer  segment 
petaloid,  inner  slender,  bearing  the  1-cclled,  ovate  (half)  anther;  style 
short,  twisted,  with  a  large,  lip-shaped  stigma ;  fruit  capsular,  thin,  with 
1    or  2   large  seeds;    embryo  recurved. —  2£  Lvs.   with  long  sheaths. 
Scape  paniculate. 

T.  dealbata  Roscoe.  Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  and  revolute  at  apex,  rounded 
at  base,  petiole  distinct,  much  shorter  than  its  sheath ;  scape  and  panicle  pow- 
dered ;  Bpathe  of  2  very  unequal  Ivs.,  2-flowered,  but  usually  1-fruited,  pilous  ; 
pericarp  membranous,  inclosing  1  large,  farinaceous  seed,  in  which  the  slender 
embryo  lies  distinct,  bent  double. — A  tall,  elegant  plant,  in  marshes,  S.  Car.  (Cur- 
tis) to  Fla.  Abundant  in  the  Chattahoochee  R.  near  Apalachicola.  Scape  slender, 
3  to  5  to  7f!  high,  bearing  a  large,  forking  panicle,  with  several  lance-linear,  de- 
ciduous bracts.  Lvs.  9  to  14'  by  4  to  8',  often  subcordate.  Fls.  purple,  hah" con- 
cealed in  the  bracts. 

2.  CANNA,  L.     INDIAN  SHOT.     (Derivation  doubtful.)     Calyx  of  3 
sepals,  persistent  on  the  fruit ;  corolla  G-parted,  with  unequal  segments, 


(592  ORDER  140.— AMARYLLIDACE^E. 

the  outer  often  reflexed ;  stamen  petaloid,  2-lobed,  the  upper  lobe  bear- 
ing the  1-celled  (half)  anther  on  its  margin  ;  style  petaloid,  fleshy,  stigma 
obtuse;  capsule  muricate,  3-celled;  seeds  globular. —  2f  Handsome, 
evergreen  herbs,  with  large  Ivs.  and  showy  panicles,  or  spikes. 

§  CORYTHIUM*  (Gr.  (nopyg)  Kopy06$,  with  a  helmet.)  Tube 
of  the  corolla  prolonged  above  the  ovary,  ivith  the  outer  segment  spirally 
attached,  and  reflexed,  inner  segment  and  the  stamen  dilated  and  coroni- 
form  ;  anther  wholly  adnate. 

1  C.  flaccida  Roscoe.     Glabrous ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  tapering  to  a  long, 
sheathing  base;  fls.  spicate,  2-bracted;   sep.  erect,  lance-linear;  cor.  tube  more 
than  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals  •,  limb  of  the  inner  petals  spreading,  flaccid,  wavy, 
yellow,  the  outer  lance-linear,  reflexed ;  stigma  obliquely  dilated  above,  termina- 
ting the  corolla  tube. — A  fine  plant,  around  ponds,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  and  Ma.     Stem 
3f  high.     Lvs.  near  2f  long  (including  the  narrow  base),  2  to  4'  wide.     Fls.  about 
4'  long.      Caps,  oval,  12  to  16"  long. — This  plant,  with  its  congeners,  might  per- 
haps constitute  a  new  genus. 

§  CANNA  proper.  Corolla  tube  short  or  none,  segments  erect  or 
spreading  above,  the  inner  not  coroniform  y  anther  free  above. 

2  C.  Indica  Rose.     Glabrous ;  Ivs.  ovate,  acuminate,  abrupt  at  base ;  cor.  tube 
scarcely  longer  than  the  sepals ;  segm.  strap-shaped  or  spatulate,  subequal,  inner 
erect. — Often  cultivated.     Lvs.  large,  smooth  and  glossy,  the  lamina  more  than 
If  long.     Fls.  near  2'  long,  red  and  yellow,     f  "W.  Indies. 

ORDER  CXL.     AMARYLLIDACE^E.     AMARYLLIDS. 

Herbs  perennial,  chiefly  bulbous,  with  linear  leaves  not  scurfy  nor  woolly.  Flow- 
ers showy,  mostly  regular  and  on  scapes,  with  an  adherent,  6-parted  perianth.  Sta- 
mens 6,  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  styles  united  into  1.  Fruit  a  3-celled 
capsule  or  berry.  Seeds  1  to  oo,  with  fleshy  albumen.  Figs.  315,  342,  395,  396. 

Genera  6S,  species  400,  chiefly  tropical  plants,  most  abundant  in  Brazil  and  S.  Africa.  Very 
few  arc  found  in  our  climate. 

Properties.  A  few  of  the  Amaryllids  possess  poisonous  properties,  which  is  very  rare 
among  the  Endogens.  The  Hottentots  are  said  to  poison  their  arrows  by  dipping  them  in.  tho 
viscid  juice  of  the  bulbs  of  Haemanthus  toxicarius.  The  bulbs  of  Narcissus  poeticus,  and  of  other 
species,  are  emetic.  The  fermented  juice  of  the  Agave  forms  the  intoxicating  pulque  of  the  Mex- 
icaifc.  Many  are  highly  ornamental  in  cultivation. 

GENERA. 
§  Perianth  bearing  a  crown  on  the  summit  of  its  tube.  (*) 

*  Crown  a  thin  membrane  connecting  tho  stamens PANCRATIUM.        1 

*  Crown  a  firm  cup  containing  the  stamens NARCISSUS.  2 

§  Perianth  destitute  of  a  crown.  (**) 

**  Segments  united  into  a  tube  above  tho  ovary.    Stamens  perigynous.  (a) 

a  Flowers  solitary,  tube  of  the  perianth  straight,  erect ZKrnYRAimnjs.  3 

a  Flowers  many,  tube  of  the  perianth  straight AGAVE.  4 

a  Flowers  many,  tube  of  the  perianth  curved POLYANTHUS.  6 

**  Segments  distinct  down  to  the  ovary.     Flowers  nodding,  (b) 

b  Perianth  irregular.    Stamens  declined  and  curved SPREKET.IA.  6 

b  Perianth  regular. — Sepals  (all  white)  larger  than  petals GALANTIIUS.  7 

— Sepals  (green-tipped)  as  largo  as  petals LEUCOJUII.  8 

— Sepals  and  petals  equal,  yellow UYPOXIS.  9 

1.  PANCRATIUM,  L.  (Gr.  irdv,  all,  tcparvg,  powerful;  the  name 
was  first  applied  to  the  medicinal  squill.)  Tube  of  the  perianth  pro- 
duced above  the  ovary,  long  and  slender,  dilated  in  the  throat,  limb 
regular,  6-parted;  stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  throat,  their  bases  con- 
nected by  an  ample  membrane  forming  a  broad,  funnel-shaped  corona; 
anthers  linear,  versatile ;  capsule  3-valved,  co-seeded. — Bulbs  tunicated, 
bearing  long  Ivs.  and  a  scape  with  a  bractcd  umbel  of  showy  fls. 


ORDER  140.— AMARYLLIDACE^E.  693 

1  P.  rotatum  L.     Scapes  2 — 6-flowered;    Ivs.  long,  strap-shaped,  oltuse;  ovary 
ovate-triangular ;  sep.  and  pet.  linear,  as  long  as  the  tube ;  crown  Iroad-funnel- 
shaped  or  top-shaped,  the  margin  12-tcothed,  alternate  teeth  stamen  if  erous    sta- 
mens and  declined  style  nearly  as  long  as  the  sepals;  anthers  yellow. — Marshes 
and  low  grounds,  along  streams,  throughout  the  S.  States.     Bulb  white,  an  inch 
or  more  in  diam.     Scape  18'  to  2f  high.    Fls.  usually  but  2,  white.    Perianth  and 
tube  about  3'  long,  the  crown  about  18"  broad,  very  thin  and  often  torn.     Apr. 
May.     (P.  Mexicanum  L.     Hymenocallis  Herbt.) 

2  P.  coronarium  Lo  Conte.     Scape  many-flowered ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse ; 
petals  linear,  thrice  longer  than  the  crown,  which  is  large,  funnel-shaped,  18-angled, 
or  having  2  angular  teeth  between  the  stamens,  and  often  a  jagged  sinus  between 
the  teeth;  stam.  much  shorter  than  the  petals,  with  long  (6  to  8"),  linear,  yellow 
anthers. — River  swamps,  along  the  coast,  Car.,  Ga.  (Pursh)  to  La.  (Mr.  R.  Green). 
Scapes  and  Ivs.  2  or  3f  long.     Fls.  white.     Style  much  longer  than  the  sUimens. 

3  P.  marftimum  L.     Scape  many-flowered ;  Ivs.  linear,  strap-shaped,  glaucous, 
longer  than  the  scape  ;  pericmtli  funnel-shaped,  segm.  lance-linear,  spreading  above, 
longer  than  the  crown ;  crown  funnel-shaped,  its  base  adherent  to  the  segments,  its 
margin  ivith  6  pairs  (12)  of  prominent  teeth,  alternating  with  the  stamens,  which 
are  borne  in  the  sinuses.     River  swamps,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  (Walter,  Catesby)  and  west- 
ward (Le  Conte).     Not  lately  seen?     Scape  18'  to  2f  high.     Fls.  very  firagrant} 
evanescent.     (P.  occidentalis  Le  Coute  ?)   Eur. 

2.  NARCIS'SUS,  L.     (Gr.  vdpKrj,  stupor  ;  from  the  effects  produced 
by  the  smell   of  some  of  the  species.)       Perianth   regular,   6-parted, 
bearing  on  its  throat  a  cup  or  bell-form  crown  (consisting  of  a  whftr]  of 
united  sterile  stamens) ;  fertile  stamens  6,  inserted  within  the  tube  and 
concealed  within  the  crown. — A  genus  of  well  known,  much  cultivated 
flowers,  many  of  them  very  fragrant  and  beautiful.     They  have  bulbous 
roots,  cnsiform  leaves,  and  usually  yellow  fls.,  with  a  long,  compressed 
spathe,  opening  on  one  side  and  deciduous. 

§  Crown  longer  than  the  tube  of  the  perianth No.  1 

§  Crown  shorter  shun  the  tube  of  the  perianth, — its  border  crenate Nos.  2,  3 

—its  border  entire No.  4 

1  N.  Pseudo-Narcissus  L.    DAFFODIL.    Scape  2-edged,  straight,  striated ;  seg- 
ments sulphur  color;  corona  with  a  serrate-crenate  orifice,  and  as  long  as  the  pe- 
tals.— Gardens.    Root  bulbous.    Leaves  linear,  a  foot  long,  striate,  veined.    Scapo 
a  foot  high,  bearing  at  the  top  a  single,  very  large  flower,  with  a  very  long  cup 
or  corona,     April,  May.     f  Eur.     (Ajax,  Haworth.) 

2  N.  Jonquilla  L.    JONQUILS.    Scape  1 — 3-flowered;  segments  reflexed,  spatu- 
late ;  cup  (corona)  much  shorter  than  the  segments,  saucer-shaped,  spreading,  cre- 
nate.— Gardens.     Scape  a  foot  high,  round,  slender,  bearing  at  the  summit  a  few- 
flowers  cf  a  rich  yellow,  and  very  fragrant.     May,  Jn.     f  Spain.     (Queltia  Her- 
bert.) 

3  N.  poeticus  L.     POET'S  NARCISSUS.     Scape   1-flowered;  segments  imbricato 
at  base,  reflexed ;  corona  expanded,  flat,  rotate,  crenulato ;  3  anth.  shorter  than  tho 
tube. — Gardens.     Scape  about  a  foot  high,  leaves  of  the  same  length.     It  bears  a 
single  flower,  which  is  mostly  white,  but  having  the  crown  singularly  adorned 
with  circles  of  crimson,  white  and  yellow.    Jn.     f  S.  Europe. 

4  N.  Tazetta  L.     Spathe  many-flowered ;  corona  campanulate,  truncate,  shorter 
than  tho  petals ;  Ivs.  flat. — Gardens.    Root  a  large  bulb.     Leaves  smooth,  sword- 
shaped.     Scape  naked,  striate,  a  foot  high,  with  10 — 12  flowers.     Corolla  white, 
cup  a  strong  yellow,  not  fragrant.     April,  May.     f  Spain.      (Hermiono  Herbert.) 

3.  ZEPHYRANTHUS,    Herbert.      AMARYLLIS.      ATAMASCO    LILY. 
(Ztyvpog,  the  west  wind,  dvOog.)     Perianth  superior,  tubular  at  base, 
funnel-form,  with  a  6-parted,  regular  limb,  which  spreads  above ;  sta- 
mens G,  inserted  in  the  throat,  or  one  of  them  lower  down,  filaments 
slender ;  anther  versatile  ;    style  filiform,   somewhat  declined ;  stigma 


694  ORDER  UO.— AM  ARYLLID  ACE^E. 

S-fid ;  seeds  oo,  2  rows  in  each  sell,  black. — Bulb  tunicated,  sending  up 
a  scape  with  linear  Ivs.  Spathe  1-leaved.  Fls.  erect,  showy  and  beau- 
tiful. Fig.  315. 

Z.  Atainasco  Herbt.  Spatbo  2-cleft,  acute;  flowers  solitary,  pediceled;  cor. 
campanulate,  suberect,  with  the  segm.  equally  spreading  above ;  filaments  much 
exceading  the  tube,  but  shorter  than  the  segments. — An  attractive  ilower,  in  wet 
clay  soils,  Va.  to  Fla.  Lvs.  linear,  a  foot  long.  Scape  round.  6  to  12'  high. 
Spathe  a  little  colored,  bifid  at  the  summit.  Flower  large,  white  and  pink.  Se- 
pals lanceolate,  3  to  3^-'  long  (including  the  1'  tube).  March  (S.),  May  (N.) 
(Amaryllis  L.). 

4.  AGA^YE,  L.     (Gr.  ayavog,  admirable.)     Perianth  tubular-funnel- 
form,  adherent  to  the  ovary,  G-parted ;  stamens   G,   cxserted ;  anthers 
jfinear,  soon  versatile  ;  capsule  coriaceous,  obtusely  triangular,  3-cellcd, 
many-seeded. — A  splendid  American  genus.     Root  sometimes  ligneous. 
Stem  herbaceous.     Lvs.  mostly  radical,  thick  and   rigid,   channeled, 
often  spiny.     Scape  many-flowered. 

1  A.  Virginica  L.  FALSE  ALOE.  Acaulescent,  herbaceous ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceo- 
late, fleshy,  glabrous,  with  cartilaginous  serratures  on  the  margin ;  scape  simple, 
glabrous,  with  leaf-like  scales  and  sessile,  tubular  flowers. — Rocky  banks,  Penu. 
to  Ga.  Root  premorse,  tuberous.  Scape  4  to  Gf  high,  terete,  glabrous,  loosely 
spicato  above.  Radical  leaves  long,  acute.  Flowers  1'  long,  greenish-yellow, 
very  fragrant,  tube  longer  than  the  subulate  segments.  Anth.  long  exserted. 
Capsulo  roundish,  obscurely  3-angled,  3-furrowed.  Sept.  f 

2  A.  Americana  L.  AMERICAN  ALOE.  CENTURY  PLANT.  Acaulescent; 
Ivs.  spinous-dentate,  lanceolate,  coriaceous  and  fleshy ;  scape  branched,  lofty  and 
arborescent ;  cor.  tube  contracted  in  the  middle ;  pedicel  as  long  as  the  corolla. — 
The  largest  of  all  herbaceous  plants,  native  of  tropical  America,  often  cultivated. 
It  is  a  popular  notion  that  it  flowers  but  once  in  a  hundred  years,  but  it  is  known 
to  flower  much  oftener,  according  to  the  culture  it  receives.  Leaves  radical, 
thick,  3 — 6  or  8f  long,  4 — 12'  wide.  The  scape  arises  from  the  center  of  tho 
leaves  to  tho  height  of  15  to  25f,  bearing  a  pyramidal  panicle  of  innumerable  yel- 
low flowers.  There  is  a  variety  with  striped  leaves,  f 

5.  POLYAE'THES,    L.      TUBEROSE.      (Gr.    rroMg,  many,    dvOsg.) 
Perianth  superior,  funnel-form,  with  a  long,  curved  tube ;  filaments  in- 
serted into  the  throat,  included  ;  ovary  at  the  bottom  of  the  tube,  the 
summit  free. — Rt.  an  upright  rhizome,  thick,  producing  tubers  above. 
St.  terete,  solid,  simple,  co-flowered. 

P.  tubercsa  L.  Lvs.  linear-lanceolate  ;  petals  oblong. — A  green-house  plant. 
Sts.  bulbous  at  base  with  tuberous  branches.  Scape  scaly,  2  to  3f  high,  with  al- 
ternate, large,  white,  regular  fls.  of  a  delicious  fragrance,  which  is  most  powerful 
at  evening.  Aug.,  Sept.  f  Ceylon. 

6.  SPREKE'LIA,  Endl.    JACOBEA  LILY.    Perianth  adherent  6-leaved, 
subbilabiate  and  spreading  above ;  inner  segm.  narrower ;  stam.  6,  in- 
serted on  the  ovary,  unequal,  and  with  the  style  declined,  but  bending 
up  at  apex. — Bulbous.     Scape  fistulous,  1 -flowered.     Lvs.  linear. 

S.  formosfssima  Herbt.  Lvs.  radical;  fls.  nodding,  very  ringent,  tube 
fringed ;  sta.  included  in  the  involute  lower  segments. — A  splendid  flower,  grown 
in  light,  loamy  soil.  Leaves  thick,  oblong,  narrow.  Scapo  a  foot  high.  Spatho 
red,  disclosing  a  single  large  flower  of  a  fine  dark  red  color.  Jn. — Aug. 

7.  G  ALAN  THUS,  L.     SNOW-DROP.      (Gr.  ytUa,  milk,  civOo$',  from 
the  color.)     Perianth  superior,  segments  distinct,  the  3   inner  shorter, 
notched  or  lobed  ;  stamens  G,  inserted  on  the  top  of  the   ovary,  erect, 
included  ;  style  straight,  longer  than  the  stamens  ;  stigma  entire  ;  cap- 


ORDER  U1.~BROMELIACE^E.  695 

sule  3-celled,  loculicidal,  oo-seeded.  —  Bulb  tunicated,  acrid.  Scape  2- 
edged,  solid.  Spathe  1  -leaved.  Fls.  white,  pendulous.  Caps,  matur- 
ing under  ground. 

G.  nivalis.  SNOW-DROP.  Lvs.  linear,  radical,  keeled,  acute;  scape  1  -flowered. 
—  Native  of  the  Alps,  well  known  in  gardens,  flowering  early  in  spring.  It  is  a 
small  plant,  half  a  foot  high,  arising  from  a  perennial  bulb,  bearing  a  single,  large, 
nodding  flower,  white  as  snow.  Stem  usually  furnished  with  2  long,  narrow 
leaves  towards  the  top. 


8.  LEUCCTJUM,  L.     SNOW-FLAKE.     (Gr.  ksvKo$,  white,  lov,  violet.) 
Perianth  superior,  segments  distinct,  subequal,  often  thickened  at  tho 
apex  ;  stamens  G,   inserted  on   the  tip  of  the   ovary,  included  ;  style 
erect,  thickened  upwards  ;  stigma   entire,    obtuse  ;  capsule  fleshy,   3- 
valved,  loculicidal,  Go-seeded.  —  Bulb  tunicated.      Scape  2-edged,  fistu- 
lous.     Lvs.  few.     Spathe  1-leaved.     Fls.  pendulous. 

1  L.  cestivum  L.     Lvs.  linear,  a  little  shorter  than  the  scape  ;  spatho  many 
(4  to  8)-flowered  ;  caps,  pyriform,  with  numerous  black  seeds  in  each  cell.  —  Gar- 
dens, very  pretty.     Lvs.  G  or  more,  of  a  rich  green,  long,  channeled,  sheathing. 
Scape  6  to  10'  high,  sharply  2-angled,  bearing  at  top  an  umbel  of  pedicellate  nod- 
ding fls.  issuing  from  a  spathe.     Sep.  pure  white,  6  to  8"  long,  tipped  with  a 
green  thickened  point.     May,  Jn.     f  Eur. 

2  L.  vermim  L.    Lvs.  linear  or  strap-shaped,  sheathing  at  base  ;  scape  1  or 
2-flowered  ;  perianth  segm.  with  divergent  veins,  white,  marked  with  a  green  or 
yellow  tip  ;  seeds  7  in  each  coll,  straw-colored.  —  Gardens,  less  frequent  than  tho 
other.     Mar.,  Apr.     f  Eur.     (L.  rinosma,  Herbert.) 

9.  HYPOX'IS,   L.     STAR-GRASS.    (Gr.  VTTO,  under,  o^uf,  sharp;  on 
account  of  the  pointed  base  of  the  fruit.)     Spathe  2-leaved  ;  perianth 
6-parted,  regular,  persistent  ;   stamens  G  ;  capsule  elongated,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  indehiscent  ;  seeds  numerous,  roundish,  with  a  black,  crus- 
taceous  integument.  —  Small,  bulbous,  grass-like  plants,  with  yellow  fls. 
Lvs.  radical,  linear. 

1  H.  erecta  L.     Pilous  ;  scape  about  4-flowered,  shorter  than  tho  linear-lanceolate 
Ivs.  —  In  woods  and  meadows,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Lvs.   all  radical,  6  to  12'  by  3  to 
5",  very  acute.     Tho  slender,  hairy  scapes,  several  from  the  same  root,  arise  6  to 
8',  divided  at  top  into  a  sort  of  umbel  with  3  to  5  peduncles,  having  each  a  min- 
ute, subulate  spathe  at  the  base.     Perianth  hairy  and  greenish  without,  yellow 
within  ;  segm.  oval,  rather  obtuse.     Jn. 

2  H.  filifolia  Ell.     Sparingly  pilous  ;  scape  2-flowered,  shorter  than  tho  filiform 
Ivs.  —  In  dry,  sandy  soils,  Ga.  and  Fla.     Same  height  as  tho  other  species.     Lvs. 
8  to  12'  long,  thread-shaped,  but  channeled,  not  half  a  lino  wide.     1'ls.  rather 
large  (D  to  11"  diam.).- 

ORDER  CXLI.     BROMELIACE^.     BROMELIADS. 

Herbs,  chiefly  epiphytic,  with  persistent,  often  scurfy  leaves,  channeled  and  sheath- 
ing. Calyx  3-parted  or  3-toothed,  often  green.  Corolla  3-petaled,  distinct,  imbri- 
cated, colored.  Stamens  6,  perigynous.  Style  single  ;  ovary  3-celled,  with  numer- 
ous ovules.  Seeds  numerous,  embryo  at  the  base  of  mealy  albumen,  radicle  next 
tho  hilum.  Tig.  37,  c. 

Genera  23,  species  170,  nearly  nil  natives  of  tropical  America.  Among  them  is  Ananassa 
itativa,  the  pine  apple,  very  abundant  in  the  Bahamas,  which  delicious  fruit  consists  of  the  en- 
tire spike  of  flowers,  with  bracts  and  stem  blended  into  one  fleshy  mass  —  a  sorosis.  Another 
useful  plant  is  our  own  Tillandsia  usneoides  —  tho  Spanish  inoss  of  commerce.  , 

TILLAND'SIA,  L.  LONG  Moss.  (Named  for  Prof.  E.  Tillands, 
of  Abo,  author  of  Flora  Abccasis.)  Perianth  double,  3  sepals  mem- 


696  ORDER  142.—  H^EMODORACE^E. 

branous,  convolute  into  a  tube,  3  petals  colored,  spreading  above  • 
stamens  scarcely  cohering  with  the  base  of  the  sepals  ;  ovary  free  ; 
capsule  elongated,  the  3  valves  splitting  each  into  2  layers,  of  which 
the  outer  is  membranous,  the  inner  cartilaginous  ;  seeds  club-shaped, 
raised  on  cornous  stipes.  —  Plants  grayish  with  scurf,  growing  on 
trees. 

1  T.  usneoidea  L.    BLACK  Moss.     SPANISH   Moss.      St.  filiform,   branching, 
long,flexuous,  pendulous;  Ivs.  recurved,  filiform  (1  to  2'  long)  ;  peduncle  l-flowered, 
short.  —  Very  common  in  the  low  country,  from  the   Dismal  Swamp.  Va.  to  Fla. 
and  La.,  hanging  in  long  dark  gray  tufts  and  festoons  from  every  tree.     It  is  col- 
lected, dried  and  beaten  until  the  bark  falls  off,  when  the  black,  elastic,  tough, 
thread-like  stem  is  used  as  hair  in  upholstery,  &c.     Flowers  May  —  Aug,  —  Very 
different  in  habit  from  the  next. 

2  T.  Bartramii  Ell.      Stems  clustered,    erect,    simple,    enveloped  in   bract-like 
sheaths  ;  Ivs.  mostly  radical,  channeled,  linear-subulate,  from  a  dilated,  half  clasp- 
ing base,  which  is  brown  and  polished,  much  longer  than  the  stem  ;  fls.  2  to  4,  in 
a  bracted,  terminal  spike.  —  Swamps,  Liberty  County,  Ga.  (Pond).     Root  a  dense 
mass  of  crowns  with  fibers,  "on  the  bark  of  old  trees"  (Elliott).     Sts.  about  6' 
high,  and  with  the  Ivs.  (6  to  12')  forming  dense  tufts.     Ms  ........     Capsule 

9"  long,   sessile,  enveloped  in  imbricated  bracts.     Inner  valves  dark  brown. 
Seed  stipe  clothed  with  a  long,  silky  coma,     Jn. 

3  T.  recurva  L.      Lvs.  subulate,   recurved;   scape   setaceous,  erect,  longer  than 
the  Ivs.,  bearing  about  2  flowers  at  the  summit.  —  On   old  trees,    Ga.  and  Fla., 
forming  tufts  covered  with  grayish  scales.     (Pursh.)     TVe  saw  specimens  of  this 
species  in  the  herbarium  of  Rev.  Dr.  Bachman,  but  took  no  description. 

ORDER  CXLII.     ILEMODORACEJ3.     BLOODWORTS. 

Herbs  perennial,  with  fibrous  roots,  equitant  or  rosulate  leaves,  and  perfect  flowers. 
Perianth  regular,  G-parted,  scurfy  or  woolly  outside,  more  or  less  adherent.  Stam- 
ens 6,  or  3  and  opposite  the  petals,  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  3-celled,  1-styled. 
Capsule  covered  with  the  withered  perianth.  Seeds  with  cartilaginous  albumen. 

Genera  13,  species  50,  sparingly  occurring  in  N.  America,  S.  Africa,  New  Holland,  &c.  The 
root  of  Lacnanthes  tinctoria  abounds  in  a  rod  coloring  matter.  One  of  the  most  intense  bitters 
known  is  Aletris  farinosa. 

GENERA. 

§  Ovary  wholly  adherent.     Stamens  3,  cxserted.     Perianth  woolly  outside  .....  LA.CVANTHES.  1 

§  Ovary  half  free.    Stamens  C,  included.  —  Corymbcd  perianths  woolly  all  over  ____  LOI'HIOLA.  2 

—  Kacemed  perianths  rugous-scurfy  ........  ALETEIS.  8 

1.  LACNANTHES,  Elliott.  RED-ROOT.  (Gr.  Aa#vo£,  soft  hair, 
avOog  .)  Perianth  woolly  outside,  tube  adherent  ;  calyx  lobes  exterior, 
of  3  linear  sepals,  as  long  as  the  3  lance-oblong  petals  ;  stamens  3, 
equaling  the  petals  and  opposite  to  them  ;  filaments  and  filiform,  de- 
clined style  exserted  ;  capsule  3-celled,  truncated,  many-seeded.  — 
An  herb  with  red  roots,  equitant,  ensiform  Ivs.,  and  a  dense,  woolly 
corymb. 

L.  tinctoria  Ell.  Swamps  and  borders  of  ponds,  K.  I.  (Olney)  to  Fla.  An  in- 
teresting plant,  with  rush-like  Ivs.  St.  erect,  strict,  18  to  24'  high,  clothed  with 
white  wool  above.  Lvs.  mostly  radical,  fleshy,  3  to  4"  wide  and  nearly  as  high 
as  the  stem.  Cauline  Ivs.  remote  and  bract-like.  Corymb  terminal,  compactly 
many-flowered.  Fls.  densely  clothed  with  white  wool  outside,  glabrous  and  yel- 
low within.  Anthers  bright  yellow,  at  length  revolute.  Jl.,  Aug.  (Dilatris, 
Pursh.)  —  Tho  root  is  said  to  be  employed  in  dyeing. 


2.  LOPHI'OLA,  Ker.     CREST-FLOWER.     (Gr.  Ao^o^,  a  crest;  allud- 
ing to  the  crested  petals.)     Perianth  half  superior,  6-clcft,  persistent, 


ORDER  143.— IRIDACE^E.  697 

woolly  outside  and  inside  ;  petals  narrower  than  the  sepals,  somewhat 
interior ;  stamens  6,  filaments  naked,  anthers  erect ;  style  conical,  3- 
partible ;  stigma  simple ;  capsule  opening  at  the  summit,  3-celled, 
3-valved,  many-seeded. — An  herb  with  a  creeping  root,  flexuous  stem, 
woolly  abov7c,  and  a  loose  cormyb,  densely  clothed  with  soft,  white 
wool. 

Ii.  Americana.  Sandy  swamps,  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  St.  1  to  2f  high,  erect» 
hoary-tomentous  when  young.  Lvs.  glaucous,  narrowly  linear,  equitant,  glab- 
rous, the  lower  and  radical  long,  cauline  2  or  3,  shorter.  Corymb  finally  much 
expanded,  many  flowered.  Corolla  woolly  and  yellow  within,  segments  reflexed, 
about  as  long  as  the  stamens.  Capsule  ovate,  dissepiments  arising  from  the  center 
of  each  valve.  Seeds  white.  JL,  Aug.  (L.  aurea  Ker.  Couostylis,  Ph.) 

3.  ALEVTRIS,  L.  STAR-GRASS.  COLIC-ROOT.  (Gr.  aAerp/'f,  a  mil- 
ler's wife ;  because  of  the  mealy-looking  flowers.)  Perianth  6-cleft, 
tubular,  rugous  as  if  scurfy  or  mealy,  persistent ;  stamens  issuing  at  the 
top  of  the  tube,  style  3-sided,  3-partible ;  ovary  adherent  at  base  only ; 
capsule  opening  at  top,  many-seeded. — Smooth  herbs,  very  bitter,  Ivs. 
radical,  rosulate,  and  scape  many-flowered. 

1  A.  farinosa  L.     Lvs.  broad-lanceolate;  fls.  white>  oblong-tubular,  pediceled; 
perianth  in  fruit  rugous  or  mealy  in  appearance. — Grows  in  low  grounds,  in  most 
of  the  States.    Root  premorse.    Scape  20 — 30'  high,  with  remote  scales  or  bracts, 
and  surrounded  at  base  with  a  circle  of  lanceolate,  sessile  leaves.    These  are  3 — 4' 
long,  \  as  wide,  and  lie  flat,  upon  the  ground.     Flowers  in  a  long,  thin  raceme. 
Perianth  white,  J'  long,  on  very  short  pedicels,  rugous  without,  when  old.     Me- 
dicinal.    July. 

2  A.  aurea  Walt.     Lvs.  lanceolate ;  fls.  yellow,  subsessile ;  perianth  short,  tubular- 
campanulate,  finally  rugous  and  very  scabrous. — In  the  pine  barrens  of  N.  J.  to 
Fla.,  abundant.     Scarcely  different  from  the  preceding  except  in  color.     Scapo 
2 — 3f  high,  with  rather  distant  yellow  flowers  in  the  spicate  raceme.     Lvs.  all 
radical,  2  to  3'  by  3 — i".     Jl.,  Aug. 


ORDER  CXLIII.     IRIDACE^E.     IRIDS. 

Herbs  with  conns,  bulbs  or  rhizomes,  equitant,  2-ranked  leaves  and  spathaceoua 
bracts.  Perianth  tube  adherent  to  the  ovary,  segments  in  2  sets,  often  unequal  and 
convolute  in  bud.  Stamens  3,  alternate  with  the  petals,  anthers  extrorse.  Style  If 
stigmas  3,  often  petaloid.  Capsule  3-valved,  3-celled,  loculicidal.  Seeds  many,  with 
hard,  fleshy  albumen.  Figs.  76,  151,  425. 

Genera  52,  species  550,  chiefly  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  or  of  the  middle  of  Europe 
or  N.  America. 

Properties— More  remarkable  for  beauty  than  utility.  Some  of  them  are  cathartic,  as  Iris 
tuberosa.  The  aromatic  orris  root  is  the  dried  rhizome  of  Irisftorentina  of  S.  Europe.  Saffron 
consists  of  the  dried  orange-colored  stigmas  of  Crocus  sativus. 

GENERA. 

§  Flowers  irregular,  somewhat  bilabiate,  nodding GLADIOLUS.  1 

§  Flowers  regular  and  equilateral,  mostly  erect.    (*) 

*  Sepals  similar  to  the  petals  in  form,  size  and  position,    (a) 

a  Stamens  distinct.    Tube  very  long,  partly  under  ground CKOCTTS.  6 

a  Stamens  distinct.    Tube  short  or  none  above  the  ovary IXIA.  5 

a  Stamens  monadelphous.    Flowers  small,  blue.    Plant  grass-like... SISYKINCHIUM.  4 

*  Sepals  larger  than  the  petals  and  otherwise  dissimilar,     (b) 

b  Stamens  monadelphous.     Petals  spreading,  panduriform TIGRIDIA.  3 

b  Stamens  distinct,— stigmas  slender,  on  a  slender  style NEMASTYUS.  2 

—stigmas  petaloid,  on  a  very  short  style IBIS.  1 

1.  IRIS,  L.  FLOWER-DE-LUCE.  (Name  from  the  Greek,  signifying 
rainbow ;  on  account  of  the  varied  color  of  the  flowers.)  Sepals  3, 


(598  ORDER  143.— IRIDACE^. 

reflexed,  larger  than  the  3  erect  petals ;  stamens  distinct ;  style  short 
or  0 ;  stigmas  petaloicl,  covering  the  stamens. — Herbs  from  tuberous, 
horizontal  rhizomes,  with  ensiform  Ivs.,  and  large  showy  fls. 

§  Stems  leafy,  tall  (1  to  3f ),  mostly  bearing  several  flowers.     (*) 

*  Sepals  and  petals  beardless.     Wild  plants  seldom  cultivated,    (a) 

a  Leaves  linear,  grass-like.     Ovary  and  pod  2-grooved  on  the  sides No.  1 

a  Leaves  sword-shaped.     Flowers  blue.     Sepals  much  larger  than  petals. .  .Nos.  2 — 4 
a  Leaves  sword-shaped.     Flowers  tawny  or  copper-colored,    Petals  veflexed...No.  5 

*  Sepals  or  perianth  bearded.    Cultivated  exotics,     (b) 

b  Stem  many-flowered.     Flowers  blue  or  whitish.     Sepals  and  petals  notched.  .No.  6 
b  Stern  many-flowered.     Flowers  deep  blue.     Spathes  also  colored. . I    GERMANICA.  t 

b  Stem  1-flowered,  flower  striped.     Petals  reflexed I.  SUSIANA.  t 

§  Stem  or  scape  low  (2  to  60  and  nearly  leafless,  mostly  1-flowered.     (**) 

**  Sepals  beardless,  but  with  3  longitudinal  folds  (crested) Nos.  7,  8 

**  Sepals  beardless,  and  also  crestless.     Flower  blue No.  9 

**  Sepals  bearded  in  a  longitudinal  line.    Flowers  bright  Hue No.  10 

1  I.  Virginica  L.     BOSTON  IRIS.     St.  round,  slender,  few-flowered;  Ivs.  linear, 
long;  fls.  beardless;  ova*  triangular,  the  side  doubly  grooved. — In  similar  situa- 
tions with  the  next,  readily  distinguished  by  its  very  slender  habit.     Mass,  to  N. 
J.     Rhizoma  fleshy.     Stem  smooth,  1 — 2"  in  diam.,  1 — 2f  high,  branching  at  top 
and  bearing  2 — 6  flowers.     Bracts  at  the  base  of  the  branches  withering.    Leaves 
few,  alternate,  grass-like,  G — 10'  long,  amplexicaul.     Sepals  narrow,  yellow,  edged 
with  purple.     Petals  linear-lanceolate.     Jn.     (I.  prismatica  Ph.) 

2  I.  versicolor  L.     COMMON  BLUE  FLAG.     St.  terete,  flexuous;  Ivs.  ensiform; 
fls.  beardless ;  petals  as  long  as  the  stigmas ;  ova,  triangular,  with  concave  sides  and 
roundish  angks. — "Wet  grounds,  U.  S.  and  Can.    Rhizoma  large,  horizontal,  acrid. 
Stem  2 — 3f  high,  acute  on  ono  side,  often  branched,  bearing  several  large,  showy 
flowers.     Leaves  a  foot  long,  £ — 1'  wids,  erect,  sheathing  at  base.    Sepals  spatu- 
late,  purple,  the  claw  variegated  with  green,  yellow  and  white,  with  purple  lines. 
Petals  erect,  paler,  a  little  shorter  than  the  stigmas.     Style  short,  bearing  3-peta- 
loid  stigmas  which  are  bifid  at  the  end,  purple  or  violet,  concealing  the  stamens 
beneath.     Anther  oblong ;  seeds  flat     Jn. 

3  I.  hexagona  Walt.     SIX-ANGLED  IRIS.     Lvs.  sword-shaped,  longer  than   the 
terete,  flexuous  stem ;  spathe  1-flowered ;  sep.  spatulate,  rounded  at  end,  crenu- 
late,  reflexed,  much  larger  than  the  oblong-spatulate  petals,  with  a  longitudinal, 
glandular-yellow  lino;  filam.  dilated,   linear;   stig,   deeply  2 -cleft;    ova.  with  3 
deeply  farrowed  angles,  caps.  G-angled. — Swamps  and  pools,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and 
Ala.,  frequent.     St.  2f  high.     Fls.  bright  blue,  the  sepals  variegated  with  purple, 
yellow  and  white.     Apr. — Jn. 

4  I.  tripetala  Walt.     TIIREE-PETALED  IRIS.      Lvs.  linear-ensiform,  shorter  than 
the   terete,   slender  stem;  spathe  lanceolate,   1 -flowered;  sep.  longer  than  tube, 
beardless  and  nearly  crestless,  many  times  longer  than  the  rudimentary,  3-tootJied 
petals ;  stig.  2-toothed  near  the  base ;  caps,  obscurely  3-angkd,  acuminate. — Ponds 
S.  Car.  and  Ga.     (Bachman).     Rare.     St.  about  2f  high,  Irom  a  creeping  rhizome. 
Fls.  purple.     The  petals  mero  rudiments,  much  shorter  than  the  stigmas.    Apr. 
May. 

5  I.  cuprea  Ph.     St.  tall,  flexuous,  angled  on  one  side ;  Ivs.  broad-ensiform,  as 
long  as  the  stem ;  spathe  often  2-flowered ;  sep.  obovate,  emarginate,  larger  than 
the  petals,  all  reflexed ;  stig.  linear,  dilated  at  base,  half  as  long  as  the  petals ; 
caps,  sharply  6-angled,  ventricous. — In  river  swamps,  Ga.  to  La.  (Hale).     Sts.  3f 
high,   4  to  10-flowered.     Perianth  tawny  (Elliott),  of  a  beautiful  copper  color 
veined  with  purple -(Pursh),  limb  spreading  3'.     Apr.,  May.  (Ell.),  Jl.  (Ph.) 

6  I.  sambucina  L.  FLOWER-DE-LUCE.  Fr.  FLEUR-DE-LIS.  St.  many-flowered, 
longer  than  the  leaves ;  segm.  of  the  perianth  emarginate,  outer  ones  flat ;  Ivs. 
bent  inwards  at  the  point ;  spathe  membranaceous  at  the  apex ;  fls,  bearded, 
lower  ones  pedunculate ;  stig.  with  acute,  serrate  divisions. — Native  of  the  south 
of  Europe.  Common  in  gardens.  The  prevailing  color  of  the  flower  is  light 
blue,  often  fading  to  white.  May.  f 

7  I.  cristata  Ait.  CRESTED  IRIS.  Lvs.  lanceolate-ensiform,  as  long  as  the  low, 
compressed  scape  ;  tube  of  the  perianth  very  slender  (2'  long),  exceeding  the  spatho 
or  the  segments ;  sep.  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  each  with  a  triple,  wavy,  longitudinal 
crest  or  fold  instead  of  a  beard,  and  equaling  the  narrower  petals;  ova.  acutely  3- 


ORDER  143.— IBIDACE^E.  699 

angled. — Pine  barrens,  Mid.  Ga.  and  S.  Car.  (Bachman).     St.  and  Ivs.  3  to  5', 
high.     Fls.  blue,  the  sepals  in  the  middle  yellow.     Feb.,  Mar. 

8  I.  lacustris  Nutt.     NORTHERN  LAKE  IRIS.    Lvs.  ensiform,  longer  than  the 
low,  compressed,   1-flowered  scape ;  seg.  of  the  perianth  nearly  equal,   obtuse, 
emarginate,  the  sepals  scarcely  crested,  as  long  as  the  slender  tube ;  caps,  turbinate, 
3-sided,  margined. — Islands  of  Lake  Huron,  near  Mackinaw,  Nuttall.     Roots  ex- 
tensively creeping.     Leaves  2 — 5'  by  3 — i",  those  of  the  scape  bract-like.    Scapo 
1  to  2'  high.     Fls.  pale  blue,  the  sepals  rather  broader.     Jn. 

9  I.  vernata  L.  VERNAL  IRIS.     Lvs.  linear-ensiform,  rigid,  rather  longer  than  the 
low,  1-flowered  scape ;  tube  of  the  perianth  filiform  (2'  long),  about  equaling  tho 
length  of  the  segm. ;  sep.  and  petals  nearly  equal,  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  neither 
crested  nor  bearded,  stig.  deeply  bifid. — Hilly  woods  of  the  interior  S.  States.  St. 
or  scape  3  to  5'  high,  sheathed  with  colored  bracts.     Fls.  pale  blue,  the  sepals 
•with  an  oblong,  or  orange  yellow,  spotted  stripe.     Mar.,  Apr. 

10  I.  pumila  L.  DWARF  IRIS.  Scape  very  short  (3  to  6'),  1-flowered;  spathe 
shorter  than  the  tube ;  sep.  reflexed,  narrower  than  the  erect  petals. — A.  small 
species  from  Hungary,  cultivated  in  tho  edgings  of  walks.  Lvs.  numerous, 
broad  ensiform,  suberect.  Fls.  large,  deep  purple,  appearing  in  early  spring,  f 

2.  NEMAS'TYLIS,  Nutt.     (Gr.  itfpa,  thread,  orvXog,  style.)    Spathe 
2-leaved  ;  perianth  segments  distinct  down  to  the  top  of  the  ovary,  tho 
sepals  spreading,  larger  than  the  ascending,  concave  petals  ;  stamens  3, 
filaments  shorter  than  the  anthers  ;  style  slender,  enlarged  and   3-cleft 
above  ;  capsule  oblong-cylindric. — Stem  very  slender,  with  linear-ensi- 
form Ivs.  from  a  bulb.     Spathe  2-fiowered. 

N.  gemmiflora  Nutt.  Swamps  along  rivers,  La.  (Hale.)  A  pretty  flower  15  to 
20'  high,  Ivs.  same  length,  3  to  5"  wide,  tapering  at  each  end.  Fls.  on  pedicels 
shorter  than  the  spathe,  the  sepals  1'  long,  obovate-spatulate,  bluish-purple,  the 
azure  petals  about  half  as  large. 

3.  TIGRID'IA,  L.     TIGER-FLOWER.     (Lat.  tigridis,  of  the  tiger ;  sc. 
in  colors.)     Spathe  2-leaved ;  perianth  regular,  the  3  sepals  larger  than 
the  3  petals;  stam.  monadelphous,  fil.  united  into  a  long  tube. — Bulbous. 

T.  pavonia  L.  St.  simple,  flexuous;  Ivs.  ensiform,  veined;  segm.  flat; 
petals  panduriform. — A  superb  plant  of  tho  gardens.  St.  2f  high,  erect,  terete, 
leafy,  branching.  Lvs.  erect,  a  foot  long.  Flowers  inodorous,  5  to  G'  broad,  yel- 
low, variegated  with  scarlet,  crimson  and  purple.  It  is  very  evanescent,  lasts  but 
a  few  hours,  but  a  new  one  appears  daily  for  several  weeks,  f  Mexico. 

4.  SISYRINCHIUM,  L.     BLUE-EYED  GRASS.     (Gr.  ov&   a  hog,  and 
pvyxog,  a  snout ;  alluding  to  the  singular  spathe.)     Spathe  2-leaved  ; 
segments  of  the  perianth  flat,  equal  j  stamens  monadelphous  ;  stigma 
3-cleft. —  2£    Grass-like   plants,  with   compressed,   winged   or  ancipital 
scapes,  from  fibrous  roots. 

1  S.  Bermudiamim  L.     Scape  simple,  winged;  valves  of  tho   spatho  unequal, 
the  longer  scarcely  equaling  the  flowers  ;  petals  mucronate. — A  delicate  little  plant, 
with  blue  flowers,  common  in  low  grass  lands,  Can.  and  U.  S.     St.  or  scape  10  to 
12'  high,  so  winged  as  to  resemble  the  leaves,  smooth  and  mostly  simple.     Lvs. 
linear,  about  as  long  as  the  scape,  sheathing  at  base.     Spatho  2  ta  5-flowered,  the 
longer  valve  acuminate.     Fls.  purple  or  blue,  on  filiform  pedicels.     Sepals  a  littlo 
broader  than  the  petals,  spreading.     Cap.  globous.     Jn.,  Jl.     (3.  anccps.     Cav.) 

ft.  ALBA.     Flowers  white. — "Wet  prairies,  &c. 

2  S.  mucronatum  MX.     Scapo  simple,  filiform,   larely   2- edged ;   spathe  col- 
ored, outer  valve  longer  than  thejls.,  ending  in  a  long,  mucronate  point. — Mid.  States, 
"W.  to  Iowa,  common  in  wet  prairies,  where  the  grass  is  not  luxuriant.     Lvs.  rad- 
ical, a  line  wide.     Scape  6  to  10'  high,   narrowly  winged,  setaceously  slender. 
Spathe  3  to  4-flowered,  tinged  with  purple.     Fls.  smaller  than  in  tho  preceding, 
of  a  fine  blue  color.    Jn. — Appears  very  distinct  from  the  other. 


IJ-QQ  ORDER  144.— DIOSCOREACE.E. 

5.  IXIA,  L.     (Gr.  ££df,  sticky ;  from  the  glutinous  juice.)     Spathe 
of  2  or  3  ovate,  short  bracts ;  petals  and  sepals  distinct  or  slightly 
united,  similar,  regular,  spreading,  tube  straight,  adherent ;  stamens  3  ; 
filaments  and  style  filiform,  straight,  often  connate ;  ovary  3-celled. — A 
large  genus,  chiefly  from  S.  Africa.     Lvs.  cnsiform. 

1  I.  celestina  Bartram.     Lvs.  linear-subulate,  many  times  shorter  than  the  1- 
flovvered  scape  '(Linn.  Ell.). — Borders  of  swamps,  Ga.  and  Fla.  (Bartram) ;  rare. — 
We  have  a  single  flower  without  stem,  Ivs.  or  fruit,  gathered  in  E.  Fla.  by  Prof. 
Loomis,  and  sent  us  by  Dr.  Feay.     It  is  of  a  bright  purplish  blue,  spreading  2£'. 
Segm.  about  equal,  oval,  obtuse,  united  into  a  tube  4"  in  length.     Stamens  and 
style  apparently  distinct,  6"  long. 

2  I.  (FARDANTHTJS)  Chinensis  L.   Lvs.  ensiform,  vertical,  sheathing  shorter 
than  the  tall,  terete,  fiexuous  stem ;  panicle  somewhat  dichotomous  and  corym- 
bous ;  perianth  broad-campanulate,  segrn.  distinct  down  to  the  top  of  the  ovaiy, 
oblong,  twisting  after  flowering ;  capsule  ovoid,  the  valves  deciduous,  seeds  black, 
roundish,  shining,  attached  to  the  central  column,  and  resembling  a  large  black- 
berry.— Plentifully  naturalized  on  the  bluffs  at  Merom,  Ind.     St.  3f  high.     Fls. 
orange,  spotted.     Jn.  f  § 

6.  CRCTCUS,  L.     (Named  from  the  youth  Crocus,  who  according  to 
Grecian  mythology,  was  changed  into  this  flower.)     Perianth  funnel- 
form,  the  segments  united  at  base  into  a  long  and  slender  tube ;  stigma 
3-cleft,  convolute,  crested. — Spathe  radical,  1 — 2-leaved,  thin,  transpa- 
rent.    The  long  tube  of  the  flower  nearly  or  quite  sessile  upon  the 
bulb.     After  flowering,  the  ovary  arises  from  the  ground  by  the  growth 
of  the  scape,  to  ripen  its  seeds  in  the  sun. 

1  C.  sativus  L.     SAFFRON.    FALL  CROCUS.    Lvs.  linear,  revolute  at  the  mar- 
gins ;  stig.  3-parted,  as  long  as  the  corolla,  reflexed.     Leaves  radical,  with  a  longi- 
tudinal, white  furrow  above.     Flower  with  a  long,  white  tube,  and  purple,  ellip- 
tical segments.     Stigmas  long,  emarginate,  exsert,  of  a  deep  orange-color.     Its 
virtues,  both  medicinal  and  coloring,  reside  chiefly  in  the  large  stigmas.     Sept. — 
A  variety,  perhaps  the  most  common,  has  yellow  perianths.     |  Asia. 

2  C.  v£rmis  L.     SPRING  CROCUS.     Stig^  included  within  the  flower,  with  3 
short,  wedge-shaped  segments. — Scape  an  inch  or  two  high,  3-sided.     Flowers 
vary  in  color,  generally  purple,  often  yellow  or  white ;  tube  very  long,  slender, 
gradually  enlarged  upwards,  closed  at  the  mouth  with  a  circle  of  hairs,  limb  cam- 
panulate,  much  shorter  than  the  tube.  Anth.  yellow,  sagittate.    Mar.,  Apr.  f  Eur. 

7.  GLADrOLUS,  L.     CORN-FLAG.     (Lat.  gladius,  a  sword ;  in  refer- 
ence to  the  form  of  the  leaves.)     Spathe  2-leaved;  perianth  irregular, 
6-parted,  somewhat  2-lipped  ;  stamens  3,  distinct,  ascending ;  stigmas  3, 
broader  above;  seeds  winged. — A  large  genus  of  bulbous  plants,  none 
native.     Fls.  showy. 

G.  commuiiis  L.  Spike  unilateral ;  upper  petal  the  (upper  lip)  covered  by 
the  lateral  sepals,  the  lower  sepals  largest ;  tube  longer  than  the  ovary. — A  fine 
showy  flowerer  in  gardens.  St.  2  to  3f  high,  wifh  the  Jarge,  rosy  purple  fls.  ar- 
ranged in  a  long,  somewhat  spiral  row  upon  it.  The  3  lower  segments  are  marked 
by  a  white  stripe.  Color  variable,  f  S.  Europe. 


ORDER  CXLIV.     DIOSCOREACE^E.     YAM  ROOTS. 

Plants  shrubby,  twining,  arising  from  the  tuberous  rhizomes,  with  broad  net- veined 
leaves.  Flowers  dioecious,  regular,  hexandrous,  tube  adherent,  limb  G-parted.  Ovary 
3-celled,  3  to  6-ovuled,  3-styled.  $  Stamens  G,  perigynous.  Fruit  a  capsule  3  or 
(by  abortion)  1-celled,  or  a  berry.  Seeds  compressed,  albuminous. 


ORDER  145.— SMILACE^S.  701 

Genera  7.  species  150.— Tho  only  remarkable  or  useful  product  of  this  order  is  Tarns,  an 
important  article  of  food  in  all  tropical  countries.  They  are  the  large,  mucilaginous,  sweetish 
tubers  of  Dioscorea  saliva,  «fcc. 

8.  DIOSCO'REA,  L.  YAM  ROOT.  (In  honor  of  PedaciusDioscorides, 
a  Greek  physician  and  florist  of  about  the  reign  of  Nero.)  Flowers  $ 
£  ;  styles  of  the  fertile  flowers  3  ;  cells  of  the  capsule  2-seeded  ;  seeds 
membrauaceously  margined. — Slender,  shrubby  climbers,  twining  with 
the  sun.  Lvs.  simple  and  palmately  veined  or  palmately  divided.  Fls. 
green,  inconspicuous,  in  axillary  spikes  or  panicles. 

1  D.  villosa  L.  WILD  YAM.  Lvs.  broad-ovate,  cordate,  acuminate,  9 — 11 -veined, 
the  margin  entire  or  wavy,  lower  surface  downy  or  glabrous,  never  villous  ;  upper 
surface  glabrous ;  petioles  elongated,  tho  lowest  somewhat  verticillato  in  4s,  the 
next  subopposite,  the  middle  and  upper  alternate ;  $  plant  with  the  spikes  pani- 
culate, $  with  the  spikes  simple. — A  delicate  twining  vine,  in  thickets  and 
hedges,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  rare  in  JST.  Eng.  Stem  woolly,  reddish-brown,  1 — 2" 
diam.,  5 — 10 — 15f  long,  running  over  bushes  and  fences.  Leaves  2 — 4'  long,  f 
as  wide,  distinctly  cordate  and  acuminate.  Petioles  2 — 4'  long.  Peduncles  axil- 
lary. Ovaries  at  first  elliptic,  finally  almost  as  broad  as  long.  June,  July.  (D. 
quarternata  Ph.) 

2  D.  sativa  L.  YAM.  Lvs.  alternate,  roundish-ovate,  long-cuspidate,  sinu- 
ate-cordate, glabrous,  9  to  13-nerved,  outer  nerves  bifid,  transverse  veins  simple; 
st.  terete,  smooth ;  $  spikes  densely  paniculate ;  $  spikes  aggregate.  Var.  ACU- 
LEATA,  stems  aculeate. — Native  of  E.  India.  This  species,  with  its  varieties,  is 
understood  to  be  that  which  is  known  as  the  Sweet  Yam,  cultivated  in  Ga.  and 
Pla.,  and  all  tropical  countries,  on  account  of  its  sweet  and  nutritious  tubers.  \ 

ORDER  CXLV.     SMILACE^E.     SARSAPARILLAS. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  often  climbing.  Leaves  reticulate-veined.  Flowers  dioecious 
or  monoecious.  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary,  6-parted,  regular.  Stamens  6,  in- 
serted into  the  base  of  the  segments.  Anth.  1-celled  (2 -lamellate).  Ovary  3-celled ; 
cells  1  or  many-seeded.  Style  1  or  none.  Stigmas  3.  Berry  roundish,  few  or 
many-seeded.  Seeds  orthotropous  albuminous.  Fig.  586. 

Genera  2,  species  120,  thinly  disseminated  through  most  countries.  The  diuretic  and  emul- 
cent  sarsaparillas  are  the  roots  of  several,  chiefly  S.  American  species  of  Buiilax. 

SMTLAX,  L.  GREEN  BRIER.  SARSAPARILLA.  (Gr.  <7/z/A?/,  a  grater ; 
from  its  prickly  stems.)  Flowers  $  $ ,  perianth  deciduous,  of  6  simi- 
lar, spreading,  sepaloid  segments;  $  stamens  6,  on  the  base  of  the  seg- 
ments and  shorter  than  they ;  anthers  adnate  ;  $  stamen  0,  or  sterile 
filaments ;  stigmas  3,  sessile ;  berry  globular,  1  to  3-cellcd,  1  to  6- 
seeded. —  If  Herbs  or  shrubs,  mostly  climbing  by  stipular  tendrils,  often 
prickly.  Lvs.  entire,  petiolate,  palmately  veined.  FJs.  green  or  yellow- 
ish, in  axillary,  stalked  umbels.  (In  the  elaboration  of  this  genus  we 
have  been  greatly  aided  by  the  accurate  observations  of  Dr.  Feay,  of 
Savannah.) 

§  COPROSMANTIIUS.     Herbaceous  (unarmed).    Leaves  long-petioled.    Flowers  foetid.  (*) 

*  Leaves  glabrous  on  both  sides.     Steins  climbing Nos.  14, 15 

*  Leaves  downy  or  hispid  on  the  veins  beneath.    Erect  or  climbing Nos.  12, 13 

§  SMILAX  proper.     Shrubby,  aimed  or  not.    Leaves  short-petioled,    Seeds  1  to  3.  (*) 

8  Pubescent,  prostrate,  unarmed.    Leaves  cordate,  evergreen.  South No.  11 

*  Glabrous,  climbing.    Leaves  acute  at  base.     Peduncle  shorter  than  petiole Nos.  9,  10 

*  Glabrous,  climbing.     Leaves  abrupt  or  cordate  at  base,  (a) 

a  Leaves  panduriform  or  somewhat  contracted  iu  the  middle Nos.  7,  8 

a  Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  deciduous,  (b) 

b  Plants  unarmed Nos.  5,  6 

b  Pknts  prickly.— Leaves  glaucous,  especially  beneath No.  4 

— Leaves  green  on  both  sides ...  .Nos.  1 — 3 

1  S.  rotundifolia  L.  COMMON  GREEN  BRIER.  St.  terete  or  sub-4-sided,  flex- 
uous,  aculeate,  ligneous,  climbing ;  Ivs.  short-petiolate,  roundish-ovate,  5  to  7 -veined, 


"702  ORDER  145.— SMIL  ACE^E. 

glabrous,  round  or  subcordate  at  base ;  acuminate-cuspidate  at  apex  ;  ped.  many- 
flowered,  little  longer  than  the  petioles ;  berries  black,  glaucous. — A  strong,  thorny 
vine,  extending  10  to  40f  in  hedges  and  thickets,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  woody, 
smooth,  except  the  scattered  thorns  which  proceed  from  the  wood.  Branches 
4-angled.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  1£  to  3',  cordate  or  tapering  at  base.  Tendrils  strong, 
from  the  wings  of  the  petioles.  Fls.  small,  greenish,  in  small,  axillary  umbels. 
Berries  round,  mostly  1-seeded.  Mar. — Jn. 

(3.  CADUCA.     Smaller,  with  ovate,  thin  Ivs.     (S.  caduca  L.) 

y.  QUADRANGULARIS.     Branches  4-augled.     (S.  quadrangularis  Muhl.) 

2  S.  hispida  Muhl.     St.  terete,  climbing,  hispid  below  with  weak,  slender  prickles, 
nearly  unarmed  above  ;  branchlets  quadrangular ;  Ivs.  glabrous,  green  both  sides, 
ovate,  subcordate,  cuspidate,  rough-edged,  5-veined,  thin,  deciduous;  ped.  twice  as 
long  as  the  petioles  ;  berries  black,  1  to  3-seeded. — Thickets,  N.  Y.  to  Mich,  and 
Can.     Climbing  8  to  1 2f.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  rather  broadly  ovate.     Ped.  1'  or 
more  in  length.     Umbels  4  to  G-flowered.     Jn. 

3  S.  Walter!  Ph.     St.  armed  or  unarmed,  with  angular  branches ;  Ivs.  cordate- 
ovate,  3-veined  (or  5-veined,  the  2  outer  inconspicuous),  glabrous ;  ped.  about  as 
long  as  the  petioles  •  berries  of  two  forms,  globular,  and  oblong-acuminate,  red,  1  to 
3-seeded. — Woods,  in  the  low  districts,  Va.  to  Fla.     Straggling  stems  climbing  in 
thickets.     Lvs.  deciduous,  large  (3  to  5'  long),  more  or  less  cordate.     Fls.  fra- 
grant    Apr.— Jn.     (S.  China  Walt.) 

4  S.  glauca  Walt.    FALSE  SARSAPARILLA.     St.  slightly  4-angled  and  aculeate 
above ;  Ivs.  ovate,  cuspidate,  5-veined,  edges  smooth  and  entire,  glaucous,  espe- 
cially beneath ;  ped.  twice  or  more  longer  than  the  petiole ;  berries  black,  with  a 
bloom,   1 — 3-seeded. — Thickets,   L.  Jsl.  to  Ga.,  W.  to  Ky.     Root  long,  slender. 
St.  stout,  somewhat  flexuous,  armed  with  a  few  scattered,  hooked  prickles.     Lvs. 
finally  nearly  orbicular,  2  to  3'  diam.,  abruptly  contracted  at  each  end,  with  3 
strong  veins  and  2  lateral  smaller  ones.     Petioles  short,  margined  with  2  tendrils. 
Fls.  in  small,  thin  umbels,  yellowish-white.    Mar. — Jn.    (S.  Sarsaparilla  Ph.,  etc., 
nee  L.  S.  spinulosa  Torr.) 

5  S.  Pseudo-China  L.     St.  terete,  unarmed ;  cauline  Ivs.  ovate,  cordate,  ramial 
ovate-oblong,  all  5-veined,  on  short  petioles;  ped.  flat,  nearly  as  long  as  theleaves ; 
berries  black.  ? — Sandy  woods,  N.  J.  to  Car.,  W.  to  Ohio.     Hoot  large,  tuberous. 
St.  purplish-brown,  very  smooth,  branching  and  climbing  by  tendrils  which  ariso 
from  the  base  of  the  petioles.     Lvs.  2  to  4'  by  1  to  2',  slightly  hispid  on  the  veins 
beneath.     Ped.  2  to  3'  long.     May,  Jn. 

6  3.  sarsaparflla  L.  ?     St.  and  quadrangular  branchleta  unarmed ;  Ivs.  oblong- 
ovate,  thin,  both  sides  green,  5-veined,  cuspidate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base ; 
ped.  flat,  a  little  longer  than  the  petioles ;  berries  large,  globular,  mostly  1-seeded, 
bright  pink-red  when  fully  ripe. — River  banks,  N.  J.  ?  to  Ky.  and  La.  (Mr.  R. 
Green).     Rt.  with  long,  creeping  rhizomes.     Vines  with  tendrils.     Lvs.  large,  3 
to  6'  long,  half  as  wide,  deciduous.     Ripe  fruit  persistent  until  Spring.     Ped.  1  to 
2'  long.     Apr. — Jl. — This  is  regarded  in  La.  as  the  true  medicinal  Sarsaparilla. 

7  S.  tamnoides  L.     St.  terete,  branches  and  Z>rancMe£s  4-angular,  flexuous,  acule- 
ate ;  Ivs.  glabrous,  ovate  with  the  sides  more  or  less  concave,  varying  to  hastate 
or  panduriform,  acuminate,  spinulous-scabrous  on  the  margin,  truncate  or  subcor- 
date at  base,  5  to  9-veined ;  ped.  2  to  3  times  longer  than  petiole ;  berries  spheri- 
cal, black,   1-seeded. — Sandy  woods,  N.  J.  to  111.  and  the  S.  States,  common, 
climbing  8  to  2 Of.     Lvs.  of  various  forms  on  different  stems  of  the  same  root, 
shining-green  both  sides,  tardily  deciduous,  or  sometimes,  in  sheltered  situations, 
persistent  all  winter.     Mar.,  Apr. — Jn.     (S.  panduratus,  hastata,  Bonanox.     Ph. 
et  auct.) 

8  S.  maritima  Feay.    St.  armed ;  branches  angular,  flexuous,  unarmed;  Ivs.  lan- 
ceolate, auriculate-hastate,  coriaceous,  5-nerved  at  base,  3-nerved  above,  cuspidate, 
glabrous,  edges  smooth  and  even ;  ped.  twice  longer  than  the  petiole,  or  shorter ; 
berries  large,  2  or  3-seeded,  red  before  maturity,  finally  black. — Sandy  bluffs  of 
the  salt-water  rivers  near  the  coast,  Savannah  and  southward.    Lvs.  rarely  some- 
what ovate.     Fls.  very  fragrant.     Jn.     (S.  Beyrichii  Kunth  ?    S.  ovata  Ph.     Tho 
latter  name,  although  the  earliest,  is  utterly  inappropriate.) 

9  S.  laurifolia  I*,     St,  aculeate,  terete,  branches  flexuous,  unarmed;  Ivs.  coria 


ORDER  146.— KOXBURGHIACE^E.  703 

ceous,  oval-lanceolate  or  oblong,  varying  to  linear,  3  to  5-veined  (the  lateral  veins 
marginal),  cuspidate,  acute  at  base,  evergreen ;  petioles  and  ped.  short,  the  latter 
sometimes  panicled;  berries  black,  1 -seeded. — N.  J.  to  Ga.  A  vigorous,  ever- 
green climber,  ascending  trees  to  a  great  height.  St.  with  a  few  scattered  prickles. 
Lvs.  numerous,  very  thick  and  smooth,  2  to  4'  long,  often  more  abrupt  at  apex 
than  base.  Jn. — Aug. 

10  S.  lanceolata  L.     St.  aculeate  below,  terete,  branches  and  unarmed  branch- 
lets  subangular,  Ivs.  membranous,  lanceolate  and  lance-ovate,  varying  to  ovate  (in 
the  $  plants),  5-veined,  acuminate-cuspidate,  narrowed  at  base  to  a  short  petiole 
which  is  twice  longer  than  the  very  short  peduncle ;  berries  1  to  3-seeded,  red  until 
ripe  when  they  are  also  perfectly  blade. — Damp  woods  coastward,  Va,  to  Fla.    A 
stout  vine,  often  1'  diam.  and  40f  high  on  trees.     Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  a  third  to 
two-thirds  as  wide,  ped.  1  to  5"  long,  10  to  20-flowered.     Jn.,  Jl.    (3.  alba  Ph). 
Closely  related  to  No.  9. 

11  S.  pumila  "Walt.     Unarmed,  low;  branchlets  terete,  pubescent;  Ivs.  ovate, 
cordate,  acutish,  3  to  5-veined,  shining  above,  soft  pubescent  beneath;  ped.  as 
long  as  the  petiole ;  berries  red,  1  to  3-seeded. — Shady  rich  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla. 
and  La.     Quite  different  in  habit  from  our  other  species.     St.  1  to  3f  long,  run- 
ning along  on  the  ground.     Lvs.  perennial,  becoming  firm,  2  or  3'  long,  varying 
from  oblong-ovate  to  roundish-ovate,  always  cordate.     Ped.  G  to  8"  long,  with 
small,  white  flowers  and  berries  red  when  rips.     Oct.     (S.  pubera  MX.) 

12  S.  herbacea  L.     CARRION  FLOWER.     St.  herbaceous,   terete,  erect,  simple-, 
glabrous;  Ivs.  pubescent  beneath,  crowded  toward  the  summit,  ovate,  5  to  7 -veined, 
cuspidate,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  on  petioles  a  third  as  long ;  ped.  not 
twice  longer  than  the  petioles;  berries  red,  becoming  bluish-black  when  fully  ripe, 
2  to  3-seeded. — Thickets  and  low  grounds,   Can.  and  U.  S.     St.  2  to  3f  high, 
without  tendrils.     Lvs.  3  to  5'  long,  two-thirds  as  wide,  more  or  less  downy  be- 
neath.    Ped.  2  to  3'  long,  with  an  umbel  of  8  to  1G  yellowish-green  flowers  of  a 
sickening  odor.     Apr. — Jn. 

13  S.  lasioneiiroii  Hook.     St.  terete,  climbing,  subsimple,  unarmed ;  Ivs.  oblong, 
broadly -ovate,  cordate,  rounded  and  mucronate  at  apex,  7-veined,  glaucous  and 
hispid-pubescent  on  the  veinltts  beneath,  glabrous  and  green  above ;  ped.  a  little 
longer  than  the  petiole,  many-flowered  ;  tendrils  from  the  base  of  the  petioles. — 
Thickets,  Ind.,  111.,  Wis.  and  Can.     Sts.  slender,  several  foot  long.     Ped.  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  which  are  often  5'  by  3',  beautifully  fringed  on  the  veins 
beneath. 

14  S.  peduncularis  MuliL     TALL  CARRION  FLOWER.     St.  herbaceous,  angular, 
tall,  striate,  inclining  or  leaning,  branched ;  haves  7  to  S-veined,  ovate,  acuminate, 
glabrous,  glaucous,  especially  beneath,  rounded  or  subcordate  at  base,  the  lower 
subtriangular,  petioles  a  third  as  long,  bearing  2  filiform  tendrils  at  base ;  ped. 
much  longer  than  the  leaves,    CC -flowered ;   berries  red,  at  last  blue  6-seeded. — 
Damp  thickets  and  meadows,  Can.  and  U.  S.     St.  3  to  G  to  £f  long,  its  slender 
summit  nodding  or  climbing.     Lvs.  2  to  4'  long.     Ped.  5  to  G'  long,  30  to  50- 
fiowered,  greenish,  with  a  disgusting  odor.     May,  Jn. 

15  S.  tamnifoiia  MX.     St.  herbaceous,  terete,  climbing ;  Ivs.  long-petioled,  5- 
veined,  glabrous,  subtriangular-hastate,  cordate,  tapering  to  tho  obtuse  apex,  base 
lobes  rounded,  upper  Ivs.  lanceolate ;  ped.  longer  than  the  petioles ;  (berries  bluish- 
black,  Dr.  Gray) — N.  J.  to  Car.     (Michaux.)     (S.  tamnoideg  Ph.) 

ORDER  CXLVI.     ROXBURGHIACEJS. 

Shrubby  plants  with  twining  or  creeping  stems  and  many-veined,  netted  leaves. 
Flowers  perfect  with  a  4-parted,  petaloid,  persistent  perianth.  Stamens  4,  on  the 
lowest  base  cf  tho  segments.  Ovary  free,  oblique,  1-celled.  Pericarj)  follicular  ?  at 
length  2-valved.  Seeds  several,  costate,  fimbriatc-arillate. 

A  small  Order,  of  2  genera  (now  that  Croomia  is  added)  and  5  species,  Roxburghia 
grows  in  tho  hotter  parts  of  E.  India. 

CROOM'IA,  Torr.     (In  honor  of  the  late  II.  B.  Croom  of  Florida.) — 


704  ORDER  147.— TRILLIACE^E. 

Perianth  of  4  oval  segments,  imbricated  in.  2  rows  (2  interior) ;  stam. 
4,  opposite  the  segments,  slightly  perigynous,  anth.  introrse,  innate, 
cells  distinct ;  ovary  1-celled,  with  4 — 6  suspended  ovules ;  stigma  ses- 
sile ;  fruit  ovate,  "  seeds  1 — 3,  copiously  fringed  along  the  raphe  and 
fimiculus  as  if  arillate,  and  ribbed  lengthwise  ;  embryo  monocotyledo- 
nous." — 2f  Rhizome  slender,  creeping,  sending  up  annual  stems  with 
about  6  petiolate,  lance-ovate,  cordate  leaves,  and  a  few  small  whitish, 
axillary  flowers. 

C.  pauciflora  Torr. — S.  Ga.  (Feay,  Pond)  and  Fla.  (near  Quincey  1)  Stems  glab- 
rous, If  high,  bearing  at  top  6  leaves  pedately  arranged.  Lvs.  3 — 4'  long,  short 
acuminate,  thin,  7 — 9-veiued,  pet.  1'  long.  Peduncles  capillary,  1'  long.  Ms. 
few,  near  2"  wide  when  open.  Apr. — The  true  character  of  this  plant  as  mono- 
cotyledonous  was  first  demonstrated  by  Dr.  Gray. 

ORDER  CXLVII.     TRILLIACE^E.     TRILLIADS. 

Herbs  with  simple  stems,  tuberous  roots  and  verticillate,  net-veined  leaves. 
Flowers  terminal,  1  or  few,  perfect,  mostly  3-parted.  Calyx  herbaceous,  corolla 
more  or  less  colored.  Stamens  G  to  10.  Ovary  free,  3  to  5 -celled,  bearing  in  fruit 
a  juicy,  co-seeded  pod.  Figs.  356,  53,  88. 

General,  specie*  SQ,  in  woodlands,  temperate  parts  of  Europe,  Asia  and  N.  America.  The 
roots  of  some  species  are  emetic. 

GENERA. 
• 

§  Leaves  in  one  whorl.     Sepals  green,  petals  colored TniLLitrM.  1 

§  Leaves  in  two  whorls.    Sepals  and  petals  alike  greenish MEDEOLA.  2 

1.  TRIL/LIUM,  Miller.  WAKE-ROBIN.  (Lat.  trilix,  triple  ;  every  part 
being  in  3s.)  Perianth  deeply  6-parted,  in  2  distinct  series,  outer  of  3 
sepals,  inner  of  3  colored  petals;  stamens  6,  nearly  equal,  anthers  longer 
than  the  filaments ;  stigmas  sessile,  distinct  or  approximate ;  berry  3- 
celled,  cells  many-seeded. —  2£  St.  simple.  Lvs.  3,  whorled  at  the 
top  of  the  stem,  reticulate-palmate  veined.  Fls.  solitary,  terminal.  Fr. 
purple 

§  Flowers  sessile,  petals  dark  purple,  erect Nos.  1,  2 

§  Flowers  on  a  peduncle  raised  above  the  leaves.  (*) 

*  Leaves  petiolate,  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base.     Petals  thin,  delicate Nos.  3,  4 

*  Leaves  sessile,  rhomboidal,  nearly  as  broad  as  long.     Petals  thickish Nos.  5,  G 

§  Flowers  on  a  peduncle  deflexed  beneath  the  leaves. — Style  scarcely  any Nos  7,  8 

— Style  1,  as  long  as  stigmas No.  9 

1  T.  sessile  L.     Lvs.  rhombic-ovate,  or  suborbicular,  acute,  sessile,  spotted ;  fl. 
closely  sessile,  erect ;  sep.  erect,  ovate-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  acute ;  pet.  linear- 
lanceolate,  purple,  a  third  longer  than  the  sepals;  anth.  long,  erect. — A  small 
species,  in  fertile  soils,  Middle,  Western  and  Southern  States.     Rhizoma  horiz'on- 
tal,  thick.     Stem  6 — 12'  high,  slender.     Leaves  rather  thick,  \\ — 3'  by  1 — 2', 
smooth  and  entire,  blotched  with  dark  purple.    Sep.  8  to  12"  long,  the  petals  nar- 
rower and  mnch  longer,  dark  purple.     Apr.  May.     (T.  discolor  Wray.) 

2  T.  recurvatum  Beck.     Lvs.  ovate  or  obovate,  attenuated  to  a  petiok,  acute ;  fl. 
closely  sessile ;  pet.  lanceolate-ovate,  very  acute,  attenuate  at  base,  erect,  as  long 
as  the  recurved  sepals. — A  small  Trillium  quite  distinct,  although  allied  to  the  last, 
in  shady  woods,  Wis.  to  La.     Stem  8 — 10'  high,  rather  thick.     Leaves  2 — 2}'  by 
1% — 2',  with  distinct,  short  petioles,  not  usually  spotted.     Petals  purple,  and  with 
the  green,  reflexed  sepals  about  1'  long.     May. 

3  T.  nivale  Eiddell.    SNOWY  TRILLIUM.     St.  low;  Ivs.  ovate  or  oval,  rather  ob- 
tuse, distinctly  and  abruptly  petiolate ;  fl.  short,  pedunculate,  erect ;  pet.  spatulate- 
obovate,  obtuse,  white,  one  third  longer  than  the  calyx. — The  smallest  species  here 
described,  in  stony  or  dry  fields,  Ohio  to  Wis.     Stem  2 — 4'  high,  from  a  thick. 


ORDER  147.— TRILLIACE.E.  705 

tuberous  root.  Leaves  8 — 18''  by  5 — 12",  petioles  2 — 4",  about  equaling  the 
peduncle.  Sepals  green,  much  narrower  than  the  snowy  petals  which  are  about 
8  '  by  4  '.  Mar.,  Apr. 

4  T.   erythrocarpum  MX.      SMILJNG  WAKE-ROBIN.      Lvs.   ovate,   acuminate, 
rounded  at  base,  abruptly  petiole*!;  ped.  erect ;  pet.  lanceolate-ovate,  recurved, 
twice  as  kyig,  as  the  sepals*— Can.  to  Ga.     A  beautiful  flower,  adorning  our 
woods  in  May  and  June.    Stem  8 — 12'  high,  with  a  whorl  of  3  broad-ovate  leaves 
at  top.     These  are  3-veinexl,  rounded  at  base,  long  acuminate,  3 — 4'  long,  f  as 
wide,  petiole  2—3"  long.     Flower  nearly  erect.     Petals  wavy  at  the  edges,  white, 
finely  radiated  with  purple  lines  at  base.     The  root  is  considered  medicinal  (T. 
pictum  Ph.) 

0.  CLEVELANDICUM.     Sepals  leaf-like,  larger  than  the  petals  which  are  partly  or 
chiefly  green. — Brunswick,  Me.  (Ricard).     A  metamorphosis. 

5  T.  grandifolium  Salisb.      Lvs.   broadly  rhomboid-ovate,   subsessile,  abruptly 
acuminate ;  ped.  inclined ;  fl.  suberect ;  petals  mvch  longer  than  the  calyx,  spatu- 
late-obovate,  connivent  at  base. — Damp,  rocky  woods,  Mid.,   S.   and  W.   States, 
abundant.     St.  8  to  12'  high.     Lvs.  3  to  5'  diam.     Fls.  larger  than  in  any  of  the 
preceding  species.    Petals  1^  to  2'  in  length,  broadest  near  the  apex,  with  a  short, 
abrupt  acumination,  white,  varying  to  rose-colored.     May. 

6  T.  erectum  L.     BATH  FLOWER.     St  thick;  Ivs.  rhomboidal,  acuminate,  ses- 
sile ;  ped.  inclining ;  Jl.  nodding ;  petals  ovate,   acute,  scarcely  longer,  but  much 
broader  than  Vie  sepals. — A  conspicuous  plant  in  woods,  of  fine  appearance,  but 
,ofiensive  odor.    At  the  top  of  the  stem,  which  is  a  foot  high,  is  a  whorl  of  3  leaves 
which  aro  3-veined,  3 — 5'  long,  of  equal  width,  and  a  single,  nodding  flower,  on 
a  nearly  erect  peduncle.     Petals  broad-ovate,  an  inch  long,  twice  as  wide  as  the 
sepals  and  of  a  dusky  purple,  greenish  outside.     May.     (T.  atropurpureum  Curt.) 

(3.  ALBA.     Petals  white  or  cream-color. — More  common  West  and  South. 

7  T.  pendulum  Muhl.     St.  slender;  Ivs.  subsessile,  roundish-rhomboidal,  acumi. 
nate ;  ped.  long,  horizontal  or  deflexed,  flower  pendulous ;  petals  lance-ovate,  short- 
acuminate,  flat,  not  recurved,  nearly  as  small  as  the  calyx ;  stig.  as  long  as  the  an- 
Ihers,  revolute  at  end. — Woods,  Mid.,  W.  and  S.  States.     A  large  species,  with  a 
smallish  flower.     St  10  to  15'  high.     Lvs.  3  to  5'  diam.,  similarly  pointed  at  each 
end.     Ped.  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  flower,  half  the  length  of  the  leaves. 
Petals  white.     Apr. — Jn.     (T.  cernuum  Torr.     N.  Y.  Flo.) — Perhaps  runs  into 
T.  erect  urn,  but  is  very  distinct  from  the  next. 

8  T.  cernuum  L.      DROOPING-  TRILLIUM.    St.  tall,  slender ;  Ivs.  thin,  ovate  or 
elliptic-ovate,  acuminate,  petiolate ;  ped.  decurved  beneath  the  leaves,  as  long  as 
the  flower;  petals  lanceolate,  channeled,  undulate,  recurved,  longer  and  much  wider 
than  the  recurved  sepals  ;  stam.  recurved,  much  longer  than  the  stigmas. — Damp 
•woods,  N.  Eng.  ?  N.  Y.  to  Ky.  and  the  up  country  of  Ga.     St.  1  to  2f  high.    Lvs. 
3  to  6'  by  2  to  4',  distinctly  petioled.     Ped.  a  third  as  long  as  the  leaves.    Petals 
near  2'  long,  delicate,  white  or  roseate.     Apr. — Jn. 

9  T.  stylosum.   St.  slender ;  Ivs.  elliptic-ovate,  pointed  at  both  ends,  short-petio- 
late ;  ped.  shorter  than  the  flower,  nodding  and  deflexed ;  petals  lance-obovate, 
obtuse  or  short  pointed,  undulate,  flat,  spreading,  much  exceeding  the  oblong, 
acute  sepals ;  ova.  produced  into  a  style  which  is  as  long  as  the  stigmas ;  stam, 
elongated. — Woods,  in  the  up  country  of  N.  Car.  (Miss  Carpenter)  to  Ga.  (Mr. 
Jones).    A  small  plant  with  a  large  flower.     St.  8  to  10'  high.     Lvs.  2  to  3  by 
20  to  30".     Petals  roseate,  15  to  18"  long.     Apr.— Jn.     (T.  Catesbai  Ell) 

2.  MEDEVOLA,  Gronov.  INDIAN  CUCUMBER-ROOT.  (Named  after 
the  fabulous  sorceress,  Medea,  for  its  supposed  medicinal  virtues.) 
Perianth  deeply  parted  into  6  petaloid,  revoiute  segments ;  stamens  6, 
with  slender  filaments ;  stigmas  3,  divaricate,  united  at  base;  berry  3- 
celled ;  cells  3  to  6-seeded.  Stem  simple,  arising  from  a  white,  tuberous 
rhizome  (which  is  thought  to  resemble  the  cucumber  in  flavor)  bearing 
2  whorls  of  Ivs.  and  1  to  3  terminal  fls. 

M.  Virginica  L.     None  can  but  admire  the  symmetry  of  its  form.    St.  erect,  1  to 
2f  high,  invested  with  loose,  cottony  wool     Lower  whorl  near  the  middle  of  the 

45 


706 


ORDER  148. — LILIACE^E. 


Btem  consisting  of  6  to  8  wedgq-lanceolate  Ivs.  (3  to  4'  by  9  to  12'') ;  the  other  at 
the  top,  of  about  3  ovate,  shorter  leaves.  Fls.  in  the  upper  whorl,  1,  2  or  3,  pen- 
dulous, with  greenish,  revolute  segments.  The  stigmas  are  very  long,  reflexed, 
dark  red.  Jl. 

ORDER  CXLVIII.      LILIACE^E.     LILYWORTS. 

Herbs  with  bulbous  or  tuberous  stems,  parallel- 
veined,  sessile  leaves,  flowers  perfect,  regular, 
generally  large  and  richly  colored,  perianth  6 
(rarely  4)-parted,  uniformly  colored,  free  from  the 
ovary,  stamens  G  (rarely  4),  perigynous ;  anthers 
introrse  (extrorse  in  Uvularia),  styles  wholly  or 
partly  united,  ovary  superior,  2  or  3-celled.  Fruit 
a  capsule,  loculicidal,  or  a  pulpy  berry.  Seeds 
free  or  many,  with  fleshy  albumen.  Illustr.  in 
figs.  58,  60,  63,  108,  171,  254,  259,  400,  454. 

Genera  147,  species  1200,  chiefly  natives  of  temperate 
regions.  The  flowers  of  most  are  beautiful,  of  many 
brilliant,  and  of  some  truly  splendid. 

Properties. — The  order  abounds  in  a  bitter,  stimulant 
principle  and  also  in  mucilage.  Some  of  the  bulbous 
species  yield  a  nutritious  diet,  as  the  Asparagus,  Onion, 
Garlic.  The  well  known  active  medicine,  squill*,  is  the 
bulb  of  Scilla  maritima,  of  S.  Europe.  The  various  kinds 
of  officinal  aloes,  are  the  product  of  several  species  of 
Aloe.  The  powerful  astringent,  Dragon's  l>lood,  is  the 
concentrated  juice  of  Dracwna  Draco  of  the  Canary  Isles. 
(The  Tribe  Uvularise  is  intermediate  between  Liliacea> 
and  Melanthacese,  approaching  the  latter  by  Us  mostly 
cxtrose  anthers,  but  best  according  with  the  former  in  its 
united  styles,  fruit,  and  in  habit.) 

FIG.  T15.  Smilacina  borealis.  6.  A  berry  cut  open, 
showing  the  2  cells,  &c. 

TRIBES   AND   GENERA. 
§  Plants  bulbous  at  the  base,  or  with  a  thick,  woody  entities.  (*) 

*  Perianth  segments  united,  forming  a  tubular  flower,  (d) 

*  Perianth  segments  separate,  not  forming  a  tube,  (t) 

t  Stem  (or  caudex)  leafy,  at  least  below,  few  or  many-flowered,  (b) 
t  Stem  (scape)  sheathed  at  base,  bearing  a  solitary  flower,  (a) 
t  Stem  (scape)  sheathed  at  base,  leafless,  many-flowered,  (c) 
|  Plant  with  a  rhizome,  creeper,  or  fibrous  roots.  (**) 

**  Stamens  declinate  and  curved-ascending.    Flowers  showy,  (s) 
**  Stamens  straight  and  equal  in  position,  (ft) 

ft  Perianth  segments  united  to  near  the  summit,  (f) 
ft  Perianth  segments  separate,  not  forming  a  tube,  (i) 

J  Flowers  in  terminal,  leafless  clusters,  small,  whitish,  (g) 

$  Flowers  axillary,  or  terminal  and  subsolitary. — Leaves  filiform,  &c.  (h) 

— Leaves  ovate,  &c.  (k) 
(TRIBE  TULIPEJ2.    Perianth  6-leaved.    Fruit  a  capsule.    Seed-coat  soft  and  pale.) 

a  Flowers  nodding EKYTIIRONIUM.    1 

a  Flowers  erect TULIPA.    2 

b  Nectary  a  linear  groove  at  the  base  of  each  segment LILIUM     3 

b  Nectary  a  roundish  cavity  at  the  base  of  each  segment FRITILLAKIA.    4 

b  Nectary  none.    Flowers  panicled, — large.    Seeds  many YUCCA.    5 

— small.    Seeds  1  to  3 NOLINA.    6 

•(TRIES  ASPHODELE^E.    Fruit  a  capsule.     Seed-coat  crustaceous,  black.) 

C  Flowers  in  racemes,  blue  or  purple SCILLA.    7 

C  Flowers  in  racemes  or  corymbs,  yellow  or  white ORXITHOGALUM.    8 

C  Flowers  iu  umbels,— white  or  roseate.    Stamens  straight ALLIUM.    9 

—blue.    Stamens  declinate,  curved Ao APANTUUS.  10 


ORDER  148.—LILIACE^E.  707 

d  Perianth  limb  re  volute,  as  long  as  the  tube HYACINTHUS.  11 

d  Perianth  limb  spreading,  much  shorter  than  tube MUSCARI.  12 

6  Perianth  segments  distinct.    Base  of  the  stamens  valve-like ASPHODELUS.  13 

e  Perianth  segments  half-united.— Stamens  perigynous HEMKROCALLIS.  14 

— Stamens  hypogynous FUNKIA.  15 

(TRIBE  COXVALLAEINEJE.    Rhizome.    Fruit  a  berry.     Seed-coat  thin,  pale.) 

f  Perianth  tubular-oblong,  greenish.    Peduncles  axillary POLYGON ATPM.  16 

f  Perianth  broad-campanulate,  white.    Raceme  leafless CONVALLARIA.  17 

g  Scape  leafless,  bearing  an  umbel.    Berry  2-cellcd CLINTONIA.  18 

g  Stein  leafy,  bearing  a  cluster.— Flowers  6-parted SMILACINA.  19 

— Flowers  4-parted MAJ ANTHEM UM.  20 

h  Stems  branching.     Flowers  small,  axillary.    Berry  red ASPARAGUS.  21 

(TRIBE  TITULARIES.    Root  fibrous.     Anthers  mostly  innate  and  opening  outwards.) 

k  Filaments  flat,  as  long  as  the  sagittate  anthers.  Berry  many-seeded. .  .STREP-TOPHUS.  22 
k  Filaments  filiform,  much  longer  than  the  anthers.  Berry  3  to  C-seeded. .  .PROSARTES.  23 
k  Filaments  shorter  than  the  long,  linear  anthers.  Capsule 6  to  00 -seeded.. UVUL ARIA.  24 

1.  ERYTHRCTNIUM,   L.      (Gr.  epvfyd?,   red;   the   color   of  some 
species.)     Perianth  campanulate,  segments  recurved,  the  3   inner  ones 
(petals)  usually  with  a  callous  tooth  attached  to  each  side  at  base,  and 
a  groove  in  the  middle  ;  style  long  ;  capsule  somewhat  stipulate,  seeds 
ovate. —  71    Leaves  2,  subradical.      Scape    1-flowcred.      Fls.  nodding, 
liliaceous. 

1  E.  Americarram  Smith.    YELLOW  ERYTHRONIUM.    Scape  naked;  Ivs.  spotted, 
lanceolate  and  involute  at  the  point ;  segments  yellow,  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse, 
inner  ones  bidentate  near  the  base;  sty.  clavate;  stig.  undivided. — A  beautiful  little 
plant,  among  the  earliest  of  our  vernal  flowers,  found  in  rich,  open  grounds,  or  in 
thin  woods,  TJ.  S.  and  Can.     The  bulb  is  deep  in  the  ground.     Scape  slender,  3 — 
4'  high.     The  2  leaves  are  of  equal  length  (5'),  one  of  them  nearly  twice  as  wide 
as  the  other,  both  clouded  with  brown  spots.     Flower  drooping,  yellow,  revolute 
in  the  sunshine.     May.     (E.  Dens-canis  MX.) 

2  E.  albidum  Nutt.     "WHITE  ERYTHRONIUM.  '  Scape  naked;  Ivs.  elliptic-lanceo- 
late; segments  of  white,  linear-lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  inner  ones  without  dentures 
at  base,  subunguiculate ;  stig.  3-cleft,  lobes  reflexed. — About  the  size  of  the  last, 
in  wet  meadows,  near  Albany,  N.  Y.  (Storrs)  to  Wis.  (Lapham).     Leaves  without 
an  acumination,  tapering  to  the  base,  of  equal  length  including  the  petiole  (4 — 5'), 
one  of  them  twice  as  wide  as  the  other.     Scape  a  little  longer  than  the  leaves, 
bearing  a  single,  white,  nodding  flower.     Segments  1 J'  long.    April,  May. 

3  E.  bracteatum   Bw.     Scape  Iracted;   Ivs.   lanceolate,   very  unequal;   segm. 
greenish-yellow. — An  alpine  species,  found  in  Yt.,  Boott.     It  is  a  smaller  plant, 
distinguishable  by  the  inequality  of  the  leaves,  one  of  which  is  3  or  4  times  as 
large  as  the  other.     Scape  shorter  than  the  leaves,  with  a  narrow,  lanceolate 
bract,  1A'  long,  a  little  below  the  flower.     Flower  greenish-yellow.     Segments 
about  9    long,  gibbous  at  base.     Jn. 

2.  TUVLIPA,  Tourn.     TULIP.     (Persian  thouliban,  a  turban ;  allud- 
ing to  the  form  of  these  magnificent  flowers.)     Perianth  campanulate  ; 
stamens  short,  subulate ;  anthers  broad-linear,  deeply  emarginate  at 
base;  style  very  short ;  stigma  thick  ;  capsule  oblong,  triangular. — 11 
Herbs  acaulescent,  with  coated  bulbs,  sessile  Ivs.,  and  a  simple  scape 
bearing  a  solitary,  erect  flower. 

T.  Gesneriana  L.  Scape  1-flowered,  smooth;  Ivs.  ovate-lanceolate;  fls. 
erect,  segments  obtuse,  smooth. — Named  for  Gesner,  a  Zurich  botanist.  Its  varie- 
ties are  endless,  and  may  be  produced  by  first  planting  the  seed  in  a  rich  soil, 
then  transplanting  the  bulbs  into  a  poorer  soil.  Thus  at  length  the  flowers  be- 
come broken  or  variegated  with  colors  in  that  exquisite  manner  so  much  admired. 
More  than  700  varieties  are  described  in  florists'  catalogues.  Apr.,  May,  Jn. 
f  From  Persia. 

3.  LIL'IUM,  L.     LILY.     (Gr.  Xipiov,  Celtic  //,  white ;  one  species 


Y08  ORDER  148.— LILIACE^E. 

is  the  emblem  of  purity.)  Perianth  campanulate,  segments  spreading 
above  or  recurved,  each  with  a  longitudinal  honey  groove  within,  from 
the  middle  to  the  base  ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  style,  anthers  versa- 
tile ;  capsule  subtriangular,  the  valves  connected  with  latticed  hairs ; 
seed?  2 -rowed  in  each  cell. —  If  Herbs  with  bulbous  and  leafy  stems. 
Lvs.  sessile,  alternate  or  verticillate.  Fls.  terminal,  large  and  showy. 

§  Flowers  white,  nodding.     Plants  cultivated Xos.  8,  9 

§  Flowers  orange-colored  or  red,  spotted.  (*) 

*  Leaf-axles  bearing  bulblcts.     Leaves  scattered Nos.  fi,  7 

*  Leaf-axles  not  bulbiferous. — Flowers  erect,  segments  unguiculate Nos.  3,  4 

— Flowers  nodding. — Lvs.  1-veined,  oblanceolate No.  5 

—Lvs.  3  to  5-veined,  lanceolate Nos.  1,  2 

1  L.  Canadense  L.     YELLOW  LILY.    Lvs.  3-veined,  mostly  verticillate,  lanceo- 
late, the  veins  hairy  leneath ;  ped.  terminal,  elongated,  usually  by  3s ;  ft.  nodding, 
the  segments  spreading,  never  revolute. — Can.  and  U.  S.     A  plant  of  much  beauty, 
frequently  adorning  our  meadows  in  summer.     Bulb  scaly.     Stem  round,  2 — 4f 
high,  surrounded  by  several  remote  whorls,  each  consisting  of  4 — 6  leaves,  and 
often  a  few  scattered  ones  at  base.     These  are  2 — 3'  by  ^ — 1'.     Flowers  1 — 3, 
sometimes  7 — 20,  pendulous,  yellow,  or  orange-colored,  spotted  with  dark  purplo 
inside.     July. 

2  L.  superbtim  L.    SUPERB  LILY.    TURK'S  CAP.    Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
3-veined,  glabrous,  lower  ones  verticillate,  upper  ones  scattered ;  fls.  often  in  a 
pyramidal  raceme,  nodding,  segments  revolute. — Can.,  Mid.  and  W.  States.     Few 
cultivated  plants  are  more  ornamental  than  this  inhabitant  of  prairies  and  mea- 
dows.    Root  bearing  a  white,  squamous  bulb.      (Fig.   60.)     St.   erect,  round, 
straight,  4  to  6f  high.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  4  to  9''.     Fls.  3  to  20  or  more,  of  a  bright 
orange  color  with  purple  spots.     Sep.  and  pet.  linear-lanceolate,  beautifully  and 
fully  revolute.     Very  distinct,  at  least  in  appearance  from  the  foregoing.     Jl. 

3  L.  Philadelphicum  L.     PHILADELPHIA  LILY.     Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 
1-veined,  upper  verticillate,  lower  generally  scattered  ;  fls.  subsolitary,  campanu- 
late,  terminal,  erect;  pet.  and  sep.  lance-ovate,  obtuse  or  barely  acute,  erect- 
spreading,  unguiculate. — Dry  pastures,  fields  and  barrens,  U.  S.   and  Can.     An 
elegant  and  showy  plant,  15  to  20'  high.     St.  terete,  smooth,  simple.     Lvs.  2  to 
3'  by  3  to  5",  sessile,  smooth,  collected  into  1,  2  or  3,  or  more  whorls  of  3s  to  5s, 
with  the  lower  scattered.     Fls.  usually  solitary,  rarely  2  to  4,   and  umbellate. 
Sep.  and  pet.   deep  orange  color,  spotted  at  base,  2£'  long,  standing  apart  on 
claws  about  G"  long.     Jn. 

4  L.  Catesb&i  Walt.     CATESBY'S  LILY.     Lvs.  linear-lanceolate  and  linear-acu- 
minate, all  scattered,   sep.  and  pet.  undulate,  long-unguiculate,  ovate-lanceolate, 
tapering  to  a  long,  thickened  acumination,  which  is  reflexed  above. — Damp  pine  bar- 
rens, Md.  to  Ky.  and  all  the  S.  States.     St.  18  to  30'  high,  smooth  and  polished, 
often  purple.     Lvs.  1  to  2'  (the  lower  3'),  by  1  to  4",  suberect,   spreading.     Sep. 
and  pet.  3  to  4'  long,  the  claws  1'  or  more,  yellow,  the  lamina  scarlet,  spotted 
with  red  and  purple.     Jl.,  Aug. 

5  L.  Carolinianum    MX.      Lvs.  \-veined,  oblanceolate,   or  spatulate,  acuminate, 
tapering  to  a  slender,  sessilo  base,  in  whorls  of  about  5,    the   lower  scattered; 
flower  mostly  solitary,  nodding;  segm.  lance-linear,  recurved,  tapering  to  a  dtndtr 
acumination,  midvein  winged',  style  curved  upwards. — A  more  delicate  species 
than  the  last,  18'  to  3f  high,  rarely  3-flowered.     Lvs.  IS"  to  3'  by  9  to  10",  mem- 
branous.    Fls.   deep  yellow,  spotted  with  purple,  the  segm.  strongly  recurved, 
but  not  revolute.    JL,  Aug. 

6  L.  bulbiferum  L.    ORANGE  LILY.    Lvs.  scattered,  3 -veined ;  fls.  campanu- 
late,  erect,  rough  within,   segm.  sessile. — Gardens.     St.  thick,   round,  4f  high, 
bearing  small,  roundish,  dark-colored  bulbs  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves.     Fls.  large, 
orange-colored,  resembling  in  form  those  of  L.  candidum,  but  are  scabrous  within. 
JL     f  Italy. 

7  L.  tigrinum  Gawl.      TIGER-SPOTTED  LILY.      Lvs.   scattered,    sessile,   5- 
veined,  the  upper  cordate-ovate ;  perianth  revolute,  papillous  inside. — Gardens, 
'Common  in  cultivation.      St.  6f  high,  with  a  pyramid  of  dark,  orange-colored, 
spotted  fls.     Axils  of  Ivs.  bulbiforous.     Aug.    f  China. 


ORDER  148.— LILIACE^E.  709 

8  It.  CeindicUim.  L.     WHITE  LILY.    Lvs.  scattered,  graded,  lanceolate,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base ;  fls.  several,  campanulate,  smooth  inside. — Gardens.     It  has  a 
thick  stem,  4f  high,  supporting  a  raceme  of  very  large,  snowy-white  fls.,  which 
Lave  long  been  regarded  as  the  very  perfection  of  whiteness  and  purity.     Jl. 
f  Levant     Fig.  3. 

9  Ii.  Japonicnm  Thunb.     Lvs.  scattered,  lanceolate;  flower  solitary,  cam- 
panulate,   nodding. — Greenhouse.      A   noble   species,    requiring  careful    man- 
agement.    Its  flower  is  large,  nodding,  terminal,  white,  on  a  stem  2f  high, 
f  China. 

4.  FRITILLA'RIA,  Tourn.      CHEQUERED   LILY.      (Lat.  fritillus,    a 
cli ess-board ;    alluding  to  the  chequered  petals.)     Perianth  campanu- 
late, with  a  broad  base  and  nectariferous  cavity  above  the  claw  of  each 
segment ;  stamens  as  long  as  the  petals  ;  stigma  trifid  ;  capsule  coria- 
ceous,  3-celled,  scptifragal. — Herbs  with   coated   bulbs,  simple,  leafy 
stems,  bearing  1  or  more  nodding  fls. 

1  F.  imperialis  L.  CROWN  IMPERIAL.  Eac.  comous,  naked  below;  Ivs. 
entire. — Native  of  Persia.  A  fine,  showy  flower,  of  easy  culture.  Stem  thick, 
striate,  3f  high,  the  lower  part  invested  with  the  long,  narrow,  entire  leaves;  the 
upper  part  is  naked,  bearing  at  the  top  a  raceme  of  several  large,  red  or  yellow, 
nodding  flowers,  beneath  a  crown  formed  by  the  pairs  of  small,  narrow  leaves,  at 
the  base  of  each  pedicel  May.  f  (Petilium,  Kunth.) 

2.  F.  maleagris  L.  Lvs.  alternate,  linear,  channeled;  st.  1-fiowered. — 
Native  of  Britain.  Stem  a  foot  high,  with  alternate,  long,  very  narrow  leaves. 
The  flower,  which  is  usually  solitary,  is  large,  nodding,  and  beautifully  chequered 
with  purple  and  pale  red  or  yellow.  May.  f 

5.  YUC'CA,  L.     BEAR'S-GRASS.     SPANISH  DAGGERS.     (The  Indian 
name.)     Perianth  of  6  petaloid  segments,  withering-persistent,  the  in- 
ner broader;  stamens  6,  shorter  than  the  petals,  inserted  into  their 
base  ;  ovary  free ;  stigmas  3,  sessile  ;  capsule  oblong,  obtusely  hexago- 
nal, 3-valved  at  apex,  3-celled,  cells  more  or  less  divided  by  a  false  dis- 
sepiment; seeds  numerous  and  2-rowed  in  each  cell. — Sts.  subterranean, 
or  arising  in  a  leafy  or  naked  caudex,  with  rigid,   linear,  or  sword- 
shaped,  perennial  Ivs.,  and  a  terminal  panicle  of  showy,  white,  pedicel- 
late fls. 

§  Caudex  scarcely  arising  above  the  ground.    Leaf  margin  bearing  threads No.  1 

§  Caudex  conspicuous,  trunk-like.    Leaves  entire  or  serrulate Nos.  2,  8 

1  Y.  filamentosa  L.     BEAR'S-THREAD.     Acaulescent  or  nearly  so ;  Ivs.  linear- 
lanceolate,  rigidly  acute,  coriaceous,  the  margin  filamentous,  that  is,  bearing  long, 
thread-like  fibers;  segm.  lance-ovate,  acuminate,  erect-spreading. — In  light  soils, 
8.  States,  and  often  cultivated.     The  Ivs.  are  nearly  erect,  1  to  2f  long,  1'  to  18" 
wide,  all  densely  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  short  caudex,  which  is  at  the  surface 
of  the  ground,  or  a  few  inches  above  it.     Scape  5  to  8f  high,  bearing  a  large 
pyramidal  panicle  of  simple  racemes.     Fls.  cup-shaped,  segm.  15"  long.     Aug. 

(3.  RECURVIFOLIA.     Somewhat  caulescent ;  Ivs.  lance-linear  or  linear,  recurved, 
rarely  somewhat  filamentous.     (Y.  recurvifolia  Salisb.  ?) 

2  Y.  gloriosa  L.     Caulescent,  caudex  some  3f  high ;  Ivs.  erect,  lanceolate,  rigid, 
thick,  subplicate,  very  acute,  the  margins  very  entire ;  perianth  ovoid-campanu- 
late,  segm.   lanceolate. — Sandy  sea-coasts,  Car.  to  Fla.     Caudex  half-shrubby, 
thick,  simple,  fleshy,  strongly  scarred  below  with  the  old  leaf-stalks.     Lvs.  12  to 
18'  long,  2  to  3'  wide,  clustered  above.     Panicle  of  racemes  2  to  3f  long,  erect 
from  the  summit  of  the  caudex,  with  numerous  cup-shaped,  white,  nodding  flowers. 
Jn.,  Jl.  f 

3  Y.  aioefolia  TValt.    SPANISH  DAGGERS.     Caulescent;  caudex  some  lOf  high, 
often  branched,  naked  and  marked  with  leaf-scars  below;  Ivs.  densely  clustered 
above,  very  rigid,  thick,  strict,  de-flexed  when  old,  lanceolate,  apex  spinescent, 


flO  ORDER  148. — LTLIACEJE. 

margin  rough-serrulate ;  segm.  oblong,  acutish. — Thickets,  near  the  sea-coast,  S. 
Car.  to  Fla.  A  shrubby,  palm-like  plant,  of  singular  and  forbidding  aspect  when 
not  in  flower.  Leaves  a  foot  or  more  long,  sharp  and  rigid  like  daggers,  Fls. 
white,  with  a  violet  base  and  violet  spots.  Jn. — Aug.  (Y.  Draconis  L.) 

6.  NOirNA,  L.  C.  Rich.     (For  P.  C.  Nolin,  an  American  botan- 
ist.)    Dicecio-polygamous  ;  perianth  (small)  of  6,  ovate,  spreading,  sub- 
equal  segments  ;  stamens  6,  shorter  than  the  perianth  ;  ovary  free,  3- 
cornered,  3-celled  ;  stigmas  3,  recurved,  with  a  very  short  style ;  cap- 
sule 3-winged,  3  (or  by  abortion  2  or  l)-seeded. — Root  bearing  a  coated 
bulb.     St.  scape-like,  branched  into  several  long,  simple,  nearly  bract- 
less  racemes  of  very  small,  white  fls. 

N.  Georgiana  MX.  Dry  sand  hills,  S,  Car.  and  Ga.  (Mettauer),  Bulb  very 
large  (Elliott).  Scape  2  to  3f  high,  with  a  few  short  Ivs.  at  its  baser  which  dimin- 
ish to  scales  upwards.  Root  Ivs.  linear,  1  to  2f  long,  numerous,  recurved,  their 
bases  much  dilated  and  imbricated.  Panicle  large.  Rrvc.  loose,  If  or  more  long. 
Pedicels  5  to  6"  long.  Perianth  spreading  3". 

7.  SCIL/LA,  L.     SQUILL.     Perianth  6-parted,  petals  and  sepals  simi- 
lar, spreading  (blue  or  purple)  ;  filaments  C,  subulate  or  filiform,  smooth, 
hypogynous ;  style  filiform-clavellate ;  capsule  free,  3-celled,  3-valved, 
obtusely  3-angled  ;  cells  with  1  or  several  roundish,  black  seeds. — Bulb 
coated,  bearing  several  linear  Ivs.  and  a  scape  with  a  raceme. 

1  S.  esculenta  Ker.  QUAMASH.  Lvs.  linear,  carinate,  flaccid  and  recurved; 
tapering  to  both  ends,  shorter  than  the  scape ;  bracts  solitary,  subulate,  scariousr 
longer  than  the  pedicels,  which  are  about  the  length  of  the  flowers ;  fil.  filiform ; 
stig.  3-toothed. — Grassy,  wet  prairies,  along  the  rivers,  "Wis.  to  Ohio,  the  uplands 
of  Ga.,  and  westward.  Bulb  nutritious,  about  1'  diam.,  resembling  a  small 
onion.  Scapo  I  to  2f  high.  Lvs.  nearly  as  Iougr  grass-like.  Rac.  2  10  3'  long. 
Pet.  and  sep.  linear-lanceolate,  4  to  6""  long.  Anth.  oblong,  yellow.  May. 
(Phalangium,  Nutt.  Camassia,  Lincll.  C.  Fraseri  Torr.) — Improves  by  cultiva- 
tion as  to  the  size  both  of  the  bulbs  and  flowers. 

2  S  praebracteata  Haw.  SQUILL.  Lvs.  broad-linear,,  longer  than  tho 
scape ;  bracts  as  long  as  the  pedicels ;  fioweis  in  a  large  conical  panicle  ~r  perianth 
spreading,  persistent. — Bulb  large,  white.  Fls.  blue,  y  S.  Eur. 

8.  ORWITHOG'ALUM,  L.     STAR-OF-BETHLEHEM.     (Gr.  6pviOo$r  of  a 
bird,  ya/la,  milk ;  why  so-called  is  not  obvious.)     Perianth  deeply  6- 
parted,  regular,  persistent,  segments  many  (3  to  7)-veincd,  spreading, 
(white,  green  or  yellow)  ;  filaments  6,  dilated  at  base,  scarcely  perigy- 
nous,  ovary  free  ;  style  erect,  tapering  or  subtrilobate  ;  capsule  3-lobed, 
3-celled,  3-valved  above  ;    seeds  few  or  many  in  each   celly  shining, 
black. — Bulbous  plants,  scarcely  differing  from  Scilla  except  in  the 
color  of  the  fls. 

1  O.  croceum  Ell.    YELLOW  STAR-OF-BETIILEIIEM.    Lvs.  narrowly  linear,  radi- 
ical,  longer  than  the  slender  scape  which  bears  an  oblong  raceme  of  sa/ron-ydlow 
flowers  at  top ;  bracts  scarious  at  apexr  obtuse,  sheathing,  many  times  shorter 
than  the  slender  pedicel ;  segm.  lance-ovate,  obtuse,  3-veinedr  erect  after  fiower- 
ing,  with  a  greenish-orange  stripe  on  the  back ;  sty.  and  stam.  subulate,  shorter 
than  the  segments. — Mid.  Ga.,  rare.    (On  Stone  Mt,  IGm.  from  Atlanta  f    Also 
at  Macon,  Dr.  Mettauer.)     Scape  10  to  20'  high,  almost  filiform.     Rac.  10  to  15- 
flowered.     Ped.  8  to  12"  long,  fls.  half  as  long.     Apr.,  May.     (Phalangium  MX., 
Nutt.) 

2  O.  iimbellattim  L.     "WHITE  STAU-OF-EETHLEHEM.     Lvs.  linear,  channeled,  a* 
long  as  the  scaj)e,   emarginate ;  scape  bearing  a  few  white,  green-striped  Jls.  in  a 
loose  corymb ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  bracts ;  filaments  lanceolate-subulate. — 
Gardens,  and  naturalized  in  many  localities.     Scape  near  If  high.     Segm.  of  th& 
star-like  perianth  beautifully  marked  with  a  longitudinal  stripe  on  the  outside.  May. 


ORDER  US.—LILIACE^L  711 

9.  AL'LIUM,  L.  GARLIC,  ONION,  (Celtic  all,  hot  or  burning.) 
Flowers  in  a  dense  umbel,  with  a  membranous,  2-leaved  spathe  ;  peri- 
anth deeply  6-parted,  segments  mostly  spreading,  ovate,  the  3  inner 
somewhat  smaller;  ovary  angular;  stigma  acute;  capsule  3  lobed. — 
Strong-scented,  bulbous  plants.  Lvs.  mostly  radical.  Umbel  on  a 
scape. 

3  Loaves  flat,  lanceolate,  perishing  before  flowering.    Capsule  3-seeded.     Native No.  1 

§  Leaves  flat,  linear.     Filaments  simple.     Ovary  crested  with  a  crown  of  6  Ivs.  Native.  (*) 

*  Stamens  conspicuously  longer  than  the  sepals.     Umbel  nodding No.  2 

*  Stamens  equaling  the  sepals  in  length.     Umbels  with  bulbiets  or  flowers Nos.  3,  4 

*  Stamens  evidently  shorter  thaa  the  sepals.     Umbels  with  flowers  only Nos.  5,  6 

5  Leaves  flat,  lanceolate  or  lance-linear.     Filaments  tricuspidate.  Cultivated Nos.  7,  8 

|  Leaves  terete  and  hollow. — Stem  leafy  half  way  up.     Filaments  tricuspidate No.  9 

—Scape  naked.    Filaments  uot  tricuspkl&te Nos.  1 0—1 2 

1  A.  tricoccum  Ait.    LANCE-LEAVED  GARLIC.     Scapo  terete  ;  Ivs.  lanceolate- 
ofoiong,  fl:it,  smooth-  umbel globous ;  ovule  and  seed  solitary  in  each  cell  of  the 
3-celled  capsule. —  2£    A  strong-scented  plant,  common  in  damp  woods,  N.  H.  to 
Va.  and  Wis.    Bulb  oblong1,  acuminate.    Lvs.  5  to  8'  long,  an  inch  or  more  wide, 
acute,  tapering  into  a  petiole,  all  withering  and  disappearing  before  the  opening 
of  the  flowers.     Scapo  a  foot  or  more  high,  bearing  a  thin,  2-leaved,  deciduous 
spathe  at  top,  with  an  umbel  of  10  to  12  white  fis.     Jn.,  JL 

2  A.  cermitxm  Roth.     NODDING  GARLIC.    Scape  angular ;  Ivs.  linear,  flat,  very- 
long:  umbel  cernuous ;  stam.  simple,  much  longer  than  the  perianth. — Mid.  S. 
and  W.  States.     This  is  our  handsomest  species.     Bulb  <>  to  8"  diam.     Scape 
mostly  4-angled,  smooth,  slender,  15  to  24'  high,  mostly  recurved  at  top.    Umbel 
12  to  20-fiovvered.     Pedicels  7  to  8"  long.     Fls,  rose-eolored.     Ova,  6-toothed, 
becoming  a  roundish,  3-seeded  capsule.    Jl. 

3  A.  stellattim  Nutt.     Lvs.  radical,  linear,   about   equaling  the  nearly  tereto 
scape ;  umbel  many -flowered,  erect  (when  in  flower,  nodding  before) ;  petals  ob- 
long-ovate,  acute,  equaling  the  stamens;  filam.  subulate,  simple;  ova.  3-lobed, 
each  lobe  bearing  2-teeth,  or  2 -crested  above ;  caps.  3-angled,  3-celled,  6-seeded. 
— Mo.,  111.  to  Can.  W.    A  low  species,  in  gravelly  soils.    Scapo  and  Ivs.  10  to  15' 
high.     Fls.  roseate.     Bulb  oblong-ovate,  eatable. 

4  A.  Caiiadense  Kalm.     Scape  terete;  Ivs.  linear;  umbel  capitate,  bulbifer&us; 
filam.  simple,   dilated  at  base. — If  In  woods.     Lvs.  radical,  $  as  long  as  the 
scape,  smooth,  nearly  flat  abova     Scapo  12  to  18' high,   round,  smooth,  bearing 
a  spathe  of  2  ovate,  acute  bracts  at  top,  with  a  head  of  bulbs  and  flowers.     The 
bulbs  are  sessile,  each  furnished  with  a  bract  beneath,  and  among  them  are  a  few 
whitish  flowers  on  slender  pedicels.     Ju. 

5  A.  mutabile  MX.     Lvs.  linear-setaceous,  thin,  sheathing  at  base,  shorter  than 
the  terete  scape'  umbel  many-flowered,  erect;  spathe  3-leaved,  purplish;  segm. 
ovate-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  stamens;    filam.  simple;    ova.  crested;  caps. 
S-lobed,   3-sseded. — Damp  woods,  Ga.,  Fla.  and  Ala.     Common  at  Montgomery. 
Bulb  small,  an  inch  or  two  in  the  ground,  clothed  with  a  thick  net- work  of  fibers. 
Scape  12  to  20'  high,  strict     Fls.  20  to  40,  white  or  roseate.     Perianth  2"  long. 
Filam.  purple,  anth.  white.     Tastes  strong  of  garlic.     Mar. — May. 

6  A.  striatum  Jacq.     Scape  slender,  3-angled,  longer  than  the  linear,  striate  leaves 
which  are  sheathing  at  base ;  spathe  of  2  ovate  bracts ;  iimbel  few  (3  to  Tj-flow- 
wed;  segm.  ovate-lanceolate,  with  midvein  greenish  purple,  near  twice  longer  than 
the  stamens ;  filam.  dilated  at  base ;  caps,  downy,  perfecting,  2  or  3  seeds  in  each 
cell.— Woods  and  prairies,   111.  (Hall,   Lapham),   and  S.  States.     Scape  8  to  12' 
high.     Lvs.  1  to  3"  wide.    Pedicels  1  to  2 — 3f  long,  seldom  more  than  5  in  num- 
ber.    Fls.   larger  than  in  our  other  wild  species,  spreading  about  10",  white. 
Mar.— May.  • 

7  A.  sathrum  L.     COMMON  GAELIC.     Bulb  compound ;  st.  leafy  to  the  mid- 
dle ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate  ;  spathe  1-leaved,  long-acuminate ;  umbel  bulbiferous : 
stam.  tricuspidate. — Gardens.    The  bulb  is  composed  of  several  smaller  ones  sur- 
rounded by  a  common  membrane,  acrid  and  very  strong-scented.     St.  2f  high, 
Fls.  small,  white.     Used  in  seasoning  and  sometimes  in  medicme.     Jl.  $     Sicily. 

8  A.  pdrrurn  L.     LEEK.     St.   compressed,  leafy ;    Ivs, 


ORDER  148.— LILT  ACEJE. 

channeled  and  keeled:  umbel  of  fls.  globous  ;  stam.  tricuspidate,  a  little  longer  than 
the  rouyh-keeled  sepals.'—  Gardens.  Et.  bearing  a  scaly,  cylindrical  bulb.  Stem  2f 
high,  bearing  long,  linear,  alternate,  sheathing  Ivs.,  and  at  the  top  a  large  umbel, 
of'small  white  fls.  JL  f  Switzerland. 

9  A.  vineale  L.    CROW  GARLIC.     St.  slender,  with  a  few  leaves ;  cauline  Ivs. 
terete,  fistulous  ;  umbel  bulbiferous ;  sta.  exsert ;  fiL  alternately  tricuspidate,  the 
middle  point  bearing  the  anther. — U  Meadows,  Mid.  and  "VV.  States.    Leaves 
6 — 12'  long.     Scape  1 — 2f  high,  bearing  a  spathe  of  2  small  bracts  at  top,  and 
an  umbel  of  flowers  with  which  bulbs  are  sometimes  intermixed.     Perianth  pur- 
ple.   June,  July.  § 

10  A.  schcenoprasum  L.     CITES.     Scape  somewhat  leafy  at  base,  equaling  the 
terde,  filiform,  fistulous  Ivs. ;  spathe  of  2  bracts,  nearly  as  long  as  the  capitate 
umbel ;  segm.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  JQam.  which  are  toothless 
and  dilated  at  base. — Lake  shores,  Can.     Common  in  gardens,  growing  in  tufts. 
Bulbs  small.    Scape  less  than  If  high.     Umbel  1'  diam.     Els.  purple.     Jl. 

11  A  fistulosum  L.     "WELSH  ONION.     Scape  leafy  at  base,  inflated  in  the 
midst;  Ivs.  fistulous  throughout,  terete,  about  the  length  of  the  scape;  umbel  dense, 
globular,  fruitful ;  sep.  acuminate,  with  a  green  keel ;  stam.  ezserted,  with  simple 
filaments ;  ova.  3-lobed,  green. — Gardens.     Scape  and  Ivs.  forming  dense  tufts, 
18'  high,     f  Asia. 

12  A.  Cepa  L.     COMMON  ONION.     Scape  fistulous,  swelling  tmoards  the  lose 
much  longer  than  the  terete,  fistulous  Ivs.—®  Gardens.     Bulb  compressed,  or 
round,  or  oblong  in  figure.     The  scape,  which  appears  the  second  year,  is  3  to  4f 
high,  straight,  smooth,   stout,  bearing  at  top  a  large,  round  umbel  of  greenish- 
white  fls.     Universally  cultivated  for  the  kitchen. 

ft.  PROLIFERUM.     TOP  ONION.     Umbels  bulbiferous  and  proliferous,  i.e.t  pro- 
ducing secondary  bulbs  and  plants  at  top,  with  few  flowers  or  none. 

10.  AGAPAFTTHUS,  L'Herit.     (Gr.a'yoraj,  love,  dvOog ;  a  flower  to 
be  loved.)     Perianth  funnel-form,  regular,  6-parted  ;  stamens  6,  adnate 
to  the  base  of  the  tube,  curved  upwards ;  ovary  free ;  style  filiform, 
curved   at  the  end  ;  stigma  entire  ;  capsule   3-lobed,  3-celled,  many- 
seeded. — Rt.  tuberous.     Lvs.  radical,  thick,  linear.     Scape  thick,  bear- 
ing an  umbel  with  a  2-leaved  involucre. 

A.  umbellatus  L'Her.  Lvs.  linear ;  umbel  many-flowered ;  pedicels  as  long 
as  the  perianth. — A  fine,  showy  plant  for  the  parlor  or  greenhouse,  easily  reared 
in  pots.  Scape  2f  or  more  high,  with  an  umbel  of  numerous  fls.  of  a  rich  blue, 
f  S.  Africa. 

11.  HYACINTHUS,  L.     HYACINTH.     (Hyacinthus  of  Grecian  fable, 
was  killed  by  Zephyrus,  and  transformed  into  this  flower.)     Perianth 
tubular    campanulate,   regular,    6-cleft,   segments   spreading-recurved ; 
stamens  6,  adherent  to  the  tube,  free  at  apex  ;  ovary  free ;  cells  of  the 
capsule  about  2-seeded. — Herbs  acaulescent,  from  a  coated  bulb.     Fls. 
racemed. 

H.  orientalis  L.  Perianth  funnel-form,  half  6-cleft,  ventricous  at  the  base. — 
If  A  well-known  flower,  long  prized  and  cultivated.  Lvs.  thick,  linear-lance- 
olate, 3  to  5'  long.  Scape  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves,  thick,  bearing  a  raceme  of 
numerous  blue  flowers  which  are  often  double.  The  tube  is  enlarged  at  base  by 
the  roundish  ovary  within  it.  Stam.  adherent  a  third  the  length  of  the  tube, 
deeply  included.  Segments  oblong,  obtuse,  recurved,  rather  shorter  than  the 
tube.  Mar.,  Apr.  f  Levant. — Varies  with  fls.  white,  pink,  red,  etc. 

12.  MUSCA^RI,  Tourn.     GRAPE  HYACINTH.     Perianth  tube  ventri- 
cous, ovoid  or  campanulate,  throat  constricted,  limb  of  6  very  short, 
obtuse,  spreading  segments,  sometimes  with  a  crown.     Otherwise  as  in 
Hyacinthus. 

1  M.  racemosum  L.  Fls.  fragrant,  roundish-ovoid,  nodding;  Ivs.  linear, 
channeled,  arcuate-recurved,  flaccid. — Gardens.  Scape  terete,  4  to  6'  high,  shorter 


ORDEB  148.— LILIACEJ3.  713 

than  the  leaves.    Fls.  about  2"  long,  fragrant.     Tube  deep  blue,  limb  white, 
much  smaller,     f  Eur. — Varies  to  white.     (Botryanthus  K.) 

/3.  PLUMATILIS.     Rac.  changed  (by  cult.)  to  a  diffuse,  feathery,  sterile  panicle. 

2  M.  botryoides  L.    Fls.  inodorous,  subglobous,  nodding;   Ivs.  linear-lan- 
ceolate, narrowed  belo\v,  channeled,  erect. — Flowers  nearly  a  month  later  thaa 
the  other,    f  Eur. — Varies  with  fls.  azure,  pale,  white,  roseate.    (Botryanthus  K.) 

3  M.  moschatum  Willd.    Fls.  fragrant  (musk-like),  ovoid,  subinflated,  throat 
constricted  just  below  the  short,  spreading,  6-lobed  limb,  and  bearing  a  small  6- 
lobed  crown;  tube  persistent,  bluish  green  or  greenish  violet,  the  limb  yellowish; 
Ivs.  fleshy,  linear;  rac.  dense. — Gardens,     f  Asia. 

13.  ASPHOD'ELUS,  L.     ASPHODEL.     (Gr.  a,  privative,  <70aAAo>,  to 
surpass ;  a  flower  not  surpassed  in  beauty.)     Perianth  6-parted,  spread- 
ing; stamens  6,  decimate  and  upcurved,  their  bases  dilated  into  as 
many  valves  covering  the  free  ovary ;  capsule  globular,  3-celled,  cells 
2-seeded. — 2£   Kt  fasciculate.     Lvs.  radical,  subulate.     St.  scape-like, 
erect. 

1  A.  Ifttens  L.     YELLOW  ASPHODEL.     St.  simple,  leafy;  Ivs.  ^-cornered. — A 
plant  of  easy  culture  and  rapid  increase.     St.  3f  high,  thickly  invested  with  3-oor- 
nered,  hollow  leaves.     Fls.  yellow,  in  a  long  spike,  reaching  from  the  top  almost 
to  the  base  of  the  stem.    Jn.     f  Sicily. 

2  A.  ramosus  L.     WHITE  ASPHODEL.     St.  naked,  branched ;  ped.  alternate, 
longer  than  bract;  Ivs.  ensiform,  carinate,  smooth. — Gardens.     Not  so  tall  as  the 
preceding,  but  with  larger,  white  fls.     Jn.     |  S.  Eur. 

14.  HEMEROCAL'LIS,  L.     DAY  LILY.     (Gr.  fjuepa,  a  day,  na^o^ 
beauty.)     Perianth  funnel-shaped,  regular,  deciduous;   limb  6-parted, 
veined,  spreading;  stamens  6,  inserted  in  the  throat,  curved  upwards; 
ovary  free ;  style  slender,  curved  like  the  stamens  and  longer,  stigma 
entire;  capsule  with  3  few-seeded  cells. —  2£  Hoot  fasciculate.    St.  leafy, 
erect      Lvs.  linear,  striate,   keeled.      Fls.   large,  xanthic,  solitary  or 
racemed. 

1  H.  fulva  L.     Lvs.  linear-lanceolate,  carinate;  pet.  obtuse,  wavy;  veins  of  sep. 
branched. — Naturalized  in  some  parts  of  this  country.     A  well-known,  showy, 
border  flower.    Leaves  very  numerous,  mostly  radical,  an  inch  wide  and  a  foot  or 
more  long.     Scape  round,  thick,  naked,  smooth,  branching,  3f  high.     Flowers 
very  large,  liliaceous,  of  a  tawny  red.     Style  striate.     July,     f  Levant 

2  H.  fiava  L.     Lvs.  broad-linear,  carinate ;  segments  flat,  acute ;  veins  of  the 
sepals  undivided.— A  foot  high.    Flowers  a  bright  yellow,  much  smaller  than  those 
of  H.  fulva.     Scape  branching.     JL     f  Siberia. 

15.  FUN'KIA,  Sprcng.    WHITE  DAY  LILY.    (For  Henry  Funk,  a  Ger- 
man cryptogamist.)      Perianth  funnel-shaped,  deciduous;   stamens  6, 
liypogynous,  and  with   the  style   declinate-curved ;   capsule   3-celled, 
elongated,  3-angled ;  seeds  many,  2-rowed,  winged  at  end. —  2£   Root 
fasciculate.    Lvs.  all  radical,  ovate  or  oblong,  petiolatc.    Scape  racemed 
above.     Fls.  large,  cyanic. 

1  P.  ovata  Spr.     Lvs.  broad-ovate,  subcordate,  acuminate;  rac.  many- flow- 
ered ;  fls.  funnel-form,  soon  nodding ;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  twice  longer  than 
the  pedicel. — Gardens.    Lvs.  large,  very  smooth,  veined,  on  long  petioles.    Scape 
If  high.     Fls.  white.    Jn.     f  Japan.     (Hemerocallis  Japonica  Thunb.) — Varies 
with  violet-colored  flowers. 

2  P.  subcordata  Spr.    Lvs.  ovate-cordate,  acuminate ;  rac.  few-flowered ;  fls. 
nodding,  with  a  very  long  tube ;  bracts  much  longer  than  the  pedicel. — Gardens. 
Fls.  white,  very  fragrant,     f  Japan. 

3  P.  albo-marginata  Hook.     Lvs.  ovate-lanceolate,  elegantly  margined  with 
white;  rac.  short,  with  remote,  declinate  fls. ;  bracts  ovate,  ah1  equal,  twice  longer 


714  ORDER  148.—  LILIACE^L 

than  the  pedicels.  —  Gardens,  rare.    Fls.  lilac,  variegated  with  white  and  purple 
lines,     f  Japan. 


16.  POLYGONANTUM,  Tourn.     TRUE  SOLOMON'S  SEAL.     (Gr. 
many,  yovv,  knee;  from  the  many-jointed  rhizome.)     Perianth  tubular, 
limb  short,  6-lobed,  erect  ;   stamens   6,  inserted   near  and  above  the 
middle  of  the  tube,  included;  ovary  free,  3-ceIled,  cells  2  to  6-ovuled  ; 
style  slender,  included;  berry  globular,  3  to  6-seeded.  —  2C   Rhizome 
horizontal,  thick.     St.  erect  or  curving,  leafy  above.     Fls,  axillaryr  pen- 
dent, greenish  white. 

P.  multiflonun  Desf.  St.  recurved,  smooth;  Ivs.  distichous,  lanceolate,  amplexi- 
caul,  smooth  above;  peduncles  axillary,  1  to  4-flowered.  —  U  In  woods,  free  States 
and  Can.  Stem  1  to  3f  high,  most  recurved  in  the  tallest  plants.  Leaves  more 
or  less  clasping  at  base,  or  only  sessile  in  the  smallest  plants.  2^  to  G'  by  1  to  2^', 
veined,  smooth  and  glossy  above,  paler  and  generally  pubescent  beneath.  Pedun- 
cles filiform,  branching,  scarcely  a  fifth  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Flowers  5  —  8" 
long,  pendulous,  greenish,  sub-cylindric.  Berries  dark  blue  or  blackish  when 
ripe.  Apr.  —  Jn. 

a.  Lvs.  very  amplexicaul,    smooth  both  sides,   distinctly  veined  *   peduncles 

elongated,  the  lower  4-flowered  ;  fil.  puberulent.  —  In  rich  damp  soils.     This 

var.  is  common  to  Europe  I  and  America  !     (P.  angustifolium  Ph.     P.  biflo- 

rum  Ell.) 

^.  PUB£SCENS.    Lvs.  pubescent  beneath,  glaucous,  slightly  clasping  ;  si  1  to  2f 

high  ;  fls.  as  short  as  the  peduncles.  —  Common  in  N.  England. 
y.  GIGANTEUM.     Tall,  green  and  glabrous  throughout;    Ivs.   partly  clasping- 
ped.  2  to  6-flowered.  —  In  rich  alluvion.     St.  3  to  *7f  high.     (P.  caniculatura 
Ph.) 

<5.  LATIFOLIUM.  Pubescent  above;  Ivs.  ovate-oblong,  upper  surface  glabrous, 
base  sessile  or  somewhat  petioled.  —  Middle  States.  St.  2  to  4f  high.  (P. 
latifolium  MuhL  P.  hirtum.  Ph.) 

17.  CONVALLA^RIA,  L.     LILY  OF  THE  VALLEY.     (Lat.  convallis,  a 
valley  ;  the  locality  of  some  species.)    Perianth  campanulate,  of  6  united 
segments,  lobes  of  the  limb  recurved;  stamens  6,  included,  perigynous; 
ovary  3-celled,   1  -styled,  cells'  4  to  6-ovuled  ;   berry  few-seeded.  —  2£ 
Rhizome  creeping,  slender.      Lvs.  radical,  and  scape  very  smooth,  low, 
bearing  a  secund  raceme  of  white,  drooping  fls. 

C.  majalis  L.  An  elegant,  sweet-scented  plant,  native  of  mountain  woods,  Ya. 
to  Ga.,  also  of  Europe,  and  is,  or  deserves  to  be,  a  frequent  inhabitant  of  our  gar- 
dens. Lvs.  2,  seldom  3,  ovate-elliptical  Scapo  6'  high,,  with  the  small,  elegant 
flowers  depending  from  its  upper  half  in  a  single  rank.  May. 

18.  CLINTCTNIA,  Raf.    (In  honor  of  Gov.  De  Witt  Clinton,  of  N.  Y.) 
Perianth  campanulate,  of  C  equal,  distinct  segments  ;  stamens  6,  hypo- 
gynous,  anthers  linear-oblong;  ovary  oblong,  2  (rarely  3)-celled;  style 
elongated;  berry  (blue)   2-celled,  cells  2  to   10-seeded.  —  If   Rhizome 
creeping.     Lvs.  all  radical,  few  (2  to  5),  broad.     Scape  naked,  bearing 
an  umbel. 

1  C.  borealis  Raf.    NORTHERN  CLINTONIA.    Lvs.  broad:oval-lanceolate  ;  fls.  2  to 
5  in  the  bractkss  umbel,  cernuous  ;  berry-cells  many-seeded.  —  Mountainous  or  hilly 
wood,  Can.,  N.  Eng.  to  Car.,  \V.  to  the  Miss.     Rhizome  creeping  to  some  extent. 
Lvs.  4  to  7'  long,  J  as  wide,  petiolate,  radical  or  nearly  so,  smooth   and  glossy, 
fringed  with  scattered  hairs.     Scape  erect,  round,  8  to  13'  high,  bearing  at  top  a 
beautiful  umbel  of  3  to  6,  yellowish-green,  nodding  fls.     Perianth  liliaceous,  of  S 
oblanceolate,  erect-spreading  segm.    Berries  of  a  rich  amethystine  blue.     (Con- 
vallaria  Poir.) 

2  C.  multiflora  Beck.     Lvs.  oblong-lanceolate,  pubescent  beneath  ;  umbel  many 
(12  to  3Q)-fl<»ffered,  bracted  ;  fls.  erect  or  spreading;  berry  cells  2-seeded.  —  Woods, 


ORDER  148.— LILIACE^E.  715 

Chatauque  Co.,  K  Y.  (Torrey)  to  Car.  along  the  Allegbanies.  Lvs.  6  to  9'  by  1 
to  2',  scarcely  acuminate,  striate.  Scape  8  to  10'  high,  pubescent.  Umbel  coryn> 
bous,  with  the  fls.  small  (4  to  5''  long),  white,  spotted  with  purple  inside,  odorous. 
Jn.  (Convallaria  umbellata  Poir.) 

19.  SMILACI'NA,  Desf.      SOLOMON'S  SEAL.      (Lat,  diminutive  of 
smitax,  but  with  no  good  reason.)     Perianth  of  6   equal,  spreading 
segments  united  at  the  base ;  stamens  6,  slender,  perigynous,  anthers 
short ;  ovary  globous,  3-celled  (rarely  2-celled),  with  2  ovules  in  each 
cell ;  style  short,  thick ;  berry  globous,  pulpy,  1  to  3-seeded. —  H   Rhi- 
zome creeping,  thick  or  slender.     St.  leafy,  bearing  a  terminal  cluster 
of  white  fls. 

§  Raceme  compound.    Stamens  longer  than  the  perianth.    Ovules  collateral No.  1 

§  Raceme  simple.    Stanicus  shorter  than  the  perianth,    Ovules  one  above  the  other.  ..Nos.  2,  3 

1  S.  racemosa  Desf.     CLUSTERED  SOLOMON'S  SEAL.    St.  recurved;   Ivs.  oval, 
acuminate,  subsessile;  rac.  compound. — Copses,  common,  Car.  and  u.  S.     Rhi- 
zome thick,  sweetish  to  the  taste.     Stem  18' — 2f  high,  downy,  always  gracefully 
recurved  at  top.     Lvs.  4  to  G'  long,  a  third  as  wide,  veined,  sharply  acuminate, 
minutely  downy.    Petioles  0  to  2"  long.    Fls.  very  mam',  small,  white  in  all  their 
parts,  in  an  oval  panicle  of  racemes.    Berries  red,  dotted,  subpellucid,  as  large  as 
peas.     Apr. — Jn.     (Convallaria,  L.) 

2  S.  stellata  Desf.    St.  erect;  Ivs.  many,  lanceolate,  acute,  amplexicaul;  fls.  few, 
in  a  simple  raceme. — Along  rivers,  Can.  and  Northern  States,  W.  to  the  Miss. 
St.  10  to  20'  high,  round  and  smooth.     Lvs.  8  to  10,  glabrous,  glaucous  beneath, 
4  to  6'  by  9  to  12",  tapering  gradually  to  the  apex.    Fls.  white,  about  8,  4''  diam. 
Segm.  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  twice  longer  than  the  stamens.    Berries  nearly  black. 
May,  Jn.     (Asteranthemum  Kunth.) 

3  S.  trifoliata  Desf.     Erect;  Ivs.  3  or  4,  oval-lanceolate,  tapering  to  both  ends,  am- 
plexicaul ;  rac.  terminal,  simple. — A  delicate  little  species  in  mountain-swamps, 
Can.,  N.  Eng.  (rare),  ~W.  to  Wis.     St.  3  to  5'  high,  pubescent,  angular.     Lvs.  2 
to  3-j'  long,  a  fifth  to  a  third  as  wide,  somewhat  acuminate.     Fls.  4  to  10,  on 
pedicels  2  to  7"  long,  white.     Segm.  obtuse,  finally  reflexed,  a  third  longer  than 
the  stamens.     Ovary  often  but  2-celled,  with  2  stigmas.     Berry  2  or  3-seeded, 
dark  red.     May.     (Convallaria,  L.     Asteranthemum  Kunth.) 

20.  MAJAN'THEMUM,  Moench.       TWO-LEAVED   SOLOMON'S   SEAL. 
(Gr.  Ma/a,  a  mountain  nymph,  avOe^iov^  a  flower.)    Perianth  of  4  ovate, 
obtuse,  spreading  segments  united  at  base ;  stamens  4 ;  ovary  2-celled ; 
otherwise  as  in  Smilacina. — Rhizome  creeping.     St.  bearing  2  or  3  Ivs. 
Fls.  in  a  simple  terminal  raceme. 

M.  bifolmm  DC.  A  small  plant  frequent  upon  the  edges  of  woodlands,  Can.,  N. 
Eng.,  W.  to  Wis.  St.  angular,  about  6'  high.  Lvs.  2,  rarely  3,  about  2'  long,  £ 
as  wide,  ovate,  distinctly  cordate,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  on  a  petiole.  Rac.  erect, 
an  inch  long,  consisting  of  12  to  20  white  fls.  Berry  small,  round,  and  when 

,     mature  pale  red,  speckled  with  deep  purple.     May. 

21.  ASPAR'AGUS,  L.      (The  ancient  Greek  name.)      Perianth   6- 
parted,  segments  erect,  slight  spreading  above ;  stamens  6,  perigynous ; 
style  very  short;  stigma's  3;  berry  3-celled,  cells  2-seeded. —  2£   Ptts. 
fibrous,  matted.     Sts.  with  very  narrow  Ivs.  and  small  fls. 

A.  officinalis  L.  St.  herbaceous,  unarmed,  very  branching,  erect ;  Ivs.  setaceous, 
flexible,  fasciculate. — Escaped  from  gardens  and  naturalized  on  rocky  shores.  St. 
2  to  4f  high.  Lvs.  filiform,  \  to  !£'  long,  pale  pea-green.  Fls.  axillary,  solitary 
or  in  pairs.  Berries  globous,  red.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  delicate  culi- 
nary vegetables,  was  no  less  praised  in  ancient  Rome,  by  Pliny,  Cato  and  other 
writers,  than  at  the  present  day.  Diuretic.  JL  §  Eur. 

22.  STREPTO'PUS,  MX.     TWIST-FOOT.     (Gr.  trrpe^w,  to  turn,  TTOV^ 
foot ;  a  twisted  footstalk  or  peduncle.)     Perianth   C-parted,  campanu- 


716  ORDER  148. — ULLAGES. 

late;  segments  with  a  nectariferous  pore  at  the  base  of  each  ;  anthers 
longer  than  the  filaments  ;  stigma  very  short ;  berry  roundish,  3-celled : 
seeds  few,  hilum  with  a  very  slender  raphe. —  It  St.  branched.  Flsl 
axillary,  solitary,  generally  with  the  peduncle  distorted,  or  abruptly 
bent  near  the  middle. 

1  S.  roseus  MX.     Smooth ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  clasping,  margin  serrulate-ciliate ; 
under  surface  green  like  the  upper ;  pedicels  short,  generally  distorted  in  the  mid- 
dle ;  segments  spreading  at  apex ;  anth.  short,  2-liorned  ;  stig.  trifid. — Can.  to  Car. 
and  Tenn.     A  common  species,  native  of  woods.     Stem  a  foot   or  more  high, 
round,  dichotomously  branching.     Leaves  2 — i'  long,   %  as  wide,  ending  in  a 
slender  point,    smooth,    but    conspicuously   edged   with   minute,    rough    hairs. 
Flowers  reddish,   spotted,   suspended    beneath  the  branches,   one  under  each 
leaf.     Jn. 

2  S.  amplexifolius  DC.     Smooth ;  Ivs.  oblong-ovate,  clasping,  smooth  and  en- 
tire on  the  margin,  glaucous  beneath ;  pedicels  solitary,  geniculate  and  distorted  in 
the  middle  ;  sep.    long-acuminate,  reflexed  ;  anth.  sagittate,  acute-pointed,  entire  ; 
stig.  truncate. — Can.  and  Mid.  States.     Native  of  woods.     Stem  round,  dichoto- 
mous,  2f  high.     Leaves  2  to  3'  long,  %  as  wide,  very  smooth.     Peduncles  oppo- 
site the  leaf,  twisted  and  bent  downwards  each  with  a  bell-form,  drooping  flower 
gibbous  at  base,  of  a  pale  straw-color.    Fruit  oblong,  red,  many -seeded.    Jn.   (8. 
distortus  MX.     Uvularia  L.) 

23.  PROSAR'TES,  Don.     (Gr.  -n-poffaprdu,  to  suspend ;  alluding  to 
the  pendulous  flowers.)     Perianth  as  in  Uvularia ;  stamens  6,  perigy- 
nous,  included,  with  long,  filiform  filaments;  ovary  3-ceIIed,  with  2  sus- 
pended ovules  in  each  cell ;  style  elongated,  trifid  ;  berry  roundish  ob- 
long, 3  to  6-seeded. — 11  St.  erect,  with  divergent  branches,  scattered, 
sessile,   ovate,  thin,  pubescent  Ivs.  and  drooping,  terminal,  greenish- 
purple  fis. 

P.  lamiginosa  Don.  Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  cordate  or  rounded  at  the 
clasping  base,  pubescent  beneath ;  pedicels  in  pairs ;  perianth  segm.  linear- 
lanceolate;  style  smooth.— Mts.  N.  Y.  to  Car.,  W.  to  Or.  St.  12  to  18'  high, 
2  or  3  times  forked  above.  Lva  2  to  3'  long,  veined.  Pedicels  G  to  8''  long, 
downy.  Fls.  spreading-bell-shaped,  segm.  near  6"  long.  Berry  red.  May. 

24.  UVULJTRIA,  L.     BELL-WORT.     (Lat.   uvula,  the  palate;    the 
flower  depends  like  that  organ.)     Perianth  connivent-campanulate,  de- 
ciduous, deeply  6-parted ;  segments  linear-oblong,  acute,  erect,  with  a 
nectariferous  cavity  at  the  base  of  each  ;  filaments  very  short,  scarcely 
perigynous ;  anthers  linear,  half  as  long  as  the  petals ;    style  trifid  ; 
capsule  3-cellcd  ;  seeds  few,  with  a  very  tumid  raphe. — Lvs.  alternate, 
Fls.  solitary,  terminal,  becoming  axillary,  nodding. 

§  Leaves  perfoliate  near  the  base.    Capsule  obovoid-triangular,  truncate Nos.  1,  2 

§  Leaves  sessile  or  Lalf-clasping.    Capsule  ovoid  or  oval-triangular .Nos.  3,  4 

1  TJ.  perfoliata  L.    MEALY  BELLWORT.     Lvs.  perfoliate,  elliptical,  subacute; 
perianth  subcampanulate,  tuberculate-scabrous  within,  segm.  acute ;  anths.  cuspidate  * 
caps,  truncate. — 2£  Can.  and  U.  S.    A  handsome,  smooth  plant,  in  woods.    Stem 
10 — 14'  high,  passing  through  the  perfoliate  leaves  near  their  bases,  and  dividing 
into  2  branches  at  top.     Leaves  2 — 3'  by  f — 1',  rounded  at  the  base,  acute  at 
apex.     Flower   pale   yellow,    pendulous.     Segments   linear-lanceolate,  1J'  long, 
twisted,  covered  within  with  shining  grains.     Anthers  f '  long.     May.     (U.  flava 
Smith.) 

2  U.  grandiflora  Smith.     Lvs.  perfoliate,  elliptic-oblong,  acute ;  fl.  terminal,  soli- 
tary, pendulous ;  segments  acuminate,  smooth  within  and  without ;  anth.  obtuse. — 
U  Can.  and  U.  S.     Larger  than  either  of  the  foregoing.     In  woods.     Stem  12-— 
15  inches  high,  passing  through  the  perfoliate  leaves  near  their  bases,  dividing 
into  2  branches  at  top,  one  of  which  bears  the  largo,  yellow,  pendulous  flower. 


OEDEE  149.— MKLANTHACE.E.  7l7 

Leaves  almost  acuminate,  rounded  at  base.     Anthers  f  long.     May. — Readily 
distinguished  by  the  smooth  petals. 

3  U.  sessilifplia  L.     WILD  OATS.     Lvs.  sessile,  lance-oval,  glaucous  beneath ;  caps, 
stiped,  0f<zZ-triangular. — U  Can.  and  U.  S.     A  common  species,  found  in  woods 
and  in  grass  lands.     Stem  smooth,  slender,  6 — 10'  high,  dividing  at  the  top  into  2 
branches,  one  bearing  leaves  only,  the  other,  leaves  and  a  flower.     Leaves  smooth 
and  delicate,  dark  green  above,  paler  beneath,  1 — !£'  long.     The  flower  is  cylin- 
dric,  near  an  inch  long,  yellowish- white,  of  6,  long,  linear  petals.     May. 

4  U.  puberula  MX.     Lvs.  amplexicaul  and   rounded   at  base,  oval,  of  the  same 
shining  green  both  sides,  pul)erulent  along  the  margins,  as  well  as  the  stem ;  peri- 
anth segrn.  acute,  smooth  both  sides ;    capsule  sessile  (no  stipe),  ovoid. — Mts.  Va. 
to  Car.     St.  8  to  12'  high.     Pis.  yellowish-white,  larger  than  in  U.  sessilifolia. 

ORDER  CXLIX.     MELANTHACEJE.     MELANTHS. 

Herbs  perennial,  sometimes  bulbous,  often  poisonous,  with  parallel-veined  leaves, 
•perianth  double,  regular,  persistent,  of  6  consimilar,  green  or  colored  segments, 
stamens  6,  with  extrorse  anthers,  3  distinct  styles  and  a  free,  3-celled  ovary,  capsule 
3-celled,  3-partible  or  septicidal,  and  seeds  few  or  many  with  a  thin  seed  coat 
Figs.  61,  62,  464. 

Genera  30,  specif 8  130,  rather  generally  diffused  in  northern  countries. 

Properties. — The  order  is  generally  pervaded  by  drastic,  narcotic  and  poisonous  qualities,  most 
powerful  in  Veratruin  and  Colchicum.  The  conns  and  seeds  of  the  latter  are  the  most  impor- 
tant medicinal  products  of  the  order.  Their  virtue  is  due  to  an  alkaline  principle  called  vera- 
tria,  which  is  found  in  this  genus,  as  well  as  in  most  of  the  others. 

GENERA. 
§  Anthers  1-cclled,  extrorse,  cordate,  becoming  peltate  by  opening.    (*) 

*  Inflorescence  paniculate,  or  a  raceme  somewhat  branched  at  base,     (a) 

a  Sepals  glandular  at  base  inside,  clawed.    Stamens  perigynous MELANTHIUM.  1 

a  Sepals  glandular  at  base  inside,  clawed.    Stamens  hypogynous ZIGADERUS.  3 

a  Sepals  not  gland  bearing.    Stamens  perigynous VERATRUM.  3 

*  Inflorescence  racemous,  with  white  flowers.    Stamens  perigynous AMIANTIIIUM.  4 

*  Inflorescence  spicate,  with  green  flowers.    Stamens  hypogynous SCUJSNOCAULON.  5 

§  Anthers  2-celled,  extrorse.    Capsule  loculicidal.     Flowers  racemous.    (b) 

b  Flowers  perfect.    Filaments  dilated  at  base.    Ovary  cells  2-ovulcd XEROPHYLLUM.    6 

b  Flowers  perfect.    Filaments  filiform.    Ovary  cells  GO  -ovuled HELONIAS.    1 

b  Flowers  dioecious,  white.    Stem  leafy CIIAMJJLIRIUM.    8 

§  Anthers  2-celled,  introrse.     Capsule  septicidal.     Flowers  racemous.     (c) 

c  Stamens  6.    Flowers  greenish  or  yellowish,  9  to  40 TOFIELDIA.    9 

C  Stamens  9  to  12.    Flowers  deep  yellow,  6  to  9,  mostly  C • PLEEA.  10 

1.  MELANTHIUM,  Gronov.     (Gr.   pekag,  black,   dvOog,  flower;  a 
false  name  if  applied  to  the  yellowish  flowers.)     Flowers  monceciously 
polygamous ;  perianth  rotate,  6-parted,  segments  oblong,  acutish,  cor- 
date or  auricled,  and  with  1  or  2  glandular,  brownish  spots  at  base; 
the  claws  bearing  the  stamens ;  ovary  often  abortive ,  capsule  cxserted, 
subovoid,  trifid  at  the  summit  and  tipped  with  3  persistent  styles  ;  seeds 
broadly  winged. — St.  erect,  thickened  at  base,  bearing  an  open  pyrami- 
dal panicle  of  simple  racemes.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  varying  to  linear. 

M.  Virginicum  L.  "Wet  meadows  and  margins  of  swamps,  "VHs.  to  N.  T.  and 
Fla.  St.  3  to  4f  high,  leafy.  Lvs.  about  a  foot  long,  6''  to  2'  wide,  sessile,  on  a 
contracted  and  subclasping  base.  Fls.  about  8"  broad,  on  short  pedicels,  arranged 
in  simple,  alternate  racemes,  and  together  constituting  a  pyramidal  panicle  10  to 
15'  in  length.  Lower  fls.  generally  sterile.  Jl.,  Aug. 

p.  HYBRIDUM.     Lower  Ivs.  lanceolate  and  lance-oval. — A  larger  growth,     (M. 
Lybridum  B.  &  S.) 

2.  ZIGADE'NUS,  MX.    ZIGADENE.    (Gr.  frvy6$,  a  pair,  dd?]v,  a  gland.) 
Perianth  deeply  C-parted,  spreading,  colored,  each  segment  with  2  glands 


713  ORDER  149.— MELANTHACE^E. 

above  its  contracted  base  ;  stamens  inserted  in  contact  with,  the  ovary ; 
capsule  membranous,  3-celled,  many-seeded,  septicidal ;  seeds  scarcely 
winged. —  H  St.  simple,  paniculate  above,  smooth  and  glaucous,  as  welJ 
as  the  linear  Ivs.  FJs.  greenish. 

1  Z.  glaberrimus  MX.     Rhizome  creeping ;  Ivs.  linear,  channeled,  recurved ;  pan- 
icle pyramidal ;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate ;  segm.  of  the  perianth  acuminate,  glands 
2  on  the  claw  of  each. — S.  States.     St.  2  to  3f  high.     Lower  Ivs.  about  10'  long, 
upper  ones  gradually  diminishing,  all  concave  and  tapering  to  a  point.     Panicle 
terminal,  loose,  consisting  of  many  greenish- white  fls.     Sep.  ovate-lanceolate,  free 
from  the  stamens,  the  2  glands  orbicular,  distinct  and  conspicuous.     Jn. 

2  Z.  glaftcus  Nutt.      St.  bulbous,  nearly  naked;  Ivs.  shorter  than  the  stem,  linear, 
rather  obtuse ;  panicle  simple ;  bracts  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  pedicels;  seg- 
ments oval  or  obovate,  obtuse,  each  with  an  obcordale  gland. — Sandy  shores,  Can.  to 
N.  Y.  and  Wis.     Stem  10 — 15'  high.     Leaves  glaucous,  upper  gradually  reduced 
to  bracts.     Raceme  subsimple,  sometimes  a  little  compound  at  base.     Flowers 
few  (10 — 20),  greenish-white,  on  pedicels  1'  long,  the  segments  with  the  2  glands 
united.     Capsule  oblong-ovoid,  carpels  divergent  at  apex,  G — 8-seeded.    Jl.,  Aug. 

3  Z.  leimaiithoides  Gray.     EL  fibrous ;  Ivs.  linear,  flat ;  pan.  simple,  the  terminal 
raceme  elongated ;  segments  obovate,  with  a  glandular  spot  at  base,  and  longer  than 
the  linear  styles;  sds.  winged  at  the  apex,  lanceolate,  compressed. — N.  J.  to  L~. 
Stem  roundish,  2 — 4f  high,  the  lower  leaves  about  half  as  long,  pale  green,  acute. 
Flowers  white,  on  filiform  pedicels,  finally  recurved.     Segments  of  the  perianth 
obtuse,  a  little  shorter  than  the  capillary  filaments.     July. 

3.  VERATRUM,  Tourn.  FALSE  HELLEBORE.  (Lat.  vcre,  atrum, 
truly  black  ;  alluding  to  the  dark  color  of  the  flowers  or  root.)  Flowers 
by  abortion  $  $  $ ;  segments  of  the  perianth  united  at  base,  petaloid, 
spreading,  sessile  and  without  glands  ;  stamens  6,  shorter  than  the  peri- 
anth, and  inserted  on  its  base ;  ovaries  3,  united  at  base,  often  abortive  ; 
styles  short ;  capsule  3-lobed,  3-partible,  co-seeded. — Rt.  Ivs.  alternate. 
Fls.  paniculate. 

§  Stem  stout  and  very  leafy  throughout.    Sepals  lanceolate,  acuminate No.  1 

§  Stem  slender,  nearly  naked. — Sepals  obtusish.    Leaves  oval  and  lanceolate Nos.  2,  3 

— Sepals  acuminate.    Leaves  linear No.  4 

1  V.  vfricle  Ait.     Lvs.  lance-oval,  acuminate;  st.  stout  and  very  leafy;  panicle 
compound,  racemous ;  bracts  oblong-lanceolate,  bracteoles  longer  than  tho  downy 
pedicels. — Can.  to  Ga.     A  large-leaved,  coarse- looking  plant,  of  our  meadows  and 
swamps.     Hoot  large,  fleshy,  with  numerous  long  fibers.     Stem  2 — 4f  high,  stri- 
ate  and  pubescent.     Leaves  strongly  veined  and  plaited,  the  lower  near  a  foot 
long  and  half  as  wide,  sheathing  at  tho  base.     Flowers  numerous,  green,  in  many 
axillary  (or  bracted)  racemes,  which  together  form  a  very  large,  pyramidal,  ter- 
minal panicle.    July.    Hoot  emetic  and  stimulant,  but  poisonous.    (V.  album  MX.) 

2  V.  Woodii  Robbins.     INDIANA  VERATKUJL     Lvs.  mostly  radical,  lanceolate 
and  linear-lanceolate,   glabrous,   veined  and  plicate,    acute  tapering  to  a  long, 
winged,  sheathing  petiole ;  st.  or  scape  terete,   tall,  erect,  with  remote,  lanco- 
linear  bracts ;  panicle  simple,  slender,  pyramidal,  many-flowered ;  fls.   $  % ,  sub- 
sessile;  segments  oblanceolate,  sessile  (the  stamens  nearly  free  and  of  equal  length) 
dark  brownish-purple  within. — Woods,  Green  Co.,  la.,  111.  (Mead)  and  Iowa  (Cous- 
ens).     Root  fasciculate.     Leaves  10 — 16'  long  (including  tho  4 — 8'  petiole),  2 — 4' 
wide.     Bracts  1 — 3'  long.     Scape  3 — 6f  high,  paniculate  £  its  length.     Flowers 
9''  diam.,  almost  black,  with  red  stamens,  upper  and  lower  sterile.    Ovary  oblong, 
crowned  with  3  spreading  styles  half  its  length.     Seeds  compressed,  winged  with 
the  broad,  loose,  membranous  testa.     July. — Very  different  from  the  next. 

3  V.  parviflorum    MX.      Lvs.  mostly  radical,  oval   and  lance-oval,   glabrous, 
scarcely  plicate,  contracted  at  base  into  winged  petioles ;  stem  scape-like,  terete, 
bracted*   panicle  elongated,  very  loose,  with  filiform  branches;  fls.  dingy  green,  on 
filiform  pedicels,  segm.  lance-spatulate,  unguiculate,  the  claws  bearing  the  stamens, 
which  are  scarcely  half  as  long. — Blue  Ridge,  Ya.  (Miss  Carpenter)  to  the  Mts.  of 


OSDEB  149.— MELANTHACE^E.  719 

Ga.  Lvs.  shorter  and  broader  than  in  No.  2.  St.  2  to  5f  high.  Fls.  very  open, 
5"  diam.,  sometimes  all  sterile.  Jl.  (Melanthium  monoicum  Walt.) 
4  V.  angustifolium  Ph.  GRASS-LEAVED  VERATRUM.  Lvs.  narrowly  linear, 
flat,  very  long,  lowest  obtuse,  upper  ones  diminishing  to  subulate  bracts;  fls.  in  a 
slender  panicle  of  racemes,  those  of  the  terminal  raceme  (except  a  few  of  the 
highest)  perfect  and  fertile,  those  of  the  lateral  racemes  mostly  sterile ;  segments 
narrowly  lanceolate,  subulate,  acuminate. — A  very  slender,  grass-like  species,  in 
woods,  "W.  States  to  the  Mts.  of  Car.  Stem.  3f  high,  with  greenish-white  flowers. 
Leaves  1 — 2f  by  2 — 3'',  half-clasping.  Panicle  l£f  long,  pedicels  shorter  than 
the  flowers,  each  with  a  very  minute  bract.  June,  July.  (Stenanthium,  Gray.) 

4.  AMIAN'THIUM,  Gray.  FLY-POISON.    (Gr.  dpiavTos,  pure,  immao- 
tilate  ;  dvdog ;  alluding  to  the  white  flowers.)     Flowers  £  ;    perianth 
segments  scarcely  united  at  base,  petaloid,  spreading,  sessile  and  with- 
out glands ;  stam.  6,  hypogynous,  as  long  as  the  segments ;  anthers 
rcniform  ;  ovaries  3,  more  or  less  united  ;  caps.  3-lobed,  3-partible  ;  car- 
pels follicular,  1 — 4-seedcd ;  testa  of  the  seeds  loose,  at  length  fleshy. — 
Herbs  with  scapiform  stems,  grass-like  leaves,  and  a  raceme  of  numerous, 
white,  long-pediceled  fls.,  turning  green  with  age. 

1  A.  imiscaetoxicum  Gray.     St.  bulbous ;  Ivs.  flat,  lower  Iroad-linear,  obtuse,  up- 
per reduced  to  bracts ;  rac.  simple ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  sta- 
mens; pedicels  filiform ;  carpels  distinct  above;  sty.  divergent;  seeds  ovoid,  red. 
— Shady  swamps,  N.  J.,  Penn.  and  Southern  States.     Stem  1 — 2f  high.     Leave* 
mostly  radical,  about  If  long.     Raceme  2  to  4',  rarely  longer,  dense-flowered, 
pedicels  6 — 9"  long.     Perianth  and  stamens  white,  the  latter  rather  the  longest. 
Carpels  united  only  at  base,  the  summits  horn-like  and  diverging.     Seeds  rather 
large,  scarlet-red  when  ripe.     Apr. — Jn.     (Helonias  erythrosperma  MX.) 

2  A.  angustifolium  Gray.     St.  slender,  scarcely  bulbous;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear, 
tapering  to  a  long,  acute  point;  rac.  simple;  sep.  oval,  acutish,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  stamens;  sty.  filiform,  contiguous;  seeds  linear. — Damp  pine  -woods,  Car.  to 
(Bainbridge,  Ga.,  and)  Fla.     St.  2  to  3f  high.     Lvs.  9  to  18'  long,  2  to  3"  wide, 
somewhat  keeled.     Rac.  3  to  5'  long,  1'  diam.     Ped.  ascending.     Anth.  yellow, 
twice  smaller  than  in  No.  1.     Plant  of  a  deep  green.    Apr. — Jn. 

5.  SCrLENOCAlTLON,  Gray.     (Gr.  o%oZvo$-,  a  rush,  navXo^  caulis.) 
Perianth  herbaceous,  of  6   linear-oblong,   suberect,   persistent  sepals ; 
stamens  6,  hypogynous,  much  exserted,  with  large,  reniform,  1-celled 
anthers;    ovaries    3,    slightly   conjoined;    stigmas  3. — Herb   bulbous, 
acaulescent,  glabrous,  with  the  Ivs.  all  radical,  very  long  and  narrow, 
sedge-like,  and  a  very  slender  scape.     Fls.  in  a  slender  spike. 

S.  gracile  Gray.  Sandy  soils,  Ga.  and  Fla.  Scapes  2  to  3f  high,  Ivs.  half  as 
long.  Spike  2  to  4',  with  pale  green  fls.  Fr.  yet  unknown.  Apr.,  May. 

6.  XEROPHYL'LUM,  MX.     (Gr.  £flM>f,  dry,  ^iJAAov,  leaf.)     Flowers 
£ ;  leaflets  of  the  perianth  oval,  spreading,  petaloid,  sessile,  and  with- 
out glands  ;  stamens  6,  filaments  dilated  and  contiguous  at  base  ;  ovary 
subglobous ;   styles  3,  linear,  revolute ;  capsule  subglobous,  3-lobed,  3- 
celled,  cells  2 -seeded. — Herbs  with  numerous  dry,  setaceous  leaves,  the 
lower  longer,  rosulately  reclined,  the  upper  gradually  reduced.     Rac. 
simple,  with  white,  showy  fls. 

X.  asphodeloides  Nutt.  Sandy  plains,  N.  J.  to  Car.  St.  3  to  5f  high,  very 
leafy.  Radical  Ivs.  If  long,  very  narrow,  crowded  and  caespitous.  Fls.  in  a  long, 
dense,  showy  raceme.  Segm.  spreading  5",  obtuse.  Pedicels  1''  or  more  long, 
bractless  at  base,  but  with  2  bractlets  above  the  base.  Jn. 

7.  HELO^NIAS,  L.     (Gr.  eAo^,  a  marsh;  where  some  species  grow.) 
Flowers  £  ;  perianth  G-parted,  spreading,  petaloid,  the  segments  sessile, 


f  20  ORDER  149.—  MELANTHACE^E. 

persistent,  without  glands  ;  stamens  6,  hypogynous,  at  length  longer 
than  the  perianth,  anthers  short,  oval  ;  styles  3,  distinct  ;  capsule  3- 
celled,  3-horned  ;  cells  loculicidal,  many-seeded.  —  Lvs.  mostly  radical, 
narrow,  often  gramineous,  sheathing  at  base.  Fls.  in  a  terminal,  simple 
raceme. 

H.  bullata  L.  N.  J.,  Perm,  to  Ya.  Scape  10  to  18'  high,  rather  thick  and 
fleshy,  hollow,  nearly  naked.  Lvs.  lance-spatulate,  about  as  long  as  the  scape,  1 
to  Ijr  wide.  Rac.  short.  Pedicels  as  long  as  the  flowers,  colored.  Fls.  purple, 
segm.  obtuse,  with  blue  anthers.  May.  (H.  latifolia  Ph.) 

8.  CHAWLELIR'IUM,  Willcl.     (Gr.  xafiai,  on  the  ground,  Aeiptov,  a 
lily.)      Flowers  dioecious;    perianth    6-sepaled,    spreading,   persistent; 
sepals  narrow  ;  filaments  C,  perigynous,  filiform,  longer  than  the  sepals 
(short  in  the  £  )  ;  ovary  free,  with  3  distinct  styles  ;  capsule   oblong, 
loculicidal  ;  seeds  many,  linear-oblong,  winged  at  each  end.  —  Rt.  tuber- 
ous, premorse.     St.  leafy,  strict,  slender.     Lvs.  lanceolate,  the  radical 
oblanccolate    and   obovate-obtusc.      Rac.    spike-like,    nodding,    dense- 
flowered,  yellowish-white. 

C.  luteum  Gray.  BLAZING  STAR.  Low  grounds,  Can.  and  U.  S.  St,  12  to  30' 
high,  furrowed.  Radical  Ivs.  3  to  5'  by  6  to  12".  in  a  sort  of  whorl.  Fls.  small, 
very  numerous,  in  long,  terminal,  spicate  racemes,  which  are  more  slender  on  the 
barren  plants.  Ovaries  as  long  as  the  linear  petals,  subtriangular.  Caps  3-fur- 
rowed,  oblong,  tapering  to  the  base,  opening  at  the  top.  The  fertile  plants  are 
taller,  more  erect,  but  with  fewer  flowers.  Apr.  —  Jn.  (Helonias  dioica  Ph.) 

9.  TOFIELD'IA,  Hudson.     (To  Mr.  Tofield,  a  Scotch  gentleman,  re- 
siding near  Doncaster.)     Flowers  £  ,  calyculate,  with  3  remotish,  united 
bracts  ;  Ifts.  of  the  perianth  petaloid,   spreading,  sessile,  and  without 
bracts  ;  sta.   C  ;    anth.  roundish-cordate,  introrse  ;    ovaries  3,  united  ; 
styles  distinct,  short  ;    ova.   3-lobed,  3-partible  ;   capsule  en  -seeded.  — 
Lvs.  cquitant,  subradical.     Scape  not  bulbous.     Fls.  spicate  or  race- 
mous. 

§  Pedicels  clustered  in  3s.    Stems  Bcabrous-elamlular  .................................  Nos.  1,  2 

§  Pedicels  separate.     Stem  glabrous  .......  .".  ...........................................  No.  3 

1.  T.  glutinosa  Nutt.     St.  leafy  below,  glandular-scabrous,  simple;  Ivs.  a  fourth 
the  length  of  the  stem,  linear-ensiform,  glabrous,  obtuse  /  rac.  oblong,  few-flowered, 
dose,  composed  of  3-flowered,  alternate  fascicles;  caps,  longer  ihau  ihe  perianth. 
—  Woods,  Ohio  to  Wise.,  N.  to  Arc.  Am.     Stem  slender,  scape-like,  1  —  lj$  dot, 
ted  with  dark-colored  glands.     Leaves  3  —  G'  by  3  —  6",  carinate.     Spicate  raceme 
1  —  1^'  long,  9  —  18-flowered.     Involucre   truncate,  3-toothed,  a  little  below  the 
perianth.     Petals  and  sepals  oblanceolate,  less  than  2"  long,  carpels  4". 

2.  T.  ptibens  Dryand.     St.  leafy  at  base,  rough-puberulent  ;  Ivs.  nearly  half  /At 
length  of  the  stem,  linear-ensiform,  strongly  striate,   acute,  glabrous  ;  rac.  linear* 
elongated,  composed  of  many  remoti-sh,  alternate  fascicles  ;  pedicels  2  to  3  together, 
as  long  as  the  flowers  ;  fls.  3-bracted  at  base  ;  capsule   scarcely  exceeding  the 
perianth.  —  Pine  barrens,  Del.  to  Fla.     St  2  to  3f  high,  slender.     Lvs.  more  than 
twice  longer  than  in  No.  1.     Rac.  6  to  8'  long,  30  to  40-flowered.     Fls.  small, 
greenish-white.     Jl.  —  Sept. 

3  T.  glabra  Nutt.  St.  leafy  below,  glabrous  ;  Ivs.  nearly  as  in  No.  2  ;  rac. 
elongated,  dense,  with  the  pedicels  separate  (not  clustered),  scarcely  longer  than 
their  bracts  ;  carpels  distinct  to  near  the  base  ;  stig.  sessile.  —  Car.  to  Ark.,  in  wet 
grounds.  St.  1  to  3f  high.  Rac.  2  to  5'  long,  20  to  30-flowered.  Seeds  liuear- 
oblong,  not  caudate. 


10.  PLEE'A,  L.  C.  Rich.     (Gr.  TrAem?,  the   Pleiades  ;  its  flowers.) 
Perianth  colored,  persistent,  6-sepaled,  stellately  spreading  ;  stamens  9 


ORDER  150.— PONTEDERIACE^E.  721 

to  12,  hypogynous,  longer  than  the  sepals;  anthers  introrse;  styles  3  ; 
capsule  3-partible,  oo-seeded. —  2£  Herb  glabrous,  with  a  slender,  rush- 
like  stem,  dry,  rush-like  Ivs.,  and  a  raceme  of  6  to  9  yellow  fls. 
P.  temrifolia  Rich.     Bogs,  N.  Car.  (Curtis),  S.  Car.  (Michx.)     St.  1  to  2f  high, 

from  red,  fibrous  roots.     Lvs.  perennial-green,  very  narrow,  sheathing  at  base, 

nearly  If  long.     Caps,  brown. 

ORDER  CL.     PONTEDERIACEJE.     PONTEDERIADS. 

Plants  aquatic,  with  the  leaves  parallel-veined,  mostly  dilated  at  base.  Fls.  spath- 
aceous.  Perianth  tubular,  colored,  G-parted,  often  irregular  and  circinate  after 
flowering.  Stamens  3  or  6,  unequal,  perigynous.  Ovary  free,  3-celled.  Style  1. 
Stigma  simple.  Capsule  3  (sometimes  l)-celled,  3-valved,  with  loculicidal  dehis- 
cence.  Seeds  numerous  (sometimes  solitary),  attached  to  a  central  axis.  Albumen 
farinaceous. 

Genera  6,  species  80,  found  exclusively  in  America,  E.  Indies,  and  tropical  Africa.  They  are 
of  no  known  use. 

GENERA. 

Flowers  irrepular,  blue.    Stamens  6.    Utricle  1-seeded .• PONTEDERIA.  1 

Flowers  regular.— Anthers  3,  of  2  forms.    Leaves  reniform HETERANTHEEA.  2 

— Anthers  3,  of  one  form.    Leaves  linear SCIIOLLERA.  8 

1.  PONTEDEVRIA,  L.     PICKEREL  WEED.     (In  honor  of  Julius  Pon- 
tedera,  a  botanic  author  and  professor,  of  Padua,  about  1720.)     Perianth 
bilabiate,  tubular  at  base,  under  side  of  the  tube  split  with  3  longitudi- 
nal clefts  (the  2  lower  sepals  free),  circinate  after  flowering  and  persis- 
tent ;  stamens  unequally  inserted,  3  near  the  base  and  3  at  the  summit 
of  the  tube;  utricle  1-seeded  (2  cells  abortive). — Lvs.  radical,  long- 
pctioled.     St.  1-leaved,  bearing  a  spike  of  blue  fls. 

1  P.  cordata  L.     Lvs.  cordate-oblong,  obtuse;  petiole  shorter  than  the  peduncle; 
spike  cylindrical,  pubescent. — If  Can.  and  U.  S.     A  fine,  conspicuous  plant,  na- 
tive of  the  borders  of  muddy  lakes,  &c.,  growing  in  patches  extending  from  the 
shores  to  deep  water.     Stem  thick,  round,  erect,  arising  1 — 2f  above  the  water, 
bearing  a  single  leaf.     Leaves  4 — 7'  by  \\ — 3',  very  smooth  and  glossy,  almost 
sagittate,  with  veins  beautifully  arranged  to  conform  to  the  margin.     Flowers  in 
a  spike,  arising  above  the  spathe,  very  irregular.     Perianth    2 -lipped,  each  lip  3- 
cleft,  always  blue,  appearing  in  July. 

/?.  ANGUSTIFOLIA  Torr.     Lvs.  narrow,  truncate  and  subcordate  at  base. 

2  P.  lancifolia  Muhl.     Lvs.  lance-oblong  or  lance-linear,  rather  acute  at  each  end; 
petiole   shorter   than   the   peduncle;   spike  cylindrical,    pubescent. — Pools  and 
ditches,  Ga.  (Feay)  and  S.  Car.     More  slender  every  way  than  the  other,  15  to  30' 
high.     We  can  detect  no  difference  in  its  flowers,  but  the  permanent  difference 
of  the  leaves  is  worthy  of  consideration.     Apr.,  May. 

2.  HETERAN'THERA,  Ruiz  &  Pav.     (Gr.  Mpa,  otherwise,  dv%>a; 
the  anthers   being   dissimilar  in  the  same   flower.)     Spathe    several- 
flowered  ;  tube  of  the  perianth  long  and  slender,  limb  6-parted,  equal ; 
stamens  3  ;  anthers  of  2  forms,  the  lower  oblong-sagittate,  on  a  longer 
filament ;  capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded.     Lvs.  mostly  reniform,  long- 
petioled. 

H.  reniformis  R.  &  P.  St.  prostrate  or  floating ;  Ivs.  suborbicular,  reniform  or 
auriculate  at  base ;  spathe  acuminate,  few-flowered. — On  muddy  or  inundated 
banks,  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Stem  4'  to  a  foot  or  more  in  length.  Leaves  £'  by 
£',  on  petioles  1 — 2'  long,  with  a  broad  sinus  at  base,  and  a  short,  abrupt  acumi- 
nation.  Spathe  closely  enveloping  the  2  or  3  very  evanescent,  white  flowers. 
Tube  of  the  perianth  £'  long,  limb  in  6  oblong  segments.  Filaments  inserted  at 

46 


722  ORDER  151.— JUNCACE^E. 

the  orifice,  2  of  the  anthers  small,  round,  yellow,  the  other  oblong,  greenish.    Jl.f 
Aug.     (Leptanthus,  MX.) 

3.  SCHOL'iERA,  Schreber.  (Dedicated  to  one  Scholler,  a  German 
botanist.)  Spathe  several-flowered  ;  tube  of  the  perianth  very  long  and 
slender,  limb  6-parted,  equal ;  stamens  3,  with  similar  anthers  ;  capsule 
1-celled,  many-seeded. — Lvs.  alternate,  sheathing  at  base,  grass-like, 
submersed.  St.  floating,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints. 

S.  graminea  TTilld.  A  grass-like  aquatic,  in  flowing  water,  N.  States.  St.  slen- 
der, dichotomous,  1  to  2f  long.  Lvs.  3  to  6'  long,  1  to  2"  wide,  obtuse  at  apex, 
slightly  sheathing  at  base.  Flower  solitary,  issuing  from  a  short  (!'  spathe),  tube 
1J' long,  limb  in  6  linear-lanceolate  S3gments,  yellow.  Stam.  3  (4,  anthers); 
fifaments  broad,  one  of  them  abortive,  the  other  2  with  linear  anthers  longer  than 
the  thick  style.  Jl.,  Aug.  (Leptanthus,  MX.) 

ORDER  CLI.     JUNCACEJi].     BUSHES. 

Plants  herbaceous,  generally  grass-like,  often  leafless,  with  small,  dry,  green 
flowers.  Perianth  more  or  less  glume-like,  regular,  6-leaved,  in  2  series  (sepals  and 
petals.)  Stamens  6,  .rarely  3,  hypogynous.  Anthers  2-celled,  introrse.  Style  1. 
Ovary  3-carpeled,  3  (or  by  the  dissepiment  not  reaching  the  center  l)-celled.  Cap- 
sule 3-valved,  with  the  dissepiments  from  the  middle  of  the  valves.  Seeds  few  or 
many,  with  a  fleshy  albumen.  Fig.  377. 

Genera  15,  species  200,  chiefly  natives  of  the  cool  parts  of  the  earth.  Properties  unim- 
portant 

GENERA. 

Perianth  yellow  (greenish  outside).    Stigma  1.    Capsule  co-seeded NAETIIECIUM.  1 

Perianth  green  or  brownish.    Stigmas  3.— Capsule  3-seeded LUZULA.  2 

— Capsule  oo-seeded JUNCUS.  3 

1.  NARTHE^CIUM,  Moehr.     (Gr.  vdp-dr]^  a  rod  or  wand ;  in  allusion 
to  the  slender  inflorescence.)     Perianth   6-parted,  colored,  spreading, 
persistent ;  stam.  6 ;  filaments  hairy ;  caps,  prismatic,  3-celled ;  seeds 

GO,  ovate-oblong,   appendaged  at  each   extremity. —  It  Root  fibrous. 

Lvs.  ensiform.     Scape  nearly  naked.     Fls.  yellowish. 

IT.  Americamim  Ker.  Lvs.  radical,  striate,  narrow-ensiform ;  rac.  lax,  inter- 
rupted ;  pedicels  with  a  bract  at  base,  and  a  setaceous  bracteole  near  the  flower. 
— An  interesting  little  plant,  in  pine  barrens  and  sandy  swamps  of  N.  J.  Also 
in  Can.  Scapes  8  to  12'  high,  terete,  with  2  or  3  subulate  bracts.  Leaves  nu- 
merous, much  shorter  than  the  scape.  Pedicels  3 — 7"  long.  Perianth  green- 
ish externally,  yellow  within,  about  half  as  long  as  the  yellowish,  mature  capsule. 
Aug. 

2.  LITZULA,  DC.     WOOD  RUSH.     (Italian  lucciola,  a  glow-worm ; 
from  the  dew  glistening  upon  its  flowers.)     Perianth  persistent,  bibrac- 
teate  at  base ;  stamens  6  ;  capsule  1-celled,  3-seeded ;  seeds  fixed  to 
the  bottom. — Stem  jointed,  leafy.     Lvs.  grass-like,  on  entire  sheaths. 
Pis.  terminal,  green  or  brownish. 

§  Flowers  separate,  pedicellate,  in  umbels  or  paniculate  cymes Kos.  1,  2 

§  Flowers  aggregate, — in  pedunculate  heads  forming  an  umbel  or  cyme Nos.  3,  4 

— in  sessile  heads  forming  a  nodding  black  spike No.  5 

1  L.  pilosa  "Wllld.  Lvs.  pilous;  umbel  cymous,  spreading,  consisting  of  subequal 
\-flowered,  simple  pedicels',  caps,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  sepals. — Common  in 
woods  and  groves,  N.  S.  and  Can.  St,  4  to  ]  6'  high.  Radical  Ivs.  numerous,  2 
to  4'  long,  linear-lanceolate,  veined,  fringed  with  long  white  hairs.  Umbels  8  to 
12-flowered,  with  a  leafy  bract.  Pedicels  5  to  10' J  long,  finally  deflexed.  Peri- 
anth brown,  with  2  green  bractlets.  May. 


ORDER  151.— JUNG  ACE  M.  723 

2  L.  parviflora  Desv.     St.  elongated ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  glabrous ;  corymb  decom- 
pound; ped.  elongated,  the  branches  with  3  to  5  pedicellate  Jis. ;  sep.  ovate,  acu- 
minate, longer  than  the  oval-triangular,  obtuse-mucronate  capsule. — White  Hills, 
K  H.  (Prof!  Bosworth),  Graylock  Mt.,  Mass.  (Chadbourne),  etc.     Stem  12  to  18' 
high.     Radical  Ivs.  8  to  10'  by  3  to  5",  those  of  the  stem  much  shorter,  all  very 
smooth.      Panicle  large,  nodding,    many-flowered.      Capsule  black.      Jn.     (L. 
melanocarpa  Desv.) 

3  L.  campestris  Willd.     FIELD  RUSH.     Lvs.  hairy;  spikes  globular  or  ovate 
some  on  long  peduncles,  some  nearly  sessile ;  sep.   lanceolate,    acurninate-awned, 
longer  than  the  obtuse  capsule ;  seeds  wit/ia  conical  appendage  at  base. — In  mead- 
ows, U.  S.  and  Can.     St.  simple,  straight,  3  to  12'  high.     Lvs.  grass-like,  2  to  & 
long,  with  tufts  of  cotton-like  hairs.    Heads  in  a  sort  of  umbel,  with  an  involucre 
of  2  or  3  short,  unequal  Ivs.     Perianth  rust-colored,  capsule  at  length  brown. 
May. 

/?.  BULEoSA.  Bulbous ;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear ;  sep.  shorter  than  the  globular,  dark 
brown  capsules. — Lookout  Mt.,  Tenn.  St.  G'  high.  "With  the  other,  but  flow- 
ers earlier. 

4  L.  arcuata  B.  Meyer.     Lvs.  linear,  channeled,  glabrous ;  heads  few,  3  to  ^-flow- 
ered, on  unequal,  filiform,  often  recurved  pedicels ;  bracts  dilate ;  sepals  acute, 
reddish-brown,   about  equaling  the  roundish -elliptical  capsule ;  seeds  not  appen- 
daged. — White  Mts.,  N.  II.  (not  common)  and  Arc.  Am. 

5  T.  spicata  DC.     Lvs.  linear,  hairy  at  the  base ;  spike  cernuous,  composed  of 
several  sessile  globular  heads ;  sep.  acuminate-awned,  about  equal  in  length  to 
the  subglobous  short-pointed,  black  capsule.    White  Hills,  N.  H.  (Prof.  Bosworth). 
St.  8  to  10'  high,  slender,  simple.     Lvs.  2  to  3'  long,  a  line  wide,  smooth  except 
at  the  base.     Spike  an  inch  long,  appearing  greyish  black  when  mature.     Seeds 
oval,  with  a  small,  oblique  appendage.     Jl. 

3.  JUN'CUS,  L.  RUSH.  (Lat.  jungo,  to  join;  because  ropes  were 
anciently  made  of  these  plants.)  Perianth  6-sepalcd,  glume-like,  per- 
sistent ;  stamens  6,  rarely  3  ;  capsule  mostly  3-celled  ;  seeds  numerous, 
attached  to  the  inner  edge  of  the  dissepiments. — St.  simple,  leafy  or 
leafless,  with  terete,  flat  or  channeled  Ivs.,  entire  sheaths  and  small, 
bibracteate,  greenish  fls. 

§  Cyme  or  panicle  lateral,  bursting  from  the  side  of  the  scape  above  the  middle,  (a) 

a  Leaves  none.     Flowers  separate,  mostly  hexandrous,  greenish Nos.l — 3 

a  Leaves  few,  radical,  jointless.     Flowers  capitate,  6-androus,  brownish Nos.  4,  5 

§  Cyme  or  panicle  terminal  on  the  stem  or  scape.    Leaves  present,  (b) 
b  Flowers  capitate,  few  or  many  in  each  head,  (c) 

C  Leaves  jointed  (nodous)  with  internal,  transverse  partitions,  (d) 

d  Staincns  3. — Heads  green  or  pale  straw-colored Nos.  6 — 8 

— Heads  brown  or  chestnut  colored Nos.  9, 10 

d  Stamens  6.    Heads  tawny  or  brown, — 10  to  60-flo\vered Nos.  11, 12 

—2  to  9-flowered Nos.  13, 14 

C  Leaves  not  jointed. — Heads  many,  brown.    Sepals  obtuse.    Stamens  3 No.  15 

— Heads  few  or  many,  green.     Sepals  awned No.  16 

— Heads  mostly  but  one.    Sepals  acute.    Stamens  6. Nos.  17, 18 
b  Flowers  separate,  not  in  heads,  mostly  secund.    Stamens  6.  (e) 

e  Stems  leafy,  panicle  diffuse,  many-flowered Nos.  19,  20 

e  Stems  naked,  except  at  base,  scape-like Nos.  21 — 23 

1  J.  Editions  Willd.    BALTIC  RUSH.    Rhizome  creeping,  prostrate,  rooting ;  scapes 
numerous,  sheathed  at  base,  opaque  terete,  rigid,  slender,  pungently  acute ;  pani- 
cle near  the  summit,  small ;  fls.  separate,  brown  ;  sep.  subequal,  ovate-lanceolate, 
very  acute,  equaling  the  elliptical,  mucronate  capsule. — Sandy  shores,  Me.  to  Wis. 
and  Can.     Scape  leafless,  1  to  3f  high,  hard,  tough,   closely  arranged  along  the 
scaly  rootstock,  the  sheaths  3"  to  3'  long.     Panicle  2  to  5'  below  the  apex  of  tho 
scape,  1'  long.     Fls.  20  to  40,  reddish  brown. 

2  J.  effCisus  L.     SOFT  RUSH.     BULL-RUSH.     Scape  straight,  not  rigid;    panicle 
lateral,  loose,  decompound,  sometimes  dense;    fls.   separate;  sep.   green,   taper- 
pointed,  as  long  as  the  obovate,  obtuse  capsules. — Very  common  in  ditches  and 
moist  lands,  forming  tufts.  Can.  and  U.  S.     Scape  solid,  with  a  spongy  pith,  soft, 
striate,  2  to  3f  high,  bearing  a  loose,  spreading  panicle  which  protrudes  from  a 


724 


ORDER  151.— JUXCACE^E. 


fissure  opening  in  the  side  of  the  stem  about  half  way  up.     Fls.  small,  green, 
numerous,  with  3  white  anthers  and  yellowish  seeds.     Jn.,  Jl. 

3  J.  filiformis  L.  (not  MX.)     Rhizome  creeping,  leafless,  scape  slender,  filiform 
minutely  striate,  flaccid ;  panicle  subsimple,  lateral,  near  the  middle  of  the  scape ; 
fls.   separate ;  sep.   pale,    nearly  equal,   lanceolate,  a  little  longer  than  the  pale, 
shining,   obovate,   mucronate  capsule.     Borders  of  lakes,  N.  States  and  Can. 
Scape  1  to  2f  high,  with  a  few  brown  sheaths  at  base.     Fls.,  some  pedicellate, 
some  sessile.    JL 

4  J.  setaceus  Rostkow.     Scape  filiform,  striate ;  umbel  lateral,  subsimple,  few- 
flowered;  pod.  compressed,  several  flowered ;  perianth   segments  very  acute. — 
Swamps,  Penn.  to  Fla.,  growing  in  tufts,  about  2f  high.     Scapes  weak  and  slen- 
der (not  setaceous),  sheathed  at  base  with  the  shorter  leaves.     Panicle  small,  20 
to  30-flowered,  bursting  from  the  side  of  the  scape  some  distance  below  the  sum- 
rait.     Fls.  in  small  heads,  scarcely  brownish.     Jn.,  Jl. 

5  J.  maritimua  Lam.   BLACK  RUSH.    Scapes  numerous,  tall,  rigid,  terete,  sheathed 
at  base;  panicle  decompound,  far  below  tho  summit;  fls.  aggregated  in  roundish 
heads ;  sep.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  longer  than  the  roundish-obovate,  mucronate 
capsule. — In.  brackish  marshes,  Va.  to  Fla.     Scapes  2  to  5f  high,  forming  dense 
tufts.     Panicle  2  to  3'  long,  with  numerous  heads,  and  subtended  by  a  shorter 
bract.     Fls.  dark  brown.     Jl.    (J.  acutus  Ell.,  etc.) 

6  J.  scirpoides  Lam.     St.  leafy,  terete,  stout;  Ivs.  terete,  slender,  with  frequent 
joints;  panicle  cymous,  branches  few,  suberect,  heads  5  to  20,  green,  about  20- 
flowered;  sep.  rigid,  lance-acuminate,  sharp;  stam.  3,  nearly  as  long;  style  much 
exserted ;  caps,  taper-pointed,  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  seeds  oblong,  merely  acute  at 
each  end.— Can.  and  U.  S.,  especially  coastward,  in  wet  places.     St.  1  to  2f  high, 
about  3-leaved  below.     Lvs.  shorter  than  the  stem.     Heads  3  to  4"  diam.,  finally 
straw-colored.     May — Jl.    (J.  echinatus  Ell.) 

7  J.  polycephalus  MX.     St.  few-leaved,   terete,  strict ;  Ivs.  terete-compressed, 
slender,  strict,  many-jointed;  panicle  decompound,  loose;  heads  5  to  15,  globous, 
many-flowered ;  sep.  subulate,   acuminate,   bristle-pointed,  the  3  outer  longer  and 
wider,  greenish,  stam.  3,  nearly  as  long ;  caps,  oblong-triangular,  abruptly  acumin- 
ate, longer  than,  the  sepals,  at  length  brownish;  seeds  oblong,  with  a  white  tail  at 
each  end. — Wet  places,  Can.  and  U.  S.    Sts.  12  to  30'  high,  rigid,  but  slender,  tho 
Ivs.  shorter.     Heads  8  to  20-flowered,  4"  diam.     May — Jl.    (J.  paradoxus  Gray.) 

8  J.  d£bilis  Gray.     Sts.  iveak  and  slender,  flattened;   Ivs.  flattened,  obscurely 
jointed ;  panicle  de-  or  suprade-compound,  loosely  spreading ;    hds.  few-flowered, 
straw-color ;  sep.  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  oblong  capsule ;  seeds  ob- 
long, acute  at  each  end. — Common  in  wet  places,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Sts.  9  to  24' 
long,  from  fibrous  roots.     Heads  about  5-flowered  (in  spec,  from  "Wis.,  1  to  3- 
flowered),  fls.  2"  long.     Lvs.  nearly  filiform  in  the  smaller  plants.     (J.  subverti- 
cillatus  Muhl.  nee  Wulf.) 

9  J.  acuminatus  MX.    St.  slender,  strict,  terete ;  Ivs.  terete,  many-jointed ;  pani- 
cle decompound,  branches  suberect;  heads  numerous,  3  to  5-flowered,  chestnut 
brown,  fls.  erect ;  sep.  strongly  veined,  lanceolate,  acute  and  mucronate,  much 
shorter  than  the  oblong-triangular,  abruptly  pointed  capsule ;  seeds  tailed  at  both 
ends. — Very  common  in  bogs,  etc.,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Sts.  9  to  30'  high,  slender  or 
rather  stout,  the  slender  Ivs.  much  shorter,  many-jointed.     Capsules  becoming 
deep  brown  or  (in  the  Southern  spec.)  almost  black. 

10  J.  Fondii.     St.   rather  stout,  terete ;  Ivs.  terete-compressed,  jointed ;  panicle 
spreading,  diffuse,  decompound;  heads  numerous,  globular,  5  to  12-flowered.  chest- 
nut colored ;  sep.  equal,  lance-acuminate,  bristle-pointed,  as  long  as  the  triangular- 
ovate,  abruptly  pointed  capsule;  stam.  3  ;  seeds  oval,  merely  acute  at  each  end. — 
"Wet  places,  Car.  to  Ga.  (Feay,  Pond,)  and  Ky.     Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  with  1  or  2 
short  leaves.     Heads  20  to  40,  3  to  4"  diam.,  in  a  wide  panicle.     Mar. — Jn.    (J. 
acuminatua  E1L  nee  MX.) 

11  J.  megacephalus.     St.  stout,  ascending  at  base  ;  Ivs.  distinctly  nodous,  elon- 
gated, the  upper  usually  exceeding  the  inflorescence ;  heads  few,  glomerate,  or 
some  pedunculate,   rarely  paniculate,  large,  30  to  QQ-flowered,  tawny;  sep.  subu- 
late, bristle-pointed,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  acuminate  capsule ;  stam.  6 ;  seeds 


ORDER  151.— JUNCACEJE.  725 

acute. — Borders  of  streams  and  lakes,  N.  Y.  to  Wis.,  S.  to  Fla.  St.  16'  to  3f 
high.  Heads  5  to  6"  diam.,  globular,  1  to  5  to  12,  clustered  or  panicled.  Sepals 
with  tawny  awns,  greenish  at  base.  (J.  nodosus,  (3.  megacephaius  Torr.) 

12  J.  nodosus  L.     St.  erect,  slender ;  Ivs.  slender  or  often  filiform,  distinctly  nod- 
ous,  the  upper  often  exceeding  the  inflorescence ;  hds.  few  (1  to  5  to  9),  in  a  sim- 
ple cluster,  tawny  or  brown,  5  to  IQ-flowered ;  sep.   ovate-lanceolate,   acuminate- 
awned,   3-veined,  shorter  than  the  rostrate  capsule;  stam.  G  ;  seeds  oval,  acute. — 
Sandy  swamps  and  shores,  Can.  to  Car.     Sts.  12  to  18'  high.     Heads  3  to  5" 
diam. — Appears  very  different  from  the  last.     (J.  Rostkovii  E.  Meyer.) 

13  J.  articulatus  L.    /?.  PELOCARPUS  Gray.     Stem  erect,  compressed,  1  to  3- 
leaved;  Ivs.  terete-compressed,  setaceous,  obscurely  nodous;  panicle  spreading; 
heads   2  to  6-flowered ;  &p.  oblong-lanceolate,  the  outer  acute,  the  inner  obtuse, 
scarcely  as  long  as  the  triangular-oblong,  bluntly  mucronate  capsule ;  stam.  6  ; 
seeds  slightly  apiculate. — N.  Eng.  to  Mich,  and  Can.,  in  wet  places,  not  com- 
mon.    Sts.  9  to  18'  high.     Hds.  chestnut  colored.     Anth.  yellow.     (J.  pelacarpus 
E.  Meyer.) 

14  J.  militaris  Bigl.     BAYONET  RUSH.     St.  stout,  terete,  sheathed  at  base,  bear- 
ing  below  the  middle  a  single  terete,  nodous,  erect  kaf  which  much  exceeds  the  in- 
florescence ;  panicle  erect,  compound ;  hds.   many,  brown,  4  to  9-flowered ;  sep. 
lanceolate,  acute,  as  long  as  the  acuminate  capsule. — Bogs  coastward,  Mass,  to 
Ga.     St.  2  to  3f  high.     Leaf  15  to  30',  overtopping  the-  stem  by  six  inches  or 
more.     Heads  small.     Stamens  mostly  6. 

15  J.  marginatus  Rostkow.     St.  compressed;    Ivs.  flat,   smooth,  gramineous; 
panicle,  corymbous,  simple,  proliferous ;  hds.  2  to  9-flowered,  tawny  or  chestnut- 
colored  ;  bracteoles  awned ;  sep.  obtuse,  soft,  about  as  long  as  the  obtuse  cap- 
sule;  stam.  3. — In   low  grounds,  N.  E.  to  Ga.,  "W.  to  111.     Sts.  1  to  3f  high.. 
Radical  Ivs.  numerous,  sheathing,  cauline  1  or  2.     Panicle  consisting  of  several 
globous,  3  to  6-flowered  heads,  both  pedunculate  and   sessile,  longer  than  tha 
erect  bracts  at  base.     Sep.  edged  with  dark  purple,  with  a  green  keel.     Jn. — 
Aug. 

p.  fciFLoRUS.     Stouter  (2f  high) ;  hds.  very  numerous,  mostly  2  or  3-flowered, 
nearly  black. — South,  common. 

16  J.  repens   MX.      Low,  tufted  with   creeping  stolons ;    Ivs.    subulate-linear, 
fascicled  at  the  lower  joints ;  cyme  simple ;  hds.  few,  3  to  8-flowered ;  sep.  subu- 
late,  awn-pointed,  the   3   inner   much   longer;  caps,    slender,    trisulcate,   much 
shorter  than  the  perianth.— "Wet  places,  Ga.  and  Fla.     Sts-  many,  2  to  6'  high. 
Els.  3  to  4"  long. 

17  J.  Stygus  L.     St.  filiform,  erect,  rigid,  leafy ;  Ivs.  setaceous,  slightly  chan* 
neled,  obscurely  nodous ;    hds.   few  (1  or  3),  terminal,   about  3-fiowered ;  sep- 
oblong,  acute ;  stam.  6  ;  caps,  triangular-elliptic,  acute,  longer  than  the  perianth ; 
seeds  oblong,  the  loose  testa  produced  into  an  appendage  at  both  ends. — Perch 
Lake,   Jefferson  Co.,  N.   Y.  (Gray)   and  Newfoundland.     Els.  unusually  large, 
straw-color. 

18  J.  trifidus  L.      St.   sheathed  at  base;  leaf  solitary,  linear  setaceous,  near  the 
top ;  sheath  ciliate ;  bracts  foliaceous,  long,  grooved ;  hd.  solitary,  sessile  between 
2  long  bracts,   about  3-flowered,  terminal ;  capsule  blackish,  globular,  beaked. — 
White  Hills,  N.  H.,  and  Mt.   Marcy.  N.  Y.     Sts.  crowded,  threadlike,  G'  high. 
Radical  Ivs.  1  to  2,  very  short,  cauline  leaf  resembles  the  2  bracts,  apparently 
forming  with  them  a  foliaceous,  3-bracted  invol.     Jl. 

19  J.  Conradi  Tuckm.     St.  low,   erect,  slender,  leafy;  Ivs.  few,  subfihTorm,  ob- 
scurely nodous;    fls.    separate,  scattered,  central  and  unilateral  on  the  slender 
branches  of  the  di-trichotomous  panicle ;  sep.  lanceolate,  margins  scarious,  rather 
shorter  than  the  acuminate  caps. — Wet  places,  Can.  and  U.  S.,  chiefly  coastward. 
Sts.  6  to  9'  high,  wiry,  turfy.     Stam.   6.     Els.  often  changed  to  little  tufts  of 
leaves. 

20  J.   bufonius    L.     TOAD   RUSH.    Low,  slender,  tufted;  sts.  forking;  branches 
floriferous  their  whole  length ;  fls.  separate,  greenish,  remote ;  sep.  lance-subulate, 
awn-pointed,  the  3  outer  longer;    caps,  triangular  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronulate, 
much  shorter  than  the  perianth ;  seeds  oval,  obtuse. — GD  Damp,  waste  places,  in  all 


726  OKDHK  152.— COMMELYNACEJE. 

countries.     Sts.  many,  3  to  8'  long.     Lvs.  few,  1  to  2'  long.     Fls.  many,  secund. 
Jn. — Aug. 

21  J.  Greeiiii  Oakos  &  Tuckm.     Scape  tall,  subtereto,  striato ;  Ivs.  filiform-seta- 
ceous, subterete,  scarcely  channeled,  shorter  than  the  scape,  with  sheathing  base ; 
panicle  dense,  branches  suberect ;  bracts  setaceous,  one  of  them  much  longer  than 
the  panicle ;  fls.  single,  approximate ;  sep.  ovate,  acute,  twice  shorter  than  the  tri- 
angular-acute, shining  caps. — Wet  grounds,  R.  I.,  Mass.  (Ricard).     A  handsome 
rush,  1  to  2f  high,  rigid,  strict.     Lvs.  all  radical.     Panicle  2  to  3'  long,  one  of  the. 
bracts  twice  longer,  the  other  twice-  shorter.     Caps.  2"  long,  reddish  brown. 

22  J.  tenuis  "\V~illd.     St.  scape-like,  slender,  erect;  Ivs.  subradical,  linear-seta- 
ceous, shorter  than  the  stem ;  bracts  2 — 3,  much  longer  than  the  panicle ;  fls. 
single,  approximate,  green;  sep.  acuminate,  longer  than  the  subglobous-triangular 
capsule. — A  very  common  rush,  about  foot-paths  and  roadsides,  and  in  fields  and 
meadows,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Stems  why,  6 — 24'  high.     Leaves  very  narrow,  3 — 8' 
long.     Panicle  subfasciculate,  5 — 10-flowered,  varying  to  subumbellate  and  20 — 
30-flowered,  the  rays  very  unequal.     Jn.,  Jl. 

B.  DICHOTOMUS.  Panicle  regularly  forked  once  or  twice,  branches  erect,  in- 
curved, with  the  contiguous  fls.  regularly  distychous ;  sep.  scarcely  longer 
than  the  capsule. — Waysides,  Somerville,  Mass.,  also  South.  (J.  dichotomus 
Ell.) 

23  J.  bulbosus   L.     (3.  GERARDI.     St.  very  slender,  compressed;    Ivs.  mostly 
radical,  linear-setaceous,  shorter  than  the  stem ;  panicle  small,  few-llowered,  sub- 
trichotomous,  longer  than  the  bracts ;  fls.   separate,  approximate  by  pairs  or  3s, 
dark-colored :  sep.  equal,  acute,  incurved,  rather  shorter  than  the  subglobous,  obtuse, 
caps. — A  common  rush,  in  salt  marshes,  N.  J.  to  the  Arc.  Sea,  usually  with  dark 
green  foliage  and  brown  capsules.    Sts.  not  bulbous,  tufted,  erect,  or  decumbent 
and  stoloniferous,  1  to   2f  high,  tough  and  wiry.     Lvs.   3  to  8'  long,  bracts  6  to 
12".     Fls.  12  or  more,  at  length  brown  or  blackish.     Jl.,  Aug. — It  makes  good 
hay. 

ORDER  CLII.     COMMELYNACE^E.     SPIDERWORTS. 

Herbs  with  flat,  narrow  leaves  which  are  usually  sheathing  at  base.  Perianth  of 
2  series,  the  outer  of  3  herbaceous  sepals,  the  inner  of  3  colored  petals.  Stamens 
G,  some  of  them  usually  deformed  or  abortive,  hypogynous.  Ovary  2  to  3-celled, 
cells  few-ovuled.  Style  and  stigma  united  into  one.  Capsule  2  to  3-celled,  2  to  3- 
valved ;  cells  often  but  2-seeded,  with  loculicidal  dehiscence.  Seeds  few,  with  dense, 
fleshy  albumen.  Embryo  opposite  the  hilum.  Figs.  584^  592. 

Genera  16,  species  260,  chiefly  natives  of  the  Indies,  Australia  and  Africa,  a  few  N.  America- 
They  are  of  little  importance  to  man.  The  anomalous  genus,  Mayaca,  constitutes  ail  order  by 
itself  in  Kunth. 

GENERA. 

§  Flowers  irregular,  clustered  in  a  spathe-like,  cordate,  floral  leaf COMMELYNA.  1 

§  Flowers  regular,  clustered  ;  floral  leaves  like  the  rest.     Stamens  6 TUADESCA^TIA.  2 

§  Flowers  regular,  solitary,  axillary  stamens  3.     Moss-like  herbs MAYACA.  3 

i.  COMMELY'NA,  Dill.  (In  honor  of  the  brothers  Commelyn,  Ger- 
man botanists.)  Fls.  irregular ;  sepals  herbaceous,  petals  colored ; 
stamens  6,  3  of  them  sterile  and  furnished  with  cruciform  glands  for 
anthers ;  capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  one  of  the  valves  abortive. — Lvs. 
lance-linear  with  sheaths  at  base.  Fls.  enfolded  in  a  conduplicate,  per- 
sistent, spathaceous,  cordate  bract,  erect  in  ilower,  recurved  before  and 
after.  Petals  blue,  open  but  a  few  hours. 

*  Prostrate  spnthe  opposite  the  leaves,  complicate,  base-lobes  free *syos.  1,  2 

*  Erect  or  ascending.     Spathe  subtcrminal, — complicate,  subpeltate No.  3 

— cucullate-peltate Nos.  4,  5 

1  C.  communis  L.    Procumbent,  much  branched ;  branchlets  marked  with  a  hairy 
line;  Ivs.  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  rounded  at  base,  margin  finely  serru- 


ORDER  152.— COMMELYNACE^I.  727 

late ;  sheath  open,  ciliate ;  spatho  opposite  the  leaves,  roundish-cordate,  compli- 
cate;  ped.  in  pairs,  1  to  3-flowered  ;  petals  unequal  (blue),  the  odd  one  reniform  ; 
sep.  (pale)  the  2  lateral  larger,  connate  below. — In  wet  grounds,  Car.  and  Ga. 
Prostrate  and  spreading  1  to  3f.  Lvs.  8  to  5'  long.  Jn.— Nov.  (Elliott) 

2  C.  agraria  Kunth.     St.  procumbent,  glabrous,  branched ;  Ivs.  oblong  or  oblong- 
ovate,  obtuse,  the  upper  short-petioled ;   sheaths  ciliate ;  spatho  opposite  the  leaves, 
cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  complicate,  3  to  4-flowered ;  odd  petal  (blue)  roundish- 
ovate. — River  banks,  S.  111.  to  La.     Sts.  If  or  more  in  length.     Lvs.  small  (15  to 
30"  long).     Fls.  often  polygamous.     Sep.  pale.     Two  of  the  (blue)  petals  clawed. 
(C.  Cajennensis  Rich.) 

3  C.   Virginica  L.     St.   assurgent,   branching,   subgeniculate ;    Ivs.    lanceolate, 
subpetiolate,  sheaths  split  to  the  base ;  spathe  broad-cordate,  distinct  and  open 
at  base  (except  a  short  cohesion),  enfolding  2  peduncles  and  several  flowers ;  ped- 
icels contorted ;  pet.  unequal,  the  lower  one  much  smaller,  unguiculate. — Dry  soils 
Middle!  Southern   and  "Western   States!     Plant  nearly   smooth,    12 — 18' high, 
glabrous.     Leaves   3 — 5'  by  8 — 14",  varying  from  lance-linear  to  lance-ovate. 
Spathe  veiny,  3 — 5-flowered.     Jl.,  Aug.     (C.  angustifolia  MX.) 

4  C.  hirtella  Vahl.     Strictly  erect,  tall,  and  conspicuously  pubescent;  Ivs.  long- 
lanceolate,  sheaths  densely  rusty -bearded  at  the  throat ;  spathe  subsessik,  smaU, 
clustered  at  the  summit  of  the  stem;  petals  subequal. — In  shady  woods,  Va.  to  S. 
Car.     St.  2  to  3f  high,  rather  thick  and  firm.     Lvs.  5  'to  8'  long,  both  sides  hairy. 
Spathe  subreniform  when  open,  5"  long,  glabrous,  colored,  base  lobes  cucullate, 
slightly  united. — Hardly  distinct  from  No.  1. 

5  C.  erecta   L.     St.  erect,  branched  at  base,  ciliate-pubescent ;  Ivs.   lanceolate, 
subpetiolate,  sheaths  entire,  elongated,  ciliate-pilous  ;  spathe  deltoid-falcate,  united 
and  entire  at  base  as  if  peltate,  about  2-flowered ;  pet.  nearly  equal. — Rocky 
woods,  thickets,  Penn.  (Muhl.)  Harper's  Perry  to  Ga.     St.  simple  or  branched  at 
base,  upright,  1 — 2f  high.     Leaves  3 — 5'  by  6 — 12",    usually  lanceolate,  pilous- 
scabrous,  the  sheaths  9  to  11"  long.     Spathe  broadly  funnel-shaped.     Jl.,  Aug. 
(C.  Virginica  Ph.) 

3.  ANGUSTIFOLIA.     Of  very  slender  habit,  with  lance-linear  Ivs.  and  tho  spatho 
conspicuously  arcuate  (hawk -bill-shape). — Southern. 

2.  TRADESCAN'TIA,  L.  SPIDERWORT.  (Named  in  honor  of  John 
Tradescant,  gardener  to  Charles  I.)  Flowers  regular ;  sepals  persis- 
tent ;  petals  large,  suborbicular,  spreading ;  filaments  clothed  with 
jointed  hairs  ;  anthers  reniform. —  2£  Fls.  in  terminal,  close  umbels,  sub- 
tended by  2  or  3  long,  leafy  bracts. 

*  Umbels  sessile,  terminal  and  axillary,  with  leaf-like  bracts Nos.  1, 2 

*  Umbel  long-pedunculate,  terminal  and  axillary,  bractless No.  3 

1  T.  Virginica   L.     St.  erect,  simple  or  branched ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  or  linear 
channeled  above,  sessile,  ciliate  or  glabrous ;  fls.  in  a  terminal,  subumbellate  clus- 
ter, pedicels   finally  elongated  and  reflexed;  cal.  pubescent. — Moist  meadows, 
prairies,  &c.,  Mid.,  "W.  and  S.  States  common.     Stem  thick,  round,  jointed,  2 — 3f 
high.     Leaves  numerous,  12 — 18'  by  6 — 12",  the  bracts  similar.     Petals  largo, 
suborbicular,  of  a  deep,  rich  blue,  soon  fading.     May — Aug — The  juice  of  tho 
plant  is  viscid  and  spins  into  thread ;  hence  the  common  name. 

2  T.  pilosa  Lehm.     St.   erect,  smoothish,  bractlets  hairy ;  Ivs.  lanceolate  with  a 
narrow  base,  long-acuminate,  complicate,  on  a  loose  sheath,  and  pilous  both  sides, 
the  floral  like  the  rest ;  umbels  both  terminal  and  axillary,  many-flowered,  dense ; 
pedicels  and  sepals  glandular-hain*. — Shady  river  banks,  111.  to  Ohio  and  La.     St. 
2f  high.     Lvs.  4  to  7'  by  6  to  12",  sheaths  entire,  8  to  10''  long.     Pis.  in  the 
upper  axils,  small,  bluish  purple. 

3  T.  rosea  MX.     St.  erect,  simple ;  Ivs.  linear,  glabrous,  channeled,  amplexicaul ; 
ped.  elongated ;  cal.  glabrous. — Penn.  to  Ga.,  in  moist  woods.     Stem  8 — 12'  high- 
Leaves  6 — 8'  by  2 — 3'.     Umbel  terminal,  subtended  by  2  or  3  subulate  bracts. 
Pedicels  nearly  1'  long.     Flowers  much  smaller  than  in  tho  preceding  species. 
Petals  rose-colored,  twice  longer  than  the  smooth  calyx.     May. 


728  ORDER  153.— XYRIDACE^E. 

3.  MAYA^CA  Aublet.  Flowers  regular ;  sepals  3,  green,  lanceolate ; 
petals  3,  obovate,  colored ;  stamens  3,  opposite  the  sepals,  persistent ; 
ovary  1 -celled,  style  filiform,  stigma  simple  ;  capsule  3-valved,  seeds 
several,  attached  to  the  middle  of  the  valves. — Moss-like  aquatics,  glab- 
rous, creeping,  branched,  densely  clothed  with  narrowly  linear  Ivs. 
Ped.  axillary,  solitary,  1 -flowered. 
M.  Michatixii  Schott.  &  Endl.  Ped.  longer  than  the  Ivs.,  reflexed  in  fruit ;  caps. 

9  to  12-seeded;  petals  white. — In  shallow  waters,  Va.  to  Ga.  (Feay,  Pond)  and 

Fla.  (Mettauer).    Sts.  several  inches  long,  somewhat  resembling  Sphagnum.    Lvs. 

numerous  and  minute,  bifid,  2  to  3"  long,  ped.  thrice  longer.     Sep.  near  3"  long. 

Seeds  globular,  white.    JL     (Syena  fluviatilis  Ph.) 

ORDER  CLIII.     XYRIDACE^E.     XYRIDS. 

Herbs  sedge-like,  with  equitant  leaves  and  a  scape  bearing  a  head  of  flowers.  Pe- 
rianth 6-parted,  in  2  series,  sepals  3,  glumaceous,  petals  3,  unguiculate.  Stamens  3, 
with  extrorse  anthers,  and  inserted  on  the  claw  of  the  petals.  Capsule  3-valved, 
1-celled,  with  parietal  placentae,  or  3-celled.  Seeds  numerous,  albuminous,  ortho- 
tropous,  embryo  at  the  apex. 

Genera  5,  species  70,  natives  of  tropical  Asia,  Africa  and  America,  a  few  species  of  Xyris 
extending  into  the  United  States.  Of  no  important  use. 

XY'RIS,  L.  YELLOW-EYED  GRASS.  (Gr.  %vpo$,  acute-pointed;  in 
allusion  to  the  form  of  the  leaves.)  Heads  of  flowers  ovoid-cylindric  ; 
sepals  unequal,  the  2  lateral  glume-like,  keeled,  persistent,  the  odd  one 
membranous,  involving  the  corolla  in  bud  and  deciduous ;  petals  equal 
ovate,  crenate,  with  narrow  claws  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  capsule  1- 
celled,  with  parietal  placentae. — Lvs.  linear,  rigid,  radical,  sheathing  the 
base  of  the  scape.  Fls.  in  a  terminal,  dense  head,  with  cartilaginous 
bracts  (scales)  ;  petals  yellow. 

*  Leaves  very  short  (S  to  30").    Sepals  frinjreless,  tuftless.    Small  and  delicate.    South No.  1 

*  Leaves  elongated  one-third  to  three-fourths  the  length  of  the  scape,     (a) 

a  Sepals  with  a  wingless,  fringeless  keel,  rarely  crested.    Plant  bulbous  at  base No.  2 

a  Sepals  with  a  winged,  fringed  keel  and  crested  apex,— short  as  the  scale Nos.  3,  4 

— twice  longer  than  the  scale... No.  5 

1  X.  brevifolia  Mr.  (nee  Ell.)    Lvs.  linear,  subulate,  falcate,  acute,  distych- 
ously  imbricated,  3  to  5  times  shorter  than  the  filiform,  angular  scape ;  head  oval, 
few-flowered,  bracts  rounded  at  apex ;  sep.  acute,  lanceolate,  the  keel  not  winged, 
merely  scabrous. — Springy  places,  Car.  to  Fla.     Our  smallest  species.     Scape  4  to 
8'  high.     Lvs.  8  to  30"  long,  about  1"  wide.     Head  not  larger  than  a  pepper- 
corn.    Apr.,  May. 

2  X.  bulbosa  Kunth.     Bulbous;  Ivs.  narrow-linear,  obtusish,  half  as  long  as 
the  angular,  sulcato  stem,  both  twisted ;  head  globular  ovoid,  bracts  roundish- 
ovate,  very  obtuse ;  sep.  oblong-lanceolate,  minutely  bearded  on  the  sharp  keel 
and  tufted  at  apex,  a  little  shorter  than  the  bract. — Bogs,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.,  W.  to 
Ind.    Scape  slender,  9  to  30'  high,  Ivs.  5  to  15'.    Head  about  5"  long,  bracts  closely 

imbricate,  concave.     Jn. — Sept.     (X.  Jupicai  MX.     X.  Indica  Ph.   X.  torta  Sm.) 
3.  MINOR.     Dwarfish  (3  to  8'  high),  slender ;  Ivs.  thrice  shorter,  scarcely  twisted ; 
sep.  with  an  evident  tuft  at  apex. — S.  E.  Ga.     (Miss  Keen.) 

3  X.  Caroliniana  "Walt.     Lvs.  rigid,  narrowly  linear,  a  third  or  more  shorter 
than  the  flexuous,  rigid,  slightly  2-edged  scape ;  head  elliptical,  yellowish  brown ; 
sep.  narrow,  scarcely  longer  than  the  oval  scales,  conspicuously  fringed  on  the 
keel  above  the  middle  and  crested  at  the  obtuse  apex. — Sandy  swamps,  N.  Y.  to 
Fla.     Sts.  1  to  2f  high,  more  or  less  twisted.     Lvs.  6  to  18'  long,  1  to  2"  or  the 
outer  3"  wide.     Head  G  to  7"  long.     Petals  rather  large.     JL,  Aug.     (X.  flex- 
uosa  Ell.  nee  Muhl.) 

4  X.  ambigua  Kunth  ?     Lvs.  gladiats-linear,  plain,  2  to  3   times  shorter  than 
scapes;  scapes  (often  clustered)  distinctly  2-edged,  tall;  head  elliptic-ovoid,  large, 


ORDER  154.—  ERIOCAULONACE^E.  729 

t 

scales  rounded-obovate  ;  sep.  sliorter  than  the  scales,  fringed  along  the  winged  keel 
—  Wet  pine  barrens,  Ga.  (Feay).  Scapes  strict,  1  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  strict,  6  to  9, 
by  2  to  4",  gradually  acute.  Heads  7  to  9"  long.  Aug.,  Sept.  (X.  brevifolia 
Ell.)  —  The  leaves  in  our  specimens  are  not  all  rough-edged  as  in  Kunth's. 
5  X.  fimbriata  Ell.  FEATHERED  XYRIS.  Lvs.  linear-gladiate,  erect,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  scape  which  is  strict,  striate,  and  enlarged  at  the  summit  ;  head  oval 
or  oblong,  scales  rounded,  loosely  imbricated;  sep.  twice(!)  longer  than  the 
bracts,  conspicuously  fringed  on  the  keel  above.  —  Sandy  swamps,  R.  I.  (Olney), 
N.  J.,  (Rev.  L  T.  Holton)  to  Fla.  Scape  2  to  3f  high.  Lvs.  20  to  30'  long,  about 
3"  wide,  sheathing  below.  Head  6  to  8"  long.  Bracts  tawny-edged.  Seeds 
innumerable,  elliptical,  minute.  Jl.,  Aug. 

ORDER   CLIV.     ERIOCAULONACE^E.     PIPEWORTS. 

Herbs  perennial,  aquatic,  with  linear,  spongy,  cellular  leaves,  sheathing  at  base. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  in  a  dense  head.  Perianth  2  to  6-parted  or  want- 
ing. Stamens  6,  some  of  them  generally  abortive.  Anthers  mostly  1  -celled,  u> 
trorse.  Ovary  2  or  3-celled,  cells  1-seeded.  Seeds  pendulous. 

Genera  9,  species  200,  chiefly  tropical.    They  are  of  no  known  use. 

GENERA. 

*  Stamens  (4  or  C)  twice  as  many  as  tho  petals.    (Scape  7  to  12-ribbed)  ..........  ERIOCAULON.  1 

*  Stamens  3,  as  many  as  the  petals.    (Scape  5-ribbed,  puberulent.)  ............  P^EPALANTIIUS.  2 

*  Stamens  3,  and  no  petals.    Scape  5-ribbed,  short,  hairy  ....................  LACIINOCAULON.  3 


1.  ERIOCAITLON,  L.  PIPEWORT.  (Gr.  eptov,  wool,  Kavkog,  stem.) 
Flowers  8  ,  collected  into  an  imbricated  head  ;  involucre  of  many  bracts  ; 

$  in  the  disk  (rarely  mixed);  perianth  double;  sepals  3,  subregular; 
petals  united  to  near  the  summit  ;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  ; 

?  in  the  margin  ;  perianth  double  ;  sepals  3,  petals  2  or  3,  distinct  ; 
stamens  0  ;  ovary  sessile  or  stipitatc;  style  1,  stigmas  2  or  3  ;  capsule 
2  or  3-seeded.  —  It  Acaulescent.  Lvs.  grass-like,  flat,  tufted  at  the  base 
of  the  slender,  simple,  one-headed,  fluted  scape.  (Fls.  4-parted  in  one 
species.) 

1  B.  decangulare  L.     Scape  tall,  slender,  marked  with  10  ribs  and  furrows; 
Ivs.  linear-ensiform,  suberect,  half  as  long  as  the  scape  ;  bracts  of  tho  depressed  in- 
volucre acute  ;  chaff  acuminate  and  tipped  with  a  white  fringe  as  well  as  the 
perianth.  —Ponds,  in  pine  barrens,  S.  States,  common.     Scape  1  to  3f  high,  very 
strict,  clustered.     Lvs.  6  to  16'  high,  3  to  4"  wide.     Head  5"  broad,  very  white 
with  the  fringes,  the  corollas  tipped  with  black.     Jl.,  Aug. 

2  B.  gnaphaloides  MX.     Scape  tall,  slender,  marked  with  10  ribs  and  furrows; 
Ivs.  ensiform,  subulate,  many  times  shorter  than  the  scape,  spreading  ;  invol.  de- 
pressed; bracts  obtusish  ;  chaff  acute,  white  fringed  as  well  as  the  perianth.  — 
Swampy  pine  barrens,  N.  J.  to  Fla.,  common.     Scape  mostly  single,  If  to  30'  high. 
Lvs.  2  to  4'  long,  3  to  5"  wide,  gradually  tapering  to  an  acute  or  setaceous  point. 
Head  similar  to  No.  1.     Jn.  —  Aug. 

3  E.  septangulare  "Withering.      Scape  slender,   ^-furrowed,  short  or  tall,  and 
weak  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water  ;  Ivs.  linear-setaceous,  pellucid,  5-veined, 
very  short  ;  head  small,  globular  ;  bracts  of  the  invol.  obtuse.  —  In  shallow  water, 
Can.  to  N.  J.  and  Mich.     Sis.  clustered,  3'  to  3f,  filiform,  reaching  the  surface  of 
the  water.     Lvs.  in  a  small  tuft,  submersed.     Head  2  to  3"  diam.,  white  with  the 
fringes  of  the  compact  flowers.     Jl.,  Aug. 


2.  P£PALANTHUS,  Mart.  (Gr.  -rranrd^  dust  or  powder,  avOo£.) 
Flowers  3-parted  ;  stamens  in  the  sterile  flowers  3  ;  stigmas  in  the 
fertile  flowers  3  ;  capsule  3-seeded.  —  Otherwise  nearly  as  in  Eriocaulon, 
from  which  the  genus  was  separated. 


730 


ORDER  154.— ERIC  AULONACE^E. 


P.  flavidulus  Kunth.  Acaulescent,  turfy;  scapes  numerous,  filiform,  5-ribbed 
and  furrowed,  finely  puberulent ;  Ivs.  linear-setaceous,  many  times  shorter  than 
the  scapes ;  head  globular ;  bra-cts  of  the  involucre  oblong,  obtuse,  straw-colored, 
dry;  fls.  not  fringed. — Wet,  sandy  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  Sis.  6  to  9'  high,  Ivs.  1 
to  2'.  Heads  3"  diam.  with  a  straw-colored  in  vol.  and  silvery  white  perianths. 
Apr. — Jn.  (Eriocaulon  MX.) 

3.  LACHNOCAITLON,  Kunth.  (Gr.  Ao^vo?,  wool,  rcavM?,  stem.) 
Flowers  and  inflorescence  as  in  Eriocaulon  ;  #  calyx  3-sepaled  ;  corolla 
0 ;  stamens  3  ;  anthers  1-celled,  filament  united  below ;  <j>  calyx  3- 
sepaled  ;  corolla  reduced  to  a  tuft  of  hairs  surrounding  the  3-seeded 
ovary. — Habit  of  Eriocaulon. 

L.  Michafrxii  Kunth.  "Wet,  sandy  plains,  Ya.  to  Fla.  Scapes  1  to  5'  high, 
numerous,  5-ribbed,  filiform,  clothed  with  thin,  spreading,  woolly  hairs.  Lvs. 
linear-subulate,  about  1'  long,  tufted.  Head  very  small  (L"  diam.),  globular, 
greenish-white.  Apr.,  May.  (Eriocaulon  villosum  MX.) 


FIG.  746-784.  1.  Cyperus  diamlrus.  2  Spike- 
let  magn.  8.  A  sjlume.  4.  A  flower.  5.  Tri- 
clielostylls  nutumnalis.  6.  Spikelet.  7.  Ovary 
with  triple  style.  8.  Flower  of  T.  capillaris. 
.  Ovary  of  T.  stenophylla.  10.  Bhynchos- 
pora  alba.  11.  Spikelet.  12.  Ovary,  seine,  etc. 
]3.  C.'irexrosea.  14.  Glume.  15.  Perigynium. 
16.  C.  flava.  17.  Glume.  18.  Perigynium. 


OEDEB  155.— CYPERACE^E.  731 


CLASS  IV.    a  L  U  M  I  F  E  K  M. 

Plants  of  the  endogenous  structure,  having  the  flowers  invested 
with  an  imbricated  perianth  of  alternate  glumes  instead  of 
sepals  and  petals,  and  collected  into  spikelets,  spikes  or  heads. 
The  Class  is  equivalent  to  the 

COHORT  7.    GKAMINOIDEjE. 

ORDER  CLY.     CYPERACE^E.    THE  SEDGES. 

Herbs  grass-like  or  rush-like,  with  fibrous  roots  and  solid  culms.  Leaves  mostly 
linear,  channeled,  arising  from  entire  or  tubular  sheaths.  Flowers  spiked,  perfect  or 
diclinous,  one  in  the  axil  of  each  glume.  Perianth  none,  or  represented  by  a  few 
hypogynous  bristles  (setce),  or  a  cup-shaped  or  a  sac-shaped  perigynium.  Stamens 
definite  (1  to  12),  mostly  3.  Anth.  fixed  by  their  base,  2-celled.  Ovary  1-celled, 
with  an  anatropous,  erect  ovule,  forming  in  fruit  a  utricle.  Embryo  enclosed  in  the 
base  of  the  albumen. 

Genera  120,  species  2000.  The  Sedges  abound  in  almost  all  climes  of  the  globe,  and  in  all 
localities,  but  are  more  common  in  the  meadows,  marshes  and  swamps  of  the  temperate  zones. 
About  40  genera  and  400  species  are  known  in  North  America. 

Properties. — They  are  in  general  little  used  for  food  or  in  the  arts.  Their  coarse  herbage  is 
often  eaten  by  cattle,  but  they  are  nearly  destitute  of  the  sweet  and  nutritious  properties  of  the 
grasses.  The  leaves  of  some  of  the  larger  species  are  used  in  Italy  to  bind  flasks,  and  in  weaving 
the  bottoms  of  chairs.  Yet,  although  of  so  little  apparent  value,  their  vast  numbers  authorize 
the  belief  that  they  subserve  many  highly  important  ends  in  the  economy  of  nature. 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 
§  TRIBE  1.    CYPEREJZ.    Glumes  distichous  (2-rowed).    Flowers  perfect.    (*) 

*  Inflorescence  axillary.    Perigynium  or  perianth  of  6  to  10  seta; DTTLICHIUM.  1 

*  Inflorescence  terminal.    Perigynium  none. — Spikes  2  to  00 -flowered CYPEKUS.  2 

— Spikes  1-flowered,  capitate KYLLIKGIA.  3 

§  TRIBE  2.  SCIEPE^E.  Glumes  imbricated  in  several  rows,  each  (except  some- 
times the  lowest)  flower  bearing.  Inflorescence  wholly  terminal  or  wholly  lat- 
eral (never  both).  Flowers  perfect.  (*) 

*  Perianth  of  3  ovate  petals  and  (often)  of  3  setae FUIRENA.  4 

*  Perianth  of  3  to   00  hypogynous  setse.     (a) 

a  Achenium  crowned  with  a  tubercle.    Spike  solitary,  terminal ELEOCIIARIS.  5 

a  Achenium  not  tuberc. — Setae  3  to  C,  short,  or  else  lawny.    Spikes  1  'to   00  ...  SCIEPCS.  6 
— Setae   00  (rarely  6),  long,  white,  cottony ERIOPIIORUJI.  1 

*  Perianth  0.— Style  2-eleft,  smooth.— Spikes  2  to  3,  lateral HEMICARPHA.  8 

— Spikes  00,  in  a  terminal  head LIPOCARPIIA.  9 

—Style  2-cleft,  ciliolate.    Spikes  5  to  10,  terminal FIMBRISTYLIS.  9 

— Style  8-cleft,  smooth.    Achenium  3-angled TRICHELOSTYLIS,  10 

§  TRIBE  3.    EHYNCHOSPORE^E.     Glumes  imbricated  in  several  rows,  many 
of  the  lowest  empty.     Inflorescence  both  terminal  and  axillary  (except  in  No. 
12).    Flowers  perfe«t  or  diclinous,    (c) 
O  Achenia  crowned  with  the  persistent  style  or  its  bulbous  base,    (d) 

d  Perianth  none  (no  setie). — Spikes  diffusely  cymous .PSILOCARYA.  11 

— Spikes  capitate.    Bracts  colored DICHROMENA.  12 

d  Perianth  of  setse. — Achen.  tuberculate  with  the  base  of  the  style....  RIIYNCIIOSPORA.  13 
— Achenium  horned  with  the  entire  long  style... CERATOSCIKBXUS.  14 

O  Achenia  not  tuberculate, — brown  like  the  scales.    Setse  none CLADIUM.  15 

—white  or  whitish,  crustaceous.    Seta)  none SCLERIA.  16 


Y32  ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^E. 

§  TRIBE  4.  CARICE^E.  Glumes  imbricated  or  alternate.  Setse  0.  Perianth 
(perigynium)  of  united  scales,  sac-like,  enclosing  the  achenium.  Style  2  or  3- 
ckft.  Flowers  diclinous CARES.  17 

1.  DULICH'IUM,  Rich.     (Gr.  6vu  two,  Ae^oi/,  scale;    the  glumes 
are  in  two  rows.)     Spikes   linear-lanceolate,  subcompressed  ;    glumes 
sheathing,  closely  imbricated  in  2  rows ;  style  long,  bifid,  the  persistent 
base  crowning  the  compressed  achenium ;  ovary  invested  with  6  to  9 
barbed  setae. —  2£  St.  leafy.     Spikes  sessile,  alternately  arranged  in  2- 
rowed,  axillary  racemes. 

D.  spathaceum  Pers.  Marshes,  borders  of  streams,  U.  S.  and  Can.  St.  round, 
leafy,  and  somewhat  3-sided  above,  thick,  sheathed  below.  Lvs.  alternate,  point- 
ing 3  ways,  2  to  4'  by  3''.  Sheaths  tubular,  shorter  than  the  internodes.  Clus- 
ters axillary  from  within  the  sheaths,  and  terminal,  each  consisting  of  8  to  10 
linear-lanceolate,  alternate  spikes  in  2  rows.  Spikes  5  to  7 -flowered,  nearly  an 
inch  in  length.  Glumes  linear-lanceolate.  Aug. 

2.  CYPE^RUS,  L.     GALINGALE.     SEDGE.     (Gr.  tevneipog,  the  ancient 
name.)     Spikes   compressed,  distinct,    many-flowered ;    glumes   imbri- 
cated in  2  opposite  rows,  nearly  all  with  a  flower  enclosed  ;  flowers 
without  seta3;  stamens  3,  rarely  fewer;  style  3-fid  (rarely  2-fid),  decid- 
uous.— Mostly  2£ .     St.  simple,  leafy  at  base,  mostly  triangular,  bearing 
an  involucrate,  simple  or  compound  head  or  umbel  at  top. 

§  PYCRF.US.    Style  2-cleft.    Achenium  lens-shaped.    Spikes  flat,  10  to  30-flowered.— 

—Stamens  2  (partly  8  in  No.  1) Nos.  1—3 

— Stamens  always  3 Nos.  4,  5 

§  CYPBKUS.    Stvle  3-cIeft.    Achenium  3-angled.    Spikes  flattened  or  teretish,  5  to  40- 
flowered,  the  one  lowest  glume  empty.  (*) 

*  Culm  with  many  joints,  teretish,  and  with  leafless  sheaths  at  base No.  6 

*  Culm  jointless,  triquetrous,  and  with  leaves  below,  (a) 

a  Pair  of  scales  within  each  glume  free,  persistent.    Heads  denso No.  7 

a  Pair  of  scales  adnate  to  the  rachis,  or  wanting,  (b) 

b  Spikes  racemonsly  arranged  along  the  rachis.     Stamens  3.  (c) 

C  Spikes  10  to  20-flowered,  the  clusters  2-rowed Nos.  8,  9 

C  Spikes  5  to  7-flo\vered,  the  clusters  2-rowed  No.  10 

C  Spikes  5  to  lO-flowered,  clusters  many-rowed,  (d) 

d  Spikes  terete  or  tetragonal Nos.  11, 12 

d  Spikes  flattened,  linear  or  lanceolate Nos.  13—15 

b  Spikes  capitate  on  the  summit  of  the  rachis.  (e) 

6  Glumes  with  recurved  points.     Stamen  1  only Nos.  16, 17 

e  Glumes  with  erect  points.     Stamen  1  only No.  18 

6  Glumes  with  erect  points.    Stamens  3.  (f ) 

f  Umbel  simple. — Spikes  terete,  few-flowered No.  19 

—Spikes  flattish,  G  to  10-flowered Nos.  20.  21 

—Spikes  flat,  12  to  40-flowered No.  22 

f  Umbel  compound.    Spikes  G  to  8i)-flowered .Nos.  23 — 25 

$  MABISCUS.    Style  3-cloft.    Achenium  8-angled.    Spikes  teretish,  1  to  4-flowered,  in 

dense  heads,  the  2  lowest  glumes  empty Nos.  20,  27 

1  C.  diandnis  Torr.     Culms  slender,  reclining,  4  to  10'  high ;  umbel  contracted, 
of  2  to  5  short,  unequal  rays;  spikes  flat,  ovate  or  oblong,  12  to  24-flowered,  oltu- 
sish,  fascicled  at  the  top  of  the  rachis ;  glumes   obtusish,  1-veined,  membranous, 
green  on  the  keel,  the  sides  rust-colored  in  various  shades ;  stam.  mostly  2  ;  sty. 
2-cleft,  exserted ;  ach.  obovate,  dull. — Marshy  grounds,  N.  E.  to  W.  States,  com- 
mon.    A  handsome  Sedge.     Scales  5  to  8"  long,  near  2''  wide.     Aug. 

/3.  CASTANEUS.  Scales  of  a  dark  chestnut  color,  shining,  coriaceous,  closely  im- 
bricated ;  styles  scarcely  exserted. 

y.  PAUCIFLOKCTS.  Spikes  very  short,  5  to  9-flowered ;  glumes  chestnut  brown, 
with  yellowish  margins ;  Ivs.  linear-setaceous. — N.  Ohio. 

2  C.  Nuttallii  Torr.      Culms  triquetrous,  tufted,  4  to  12'  high;    rays  few  and 
short,  loese;  spikes  (2  to  6''  long)  linear-lanceolate,  flattened,  very  acute,  10  to  20- 
flowered;  scales  acute,  loosely  imbricated,  yellowish-brown ;  stam.  2;  ach.  oblong- 
obovate,  obtuse,  with  a  half  2-cleft  style. — Brackish  meadows,  Mass,  to  La.    Lvs. 
mostly  shorter  than  the  culms.     Invol.  of  4  leaves,  2  of  them  very  long.     Spikes 
G  to  12''  long,  in  loose,  irregular  umbels.     Aug. 


ORDER  155.— CYPERACEJE.  733 

/?.  MINIMUS.     Invol.  of  1  or  2  Ivs.     Spikes  1  or  2,  10  to  12-flowcred;  glumes 
loosely  imbricated,  acute;  stam.  1. — Culm  and  Ivs.  setaceous.    N.  J.    (Torr.) 

3  C.  Gat£sii  Torr.     Culm  8  to  12'  high,  slender,  obtusely  3-angled,  umbd  of  6 
to  8  distinct,  very  unequal  rays ;  spikes  alternate,  rather  remote,  linear-lanceolate, 
10  to  12-flowered,  the  lowest  compound;  scales  acute,  loose,  pale  straw-yellow ; 
stam.  2;  sty.  deeply  2-cleft;  ach.  obovate,  obtuse,  dull,  dark  gray. — Near  Mobile, 
Ala.  (Gates',  in  Torr.  Cyp.).     Plant  pale  green.     Invol.  about  3-leaved, 

4  C.  flavescens  L.     Culm  4  to  10'  high,  leafy  below;  umbel  of  2  to  4  short  rays; 
spikes  linear,  obtusish,  15  to  20  or  30 -flowered ;  glumes  obtuse,  straw-color,  broad- 
ovate,  l-veined;  stam.  3;  sty.  deeply  2-cleft ;  ach.  suborbicular,  dark  brown,  shin- 
ing.— Marshy  grounds,  U.  S.,  common  in  Pcnn.  (Jackson).     Lvs.  about  as  high  as 
the  culms.     Spikes  5  to  9"  long,  1£"  wide,  iu  crowded  fascicles  of  3  to  6  on  each 
short  rachis.     Aug. 

5  C.  Cavicomus  MX.      Culm  1  to  3f  high,  3-angled ;  invol.  3  to  5-leaved,  very 
long;  umbd  somewhat  compound,  of  many  (4  to  7)  spreading  rays;  spikes  nume- 
rous, lance-linear,  divaricate,  loosely  12  to  30-flowered;  glumes  very  obtuse,  brown- 
ish yellow,  green  and  3-veined  on  the  keel,  with  a  broad,  white-scarious  margin ; 
stam.  3 ;  sty.  short,  2-cleft ;  ach.  obovate,  blackish. — Bogs,  also  in  dry  soils,  Va. 
to  Fla.     Spikelets  7  to  10"  long.     Glumes  somewhat  truncate  and  emarginate. 
May — Sept. 

6  C.  articulatus  L.     JOIXTED  SEDGE.     Culm  2  to  Gf  high,  with  internal  joints, 
and  several  leafless  sheaths  towards  the  base ;  Ivs.  none  or  sheath-like ;  umbel 
compound,  loose,  with  about  5  rays ;  invol.  2  or  3-leaved,  short ,  spikes  linear- 
subulate,  alternate,  14  to  20-flowered;  glumes  lanceolate,  obtusish,  with  a  green 
keel,  membranous  sides,  white,  with  red  dots;  stam.  3;  sty.  3-cleft;  ach.  acutely 
3-angled. — River  swamps,  S.  States.     Rt.  jointed,  creeping.     Jn. — Aug. 

7  C.  erythrorhizos  Muhl.    Culm  2 — 3f  high,  obtusely  triquetrous,  longer  than  the 
leaves;  umbel  compound;  rays  5 — 9,  3 — 4  long,  each  with  3 — 1  sessile  clusters; 
sheaths  entire;  spikelets  very  numerous,  6"  long,  crowded  and  spreading  in  tho 
oblong  subsessile  (heads)  clusters,  a  little  flattened,  about  13-flowered ;  outer 
glumes  inucronate,  closely  imbricated,  chestnut-brown,  veinless  and  shining,  the 
inner  ones  entirely  free  from  the  rachis ;   sta.  3 ;   ach.  smooth  and  shining,  much 
shorter  than  the  glume. — "Wet  grounds  Penn.  and  Southern  States. 

8  C.  Hydra  MX.     NUT    GRASS.     Culm  6  to  12'  to  2f  high,  3-angled;  Ivs.  shorter 
than  the  culm ;  umbel  simple,  3  or  4-rayed,  rays  nearly  as  long  as  the  involucre ; 
spikes  linear,  alternate   and  2-rowed  on  the  rachis,  14  to  24-flowered;   glumes 
ovate,  veinless,  acute,  separate  at  tho  tips,  of  a  fine  purple  brown;  stam.  3;  sty. 
3-cleft,  much  exserted ;  ach.  3-angled. — Sandy  lields,  Ya.  to  Fla,  and  La.     Very 
troublesome  in  cotton  fields,      lihizomes  creeping  and  branching  extensively, 
bearing  tubers.     Spikes  G  to  12"  long.     Apr. — Jl. 

9  C.  phymatodes  Muhl.     Culm  1 — 2f  high,  3-angled,  striate;   Ivs.  subradical, 
as  long  as  the  stem;    umbel  4 — 6-rayed;   rays  often  branched,  bearing  12 — 20 
linear,  obtuse  spikelets  somewhat  in  2  rows ;  sheaths  obliquely  truncate,  involu- 
celsO;  spikelets  12 — 20-flowercd,  G — 8"  long,  the  lowest  generally  fasciculate ; 
glumes  veiny,  yellowish. — 11  Moist  fields,  N.  Y.  to  Wis.  and  S.  States.     Rhizomes 
creeping,  bearing  small,  round  tubers  at  tho  ends.     May — Aug. 

10  C.  dissitifloms  Torr.     Culms  slender,  tumid  at  the  base,  1  to  2f  high ;  Ivs. 
narrow,  nearly  radical ;  umbel  3  to  5-rayed,  suberect,  half  as  long  as  the  involu- 
cre ;  spikes  remotely  alternate,  subdistychous  on  the  slender  rays,  teretish,  slender, 
5  to  7 -flowered,  6"  to  1'  long ;  glumes  lance-oblong,  acute;  ach.  brown,  3-angled. 
— E.   Tenn.  ?  to  La.     Plant  slender,  erect     Rays  of  tho  umbel  1  to  3'  long. 
Spikes  divaricate  and  reflexed.     Aug. 

11  C.  Micliauxianus  Schultes.    Culm  acutely  triangular ;  umbel  compound,  with 
short  rays ;    spikelets  6 — 9-flowercd,  the  lower  ones  compound ;  rachis  very  broad, 
easily  separating  at  the  joints;   ova.   ovoid-triangular,  enfolded  by  the  interior, 
adnate  scales. — (J)  Brackish  swamps,  generally  near  the  sea,  Middle  and  Southern. 
States.     Stem  12 — 15'  high,  reddened  at  the  base,  longer  than  the  leaves.    Spike- 
lets  9"  long,  7 — 9-flowered. 

12  C.  tetrggoniiB  Ell.     Culm  2  to  Df  high;  Ivs.  shorter,  channeled,  serrulate  on 
the  margins  and  keel;  umbel  many-rayed,  involucels  none;  clusters  oblong-cylin- 


734  ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^E. 

dric;  spikes »3  to  5-flowered,  with  a  Iroad  rachis  and  distinctly  Wangled;  glumes 
slightly  mucronate ;  ach.  oblong,  3-angled. — Marshes,  S.  Oar.  to  Ma.  (Elliott 
Baldwin.) 

13  C.  strigosus  L.     Culm  triquetrous,  leafy  only  at  base ;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  rough- 
margined,  about  as  long  as  the  stem ;  umbel  some  compound,  with  elongated  rays 
and  oblong,  loose  clusters,  their  slieatlis  3-bristled;   iuvolucels   0  or  setaceous; 
spikelets  numerous,  linear-subulate,  spreading  horizontally,  8 — 10-fiowered,  7 — 9" 
long;  in  vol.  of  about  6  leaves,  the  2  outer  ones  very  long. — Wet  grounds,  U.  S., 
frequent.     Stem  1 — 2f  high,  bulbous  at  base.     Umbel  yellowish.     Sept. 

ft.  SPECIOSUS.     Umbel  compound,  the  partial  umbels  with  leaf-like  involucels. 
(C.  speciosus  Vahl.) 

14  C.  stenolepis  Torr.     Culm  2  to  3f  high,  slender,  3-angled ;  umbel  simple,  of  3 
or  4  elongated  rays ;  invol.  3  or  4-leaved ;   ochrece  (sheaths)  truncate,  pointless ; 
spikes  crowded,  spreading  or  reflexed,  linear,  flattened,  5  to  8-flowered,  in  ovoid 
clusters ;  glumes  distant,  lance-linear,  veined ;  ach.  linear-oblong. — N".  Car.  to  Ga. 
and  Tenn.     Spikes  6  to  8"  long,  of  a  dusky  yellow. 

15  C.  Schweinitzii  Ton*.  Culm  8 — 12'  high,  triquetrous,  rough  on  tho  angles;  Ivs. 
shorter  than  tho  stem,  about  a  line  wide ;   umbel  simple,  erect,  4 — 6-rayed,  rays 
elongated,  unequal;  sheaths  truncate,  entire;  invol.  3 — 5-leaved,  longer  than  the 
leaves,  scabrous  on  the  margin;  spikelets  G — 7,  alternate,  approximate,  in  cylindric 
clusters,  6 — 8-flowered,  with  a  small,  setaceous  bract  at  the  base  of  each;  scales 
membranaceous  on  the  margin;    sta.  3;   sty.   3-cleft,  scarcely  longer  than  tho 
smooth  achenia* — Shore  of  L.  Ontario  (Sartwell)  of  Lake  Erie  (Sullivant)  to  Ark. 

16  C.  inflexus  Muhl.     Culm  setaceous,  leafy  at  base.  2 — 3'  high ;  Ivs.  equaling 
the  stem ;  umbel  2 — 3-rayed,  or  conglomerate  and  simple ;  invol.  of  3  long  leaves ; 
spikelets  oblong,  8 — 12-flowered,  10 — 20  together,  densely  crowded  into  the  ovoid 
heads;  glumes  yellowish,  veined,  squarrous-uncinato  at  tip;   sta.   1. — Banks  of 
streams.     Free  States  and  British  Provinces.     Aug.,  Sept. 

17  C.  acuminatus  Torr.  &  Hook.     Culm  3  to  12'  high,  slender,  obtusely  trique- 
trous ;  Ivs.  erect,  radical,  as  long  as  the  stem ;    umbel  1 — 6-rayed ;   invol.  3 — 4- 
leaved,  very  long;  rays  unequal,  each  with  a  globous  head  of  15 — 40  spikelets; 
spikelets  3 — 11",  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  15 — 25-flowered;  fls.  very  regularly  imbri- 
cated in  2  rows;  glumes  acute,  with  the  point  recurved;  sta.  1;  ach.  dull-grayish. 
— Ill  (Mead.)  and  westward. 

18  C.  virens  MX.      Culm  2  to  4f  high,   stout,  3-angled;   Ivs.  nearly  as  long, 
strongly  keeled,  rough-edged;  umbel  compound,  with  5  to  7  very  unequal  rays; 
invol.  of  4  or  more  leaves,  very  long,  involucels  leafy ;   spikes  ovate,  in  dense, 
globular  heads,  flattened,  10  to  20-flowered;   glumes  acute,  greenish;   stam.  1; 
ach.  3-angled,  acute  at  each  end. — Swamps,  S.  States.    Spikes  3  to  5"  long.    Nut 
dull  yellow.     (C.  vegetus  Ell.     Torr.) 

19  C.  echinatus.     Culm  10'  to  2f  high,  3-angled,  bulbous  at  baso;  Ivs.  numerous, 
rather  shorter;  invol.  6  to  10-leaved,  long;  umbel  simple,  G  to  10-rayed;  spikes 
short,  teretish,  acute,  3  to  6-flowered,  in  dense,  globular  heads ;  glumes  striate, 
tawny,  appressed ;   stam.    3 ;   ach.   obovate. — Dry  fields,  S.   States.     Root  with 
numerous  fibres.     Plant  very  leafy.     Spikes  2  to  5 '  long,  with  a,  broad  racnis. 
(C.  Baldwinii  Torr.     Mariscus,  Ell.) 

20  C.  Grayii  Torr.    Culm  8 — 12'  high,  filiform,  obtusely  triangular,  erect,  tuberous 
at  base;  Ivs.  radical,  channeled,  about  J"  wide;  umbel  4 — Q-raycd  capillary,  erect, 
spreading;   sheaths  truncate;  hds.  loose,  of  6 — 8  spikelets;  spikelets  linear,  com- 
pressed, 8 — 7-flowered;    scales  ovate,  veined,  obtuso,   imbricated,   interior  ones 
lanceolate;  sta.  3;  sty.  3-cleft;  ach.  obovate-triquetrous,  f  the  length  of  the  scale, 
gray,  dotted. — Sandy  fields,  Mass,  to  N.  J.     Sept. 

21  C.  filiculmis  Yahl.    Culm  slender,  almost  filiform,  tuberous  at  base,  8 — 12'  long, 
leafy  only  at  base ;  Ivs.  mostly  radical,  carinatc ;  umbel  simple  and  sessile,  or  with 
1  or  2  rays;  spikes  linear- lanceolate,  3 — 8-flowered,  flattened  when  old,  collected 
into  globous  heads ;  glumes  remote,  loose,  ovate,  yellowish. — Dry,  rocky  hills,  N. 
Eng.  to  Fla.,  W.  to  III     Aug.     (C.  mariscoides  Ell.) 

22  C.  Compressus  L.      Culm  naked,  3-angled,  3  to  8'  high,  tumid  at  base; 
umbel  sessile  or  simple  and  few-rayed,  rays  spreading;  spikes  lanceolate,  2-edged, 


p"  ORDER  155.— CYPERACK^E.  7.35 

•  12  to  40-flowered,  loosely  aggregated  in  heads ;  rachis  winged ;  glumes  ovate, 
slightly  veined,  acuminate,  yellowish,  very  acutely  keeled ;  stam.  3 ;  ach.  obovate, 
3-angled,  shining. — Dry  fields,  S.  States.  Spikes  6  to  12"  long,  sharply  serrated 
by  the  projecting  points  of  the  glumes.  Root  fibrous. 

23  C.  dentatus  Torr.     Culm  about  If  high,  leafy  at  base,  triquetrous;  Ivs.  a  little 
shorter  than  the  stem,  strongly  keeled ;   umbel  compound,   G — 10-ruyed;  invol. 
of  3  unequal  leaves,  one  of  them  longer  than  the  umbel ;  spikes  3  on  each  peduncle, 
3 — 7",  lance-ovate,  flat,  8  (rarely  5  to  30)  flowered;  glumes  acute,  spreading  at  the 
points,  giving  the  spikes  a  serrated  appearance;  sty.  3-cleft;   ach.   triangular. — If 
Swamps,  Mass.,  to  N.  Y.  and  Ma.     Rhizome  creeping,  bearing  tubers.    Spikes 
often  morbidly  enlarged. 

24  C.  Lecontii  Torr.     Culm  3-angled  1  to  2f  high,  leafy  at  base ;  Ivs.  linear, 
about  the  same  height ;  invoL   3  to  6-lvd.,  longer  than  the  umbel ;   umbel  com- 
pound, many-rayed;  spikes  oblong,  obtuse,  flat,  in  small  digitate  clusters,  20  to  40- 
flowered;  glumes  closely  imbricated,  acute,  yellowish,  the  points  obtusish,  callous, 
scarcely  separated ;  stam.  3. — Fla. !  to  Ln.     An  elegant  species.     Spikes  4  to  7" 
by  2".     Rhizome  creeping. 

25.  C.  leptos  Schultes.  Culm  weak,  1  to  2f  high,  3-angled  ;  Ivs.  radical,  shorter; 
umbel  compound  or  decompound,  of  numerous  (12  to  15)  filiform  rays,  with  a  short, 
2-kaved  involucre  ;  spikes  3  to  5  in  each  loose  head,  lance-linear,  12  to  20-flow- 
cred ;  glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  keeled,  the  keel  green,  sides  yellow  with  2 
red  lines. — Damp  soils,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Spikss  3  to  4"  long.  Sept., 
Oct.  (C.  gracilis  Muhl.) 

26  C.  ovularia  Yahl.     Culm  acutely  3-angled,  nearly  naked,  G  to  1C'  high;  Ivs. 
shorter,  nearly  smooth;  umbel  simple;  rays  3"  to  2'  long;  hds.  1  to  5,  globular, 
one  sessile,  the  rest  on  the  spreading  rays ;  spikes  linear-subulate,  3"  long,  50  to 
100  in  each  head;  fls.  2  to  4,  1  or  2  fertile;  invol.  3  or  4-leaved,  outer  Ivs.  very 
long;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  greenish,  the  two  lowest  empty. — Bogs   and  low 
grounds,  M ,  ~W.  and  S.  States,  common.     Aug.,   Sept.     (Mariscus  Yahl.     Kyl- 
lingia  MX.) 

27  C.  retrofractus  Yahl.     Culm  obtusely  triangular,  nearly  leafless,  pubescent,  2 
to  3f  high;  Ivs.  pubescent,  3  to  4"  wide,  about  half  as  long  as  tha  stem  ;  umbels 
simple ;  rays  unequal,  long,    G  to  8 ;  invol.   3  to  5-leaved ;  bracts  unequal,  not 
longer  than  the  rays;  spikes  70  to  100,  subulate,  1 -flowered,  finally  retrorsely  im- 
bricate into  obovate  heads ;  2  lower  glumes  empty. — Mid.,  "W.  and  S.  States,  raro 
northward.     Aug.,  Sopt. 

3.  KYLLIN' GIA,  L.     (In  honor  of  Peter  Kylling,  a  Danish  botanist.) 
Spikes  compressed  \  scales  about  4,  the  2  lowest  short  and  empty,  the 
third  only  usually  with  a  fertile  flower ;  stamens  1  to  3  ;  style  long,  2- 
cleft ;  achenia  lenticular. — Sts.  triangular.     Hds.  sessile,  solitary  or  ag- 
gregated, involucrate. 

1  K.  pumila  MX.  Csespitous;  culm  2  to  12'  high,  slender;  Ivs.  mostly  radical, 
shorter  than  the  stem,  smooth ;  hds.  generally  solitary,  sometimes  triple,  closely 
sessile,  oval  or  oblong;  invol.  3-leaved,  1  to  2'  long;  spikes  1-flowered,  very  nu- 
merous, about  2"  long;  the  lowest  glume  or  glumes  very  small;  sta.  always  2  ; 
ach.  lens-shaped,  fulvous. — "Wet  banks,  Columbus,  Ohio  (Sullivant)  to  111.  (Lap- 
ham)  and  S.  States.  Yariable.  Aug.  K.  sesquiflora  Torr.  is  a-  taller  form,  with 
triple  heads.  (Florida,  Chapman.) 

4.  FUIREXNA,  Rotboll.     CLOT-GRASS.     (In  honor  of  George  Fuiren, 
a  Dutch  botanist.)     Glumes  imbricated  on  all  sides  into  a  spike,  awned 
below  the  apex ;  petaloid  scales  3,  cordate,  awned,  unguiculate,  invest- 
ing the  achenium,  which  is  abruptly  contracted  to  a  stipe  at  base. —  H 
St.  angular,  leafy.     Spikes  umbeled  or  capitate,  axillary  and  terminal. 

1  F.  squarrcsa  MX.  Culm  1  to  2f  high,  obtusely  triangular,  sulcate;  Ivs.  flat, 
ciliate,  shorter  than  the  stem;  sheaths  hispid-pilous;  spikes  clustered,  ovoid, 
mostly  terminal,  7  to  12;  awns  nearly  as  long  as  the  glumes  /  petals  ovate,  cuspL- 


730  ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^E. 

date  with  a  short  bristle ;  ach.  twice  the  length  of  the  stipe. — Bogs  and  swamps, 
Mass,  to  Mich.,  S.  to  Fla.  and  La, 

/?.  PUMILA.     Culm  a  few  (3  to  6)  inches  high ,  spikes  1,  2  or  3  ;  glumes  ovate- 
lanceolate,  with  short  awna ;  petaloid  scales  ovate-lanceolate. 

2  F.  hispida  Ell.     Culm  triangular,  sulcate,  hispid  above,  2  to  3f  high ;  Ivs.  linear, 
5  to  8'  long,  flat,  hispid-pubescent,  with  very  hispid  sheatJis;  spikes  3  to  12,  in  clus- 
ters of  3  to  6,  ovoid-oblong,  mostly  terminal ;  awns  longer  than  the  glumes,  spread- 
ing-recurved  ;  petals  ovate,  mucronate ;  stam.  3,  scarcely  longer  than  the  corolla ; 
sty.  twice  as  long  as  the  stamens. — Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     Differs  from  No.  1 
chiefly  in  its  hairiness. 

3  F.  scirpoidea  MX.     Culm  slender,  1  to  2f  high,  3-angled,  striate,  leafless,  but 
•with  several  sheaths ;  spikes  1  to  6,  ovoid,  terminal,  dingy  brown,  not  squarrous ; 
glumes  short  awned  or  cuspidate ;  petals  ovate,  shorter  than  the  claws ;   stam.  3  ; 
ach.  triangular,  pointed  at  both  ends. — S.  Ga.  and  Fla.   Rhizome  creeping.   Heads 
as  large  as  the  white  bean. 

5.  ELEOCH'ARIS,  R.  Br.  SPIKED  RUSH.  (Gr  tAof,  a  marsh,  %aip(*), 
to  rejoice ;  plants  delighting  in  marshy  grounds.)  Spikes  terete  ; 
glumes  imbricated  all  around;  bristles  of  the  perigynium  mostly  6  (3  to 
12)  rigid,  persistent;  style  2  to  3-cleft,  articulated  to  the  ovary;  ache- 
mum  crowned  with  a  tubercle  -which  is  the  persistent,  bulbous  base  of 
the  style. — Mostly  11.  St.  simple,  leafless.  Spike  solitary,  terminal. 

§  LIMNOCHLOA.    Spiko  cylindrical,  elongated  (I/),  glumes  rounded,  pale,  spirally  arranged. 

Culms  stout,  2  to  4f  high Nc«.  1,  2 

§  ELEOCHAIIIS.     Spikes  ovoid  or  lanceolate,  teretely  imbricate  (*). 

*  Spike  lance-oblong,  length  thrice  greater  than  the  diameter  (a). 

a  Culms  terete  (1  to  2f).     Spike  rusty  brown,  5  to  10"  long No.  3 

a  Culms  flattened,  hair-like  or  thread-like,  narrower  than  spike Nos.  4,  5 

a  Culms  3-angled,  stout,  as  broad  as  the  spike.    Lvs.  ?  floating No.  6 

*  Spike  ovoid-oblong,  length  less  than  thrice  the  diameter  (b). 

b  Spikes  greenish  white,  globous-ovoid,  2  to  8"  long.    South Nos.  7,  8 

b  Spikes  brown,  or  the  glumes  brown  in  the  center  (c). 

O  Culms  4  or  5-angled,  2  to  32'  high Nos.  9,  10 

C  Culms  terete,  8  to  14'  Irish Nos.  11,  12 

C  Culma  flat.— Bristles  4  to~  6,  longer  than  the  nchcnium Nos.  13, 14 

— Bristles  few,  shorter  than  the  ach.  or  none Nos.  15,  16 

S  CHJ2TOCYPEEUS.    Spike  flat,  glumes  imbricated  in  2  or  3  rows.    Culms  capil- 
lary,—! to  8'  high,  never  proliferous  at  the  top Nos.  17,  13 

— 5  to  12'  long,  often  proliferous  at  the  top Nos.  19,  20 

1  E.  equisetoides  Torr.     Culm  about  2 f  high,  papillous,  terete,  2 — 3"  diam.,  with 
about  20  joints,  produced  by  internal,  transverse  partitions  ;  sheath  radical,  obtuse, 
membranous;  spike  oblong-cylindrical,  about  1'  in  length,  acute  and  slightly  con- 
tracted at  base ;  glumes  roundish-ovate,  cartilaginous,  obtuse ;  bristles  G,  as  long 
as  the  achenium ;  sty.  3-cleft ;  ach.  brown,  shining.' — Bogs,  Cumberland,  R.  I. 
(Olney),  Del.  to  Ga.     It  strikingly  resembles  Equisetum  hyemalo. 

2  E.  qnadrangulata  R.  Br.     Culm  2— 4f  high,  acutely  and  unequally  quadran- 
gular, the  broadest  side  convex,  the  others  concave ;  sheaths  radical,  purplish ; 
spike  1'  or  more  in  length ;  glumes  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  coriaceous ;  bristles  6 ; 
ach.  obovate,  of  a  dull  white. — Penn.,  Md.  (Bobbins)  ,to  Ga.and  La.     In  swamps 
and  inundated  banks. 

3  E.  palustris   R.   Br.     Rhizomes  creeping;  culms  subterete  (slightly  4-sided 
below),  spongy,  9'  to  2f  high,  varying  from  filiform  to  1 J"  diam.  ;  spikes  oblong- 
lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  3  to  6  to  10"  long,  many-flowered ;  glumes  oblong- 
ovate,  obtuse,  rusty  or  tawny  brown,  with  a  broad,  locse,  scarious  margin,  the 
lowest  enlarged ;  ach.  obovate,  smooth,  shining,  yellowish. 

ft.  CALVA.     Bristles  none ;  culms  filiform. — W.  N.  Y.  (E.  calva  Torr.). 

4  E.  intermedia  Shultes.    Tufted  culms  setaceous,    diffuse,   compressed,   fur- 
rowed, hard,  wiry,  6  to  8'  long;  spike  lance-ovate,  acute,  2  to  3"  long,  7  to  9-flowered; 
glumes,  lance-ovate,    acute,    reddish-brown,  with  a  green  midvein;   bristles  6, 
•white,  longer  than  the  achenium ;  sty.  3-cleft ;  ach.  obovate,  attenuated  to  the 
base,  striate,  of  a  light  brown  color. — In  running  water,  forming  a  dense  turf  N 
E.  toGa.,  W.  to  Ohio.    JL 


ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^E.  "73Y 

5  E.  tricostata  Torr.     Culm  filiform,  flattened,  striate,  1  to  2f  high;  spike  cylin- 
dric-oblong,  dense-flowered,  6  to  9"  long ;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  rusty  brown,  with 
a  broad,  scarious  margin  and  a  green  inidveiu ;  bristles   0 ;  ach.  obovate,  with  3 
prominent,  thick  angles,  roughish,  brown,  crowned  with  a  whitish,  minute  tuber- 
cle ;  style  3-cleft. — Wet  places,  N.  J.  to  Fla. 

6  E.  Robbinsii  Oakes.     Culms  clustered,  9 — 25'  high,  rigid,  sharply  triangular, 
pale  green,  several  of  them  fruitless;  sheath  truncate ;  spike  3 — 12"  long,  scarcely 
thicker  than  the  stem,  placed  2 — 5''  below  its  apex;  glumes  3 — 9,  linear-lanceo- 
late, acute,  finally  brownish ;  bristles  6,  twice  longer  than  the  achenium  ;  ach.  1" 
long,  pale  brown;  tubercle  closely  sessile. — Ponds  and  ditches,  N.  H.  and  Mass. 
(Ricard).     Very  distinct.      In  water  a  part  of  the  stems  are  floating  and  as  fina 
as  hairs.     Jl. 

7  E.  capitata  Brown.     Culm  filiform,  farrowed,  angular,  4'  to  G',  in  tufts ;  spike 
globular-ovoid,   2"  long,  greenish   whito;    glumes    12    to    15,   oblong,    obtuse; 
bristles  6,  some  of  them  a  little  exceeding  the  ach.,  which  is  broadly  obovate, 
lens-shaped,  black,  shining,  crowned  with  a  minute,  depressed  tubercle ;  style  2- 
cleft.— Wet  places,  Ga.,  Fla.  to  La. 

8  E.  albida  Torr.     Culm  filiform,  terete,  striate,  sulcate  on  one  side,  8  to  12 '; 
spike  ovoid,  acute,  2  to  3''  long;  glumes  20  to  30,  whitish,  ovate,   rather  acute; 
bristles  6,  brown,  longer  than  the  chestnut-colored,  smooth,  broad-ovate  ach.  ; 
tubercle  small,  acute ;  style  3-cleft. — Wet,  sandy  places,  Ga.,  Fla.  to  La.     Known 
at  sight  by  its  whitish  heads.     Sheaths  very  short. 

9  E.  olivacea  Torr.      Culms  ccespitous,  2 — 4'  high,  slender,  subcompressed,  sul. 
cate,  soft:  spike  ovate,  acutish,  2 — 3"  long,  20 — 30-flowered  ;  glumes  ovate,  ob- 
tuse, reddish-brown,  with  scarious  edges  and  a  green  midvein,  the  lowest  largest; 
Iristles  6;  sty.  2-cleft;   ach.  broadly  obovate,    smooth,  of  a  dull,  blackish-olivo 
color  when  ripe. — Sands,   generally  partly  submersed,  Providence,  R.  I.  (Olney) 
Mass,  to  Ga. 

10  E.  tenuis  Schultes.      Culm  almost  filiform,   quadrangular,   the  sides  sulcate, 
8 — 15',  with  a  long,  purple  sheath  at  base ;  spike  2  to  3"  long,  elliptic-oval,  acuto 
at  each  end ;  glumes  dark  purple,  ovate,  obuse,  the  lower  ones  larger  and  empty  ; 
ova.  roundish,  tapering  below,  invested  with  2  or  3  or  0  setse. — Common  hi  wet 
places,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Jn.,  Jl. 

11  E.  obttisa  Schultes.     Culm  sulcate,  subterete,  G — 15' high;  spike  ovoid,  very 
obtuse,  often  nearly  globous ;  glumes  60  to   100,  round,  dark  brown,  with  whitish 
margins ;  ach.  obovate,  compressed,  smooth,  brown,  invested  with  G  setffi  as  long 
as  the  glumes,  and  crowned  with  a  broad,  flat  tubercle. — Shallow  waters,  Can. 
and  U.  S.,  common.     Jl. 

12  E.  tuberctilosa  R.  Br.     Culm  columnar,  striate,  12'  high,  leafless,  sheathed 
at  base;  spike  ovate-lanceolate,  acutish,  glumes  very  obtuse,  loose;  ach.  somewhat 
triquetrous,  not  larger  than  the  sagittate  tubercle  with  which  it  is  crowned ;  bristles 
6,  as  long  as  the  tubercle. — Sandy  swamps,  N.  Eng.  to  Flor.  and  La.     Remark- 
able for  its  large  tubercle.     Jl. 

13  E.  simplex  Torr.     Culm  acutely  3-angled  (terete  Torr.),  filiform,  striate,  12  to 
18' ;  spike  ovoid,   acutish ;  scales  ovate,  obtuse,  whitish  with  a  brown  center ; 
bristles  6,  rigid,  longer  than  the  ach.,  which  is  broad-obovate,  furrowed  length- 
wise, olive-green,  crowned  with  a  large,  distinct,  conic-beaked  tubercle ;  stylo  3- 
cleft. — Wet  places,  N.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

14  E.  rostellata  Torr.     Culm  15 — 20',  clustered,  angular  and  sulcate,  slender, 
almost  filiform,  rigid ;  sheaths  obliquely  truncate,  the  lowest  blackish  at  summit ; 
spike  lance-ovate,  acute,  3 — 4''  long  ;  glumes  12 — 20,   lance-ovate,  smooth,  light 
brown,  edge  scarious ;  bristles  4  to  6,  longer  than  the  smooth  ach.,  which  is  bi- 
convex, olive-brown,  with  a  confluent,  acuminate  tubercle,  shorter  than  the  G 
bristles.— R.  I.  (Olney),  N.  Y.  (Sartwell),  to  Mich. 

15  E.  melanocarpa  Torr.     Culm  compressed,  furrowed,  slender,  almost  filiform, 
wiry,  12 — 18'  high;  sheaths  truncate;  spike  lance-oblong,  rather  acute,  4 — 6"  in 
length,  20— 40-flowered;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  brownish,  with  scarious  margins 
and  a  prominent,  yellowish  midvein;  bristles  3,  purple;  ach.  obovate-turbinate, 
llackish ;  tubercle  broad,  flat,  pointed  in  the  center. — Providence,  R,  I.  (Olney). 

16  E.  compressa  Sullivant.     Culm  12 — 18'  high,  caespitous,  much  compressed, 

47 


^38  ORDER  155. — CYPERACE^E. 

narrowly  linear,  striate;  sheath  close,  truncate;  spike  oblong-ovate,  3 — 5"  in 
k'ngih,  20 — 30-flowered;  glumes  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  mostly  2-cleft  at  apex, 
dark  purple  on  the  back,  with  a  broad,  scarious  margin ;  bristles  0 ;  ach.  obovate- 
pvriforni.  shining,  minutely  punctate,  of  a  light,  shining  yellow,  the  minute  tubercle 
fuscous. — Wet  places  N.  Y.  to  111. 

17  E.  acicularis  R.  Br.     Culm  leafless,  setaceous,  quadrangular,  very  slender, 
3 — 6'  high ;  spike  compressed,  oblong-ovate,  acute,  4 — 8-flowered ;  glumes  ob- 
tusish,  the  lo\vest  one  larger  and  empty;  ach.  obovoid,  triangular,  striated  length- 
wise.— Edges  of  ponds,  often  partly  submersed,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.     Very  deli- 
cate.    June,  July. 

18  E.  pigmeea  Torr.     Culm  1 — 2'  high,  setaceous,  compressed,  sulcato ;  spikes 
ovate,    compressed,    3 — 6-fld. ;    gl.  mostly  empty ;    bristles   6,    longer  than   the 
achenium,  slender,  scabrous  backwards;  ach.  ovate,  acute,  triangular,  smooth,  not 
striate,  whitish  and  shining ;  tubercle  minute. — Sea  coast,  Mass.,  to  Fla.  and  La. 

19  E.  microcarpa  Torr.     Culm  capillary,  4-angled,  5  to  8'  long ;  spike  oblong, 
compressed,  10  to  20- flowered,  about  2"  long,  often  proliferous;   glumes  ovate, 
acutish,  keeled,  chestnut  brown,  the  lowest  much  the  largest,  bristles  3  to  5, 
shorter  than  the  achenium  which  is  minute,  smooth,  whitish,  with  a  very  minute 
tubercle. — "Wet  places,  N.  J.,  also  La. 

20  E.  prolifera  Torr.     Culms  capillary,  4-angled  and  furrowed,  4  to  12'  long,  in 
dense  tufts ;  spike  minute,  1  to  2''  long,  compressed,  4  to  ^-flowered  ;  glumes  ovate, 
chestnut  brown,  with  scarious  margins,  often  proliferous,  that  is,  producing  new 
culms  instead  of  flowers ;  bristles  3  or  4,  much  shorter  than  the.  achenium  which 
is  3-angled  and  with  a  broad,  depressed  tubercle. — Fla. !  to  La.  (Hale).     (Chseto- 
cyperus  Baldwinii  Torr.) 

6.  SCIR'PUS,  L.  CLUB-RUSH.  BULLRUSH.  (Celtic  cirs,  the  general 
name  for  rushes.)  Glumes  imbricated  on  all  sides  ;  pcrigynium  of  3 — G 
bristles,  persistent ;  sty.  2 — 3-clcft,  not  tuberculate  at  base,  deciduous  ; 
achenium  biconvex  or  triangular. —  It  Stems  mostly  triquetrous,  simple, 
rarely  leafless.  Spikes  solitary,  conglomerated  or  corymbous. 

§  SCTRPUS.     Bristles  retrorsely  denticulate,  about  equaling  the  achenium.     (*) 

*  Spike  single,  terminal,  with  a.  short,  erect  bract  at  its  base Nos.  1 — 3 

*  Spikes  several  or  many  clustered  on  each  culm,    (a) 

a  Clusters  of  spikes  lateral — on  the  terete,  leafless  culm * ...Nos.  4,  5 

— on  the  triangular  culm Nos.  C— S 

a  Clusters  of  spikes  terminal,  mostly  umbellate,     (b) 

b  Glumes  laccrately  8-toothed.     Spikes  large  (9  to  12"  lonir) Nos.  9,  10 

b  G kunes  entire.— Spikes  small  (I"),  collected  in  globular  heads Nos.  11,  12 

— Spikes  small  (2  to  8"  long),  separate No.  13 

§  TUICOPFTOKTTM.     Bristles  C,  tortuous,  tawny,  much  longer  than  the  acheuiutn,  and 

exserted.     Stem  (culm)  leafy.    Umbel  decompound Nos.  14,  15 

1  S.  planifdlius  Muhl.      Culm  ccespitous,  leafy  at  base,  acutely  and  roughly  3- 
angfed,  5 — 10'  high;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  flat,  rough  ou  the  margin,  equaling  the 
stem;  spike  oblong-lanceolate,  compressed,  terminal,  4 — 8-flowered;  glumes  ovate- 
mucronate,  yellowish ;  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  spike,  cuspidate,  outer  ones  longer 
than  the  spike ;  ach.  reddish-brown,  invested  with  G  bristles  longer  than  itself. — 
In  cold,  hard  soils,  Mass.  (Robbins),  K  Y.  to  Del.     June. 

2  Q.  cvibterminalis  Torr.      Culm  floating,  furrowed,  inflated,  leafy  below,  1  to  3f 
long;  Ivs.  very  narrow,  almost  capillary,  2  to  4f  long;  spike  somewhat  terminal 
(the  stem  being  continued  above  it  in  the  form  of  a  bract),  lanceolate ;  s-tjle  2-cleft ; 
bristles  6. — Streams,  &c.,  Mass,  to  K  Y.,  Mich.     Aug. 

3  S.  csespitosus  L.     Culm  ccespitous,  round,  sheathed  at  base  wilh  numerous  ru- 
diments of  leaves;  spikes  compressed,  terminal;  2  lower  glumes  involucre-like,  aa 
long  as  the  spike;  ach.  with  6  bristles. — Grows  in  dense  tufts,  4 — 12'  high.    Spiko 
4 — 5-flowered,  reddish-brown.     On  tho  alpine  summits  of  Mts.,  N.  States.     Jl. 

4  B.  debilis  Pursh.     Culm  casspitous,  roundish,  deeply  striate,  9  to  16'  high,  with 
a  few  subulate  leaves  at  base;  spikeleis  about  3,  short-ovoid,   sessile,   crowded, 
lateral,  the  culm  continuing  a  fourth  of  its  length  above  them,  glumes  ovate,  obtuse, 
carinate,  pale  green ;  ach.  obovate,  mucronate ;  bristles  4  or  5. — Borders  of  ponds 
and  rivulets,  N.  Eng.  to  Car.     Aug. 


ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^G.  739 

5  S.  lactistris  L.     LAKE  BULLRUSII.     Culm  smooth,  leafless,  filled  with  a  porous 
pith,  5  to  8f  high,  cylindric,  tapering  above  the  panicle,  and  abruptly  ending  in  a 
short  cusp;  panicle  cy mo  us  near  ths  top;  ped.  rough,  twice  compound ;  spikelets 
ovoid,  closely  imbricate ;  scales  ovate,  mucronate,  pubescent ;  bracts  shorter  than 
the  panicle. — The  largest  species  of  bullrush,  frequenting  the  muddy  margins  of 
rivers  and  ponds,  U.  S.  to  Aro.  Am.     July.     (S.  acutus  MuhL) 

6  S.  ptingens  Vahl.     Culm  nearly  naked,  3-angled,  corners  acute  and  two  of 
the  sides  concave,  about  3f  high  and  ending  in  a  sharp  point;  Ivs.  few  and  short, 
from  the  top  of  the  sheath ;  spikes  lateral,  1 — 5,  ovate,  crowded  and  sessile,  a* 
various  distances  below  the  point ;  glumes  round-ovate,  mucronato ;  bristles  G ; 
style  2-clefl. — Ponds  and  marshes,  fresh  and  salt,  throughout  K  America,     (S. 
triqueter  MX.) 

7  S.  Olneyi  Gray.     Calm  triquetrous-winged,  leafless,  2 — 7f  high ;  sheath  radical, 
tipped  with  a  short  (1 — 2')  leaf;    spikes  6 — 12,  sessile,  aggregated,  2 — 3"  long, 
placed  9 — 12''  below  the  triangular  apex  of  the  stem ;  glumes  roundish-ovate, 
mucronato ;  bristles  6 — 1 2  ;  ach.  obovate,  plano-convex,  gibbous  at  apex. — Salt 
marshes,  Sekonk  river,  R.  I.  (Olney),  Tom  river,  N.  Y.,  Kneiskern.      Remarkably 
distinguished  by  its  3-winged  stem.     July. 

8  S.  Torreyi  Olney.     Culm  2? high,  3-angled,  with  concave  sides,  rather  slender, 
leafy  at  the  base;  Ivs.  2  or  3,  If  or  more  long,  slender;  spikes  2 — i  (rarely  1),  ses- 
sile, distinct,  acute,  ovate-oblong;  scales  ovate,  mucronate,  smooth;  sty.  3-cleft; 
ach.  obovate,  acuminate,  unequally  3-sided,  shorter  than  the  "bristles. — Borders  of 
ponds,  N.  Eng.  to  Mich.     The  stem  here  as  in  the  last,  is  prolonged  above  tho 
spikes,  in  the  form  of  an  involucral  leaf.     Jh,  Aug.     (3,  mucronatus  Ph.  ?    Torr.) 

9  S.  maritiimis  L.     SEA  BULLRUSII.     Culm  acutely  3-angled,  leafy,  2 — 3f  high  ; 
Ivs.  broad-linear,  rough-edged,  carinate,  taller  than  the  stem;  spikes  conglome- 
rate, 6 — 10,  nearly  an  inch  long,  corymbous;  invol.  of  about  3  very  long  leaves; 
glumes  ovate,  3-cleft,  the  middle  segment  subulate  and  reflexed ;  style  3-cleft ; 
bristles  3 — 4,  much  shorter  than  the  broad-obovate,  lenticular,  dark  brown,  polished 
achenium. — Salt  marshes,  N.  Eng.  to  Plor.     Aug. 

10  S.  fluviatilis  Gray.     Culm  triangular-winged,  leafy,  stout,  3  or  4f  high ;  Ivs. 
broadly  linear,  very  long;  invol.  Ivs.  5  to  7,  far  exceeding  the  umbel;  umbel 
somewhat  compound,  spikes  separate  or  conglomerate,  large  (9  to  12"  long),  ful- 
vous ;  glumes  3-cleft,  bristles  6,  whitish,  longer  than  the  sharply  3-angled,  oblong, 
black  achenium,  which  is  tipped  with  a  whitish  beak. — Borders  of  lakes  and  rivers, 
W.  N.  Y.  and  W.  States.     Jl.,  Aug.     (S.  maritimus,  /3.  fluv.  Torr.) 

11  S.  atrovirens  Muhl.     Culm  obtusely  triangular,  leafy,  2f  high ;  cyme  com- 
pound, proliferous ;  invol.  of  3  leaf-like  bracts  longer  than  the  cyme ;  spikes  ovate, 
acute,  crowded,  10  to  20  in  a  globoushead;  hds.  numerous,  4"  diam.,  dark  oh' vo 
green ;  glumes  ovate,  mucronate ;  bristles  4,  straight,  hispid  downward,  as  long  as 
the  smooth,  white  achenium. — Common  in  meadows,  Mid.  and  "W.  States.     Jn.,  Jl. 
Yery  different  from  S.  sylvaticus  L.  of  Europe. 

12  S.  polyphyllus  Vahl.     Culm  obtusely  triangular,  leafy,  2 — 3f  high ;    cyme 
decompound,  its  principal  branches  about  5,  unequal,  with  truncate  sheaths  at 
base  ;  spikelets  clustered  in  heads  of  3 — G  ;   glumes  obtuse,  reddish-brown ;  ach. 
smooth,  yellowish-white,  twice  shorter  than  the  4  or  5  smooth  tonuous  bristles. — 
Much  resembles  tho  last  species.     Margins  of  waters,  N.  Eng.,  111.  and  S.  States. 
(S.  brunneus  Muhl.) 

13.  S.  divaricatus  Ell.  Culm  obtusely  triangular,  very  leafy,  3  to  4f  high : 
Ivs.  flat,  broadly  linear  or  lance-linear,  3  to  G"  wide,  shorter  than  the  culm;  umbel 
loose,  large,  decompound,  rays  filiform,  divaricate,  recurved ;  spikes  all  separate, 
pendulous,  oblong-ovoid,  2  to  3"  long,  rust  colored,  pendulous;  glumes  many, 
acute ;  bristles  tortuous,  rather  longer  than  the  achenium  which  is  tawny,  elliptic- 
3-angled,  acute  at  each  end. — Wet  barrens,  S.  Car.  to  La.  (Hale). 

14  S.  Eriophorum  MX.  Culm  obtusely  triangular,  leafy,  3  to  5f  high,  Ivs.  2f 
long,  rough-edged ;  invol.  4  or  5-leaved,  longer  than  the  umbel;  umbel  terminal, 
decompound,  large  and  loose ;  spikes  mostly  pedicillate,  2  to  3''  long,  ovoid,  in 
smaller  clusters  ;  bristles  G,  capillary,  curled,  very  conspicuous,  being  5  or  6  times 
as  long  as  tho  white  achenium. — A  common,  stiff,  rank,  meadow  sedge,  which 


^40  ORDER  155. — CYPERACE^E. 

cattlo   do  not  cat,    U.   S.   and   Can.     Aug.      (Tricophorum    cyperinum   Pers.) 
Variable. 

15  S.  lineatus  MX.  Culm  triangular,  very  leafy.  2  to  3f  high ;  umbels  terminal 
and  axillary,  decompound,  at  length  nodding ;  invol.  1  or  2  bracts,  shorter  than 
the  umbels ;  spikes  ovoid,  pedunculate,  solitary ;  glumes  lanceolate,  ferruginous ; 
bristles  6,  05  long  as  the  glumes,  hardly  cxserted. — Swamps  in  most  of  the  States. 
Aug.  (Tricophorum,  Pers.) 

7.  ERIOPH'ORUM,  L.  COTTON  GRASS.     (Gr.  tp^ov,  wool,  <£tp«,  to 
bear  ;  alluding  to  the  copious  bristles  of  the  perigynium.)     Glumes  im- 
bricated all  around  into  a  spike ;  achenium  invested  with  many,  rarely 
only  G,  very  long,  dense,  woolly  or  cottony  hairs. — Stem  generally  leafy. 
Spikelcts  mostly  in  umbels,  finally  clothed  with  the  long,  silk  hairs. 

§  Bristles  of  the  perigynium  6.    Spike  single No.  1 

§  Bristles  of  the  perigynium  numerous.— Spike  single ....No.  2 

— Spikes  several.  (*) 

*  Spikes  collected  into  n  subsessile,  capitate  cluster No.  3 

*  Spikes  separate,  pedunculate,  in  umbellate  clusters Nos.  4,  5 

1  E.  alpinum  L.     Culm  very  slender,  acutely  3-angled,  naked,  somewhat  sca- 
brous, 8 — 1C'  high,  with  3 — 4  radical  sheaths;  radical  Ivs.  very  short,  subulate; 
spike  oblong,  terminal,  about  2"  in  length ;  hairs  6  to  each  flower,  woolly,  white, 
crisped,  4  times  as  long  as  the  spike. — Bog  meadows,  often,  alpine,  N.  H.  to  N. 
Y.  and  Penn.     Jl. 

2  E.  vaginatum  L.    SHEATHED  COTTON"  GRASS.    Sts.  densely  csespitous,  obtusely 
triangular,  slender,  smooth  and  rigid,  1 — 2f  high  ;  uppermost  sheaths   inflated ; 
spikelet  ovate,  oblong,   6 — 8"  long,  of  a  blackish  color,  with  scarious   glumes ; 
hairs  30 — 40  to  each  flower,  straight,  white  and  glossy,   twice   as  long  as  tho 
spikelet,  conspicuous,  as  well  as  in  other  species,  even  at  a  distance  among  tho 
meadow  grass. — N.  Eng.  to  Mich.,  N.  to  Arc.  Am.     Jn.,  JL 

3  E.  Virginicum  L.     Culm   strict,    firm,   slender,   tereteish,  2   to  3f  high ;  Ivs. 
smooth,  narrowly  linear,  shorter ;  invoL   2  to  4-leaved,  longer  than  the  inflores- 
cence; spikes  many,  ovoid,  acute,  3"  long,  glomerate,  with  very  short  peduncles, 
forming  a  capitate  cluster ;  stam.  1,  tawny,  cxserted  with  3  tawny  styles ;  achc- 
nium  flattened,  obovate,  keeled  on  tho  back,  pointed,  invested  with  70  to  200 
pale  cinnamon  colored  setae  which  are  4  to  7"  long. — Bogs,  Can.  and  U.  S.     Jl., 
Aug.     In  flower  tho  heads  are  tawny  red. 

3.  CONFERTISSIMUM.     Heads  very 'largo  (20"  diam.)  and  dense  with  white  sotas. 
— In  Northern  N.  II.  (E.  confertissimum  Ed.  2d.) 

4  E.  polystachyon  L.  Culm  somewhat  triangular,  smooth,  1 — 2f  high ;  cauline 
Ivs.  2 — 3,   broad-linear,  flattened  below,  triquetrous  at  the  end;  invol  2-leaved; 
spikes  about  10,  on  rough  peduncles  which  are  long  and  drooping  and  sometimes 
branched;  setae  30 — 40  to  each  flower,  white,  G — 8"  long,  ach.  obovate,  obtuse. 
— Very  conspicuous  in  meadows  and  swamps,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am. 

5  E.  gracile  Koch.     Culm  obtusely  3-angled,  18'  to  2f  high,  roughish  above;  Ivs. 
triquetrous,  channeled  on  tho  upper  side,  scarce  1'  wide ;  invol.  one-leaved,  very 
short;  ped.  roughish  or  subpubescent,  nodding ;  spikes  3  to  8,  ovoid,  some  sub- 
sessilo,  others  on  peduncles  1  to  4"  long ;  glumes  striate,  brownisli ;  bristles  50 
or   n.ore  in    each  flower,   8  to    10"  long,  white;  ach.   lancc-obovate,  obtuse. — 
Bogs,  N.  States  and  Can.    Common  in  N.  J.  (Jackson)  (E.  angustifolium  Torr.). 

8.  HEMICAR'PHA,  Nees.     (Gr.  jjfuovs,  half,  ndptya,  straw  or  chaff, 
there  being  but  one  scale  to  the  flower.)    Spike  many-flowered  ;  glumes 
imbricated  all  around  ;  interior  scale  1,  embracing  the  flower  and  fruit ; 
bristles  0  ;  stamens  1  ;  style  2-cleft,  not   bulbous  at  base,  deciduous ; 
achenium  compressed,   oblong,  subteretc. —  2£  Low,  tufted,  with  seta- 
ceous culms  and  leaves. 

.H.  subsquarrosa  Xees.  Culm  setaceous,  compressed,  sulcate,  recurved,  2 — 3' 
high;  Ivs.  setaceous,  shorter  than  the  scape;  spikes  2 — 3,  terminal  (appa' 
rently  lateral),  subsessile,  ovoid,  nearly  2"  long;  invol.  of  2  bracts,  ono  appear- 


OEDE&  155,— CYPERACEJB.  741 

ing  like  a  continuation  of  the  scape,  thrice  longer  than  the  other;  glumes  00, 
with  a  short,  recurved  or  squarrous  point,  finally  brown ;  ach.  minute,  of  a  dull, 
brownish-white. — Sandy  banks,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  Ky.  and  S.  States.  (Isolepis, 
fichrad.) 

9..  LIPQCAR'PHA,  Brown.  Spikes  many-flowered;  glumes  spatu- 
late,  Imbricated  all  around ;  interior  scales  2,  thin,  subequal,  involving 
the  flower  and  the  fruit ;  perianth  none  ;  stamens  1 ;  style  2  or  3-fid ; 
achenium  coated  with  the  scales. — Culms  leafy  at  base.  Spikes  numer- 
ous, collected  into  an  involucrate,  terminal  head. 

I*,  maculata  Torn  Culms  triangular,  3  to  8'  high,  longer  than  the  narrowly 
linear,  often  involute,  smooth  leaves;  invoL  of  2  long  Ivs.  and  1  short  one,  spikes 
3  or  4,  ovoid,  acute,  closely  aggregated  -  glumes  very  numerous,  acute,  narrowed 
to  the  base,  white  hyaline,  marked  with  red  dots,  green  along  the  midvein.  longer 
than  the  2  interior  scales  (spikelet) ;  stamen  1 ;  style  bifid,  longer  than  the  tawny, 
oblong  acUeuium.—  Wet  grounds,  Ga.  to  Fla.  (Kyllingia  MX.) 

10.  FIMBRISTYLIS,  Vahl     (Lat.  jimbris,  a  fringe,  stylus,  style ; 
from  the  ciliate  style.)     Glumes  imbricated  on  all  sides ;  bristles  0 ; 
style  compressed,  2-cleft,  bulbous  at  base,  deciduous,  often  ciliate  on  the 
margin. —  If  With  the  habit  of  Scirpus,     Lvs.  mostly  radical. 

§  Spikes  IR  a  subslmple  111111)01,  rusty  brown,  few,  ns  thick  ns  n  pepper-corn Nos.  1, 2 

S  Spikes  in  a  deoase  liead.    InvoL  very  lung.  (Na  8.)    Spikes  2  only,  lateral.   (No.  4). Nos.  3,  4 

1  F.  spadicea  Yahl,  Culm  I  to  3f  high,  hard  and  rigid,  flattened,  channeled ;  Ivs. 
semi-terdz,  filiform,  dtaawded ;  umbel  of  few  rays,  longer  than  the  2  or  3  subu- 
late Ivs.  of  the  invol.;  spikes  few,  ovoid-obloug  becoming  oblong-cylindrie,  when 
old,  3  to  6"  long,  2"  thick;  glumes  broad-ovate,  mucronate,  rust-colored,  finally 
•dark  chestnut  brown;  staro.  2  or  3;  style    fringe-pubescent;  ach.  whitish,  min- 
utely dolled. — Marshes,  K  T.  to  Fla,  W.  to  III  (Lapliam).     JL — Sept     (F.  cas- 
taneus  MX.) 

/?,  FEUEDGIKEA.    Umbel  of  many  rays,  somewhat  compound.     (F.  ferrugineus 
Vahl.) 

2  F-  laxa  Vahl.    Culm  2  to  12f  high,  flattened,  strlate;  Ivs.  fiat,  linear ,  glaucous* 
rough-edged,  shorter  than  the  culm ;  umbel  few-rayed,  slx>rter  than  one  of  the 
leaves  of  the  involucre;  spikes  ovoid,   acute,  3"  long;    glumes  ovate,  brown; 
stamen  I;  sty-  dark  purple,  fringed;    acJi.  whitish,  with  6  to  8  prominent  ridges 
lengthwise. — Clay  soils,  Penn.  to  111.  and  S.  States.    JL — Sept.     (F.  Baldwinii 
Torn) 

3  F.  arg6iitea  VahL     Glaucous;  culms  tufted,  2  to   4'   high,  setaceous,  com- 
pressed; Ivs.  radical,  filifornij  as  long  as  the  culms;  spikes  5  to  8  cylindric-oblong, 
acute,  sessile,  straw-txlored,  in  a  dense  head;  invol.  3  or  4-leaved,  many  times 
longer  than  Hie  head*,  usually  longer  than,  the  culm;  glumes  20  or  more,  lance-ovate, 
mucronate;  stam.  L;  sty,  2-cleft,  ciliolate;  ach.  white  minute. — Ga!  to  La.     (F. 
congesta  Terr.) 

4  F.  distachya  Chapman?     Culms  setaceous,   leafless,    tufted,    3   to  4'  high ; 
spikes  2,  globular-ovoid,  lateral,  sessile  near  the  top  of  tho  culm,  1''  long,  dark 
brown;  glumes  very  numerous;  sty.  2-cleft;  ach.   minute,   but  as   long  as  tho 
glume. — Slid.  Fla,  (Chapman.  It  is  Hemicarpha  subsquarrosa  Nees.) 

11.  TRICHELOSTYLIS,    Listiboudok      (Gr.    T/J^O^    threefold, 
crruAof  ;  from  the  character.)     Glumes  in  4  to  8  ranks,  carinate  ;  bris- 
tles none;  style  3-cleft,  deciduous  below  the  bulb  (if  any)  at  the  base ; 
achenium  triangular. —  2{  Sts,  leaty  at  the  base.     Spikes  in  a  terminal 
Lead  or  umbel, 

§  Splkos  in  a  compound  umbel,  oblons,  femiciiwus Nos.  t,  2 

5  Spikes  in; (i  «ibsimplc  umbel.  2  to  4  to  6,  chestnut  colored No.  8 

§  Spikes  i  u  a  tkttse  li«wl,  greenish.     In  voiuere  leaves  dilated  at  base Nos.  4,  5 

|  Spike  solitary,  greenish,  lateral  R«ur  the  summit  <»f  the  culm No.  « 

1  T.  auttunnalis.    Culm  compressed,  2-edged,  caespitous,  leafy  at  base,  3 — 10' 


^42  ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^E. 

hi^h  •  Ivs.  flat,  linear,  shorter  than  the  stem ;  umbel  compound,  diffuse ;  invol. 
2-Feaved ; "  spikelets  lanceolate,  acute,  somewhat  4-sided,  2 — 3  together  ;  glumes 
brown,  iimcronate ;  ach.  white. — Wet  places,  along  rivers,  etc.,  N.  Eng. !  to  Ga., 
"W.  to  Mo.  July.  (Fimbristilis,  R.  &  S.) 

2  T.  coarctata.     Culm  filiform,  teretish,  8  to  12'  high;  Ivs.  setaceous,  withbearded 
sheaths ;  umbel  compound,   contracted;  invol.  Ivs.  many,  short  setaceous,  one  a 
little  longer  than  the  umbel;  spikes  15  to  20,  linear-oblong,  3"  long;  glumes 
about  12,  acute,  rust-colored ;  stam.  2  ;  sty.  deeply  3-cleft ;  ach.  obovate,  3-angled. 
— Dry,  sandy  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.     (Isolepis  Torr.     Scirpus  Ell.) 

3  T.  capillaris.     Culm  csespitous,  nearly  naked,  3-angled,  capillary,  4 — 8'  high ; 
Ivs.  subradical,  setaceous,  shorter  than  the  stem ;  spikes  ovoid,  2 — 4,  in  a  simple 
umliel,  inner  one  sessile;  glumes  oblong,  ferruginous,   margin  pubescent;  ach. 
white. — In  sandy  fields,  Mass,  to  Fla.,  W.  to  Ky.  and  Ohio.     Aug.    (Isolepis,  R. 
&  S.    I.  ciliatifolius,  Ell.,  a  taller  form  (1  to  10')  with  4  to  6  spikes.) 

4  T.  stenophylla.     Culms  twisted,  2  to  4'  high,  setaceous,  as  long  as  the  seta- 
ceous Ivs. ;  spikes  4  to  6,  ovoid,  acute,  few-flowered,  sessile,  in  a  dense  head ; 
invol.  Ivs.  3  or  4,  dilated  at  base,  ciliate,  2  or  3  times  longer  (3  to  12")  than  the 
head ;  glumes  ovate-acuminate,  keeled,  greenish ;  sty.  3-cleft ;  ach.  short- triangu- 
lar, black-pruinous  when  mature. — Dry  soils,  Car.  to  Fla.     Jh — Sept.     (Isolepis, 
Kunth.     Scirpus,  Ell.) 

5  T.  Warei.     Culm  filiform,  terete,  furrowed,  near  If  high ;  Ivs.  2  to  3'  long-, 
channelsd ;  spikes  6  to  12,  ovoid,  in  a  dense  head;  invol.  Ivs.  3  or  4,  longer  than 
the  head,  base  dilated  and  cut-fringed;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  ciliale;  ach.  white, 
rugulous,  obovate-triangular. — "W.  Fla.  ("Ware,  Torr.  Gyp.).  Very  near  the  preced- 
ing.    (Isolepis,  Torr.) 

6  T.   carinata.     Culm  flattened,  setaceous,  3  to  6'  high,  with  a  short,  solitary 
setaceous  leaf  near  the  base ;  spike  single,  ovoid,  lateral  near  the  top  of  the  culm ; 
glumes  green,  5   to  8,  broad-ovate,  veined   acuminate ;  sty.    3-cleft ;  ach.  short- 
triangular,  grayish,  half  as  long  as  the  glume. — Near  N.  Orleans  (Hale)  (Isolepis, 
Hook.  £  Am.). 

12.  PSILOCAR'YA,    Torr.      (Gr.   $M$,   naked,    Kapva,    nut;   no 
bristles.)     Flowers  $  .     Glumes  oo,  imbricated  all  round,  all  fertile  ; 
perigynium  0  ;  stam.  2  ;  filaments  Jong,  persistent ;  style  2-cleft,  dilated 
or  tuberculate  at  base ;  achenium  biconvex,  crowned  with  the  persis- 
tent style. — Stems  leafy.     Spikes  lateral  arid  terminal,  cyrnous. 

1  P.  scirpoides   Torr.     Culm  slender,  leafy,   smooth,  3-sided,  5 — 9'  high;  Iva. 
linear,  smooth,  3 — 5'  by  1",  cauline  about  2  ;    cymes  terminal,  and  one  fi'o?n  Hie 
sheath  of  each  cauline  leaf;  spikes  about   3"  long,   oblong-ovate,  in  small,  looss 
clusters,  20 — 3Q-flowtred;  glumes  chestnut-colored,  thin  ovate,  acute;  ach.  tumid, 
dark  brown,  crowned  with  the  long  style,  which  is  much  dilated  at  base. — Bor- 
ders of  ponds,  Smithfield,  R.  I.  (Olney),  Mass.  (Greene),  and  Ark.  (Hale). 

2  P.rhynchosporoides  Torr.     Culm  8  to  14'  high,  leafy,  smooth ;  Ivs.  linear,  2" 
broad,  overtopping  the  culm;  umbel  few-rayed ;  spikes  ovoid,  2  to  3"  long,  aU  pe- 
dunculate,   8   to  IQ-fiowered ;  glumes  roundish  ovate,  obtuse,  pale   brown;    aclu 
roundish,    lenticular,    strongly   rugous;    tubercle   short,   obtuse,. — Quincy,   Fla. 
(Chapman). 

13.  DICHROM'ENA,  Richard.     (Gr.  6%,  two,  Xf&\ui,  color.)    Spikes 
flattened,  collected  into  a  terminal  head;  glumes  imbricate  on  all  sides, 
many  abortive  ;  pcrigynium  none  ;  stamens  3  ;  styles  2-cleft ;  achenium 
lens-shaped,  crowned  with  the  broad,  tuberculate  base  of  the  style. — 
Khizome  creeping.     Culms  leafy.     Lvs.  of  the  invol.  usually  whitened 
at  the  base. 

1  D.  leucocephala  MX.  Culm  triangular,  2  to  3f  high ;  Ivs.  concave,  narrow, 
shorter  than  the  culm;  invol.  6  to  8-leaved,  the  Ivs.  lanceolate,  long-pointed, 
whitened  below,  spreading,  1  to  4'  long ;  ach.  truncate  at  the  summit,  transversely 
rugulous. — Bogs,  Md.  to  Fla.  and  La.  Known  at  a  distance  by  its  white  in- 
volucre. 


ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^E.  743 

2  D.  latifolia  Baldw.  Culm  tereteish,  stout,  9'  to  2f  high ;  Ivs.  broadly  linear, 
very  long,  overtopping  tlie  culm  ;  invol.  8  to  10-leaved,  whitish,  becoming  dull  red 
at  the  base;  ach.  roundish  in  outline  (except  the  tubercle),  roughened,  dull,  the 
tubercle  broad,  conical  at  top,  base  2-horned,  decurrent  on  the  edges  of  the  ach. 
with,  its  horns. — Ponds  in  pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla. 

14.  RHYNCHOS'PORA,  Valil.  (Gr.  /&vv#o?,  a  beak,  onopd,  seed; 
from  the  character.)  Flowers  g  or  <3  £  ? ,  few  in  each  spikelet; 
glumes  loosely  imbricated,  tlw  lowest  small  and  empty  ;  perigynium  of 
6  to  12  bristles;  stamens  3  to  12  ;  style  bifid;  ac'henium  lens-shaped 
or  subglobous,  crowned  with  a  tubercle,  the  distinct,  bulbous  base  of 
the  style.  It  St.  leafy,  3-sided.  Inflor.  terminal  and  axillary.  Setae 
hispid  (under  a  strong  magnifier). 

§  Seta}  .densely  pi  unions.    Acheninm  subglobous-ovoid  (terete) Nos.  1,2 

§  Seta?  miked, -denticulate  or  hispid.     Achenium  more  or  less  flattened.  (*) 

*  Achenium  transversely  rugous.     Setaa  upwardly  bearded,  (a) 

a  Setse  shorter  than  the  acheaium Nos.  3 — 5 

a  Setae  equaling  or  exceeding  the  ochenium.  (b) 

b  Spikes  in  drooping  panicles.    Achenium  oblong No.  6 

b  Spikes  itt  erect  w  spreading  panicles.    Achenium  roundish Nos.  7 — 9 

b  Spikes  corymbous  or  fasciculate. — Achenium  orbicular Nos.  10, 11 

—Achenium  oval Nos.  12, 13 

*  Achcnium  smooth  and  even,  (c) 

C  Culm  and  leaves  very  slender,  filiform  or  setaceous,  (d) 

d  Seta;  6  to  1U,  retrorsely  hispid  (under  a  strong  magnifier) NOR.  14 — 18 

d  Setae  6,  upwardly  hispid Nos.  17—19 

C  Culm  wiry,  firm.    Leaves  linear,  (e) 

6  Stamens  3  or  12.    Seta;  10  or  12 Nos.  20,  21 

e  Staimns  3.    Sette  6,— retrorsely  hispid,  longer  than  the  ach... Nos.  22,  23 

— upwardly  hispid, — shorter  than  the  ach.. Nos.  24,  25 

— long  as  the  achenium No.  26 

1  R.  plumosa  Ell.     Culm  rigid,  wiry,  B'  to  2f  high ;  Ivs.  rigid,  involute,  seta- 
ceous above,  half  as  long  as  the  culm  ;  spikes  lance-ovate,  chestnut  red,  in  a  ter- 
minal fascicle,  rarely  a  smaller  axillary  fascicle  below  on  an  exserted  peduncle; 
glumes  broad-ovate,  acute ;  bristle  (setae)  G,  densely  plumous,  as  long  as  the  globu- 
lar-ovoid, rugous  achenium ;  tubercle  short. — Dry  pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla. 

/?.  SEMIPLUMOSA.    Setae  feathery  half  way  up,  naked  and  denticulate  above, — 
Near  N.  Orleans  (Ingalls.  R.  semiplumosa  Gray.,  Monog.,  Rhyn.,  p.  213). 

2  R.  oligaiitha  Gray.     Culm  filiform,  8  to  12'  high,  with  one  or  two  filiform- 
setaceous  Ivs.  about  the  same  height ;  spikes  2  to  6,  pedicellate,  rarely  solitary, 
lance-ovate,  fuscous-red,  lateral  near  jthe  summit  of  the  culm ;  glumes  ovate,  mu- 
cnonate;  setae  6,  as  long  as  the  ach.  and  short  tubercle,  plumous  below,  hispid 
above. — N.  Gar.  to  Fla.,  in  sandy  bogs. 

3  R.  cymosa  Nutt     Calm,  I  to  2f  high,  triangular,  angles  acute;  radical  Ivs.  linear, 
shorter  than  the  stem,  cauline  rising  above  the  stem ;  corymbs  3  to  4,  the  terminal 
largest ;  spikelets  ovoid,  in  close  fascicles  of  about  5  ;  glumes  broad-ovate,  dark 
brown ;  bristles  6,  §  as  long  as  the  broad  ovate,  transversely  ruguous  acheuium ; 
tubercle  depressed,  much  shorter  than  the  achenium. — N".  J.  to  La.     Jl.,  Aug. 

4  R.  Torreyana  Gray.     Culm  2f  high,  ieretish,   slender,  csespitous,  striate ;  Ivs. 
setaceous,  the  radical  G  to  10"  long,  cauline  much  shorter;  corymbs  few-flowered, 
the  lateral,  if  any,  on  capillary  peduncles ;  spikes  ovoid,  pedicellate  or  sessile ; 
glumes  ovate,  mucronate,  brown ;  bristles  6,  scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  oblong- 
obovate  achenium  ;  tubercle  ehort,  nearly  as  broad  at  base  as  the  achenium.— -N. 
J.    Jl,  Aug.     (Holton.) 

5  R.  rariflora  E1L     Culms  tufted,  C  to  16'  high,  filiform,  with  much  shorter,  seta- 
ceous leaves ;  spikes  lanceolate,  fuscous,  near  2"  long,  pedicellate,  few  in  2  or  3 
loose,  simple,  corymbous  panicles  terminal  and  lateral ;  bracts  capillary ;  glumes 
ovate,  acute ;  setse  about  6,  nearly  as  long  as  the  strongly  rugous,  roundish  obo- 
vate  achenium  ;  tubercle  very  short. — S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.,  in  bogs.     Has  the 
aspect  of  a  Trichelostylis. 

6  R.  inexpansa  VahL    Culm  slender,  teretish,  rather  rigid,  1 8'  to  3f  high ;  Ivs. 
narrowly  linear,  fiat,  smooth,  half  as  long  as  the  culm;  spikes  lanceolate,  fusoous, 
about  3"  long,  3  to  5-flowered,  forming  several  axillary  and  terminal,  rather  long, 


744 


ORDER  155. — CYPJSRACEJS. 


drooping  panicles;  seta  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  rugous,  oblong,  flattish  aeh&. 
nium  and  short  tubercle. — Wet  soils,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.     (Schoenus  MX.) 

7  R.  miliacea  Gray.     Culm  slender,  triangular,  very  leafy  below,  2f  high,  fistu- 
kms-  Ivs.  rather  rigid,  flat,  lance-linear,  smooth,  glaucous,  6  to  8'  long,  3  to  4" 
wide ;  spikes  obovate,  ail  pedicellate,  3  to  5-flowered,  forming  diffuse,  compound, 
axillary  and  terminal  cymous  panicles;  setae  6,  a  little  longer  than  the  roundish 
obovate  achenium  and  very  short  tubercle. — Wet  pine  barrens,  N.  Car.  to  Fla. 
and  La,     (R.  sparsa  Vahl.     Schcenus  Lam.) 

8  R.  caduca  Ell.     Culm  acutely  triangular,  1  to  3f  high ;  Ivs.  broadly  linear, 
smooth,  2  to  3"  wide;  spikes  ovate,  large  (4  to  5"  long),  pedicellate  or  sessile,  in 
several  rather  close,  erect,  axillary  and  terminal  panicles;  glumes  caducous,  ovate, 
tlu  outer  broad;    setae,  twice  longer  than  the  orbicular-ovate,   rugous  achenium; 
tubercle  flattened,  conical,  a  third  as  long  as  the  achenium. — Wet  soils,  N.  Car. 
to  Fla. 

9  R.  schcenoides.     Culm  triangular,  2  to  3f  high,  leafy  at  base;  Ivs.  linear,  2'' 
•wide,  glabrous,  not  half  the  length  of  the  culm;  spikes  very  numerous,  lance-ovate, 
small  (2''  long),  sessile  or  nearly  so,  clustered,  forming  several  axillary  and  terminal, 
pedunculate  panicles;  glumes  fuscous,  broad-ovate;  setce  twice  as  long  as  the 
obovate,  flat,  rugous  achenium  and  small  tubercle.     Bogs,  Ga.,  Fla.  to  La.    (Scir- 
pus,  Ell.) 

10  R.  patula  Gray.     Culm  3-angled,  thick  and  stout  at  the  base,  2 f  high;  lv-3. 
linear,  short;  spikes  ovate,  small  (2"  long),  forming  several  spreading,  loose-flow- 
ered corymbs,  of  which  the  terminal  one  is  much  the  longest  •  setae  scarcely  ex- 
ceeding the  roundish,  flattened,  strongly  rugous  achenium  and  tubercle,  the  latter 
nearly  half  as  long  as  the  former. — Ga.  and  Fla.,  rare. 

'11  R.  Elliottii  Gray.  Culm  3-angled,  slender,  1  to  2f  high;  Ivs.  linear,  flatr 
glabrous,  serrulate  on  the  margins,  the  cauline  short ;  spikes  ovate,  sessile  in  fasci- 
cles forming  3  or  4  few-floivered,  subsimple  corymbs,  borne  on  exserted  peduncles ; 
setse  a  little  longer  than  the  roundish-ovate,  minutely  rugous  achenium  ;  tubercle 
very  short,  flattened,  conic. — Wet  soils,  Ga.  and  Fla.  Jn. — Sept. 

12  R.  microcarpa   Baldw.       Culm  slender,  teretish,  tufted,  nearly  naked ;  Ivs, 
narrowly  linear,  setaceous  at  end,  mostly  radical ;  spikes  turgid-ovate,  dark  brown, 
1  to  2''  long,  loosely  fascicled  in  several  approximate,  pedunculate  corymbs  ;  seta> 
very  fragile,  scarcely  equaling  the  minute,  ovate,  flat,  rugous  achenium. — Wet 
grounds,  N.  Car.  to  Fla. 

13  R.  ptmctata  Ell.     Culm  slender,   B-angM,   1  to  2f  high ;    Ivs,  lance-linear, 
acute,  rough-edged ;  spikes  ovate,  chestnut  brown,  fascicled,  in  several  peduncu- 
late corymbs;  seta?  a,  little  longer  than  tho  achenium,  which  is  ovate,  compressed, 
and  rugous-netted,  with  impressed  dots  in-  the  furrows. — Marshes,  Ga.  and  Fla. 

14  R.  alba  Vahl.     Culm  triangular  above,  very  slender,  leafy,  smooth,  10 — 1G' 
high ;  Ivs.  linear-setactous,  channeled ;  corymbous  fascicles  pedunculate,  both  ter- 
minal and  from  the  axils  of  the  sheaths,  with  setaceous  bracts;  spikelets  lanceo- 
late, acute  at  each  end,  with  crowded,  lanceolate,  whitish  glumes;  setce  9  or  10, 
as  long  as  the  ach.  and  tubercle. — In  wet,  shady  grounds ;  common.    July — Sept. 

15  R.  Knieslsernii  Carey.     Culms  in  tufts,  6  to  16'  high,  slender;  Ivs.  mostly 
cauline,  setaceous,  linear,  shorter;  spikes  small  (!''  long)  in  4  or  5  dense  fascicles, 
distant  along  the  whole  length  of  the  culm;  seta?  G,  downwardly  hispidulous,  as  long 
as  the  minute,  obovate  achenium. — In  bog  iron  soil,  N.  J.  (Holton),  rare.     (R. 
distans?  Nutt.) 

16  R.  capillacea  Torr.     Culm  6  to  12'  high,  filiform,  glabrous,  triangular;  Ivs. 
setaceous,  much  shorter  than  the  stem;  spikes  \  to  3  to  6  (mostly  in  1  terminal 
fascicle),  oblong,  each  with  a  setaceous  bract;  glumes  chestnut-colored,  with  scar- 
ious  edges ;    bristles  G,  much  longer  than  tho  oblong,  substipitate  achenium ;  tuber- 
cle about  half  the  length  of  the  achenium. — Swamps,  N.  Y.  (Sartwell),  Pemn.  to 
Mich. 

17  R.  fusca  Roem.  &  Schult.     Culm  3-angled,  about  2f  high;  Ivs.setaceous-carin- 
ate ;  smooth ;  fascicles  alternate,  pedunculate ;  bracts  setaceous,  longer  than  -the 
ovoid  spikes ;  glumes  brown,  ovate ;  ach.  obovate,  its  pointed  tubercle  03  long,  both 
equaling  the  hispid  setae. — Wet  places,  Mass,  to  N.  J.,  rare. 


OEDEE  155.—  CYPKRACE.fi.  745 

18  R.  gracil£nta  Gray.     Culms  1  to  2f  high,  very  slender  or  filiform,  smooth  ; 
Ivs.  linear-setaceous,  much  shorter  than  the  stem  ;  corymbs  small,  fasciculate,  the 
lateral  ou  slender  peduncles  exserted  from  the  sheaths;  spikes  ovoid;  glumes 
ovate,  acute,  dark  brown;  bristles  6,  a  third  longer  than  the  roundish-ovoid  acheni- 
um; tubercle  flat,  subulate,  as  long  as  the  achenium.  —  Dry  grounds,  N.  Y.  to  Fla. 

19  R.  fUifolia  Torn  (nee  Kuntb).     Culm  filiform,  6  to  12  to  18'  high,  Iva.  fili- 
form, or  almost  capillary,  many,  much  shorter;  spikes  very  small  (1"  long),  in 
2  or  3  small  fascicles,  the  lateral  pedunculate  ;  seta  6,  upwardly  scabrous-hispid, 
as  long  as  the  roundish-ovate,  lens-shaped,  smooth  aclienium  and  the  hispid-scab- 
rous tubercle.  —  N.  Car.  to  Fla.     Its  hispid  tubercles  distinguishes  it  from  Nos.  17 
and  18. 

20  R.  Baldwin!!  Gray.    Culms  slender,  acutely  3-angled,  2  to  3f  high  ;  Ivs.  linear, 
acute,  keeled,  2"  wide,  glaucous,  not  ciliate,  spikes  ovate,  in  a  crowded,  fasciculate, 
terminal  corymb;  sdce,  12,  upwardly  hispid  ulous,  as  long  as  the  smooth,  roundish- 
ovate  achenium  ;  stam.  3.  —  Pine  barrens,  Ga. 

21  R.  dodecandra  Baldw.     Culm  rigid,  3-angled,  1  to  3f  high;'  Ivs.  rigid,  cori- 
aceous, keeled,  rough-edged,  broadly  linear  (2  to  4,"  wide),  all  nearly  equaling  tho 
culm  at  first,  at  length  the  culm  longer  ;  spikes  ovate  (lance-ovata  when  young), 
•4"  long,  light  chestnut  color,  pedicellate,  in  4  to  6  pedunculate  corymbs;  setae  6  to 
12,  as  long  as  the  large  (!£"  diam.),  roundish,  smooth  achenium;  stam.  10  to  12, 
much  longer;  tubercle  broad,  depressed.  —  Bogs,  S.  Ga.,  Fla.     (R.  megalocarpa 
anil  pyncocarpa  Gray.) 

22  R.  glomerata  VahL     Culm  slender,  smooth,  leafy,  a  foot  or  more  high  ;  Ivs. 
fiat,  carinate,  rough-edged  ;  corymbed  fascicles  very  remote,  in  pairs,  axillary  and 
terminal  ;  spikelets  lanceolate  ;  glumes  keeled,  mucrohate,  brown  ;  ach.  obovoid 
or  cuneiform,  very  smooth  as  long  as  the  tubercle  ;  setae  6,  rough,  backwards.  — 
In  bogs,  Can.  to  Fla.    July,  Aug. 

23  R.  cephalantha  Gray.     St.  2  —  3f  high,  triangular,  stout  ;  Ivs.  linear,  very 
narrow,  the  lower  and  radical  nearly  as  long  as  the  stem  ;  hds.  roundish,  axillary 
and  terminal,  dense,  5  to  7"  diam.,  the  2  upper  often  near;  spikelets  lance-oblong; 
glumes  ovate-oblong,  dark  brown;  setas  6,  twice  longer  than  the  achenium;  ach. 
roundish-ovoid,  a  little  compressed,  very  obtuse.  —  N.  J.  pine  barrens. 

24  R.  fascicularis  Nutt.   Culm  teretish,  1  to  2f  high,  veiny;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear, 
much  shorter;  spikes  small  (1^"  long),  fuscous  brown,  densely  fascicled,  in  several 
terminal  fascicles,  and  usually  several  axillary  ones  ;  setae  half  as  long  as  tho 
roundish-obovate  achenium.  —  S.  Car.  to  Fla.     Inflorescence  quite  variable,  some- 
times copiously  terminal,  again  scattered  down  the  culm. 

25  R.  ciliata  VahL     Plant  light  glaucous;  culm  8'  to  2  f  high,  ancipital,  striate; 
Ivs.  lance-linear,  short,  obtusish  ;  spikes  elliptical,  chestnut-colored,  all  collected 
into  a  dense  terminal  fascicle  with  several  short  bracts  ;   setae  very  short,  at  the 
base  of  the  roundish,  lenticular  achenium.  —  N.  Car.  to  Fla. 

26  R.  distans  Nutt     Culm  slender,  wiry,  teretish,  1  to  2f  high;  Ivs.  linear  se- 
taceous, shorter,  mostly  at  base  ;  spikes  small  (1"  long),  ovate,  in  a  terminal  fasci- 
cle, usually  with  1  or  2  lateral,  somewhat  dis.tinct  fascicles  ;  setae  upwardly  his- 
pidulous,  about  as  long  as  the  broad,  ovate,  smooth  achenium  which  is  not  half  as 
large  as  in  R.  glomerata.  —  N.  Car.  to  Fla.     Name  not  very  appropriate. 


15.  CERATOSCHCETNUS,  Nces.  (Gr.  Kepa^—arag,  a  horn, 
rush  ;  alluding  to  the  long,  persistent  style  of  the  achenium.)  Spikelets 
2  —  5-flowercd,  one  flower  £  »  the  rest  $  ;  glumes  loosely  imbricated, 
somewhat  in  2  rows,  lower  ones  empty  ;  perig.  of  5  or  6  rigid,  hispid 
or  scabrous  bristles  ;  stam.  3  ;  style  simple,  very  long,  persistent  and 
crowning  the  smooth,  compressed  achenium.  —  2£  Stems  leafy.  Corymbs 
compound. 

1  C.  longirostris  Torn  Glabrous  and  glaucous;  culm  3  —  if  high,  triangular; 
Ivs.  12  —  16'  by  4  —  6'',  flat,  rough-edged;  fls.  in  very  large,  terminal  and  axillary 
corymbs,  terminal  one  the  largest  ;  spikes  lanceolate,  acuminate,  8"  long,  loosely 
fascicled  in  4s  or  5s  on  the  long  peduncles  ;  glumes  brown,  ovate  ;  Iristks  shorter 


*46  ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^E. 

than  ffie  ackentum,  which  is  2"  long,  and  crowned  with  the  (T")  long,  subulate, 
horny  style. — Ohio  to  Fla,  Comraoa  ia  wet  places.  Aug.  Rhyncospora  cor- 
ciculata  Gray.) 

2  C.  macrostachya  Torr.  Glabrous;  culm  2 — 3f  high,  triangular;  Ivs.  1 — 2f 
by  2 — 4',  rough-edged;  axillary  corymbs  subsimple,  terminal  ones  compound; 
upper  spikelets  densely  fascicled ;  ach.  ovate,  smooth ;  bristles  erectly  hispid, 
twice  as  long  as  the  achenium ;  style  persistent,  nearly  4  times  as  long  as  the  acho- 
nium. — Mass.  (Robbins).  (Rhyncospora  ejusd.) 

16.  CLA^DIUM,  Browne.     Flowers  $,  $  $ ;  glumes  imbricated  some- 
what in   3  rows,  lower  ones  empty ;  bristles  0  ;  stam.  2 ;  style  2 — 3- 
cleft,  deciduous ;  achenium  subglobous,  the  pericarp   hard,  thickened 
and  corky  above. —  If  Stem   leafy.     Corymbs  or  panicles  terminal  and 
axillary. 

1  C.  mariscoidea  Torr.     Boa  RUSH.     St.  terete,  leafy,  20—30'  high,  hard  and 
rigid ;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  channeled  above,  rounded  beneath,  much  shorter  than 
the  stems ;  bracts  short;  umbels  2 — 3,  erect,  the  lateral  on  long,  exserted  pedun- 
cles ;  rays  3 — 7,  some  of  them  very  short ;  spikes  aggregated  in  heads  of  4 — 8, 
lance-ovate,  3''  long;  glumes  tawny-brown,  about  6,  the  upper  usually  £,  tho 
next  $ ,  and  the  rest  empty ;  ach.  ovoid,  short-beaked  with  the  remains  of  the  3- 
cleft  style. — Bogs,  Can.  to  Penn.     July.     (Sohcenus,  Muhl.) 

2  G.  effusuxn  Torr.     SAW-GRASS.     Culm  obtusely  3.-angledr  6  to  lOf  high ;  Ivs.  5 
to  10f!  long,  4  to  10"  wide,  tapering  to  a  very  long,  3-angled  point,   margins 
sharply  serrate-barbed ;  corymbs  numerous,  decompound,  diffuse,  approximated 
and  forming  a  large,  elongated  panicle;  spikes  2"  long,  3  or  4  together,  brown; 
ach.  ovoid,  1''  long. — Ponds  and  swamps,  N.  Car.  to  La.  (Hale).    A  coarse,  and 
rank  sedge. 

17.  SCLE'RIA,  L.     NUT  SEDGE.     (Gr.  tnchripos,  hard  ;  alluding  to 
the  indurated  shell  of  the  fruit.)     Towers  8 ,  staminate  spikes  inter- 
mixed, fertile  spikelets  1-flowered,  glumes  fasciculate  ;  perigynium  cup- 
shaped  or  0  ;  achenium  globous,  ovoid  or  triangular,  with  a  thick,  bony- 
pericarp  ;  style  3-cleft,  deciduous. —  4   Stems  leafy.     Spikes  in   fasci- 
cles or  panicles. 

§  SCLERIA.     Achenium  ovoid  or  globous,  base  invested  with  a  short  perigynium.  (*) 

*  Achenium  smooth,  ovoid.     Perigynium  annular,  subentire Nos.  T,  2 

*  Achenium  rugous-warty,  globular.     Perigynium  6  or  3-lobed Nos.  3,  4 

*  Achenium  reticulated  or  hispid-rugous^  globular.     Perigynium  3-lobed Nos.  5,  (> 

§  HYPOPORUM.    Achenium  ovoid-triangular,  base  fluted.    Perigynium  none,  (a) 

a  Fascicles  4  to  7,  interruptedly  spiked.     Ach.  smooth  or  rugous Nos.  7.8 

a  Fascicles  single,  terminal.    Achenium  ribbed  or  smooth Nos.  9,  10 

1  S.  triglomerata  MX.     WHIP-GRASS.     Culm  erect,  acutely  triangular,  rough, 
leafy,  3 — 4f  high ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  rough-edged ;  spikes  lateral  and  terminal, 
alternate,  in  about  3  subsessile,  triglomerate  fascicles,  and  much  shorter  than  tho 
leafy  bracts ;   glumes  ovate,   cuspidate,  dark  purple ;  ach.  globous,  smooth  and 
polished,  white,  nearly  2"  diam.,  invested  at  base  with  an  entire,  crustaceous  rim. 
— Swamps,  in  nearly  all  the  States.     Jn.,  Jl. 

2  S.  leptoculmis.      Culm  very  slender,  acutely  3-angled,  2fhigh;  Ivs.  smooth, 
flat ;  sterile  spikes  elongated  (4''  long),  in  2  fascicles,  the  lateral  one  remote  from 
the  terminal,  on  a  long,  filiform  penduncle ;  glumes  dark  purple ;  stam.  3 ;  ach. 
ovoid,  obtuse,  white,  polished  minutely  corrugated ;  perig.  annular,  with  about  8 
minute  tubercles. — Fla.     Pairs  of  spikelets  3  or  4.     (S.  oligantha  Torr.  nee  MX.) 

3  S.  ciliata  MX.    Culm  1  to  2f  high,  acutely  3-angled,  the  angles  scabrous  above ; 
Ivs.  channeled,  pubescent  as  well  as  tho  sheaths;  bracts  fringed  with  long,  whitish 
hairs;    fascicle   Bubsolitary,  terminal    ach.  subglobous,  white,  roughened  with 
scattered  warts ;  perig.  a  narrow  border,  bearing  3  obtuse  tubercles. — Damp  soils, 
S.  Car.  to  Fla, 

4  S.  pauciflora  Muhl.     St.  10  to  1C'  high,  triangular,  slender,  smoothish;  Ivs. 
narrow,  nearly  smooth ;   sheaths  pubescent ;  fascicles  1  to  3,  few-flowered,  tha 


ORDEE  155.— CYPERACE^E.  7^7 

lateral,  if  any,  pedunculate;  bracts  foliaceous,  ciliate;  spikes  in  pairs;  glumes 
membranous,  mucronate,  somewhat  ciliate ;  sty.  3-cleft ;  ach.  globous,  rough, 
white  and  shining;  perig.  a  narrow  ring  upon  which  are  6  roundish,  minute  tubercles. 
— Wet  or  dry  soils,  JST.  H.  to  Ohio  and  Fla.  Aug. — There  are  several  well  marked 
varieties. 
.  /?.  Very  slender,  smoothish;  lateral  fascicle  1 -flowered,  sessile,  or  none. — Mass. 

to  Ohio.     About  If  high. 

y.  Very  slender,  scabrous-hirsute;  lateral  fascicle  1  to  2-flowered,  sessile; 
lower  bracts  much  exceeding  the  culm. — Ga.  and  Fla.  (S.  Carolina 
Willd.  ?) 

6.  Stouter,  tall  (2  to  3f  high),  edges  denticulate-ciliate ;  lateral  fascicles  on 
short  (1  to  2')  peduncles.— S.  States. 

5  S.  reticularis  MX.     St.  1— 2f  high,  triangular,  rather  slender;  Ivs.  1"  wide, 
channeled,  radical  6 — 12'  long,  cauline  few;  fascicles  2 — 5,  lateral  and  terminal, 
distant,  loose-flowered,  subsessile;  spikelets  somewhat   in  pairs,  the  $  many- 
flowered,  at  the  base  of  the  g ;  glume  light  brown,  ovate  acuminate ;  sta.  2 ; 
perig.  3-lobed ;  ach.  globous,  of  a  dead  white,  f "  diam.,  conspicuously  reticulated 
and  deeply  pitted. — Borders  of  ponds,  R.  I.  (Olney),  to  Fla,     The  achenium  is  a 
curious  and  beautiful  object 

6  S.  laxa  Torr.     St.  1— 2f  high,  weak,  diffuse,  acutely  triangular,   slender;  Ivs. 
flat,  2"  wide,  smooth ;  fascicles  about  3,  open  one  terminal,  the  others  lateral  and 
very  remote;  ped.  2 — 6"  long,  compressed,  slender,  often  recurved;  spikelets  dis- 
tant, in  pairs,  the  sterile  at  the  base  of  the  5  ;  sta.  2 ;  perig.  deeply  3-lobed ;  ach. 
about  1"   diam.,  globous,   whitish,   marked  with  brownish,   papillous  transverse 
ridges  and  pits. — Near  the  sea  coast,  N.  J.  to  Fla.     Sept     (S.  reticularis  Muhl.) 

7  S.  verticillata  Muhl.     St.  € — 8 — 12'  high,  triquetrous,  slender,  glabrous;  Ivs. 
linear,  narrow  and  flat,  shorter  than  the  stem ;  fascicles  smooth,  purple,  4 — 6,  sessile, 
few-flowered,  appearing  as  if  verticillate ;  bracts  minute,  setaceous,  about  as  long 
as  the  fascicles,   scabrous  upward;    scales  of  $  ovate,  smooth,   scabrous  and 
keeled ;  ach.  globous,  rugous,  a  little  more  than  -J-"  diam.,  abruptly  mucronate  and 
somewhat  3 -sided  at  base. — Very  abundant  in  Junius,  N.  Y.  (Startwell)  to  Car., 
W.  to  Ohio  (Sullivant).     (Hypoporum  verticillatum  Nees.) 

8  S.  interrupta  MX.     Pale  green,  sparingly  hirsute ;  culm  3-angled,  12  to  30' 
high;  Ivs.  linear,  flat,  striate,  3-veiued,  much  shorter  than  the  culm;  fascicles 
few-flowered,  5  to  7,  alternate,  approximate  at  the  summit  forming  an  interrupted 
spike  2  to  3'  long;  glumes  conspicuously  cuspidate  and  bristly-ciliate,  rusty  brown; 
ach.  %''  long,  smooth,  purplish  white,  3-sided  and  fluted  at  base. — N.  Car.,  Fla. 
and  La. 

9  S.  gracile.     Filiform,  smooth,  I  to  If  high;  culm  3-angled;  Ivs.  few,  shorter; 
spikes  3"  long,  few  (1  to  5  pairs),  in  a  terminal  fascicle ;  glumes  ovate,  mucronate, 
purplish  brown ;  bract  erect  as  if  a  continuation  of  the  culm;  stam.    3;  ach.  1" 
long,   white,  ovoid,  obscurely  3-angled,  longitudinally  ribbed. — S.    Ga.,   Fla.  to 
Texas.     (Hypoporum  Torr.) 

10  S.  Baldwin!!.     Culm  sharply  3-angled,  edges  scabrous,  jointless,  2  to  3fhigh; 
'     Ivs.  radical,  long,  linear,  keeled;  spikes  3  to  5  pairs,  5''  long,  in  a  terminal  las- 

cicle;  bracts  3,  the  longest  erect,  all  purple  at  base;  glumes  brownish  purple, 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  stam.  3;  ach.  large  (near  2"  long),  ovoid,  dull,  even, 
whitish. — Ga.  and  Fla.  (Chapman.) 

18.  CAREX,  L.  SEDGE.  (The  classical  name,  perhaps  from  Lat. 
careo,  to  lack ;  referring  to  the  sterile  spikelets.)  Fls.  diclinous ;  spikes 
1  or  more,  either  androgynous  (with  both  staminate  and  pistillate  fls.), 
or  with  the  two  kinds  in  separate  spikes  on  the  same  plant  (monoecious) 
or  rarely  on  separate  plants  (dioecious) ;  glumes  single,  1 -flowered, 
lower  ones  often  empty;  <$  stamens  3;  $  stigmas  2  or  3 ;  perigynium 
(of  2  united  scales)  of  various  forms,  persistent,  enclosing  the  lenticular 
or  triangular  achenium. —  2£  Culms  triangular,  growing  in  tufts. 


743  ORDER  155.— CYPERACEJ3. 


ring  account  of  our  species  of  Carex  is  from  tho  pen  of  Prof  G.  T)ewey  (D.D.),  re- 

i  expressly  for  the  present  Edition.     The  annexed  Analytical  Table  has  been  pre- 
i-selves  (with  the  aid  of  copious  and  well  authenticated  specimens,  among  which  is  a 


Tho  folloT 
vised  by  him  e> . 

FuTl^ct^communicated  by  Dr.  Sartwe'll).  on  t/te  limis  of  the  artficial  subdivision  of  the  genus, 
adopted  by  Prof.  Dewey  in  the  former  edition.  It  is  useless  to  admonish  the  student  that  thi* 
table  is  not  perfect,  and  may  sometimes  lead  him  astray.  Yet,  in  tho  main,  its  subdivisions  aro 
correct,  and  cannot  fail  to  lead  to  correct  results,  and  thus  greatly  facilitate  the  study  of  this  tho 
most  extensive  and  difficult  genus  in  our  Flora. 

ff.  jj. in  the  specific  descriptions  the  readeris  often  referred  as  follows  :  (Boottt  illnst.)or  (I>. 

t  ).  'These  refer  by  number  to  the  Illustrations  of  the  Genus  Carex,  in  the  recent  splendid  wwik 
of 'Francis  Boott,  iIJX,  President  of  the  Liunaean  Soc.  of  England. 

§  I.  STIG-MAS  2.    ACHENIUM  DOUBLE-CONVEX.  (*) 

*  A.  Spike  single, — monoecious,  staminate  at  the  top., No.  1 

— dioecious,  or  $  spike  -with  stamens  at  base No.  2,  5 

*  B.  Spikes  several,  androgynous  (with  both  kinds  of  flowers).  (^) 

^  1.  Stamens  variously  situated,  above,  below,  or  in  the  middle,  sometimes 

the  whole  spike  &  .—Spikes  4  to  8 Nos.  4—6 

—Spikes  10  to  20 Nos.  7,  * 

^  2.  Stamens  at  the  summit  of  the  spikclets.  (a) 

a  Spikelets  evidently  paniculate  and  perigyimim  not  rostrate Nos.  9,  10 

a  Spikelets  3  to  6,  approximate  into  one  spike,  (b) 

b  Spike  ovate. — Glume  equaling  the  pcrigynium Nos.  11 — 15 

— Glume  shorter  than  the  perigynium No.  14 

b  Spike  oblong,  a  little  loose.     Glume  shorter  than  the  perigynium...Nos.  15 — IT 

a  Bpikelets  3  to  8,  remote.    Perigynium  radiating, — longer  than  glume Nos.  IS — 20 

— shorter  than  glume No.  21 

a  Spifcclets  S  to  OO ,  approximate  in  a  decompound  spike,  (c) 

C  Perigynium  rostrate,  not  longer  than  the  glume Nos.  22,  255 

C  Perigynium  rostrate,  longer  than  the  glume,  (d) 

d  Spike  cylindrical,  of 8  to  15  spikelets Nos.  24,  25 

d  Spike  large,  branched,  of  GO  spikelets Nos.  26,  21 

d  Spikes  elliptical,  of  8  to  10  spikeleta No.  2* 

^  8.  Stamens  at  the  base  of  the  spikelets.  (e) 

6  Perigynia  radiating,  in  remote  spikelets — Glumes  green Xos.  29 — SI 

— Glumes  hyaline,  white Nos.  82,  J>> 

e  Perigynia  suberect,  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  few-fruited Nos.  34—36 

e  Perhrynia  suberect,  spikelets  oval,  (f ) 

f  Perigynia  not  winged,  about  equaling  tho  hyaline  or  brown  glume . .  .Nos.  8T,  8* 
f  Perigynia  distinctly  winged,  broadly  or  narrowly,  (g) 

g  Perigynia sh'ort-rostrate, — shorter  than  the  glume Nos.  89,  40 

— equaling  the  glume No.  41 

— longer  than  the  glume,  (h.) 

h  Perigynia  spreading  (not  radiate) Nos.  42, 45 

~h  Perigynia  suberect  or  appressed Nos.  44— 4ft 

g  Perigynium  "long-rostrate, — equaling  the  glume No.  4T 

— longer  than  the  glume Nosv  48 — 5-> 

*  C.  Staminate  and  pistillate  flow  era  in  separate  spikes.  (IT) 

T  4.  Staminate  spike  single. —  ?  Spikes  sessile,  1  or  2  only No.  51 

—  ?  Spikes  sessile,  3  to  5 Nos.  52—54 

—  $  Spikes  pedunculate Nos.  55,  5(5 

IT  5.  Staminate  spikes  1  or  more  and  the  s  spikes  often  stamiuate  at  summit,  (k) 

k  Glumes  awnless,  mostly  obtuse  and  dark  colored.  (1) 

1  Sterile  spikes  1  or  2.— Glumes  all  obtuse  and  black Nos.  57,  5S 

— Glumes,  at  least  the  lower,  acute,  brown Nos. 59 — 61 

1  Sterile  spikes  2  to  4.    Glumes  acutish  or  acute Nos.  62,  6& 

k  Glumes  of  the  fertile  spikes  awned.  (m) 

m  Sterile  spikes  1  or  2.    Plants  not  maritime Nos.  64,  65 

m  Sterile  spikes  2  or  3.     Plants  maritime Nos.  66, 6T 

8  II.  STIGMAS  3.    ACIIENIUM  TKIQUKTROCS.  (*) 

*  D.  Spike*  androgynous  (with  both  kinds  of  flowers).  (^) 
If  5.  Stamens  at  the  summit  of  the  spike,  (n) 

n  Spikes  single. — Leaves  2,  broad,  flat,  with  nomidvein No.  fiS 

— Leaves  several,  linear  or  setaceous Nos.  69 — 71 

n  Spikes  several,  some  of  them  on  long,  radical  peduncles,  (o) 

O  Glumes  of  the  fruit  not  longer  than  the  perigynia Nos.  72,  73 

O  Glumes  of  tho  fruit  long  and  leaf-like Nos.  74— 76 

IT  6.  Stamens  at  the  base  of  the  1  or  more  spikes No.  7T 

*  E.  Spike*  di&cioug,  i.  e.,  the  fertile  and  sterile  on  different  culms Nos.  78,  79 

*  F.  Terminal  npike  androgynous,  pistillate  at  top ;  the  others  pistillate,  (p) 

p  Perigynium  hairy  (at  least,  when  young)  as  well  as  thelvs.,  and  bright-green. Nos.  80 — 82 

p  Perigynium  smooth. — Spikes  erect  or  nearly  so.     Glumes  green No.  83 

— Spikes  erector  nearly  so.     Glumes  dark Nos.  84—86 

— Spikes  drooping. — Glumes  acute,  dark No.  8T 

— Glumes  awned  or  cuspidate Nos.  88 — 90 

*  G.  Staminate  ttpike  single,  entirely  staminate.  (^) 

1  7.  Pistillate  spikes  sessile  or  solitary,  few,  mostly  ovoid,  (q) 

q  Pistillate  spikes  oblong,  dark  brown.     $  Spikes  stalked No.  91 

q  Pistillate  spikes  ovoid,— all  or  mostly  solitary Nos.  92,  93 

— all  sessile,  approximate Nos.  94,  95 

— all  sessile,  remote Nos.  96,  9T 


OHDKR  155.— CYPERACEJ3.  749 

7  8.  Pistillate  spikes  with  enclosed  or  nearly  enclosed  peduncles.    Pcrigynia 
mostly  inflated,  beaked,  angular-striute.     Spikes  often  quite  large,  (r) 

r  Perigymuin  pubescent,  brownish,  abruptly  beaked Nos.  93,  9J 

r  Perigyniuin  smooth,  yellowish,  with  a  short,  recurved  beak Nos.  100,  101 

p  Perigynium  smooth,  inflated,  with  a  long,  straisrht  beak,  (s) 

S  Spikes  very  short.— Whole  plant  yellowish  green Nos.  102—104 

—Whole  plant  dark  green  or  bright  green Nos.  105,  IOC 

a  Spikes  oblong-cylindric,— very  large,  Perig.  conic- rostrate Nos.  107—109 

— middle  size,  very  abruptly  rostrate No.  110 

1  9.  Pistillate  spikes  with  cxserted  peduncles.     Perigynia  3-angled,  scarce  inflated, 

not  much  beaked,  and  (as  well  as  the  glumes)  more  or  less  colored,  (t) 
t  Leaves  lanceolate  or  lance-linear,  4  to  Mr  wide,  (u) 

u  Pcrigyniuin  acuminate  with  a  recurved  point Nos.  111—113 

u  Perigyn.  acute  or  obtuse. — Lvs.  lanceolate,  shorter  than  culms Nos.  114, 115 

— Lvs.  lance-linear,  long  as  culms Nos.  116, 117 

Leaves  linear  or  setaceous  (1  to  2"  wide  or  less),  (v) 
V  Perigynia  smooth  and  not  rostrate,  (w) 

w  Bracts  all  exceeding  the— oblong,  dense  spikes Nos.  118, 115 

— slende'r,  loose  spikes Nos.  120,  121 

W  Bracts  shorter  than  the  spikes  or  culm,  (x) 

X.  Leaves  setaceous  and  all  radical.     Glumes  white No.  122 

x  Leaves  linear.— Spikes  blackish.    "White  Mts No.  123 

—Spikes  tawny Nos.  124, 125 

— Spikes  green. — Gl.  (mostly)  obtuse.  ..Nos.  126,  127 

—Glumes  umcronate Nos.  128, 125 

V  Perigynia  smooth  (scabrous  in  No.  135),  rostrate,  (y) 

y  Bracts  leafy,  exceeding  the  stem  and  fruit Nos.  ISO — 132 

y  Bracts  not  exceeding  the  stem  or  fruit,  (z) 

Z  Spikes  linear,  slender,  quite  loose-flowered Nos.  133, 134 

Z  Spikes  cylindrical,  rather  close,  3  in  number Nos.  185,  136 

Z  Spikes  oblong,  6  to  OO-fld.—  Culm  4  to  6'hish,  very  delicate..  No.  187 

—Culm  1  to  2f  high Nos.  133— U) 

V  Perigynia  hairy, — sterile  spike  linear,  slender Nos.  141, 142 

— sterile  spike  oval-oblong Nos.  143,144 

IT  10.  Pistillate  spikes  with  peduncles  (long  or  short),  scarcely  sheathed  at  all.  (aa) 

aa  Spikes  all  erect.— Perigynia  not  rostrate  or  but  slightly  so Nos.  145—147 

— Perigynia  rostrate,  the  orifice  entire,  or  nearly  so Nos.  148, 149 

—Perig.  rostrate  (few),  spindle-shaped,  2-toothed No.  153 


aa  Spikes  (the  pistillate)  soon  mostly  nodding,  (bb) 
bb  Perigynia  not  rostrate. — Spikes  ov< 


roid,  thick Nos.  151—153 

—Spikes  linear  or  cylindric Nos.  154, 155 

bb  Perigynia  rostrate,— the  beak  short,  scarcely  2-toothed No.  (161)  156 

—the  beak  long  and  2-parted Nos.  157—159 

*  H.  Staminate  spikes  usually  2  or  more.    Perigynia  rostrate,  (cc) 
CC  Perigynia  clothed  with  wool,  hairs  or  mealiness,  (dd) 

dd  Perigynia  long-beaked,  hispid-pubescent,  2-cleft,  green No.  160 

dd  Perigynia  short-beaked, — mealy  glaucous,  chocolate-colored No.  161 

—densely  woolly,  greenish Nos.  162,  163 

— hispid  pubescent,  brown Nos.  164, 165 

CC  Perigynia  glabrous  (or  merely  scabrous  in  No.  172).  (ee) 
ee  Spikes  (?)  on  exscrted  peduncles,  (ff ) 

ff  Glumes  dark  brownish  purple.    Bracts  shorter  than  culm No.  166 

ff  Glumes  greenish  or  tawny,  or  yellowish,  (gg) 

gg  Perigynium  tapering  into  very  short  beaks Nos.  167, 16S 

gg  Perisynium  long-beaked,  horizontal  or  reflexed Nos.  169,  170 

gg  Perigynium  long-beaked,  ascending.— Beak  conical.. Nos.  171, 172 

—Beak  cylindric.Nos.  173, 174 

60  Spikes  (  9  )  on  sheathed,  or  very  short  peduncles,  or  sessile.  (b.h) 
th.  Spikes  cylindrical,  length  more  than  thrice  diam.  (kk) 

kk  Perfgynium  short-beaked  or  beakless.    Kanknquatics.Nos.  175,  17(5 

kk  Perigynium  decidedly  beaked.— Glumes  awncd Nos.  177, 178 

— Glumes  lanceolate. Nos.  179,  180 
frh  Spikes  oblong  or  oval,  tnrgid,  length  not  thrice  the  diam.  (nn) 

nn  ?  Spikes  2  or  3  iu  number.— Beak  cylindric Nos.  181, 182 

—Beak  conical No.  1SJ5 

nn  $  Spikes  1  or  2, — pedunculate.    Beaks  cylindric Nos.  184, 1S5 

— sessile,  small.    Beaks  conical No.  186 


I.  Stigmas  2«— -Achenium  double  convex. 

1  C.  capitata  L.     Spike  capitate  or  nearly  globous,   $  at  the  summit;  fr.  (peri- 
gynium)  roundish-ovate,  close  compressed,  convex-concave,   glabrous,  acutish, 
longer  than  the  ovate  and  rather  obtuse  glume ;  Ivs.  slender. — Heights  of  th» 
White  Mts.  (Robbins). 

2  C.  gynocrates  Wormesk.     $  Spike  oblong,  rather  loose-flowered ;  perigynium 


^5Q  ORDER  155.— CYPERACEJ3. 

suboval  or  oblong,  tapering  at  base,  veined,  convex-tereto,  attenuate  above  into  a 
terete,  shortish,  straight  or  subrecurved,  Udentate  beak,  nearly  horizontal  in  maturity, 
longer  than  the  ovate  and  acute  glumo ;  culm  slender,  4  to  0'  high,  with  long  slen- 
der" leaves  sheathing  at  base.  Wayne  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Sartwell),  N.  to  Greenland. 
(C.  Davalliana,  2d  edit.) 

3  C.  £xilis  Dew.     (Boott,   Illust,   No.  45.)     ?  Spiko  terminal,   ovate  or  oblong» 
close-flowered,  staminate  below,  sometimes  a,  single  $  spike  or  a  single  $  Lspike ; 
perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  convex  above  and  slightly  below,  serrulate  on  the  margin, 
minutely  veined  above,  2-toothed,  diverging,  some  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolato 
glume;  culm  12   to  20'  high,  stiffly  erect,   and  Ivs.  setaceous. — Swamps,  E.  Mass. 
(Oakes),  Sandford  Lake,  N.  Y.  (Sartwell)'. 

P.  ANDROGYNA.     One  or  more  short  $   spikes  below  the  terminal. — Manches- 
ter, N.  Y.  (Kneiskern). 

4  C.  sterilis  Willd.      (Boott,  Illus.,  No.  135.)      Spike  compound,  $  below,  often, 
dioecious ;  spikelets  4 — 6,  ovate,  subapproximate ;  perig.  ovate,  acuminate  or  sub- 
rostrate,  bifid,  compressed,  triquetrous,  scabrous  on  tho  margin,  equaling  the  ovate, 
acutish  glume ;  st.  2f  high,  erect  and  stiff.     "Wet  places,  common.     (C.  stellulata 
j3.  STERILIS  Torr.,  Carey.) 

5  C.  bromoides  Schk.     Spikelets  numerous,  alternate,   $  below,  sometimes  all 
? ;  perig.  lanceolate,  erect,  acuminate,  scabrous,  nerved,  bifid,  twice  longer  than 

the  ovate-lanceolate  glume. — Common  in  small  bogs,  in  wet  places. 

6  C  siccata  Dew.     (Boott,  Illust.,  No.  50.)     Spikelets  numerous,  $  above,  often 
wholly  $  ,  ovate,  close  or  approximate ;  perig.  ovate,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  com- 
pressed, nerved,  bifid,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  equaling  the  ovate,  lanceolate  glume. 
— Sandy  plains,  Westfield,  Mass.  (Davis) ;  Ipswich,  Mass.  (Oakes) ;  widely  spread 
over  the  country,  but  not  abundant,  "W.  to  111. 

7  C.  Sartwellii  Dew.     Spikelets  12 — 20,  ovate,  ses-sile,  compact,  bracteato,  lower 
ones  especially  fructiferous ;  upper  often   $  at  apex,  sometimes  wholly  $  ;  perig. 
ovate,  lanceolate,   convexo-concave,    subulate,    slightly  2-toothed,    margined    and 
scabrous  on  the  edge,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  and  acute  glume ;  Ivs.  flat, 
linear,  shorter  than  the  stem. — Junius,  Seneca  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Sartwell). 

8.  C.  distycha  Huds.     Spikelets  many,   2-rowed  or  compressed  into  a  fattened, 
compound,  loose  spike ;  spikelets  oblong-ovate,  close,  alternate,  often  branched  be- 
low and  the  lowest  sometimes  remote,  upper  and  lower  often  ?  ,  and  the  inter- 
mediate wholly  $  ,  or  from  the  middle  wholly  $  upwards ;  perig.  ovate,  narrow- 
rostrate,  margin  serrulate,  narrow,  equaling  the  ovate,  acute  glume ;  culm  erect, 
leafy  below. — Wis.  (Lapham),  111.  (Vasey),  Mich.  (Cooley),  N.  to  Arc.  Am.     (C. 
intermedia  Good.) 

9.  C.  decomposita  Muhl.    (Boott,  Illust.,  53.)    Spike  decompound  or  paniculate ; 
spikelets  very  many,  ovate,  alternate;  perig.  ovate,  convex  on  both  sides,  triangu- 
lar, acutish  or  short  rostrate,  short,  brownish,  glabrous,  larger  than  the  ovate,  acu- 
minate,  whitish  glume ;  st.  18 — 30'  high. — Found  in  swamps,  Michigan,  and  in. 
Yates  Co.,  N.  York  (Sartwell). 

10  C.  prairea  Dew.     Spike  below  branched ;  spikelets  ovate,  sessile,  5  to  7  on  a 
branch ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  convex  both  sides,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  slightly 
bifid,  smaller  than  the  ovate-Ian ceolale  glume  ;  st.  2 — 3f  high,  leafy  towards  tho 
base. — Abundant  in  the  prairies  of  Michigan,  and  sparingly  found  in  N.  England, 
and  N.  Y.     Resembles  C.  paniculata  L.,  which  has  a  much  broader  ovate  glume 
shorter  than  the  perigynium  and  is  far  more  paniculate,  and  for  which  this  has 
been  taken.     From  No.  24  it  is  far  separated  by  its  panicle,  and  the  color  and 
shape  of  its  fruit. 

11  C.  cephalophora  Willd.     Spikelets  ovate,  densely  aggregated  into  an  ovate 
head  (!£'  long),  bracteate,  about  5 ;  perig.  ovate,   acuminate,   compressed,   bifid, 
scabrous  on  the  margin,  with  a  short,  ovate,  and  scabro-cuspidate  glume,  which 
equals  it;    st.  8 — 16'  high. — Borders   of  fields    and  woods,    common,  but  not 
abundant. 

12  C.  Muhlenbergii  Schk.     Spikelets  alternate,  obtuse,  approximate  into  an 
ovate-oblong  head,  -J'  long,  with  a  long  bract  at  tho  lower  one ;  perig.  ovate,  con- 
vex above,  very  smooth,  nerved,  bifid,   scabrous  on  the  margin,  some  diverging, 
a  little  shorter  than  the  ovate  and  mucronats  glume;   st.  12 — 18'  high. — In 


ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^E.  751 

fields,  not  very  common,  readily  distinguished  from  the  three  preceding  and  fol- 
lowing. 

13  C.  stenoph^lla  Wahl.      Spikes  3  to  5,  aggregated  into  a  roundish  head;  perig. 
ovate,  roundish-ventr icons,  subplano-convex,  veined,  scabrous  or  serrulate  on  the 
margin,  bidentate,  about  equaling  the  ovate,  acute  glume;  culm  3  to  6'  high,  smooth^ 
•with  long,  narrow  leaves. — III.  to  Nebraska  and  Brit.  Am. 

14  C.  ckordorrhiza  L.     Spikelets  3 — 5,  aggregated  into  a  head,  ovate,  sessile ; 
perig.  ovate,  acuminate,  subrostrate,  convex  above,  equaling  the  broad,  ovate  and 
acute  glume ;  st.  branching  towards  the  base  and  sending  out  roots  at  tho  joints  ; 
spikes  rarely  bearing  only  stamens. — Marshes,  N.  Y.,  common  (Sartwell),  Midi. 
(Cooley.) 

15  C.  Leavenworthii  Dew.     SpiJcelets  4  to  G,  small,  ovate,  sessile,  bracteate, 
aggregated  into  an  oblong  head,  the  lower  sometimes  separated  a  little ;  perig. 
ovate,  broad,  short,  convex  above,  abruptly  short-beaked,  slightly  bifid,  glabrous, 
scabrous  on  the  edge,  scarcely  twice  longer  than  the  short,  ovate,  acute  glume; 
culm  rarely  If  high,  slender,  leafy  towards  the  base;  Ivs.  narrow,  flat;  whole 
plant  pale  green. — Ky.  (Short)  to  Ala.  (Wood),  Fla.  (Chapman)  and  La.  (Leavea- 
worth.) 

16  C.  cephaloidea  Dew.     Spikelets  4 — 6,  ovate,  aggregated  closely,  sessile  and 
bracteate;  perig.  ovate,  obtusish;   bifid,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  plano-convex, 
very  diverging  in  maturity,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  short,  ovate,  obtusish  glume. 
— Dry  fields,  not  abundant,  but  common  over  New  England  and  New  York.     In 
hedges  it  is  often  four  feet  long,  and  subrostrate,  leafy  towards  the  base.    (C. 
sparganoides,  (3.  Carey.) 

17  C.  nvuricata  L.   Spikelets  about  5,  ovate,  sessile,  approximate,  bracteate,  lower 
ones  sometimes  remotish ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  plano-convex,  2-toothed,  hori- 
zontal, scabrous  on  the  margin,  sometimes  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume. — 
Fields  near  Boston  (Green,  Curtis),  and  common  in  Arc.  Am. 

18  C.  sparganioidea  Muhl.     Spikelets  7 — 10,  ovate,  rather  distant,   bracteate, 
sessile ;  perig.  ovate,  acute,  compressed,  diverging,  acuminate,  2-toothed,  scabrous 
on  the  margin,  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  ovate,  acute,  or  mucronate  glume ;  st. 
about  2f  high,  with  long,  striate  leaves. 

/?.  RAJIEA  Dew,  has  ono  branch  or  more  at  the  base,  with  several  spikelets  in 
the  place  of  the  lower  spikelet,  and  is  tho  C.  divulsa  of  Pursh. — About  culti- 
vated and  moist  fields,  common. 

19  C.  rcsea  Schk.     Spikelets  3 — 5,  subremote,  sessile,  alternate,  stellate,  even 
before  maturity,  lowest  long-bracteate ;  perig.  oblong-lanceolate,  5 — 12,  convex 
above,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  2-toothed,  very  diverging,  or  even  reftexed,  twice 
as  long  as  the  ovate-obtuse  glume;  st.  8 — 16'  high. 

/?.  RADIATA  Dew.  Spikelets  distant,  about  3-flowered,  with  setaceous  bracts ; 
perig.  oblong,  acute ;  st.  4 — 8'  high,  flaccid  or  lax,  setaceous,  with  very  nar- 
row leaves. — Common  in  pastures  and  moist  woods ;  the  variety  is  about 
woods,  or  open  places  in  woods. 

20  C.  retroflexa  Muhl.     Spikelets  about  4,  cvate,  alternate,   subapproximate, 
sessile,  bracteate  and  stellate  in  maturity ;  perig.  ovate,  acutish,  2-toothed,  sub- 
scabrous  or  smooth  on  tho  margin,  reftexed  and  spreading,  about  equal  to  the  ovate 
and  acute  glume;  ct.  about  a  foot  high. — Readily  distinguished  from  tho  preced- 
ing.    Woods  and  pastures,  not  abundant.     (C.  rosea,  /?.  Tourn.) 

21  C.  disperma  Dew.     Spikelets  3  or  4,  erect,  subapproximate,  lowest  bracte- 
ate ;  perig.  1  or  2,  rarely  3,  ovate,  obtuse,  nerved,  plano-convex,  short-beaked, 
glabrous,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute,  submucronate  glume ;  st.  slender,  5 
to  12'  high,  flexile,  in  tufts  of  several,  with  narrow  and  linear  leaves. — Wet 
woods,  N.  Eng.  to  Wis.  (C.  tenella,  Carey,  Boott.,  not  of  Ehrh.). — The  species  is 
common  in  N.  Eur.,  but  had  never  been  recognized  in  this  country,  when  de- 
scribed, 1824. 

22  C.  vulpinoidea  MX.      Spikelets  ovate-oblong,   obtuse ;   spike  decompound, 
bracteate,  conglomerate ;  perig.  ovate,  acuminate,  densely  imbricate,  bifid,  tripli- 
nerved,  diverging,  a  little  shorter  than  the  ovate-cuspidate  glume;  st.  obtusely 
triangular,  round  and  leafy  towards  the  basn. — Common  in  fields.     (C.  multiflora 
Muhl.) 


752  ORDER  155.— CYPERACEJ3. 

(3.  xncROSPERMA  Dew.  Spikelets  closely  aggregated,  whole  spike  less  com- 
pact ;  perig.  more  convex,  shorter,  less  acuminated  into  a  beak,  very  abun- 
dant.— Grows  with  the  other,  in  dry  and  moist  situations.  (C.  microsperma 
Waal.) 

23  C.  setacea  Dew.     Spikelets  ovate,  alternate,  obtuse,  conglomerate,  bracteate ; 
perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  compressed,  bifid,  some  diverging,  about  equal 
to  the  ovate-lanceolate,   awned  glume ;  st.   2f  high,  acutely  triangular,  scabrous 
above  and  striate. — Wet  places,  not  abundant 

24  C.  teretiuscula  Good.     Spikelets  ovate,  acute,  sessile,   decompound,  brown- 
ish, lower  one  bracteate ;  perig.  ovate,  acute,  convex  and  gibbous,  scabrous  on 
the  edge,  spreading,  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute  glume;  fr.  brown;  st.  18  to  36' 
high,  leafy  towards  the  root. — Wet  places,  common,  in  tufts. 

25  C.  stipata  Muhl.      Spike  often   decompound;   spikekt-s  oblong,   aggregated, 
numerous,  bracteate ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,   round  at  the  base,  plano-convex, 
nerved,  bifid,  subscabrous  on  the  margin,  diverging,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate- 
lanceolate  glume ;  st.  thick,  acutely  triquetrous,  concave  on  the  sides. — Wet  places 
and  marshes,  abundant. 

26  C.  Cnis-Corvi  Shuttl.     (Boott.  Illus.  No.  64.)     Spike  decompound,  subpani- 
culate,  commonly  large,  and  branching  below ;  spikelcts  ovate,  numerous,  aggro- 
gated,  sessile;  perig.  short-ovate,  very  long-rostrate,  veined,   convex-concave, 
often  horizontal,  thrice  longer  than  the  ovate,   acute  glume;  culm  leafy;  IVP. 
rough-edged;  plant  light  green. — River  swamps,  Wis.  to  Ohio  and  Fla.      (U. 
Halei  Dew.     C.  sicseformis  Boott.) 

27  C.  vulpiiia  L.      Spike  long,   large,   decompound,  forming  densely  aggregated 
heads,  often  with  single  but  close  and  oval  spikelets,  and  often  less  compacted ; 
perig.  ovate,  broad,  tapering  into  a  2-toothed  beak,  often  diverging  in  ripening,  a 
little  longer  and  narrower  than  the  ovate,  acute  glume ;  culm  large,  strong  and 
rough. — Ohio  (Sullivant)  to  Nebraska  (llayden). 

28  C.  alopecoidea  Tuckerman.      (B.  t.  p.  67.)     Spike  compound,  rather  loose, 
spikelets  8  to  10,  aggregated  into  an  oblong  head,  bracteate,  sessile  ;  perig.  ovate, 
plano-convex,  scarcely  nerved,  acuminate,  serrulate  on  the  edge,  bifid,  subros- 
trate,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  and  acuminate  glume  ;  st.  triquetrous,  scab- 
rous on  the  edges. — Moist  woods,  Penn.  and  N.  Y.  (Sartwell). 

29  C.  stellulata  Good.     Spikelets  4 — 6,   ovate,  remotish,  sessile ;  perig.  broad- 
ovate,  contracted  into  a  short  beak,  compressed,  slightly  bifid,  scabrous  on  the  edge, 
diverging  and  reflexed,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate,  obtusish  glume  ;  st.  erect, 
etiff,   leafy  below,  8 — 24'  high. — Common  in  wet  places  over  the   Northern 
States. 

30  C.  Bcirpoides  Schk.     Spikelets  about  4,  ovate,  approximate,  sessile,  obtuse, 
lowest  bracteate ;  perig.  ovate,  cordate,  compressed,  lanceolate  or  rostrate,  scabrous 
on  the  margin,  diverging  or  horizontal,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate,  acuto 
glume;  st.   6 — 16' high,   leafy  towards  the  base. — Wet  places  in   the  country. 
The  more  lanceolate  fruit  and  glume,  and  more  flexible  stem,  separate  it  from  tho 
preceding.     C.  scirpoides  has  the  stamens  chiefly  below  the  upper  spikelet.     (G. 
Btellulata  /?.  Torr.  &c.) 

31  C.  Buckley!  Dew.     Spike  compounded  of  about  5  ovate,  alternate,  approxi- 
mate spikelets ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  2-lobed  at  the  orifice,  concave  or  flattish  be- 
low, smooth,   about   twice  longer   than  the  ovate-acute  glume;  culm  about  If 
high,  slender,  with  lance-linear  Ivs.  towards  the  base ;  stam.  chiefly  at  the  baso 
of  the  upper  spikelets. — Mts.  of  Car.  and  Ga.  (Buckley.)     (C.  Gibhardi,  BuckL 
nee.  Schk.) 

32  C.  curta  Good.     Spikelets  4 — 7,  ovate-oblong,  upper  subapproximate,  lower 
often  remote ;  perig.  round-ovate,  obtusitth,  diverging,  convexo-concave,  2-toothed, 
slightly  scabrous,  longer  than  the  ovate,  white,  hyaline  glume ;  st.  1 — 2f  high,  usu- 
ally light  green,  with  silvery  or  hoary  spikelets. — Moist  places  over  the  country. 
(C.  Richardi  MX.) 

33  C.  tenella  Ehrh.  nee  Schk.     Spikelets  3  or  4,  ovate,  roundish,  remote,  sessile, 
few  (2  to  6)-fruited;  perig.  lance-ovate  or  roundish,  rostrate,  longer  than  the  ovato, 
hyaline,  white  glume ;  culm  1  to  2f  high,  slender,  flaccid,  and  with  tho  Ivs.  greeiv 


ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^E.  753 

— N".  Eng.  and  N.  T.     Common  in  wet  places.     (C.  sphserostachya  Dew.,  Bd.  2. 
C.  canescens  j3.  vitilis,  Carey.     C.  vitflis  Fries.,  &c.) 

34  C.  Deweyana  Schk.     (B.  t.  69.)     Spikelets  about  3,  sessik,  ovate-lanceolate, 
alternate,  subremote,  highest  bracteato ;  perig.   oblong-lanceolate,  rostrate,  acumi- 
nate, bifurcate,  plano-convex,  slightly  scabrous  on  the  margin,  a  little  longer  than 
the  ovate-lanceolate,  awned,  hyaline  glume ;  st.  1 — if  long,  stibprocumbent,  with 
radical  leaves  ;  whole  plant  yellowish-green.     Common  iu  open  woods  or  on  the 
borders  of  woods. 

35  C.  trisperma  Dew.     (B.  t.  18.)     Spikdets  about  3,  remote,  sessile,  alternate, 


highest  ebracteate ;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  acute  or  short-rostrate,  plano-convex,  at 
the  orifice  entire,  nerved,  subscabrous  on  the  edges,  somewhat  diverging,  longer 
than  the  oblong,  acute,  and  hyaline  glume;  st.  10 — 24'  high,  prostrate  or  recurved, 
filiform,  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves. — In  tufts,  ia  marshes  or  wet  woods ; 
common  in  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y. 

36  C.  argyrSntha  Tuckm.  M  S.     Spike  compounded  of  spikelets  5  to  8,  roundish, 
obovate,  alternate,  subaggregated  above,  rounded  below,  with  squarrous  bracts, 
except  the  lowest,  which  has  a  long,  leafy  point ;  perig.  ovate,  compressed,  at 
length  spreading,  green,  many-veined  both  sides,  and  winged  by  a  wide  margin, 
lacerated  above,  glabrous,  acuminate  in  a  short,  bifid  beak,  equaling  the  membranT 
pus,  white,  lanceolate,  acute  glume. — Amherst  and  Sunderland,  Mass.     (Tucker- 
man.)     Culm  1  to  3f  high,  weak,  obtuse-angled,  twice  longer  than  the  lance-lin- 
ear leaves. 

37  C.  tenuiflora  TVahL      Spikdets  2 — 3,   ovate,   clustered,    sessile,   alternate, 
lower   one    bracteate;  perig.   ovate-oblong,   acutish,   plano-convex,    equaling  the 
oblong-ovate,  hyaline  or  white  glume ;  st.  a  foot  or  more  high,  slender,  subpros- 
trate,  longer  than  the  flat  and  narrow  leaves.    Light  green.     Spikelets  whitish. — 
Burlington  and  Salem,  Vt,  in  swamps  (Robbins),  Oriskany  and  Ogdensburg,  N. 
Y.  (Kneiskern),  Southampton,  Mass.  (Chapman). 

38  C.  Liddoni  Boott.     (Illus.  51.)     Spikelets  5 — 1,  oblong-ovate,  closely  aggre- 
gated ;  perig.  ovate,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  oblique  at  the  orifice,  glabrous,  margin 
serrulate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume,  which  is  acute  and 
hyaline  on  the  edges ;  perig.  and  glumes  rather  chestnut  brown ;  plant  yellowish- 
green.— Brit  Am.  (Boott.)  Mich.  (Cooley). 

39  C.  alata  Ton*.     Spike  composed  of  4  to  8  spikelets,  ovate,  large,  approximate 
and  sessile;    perig.  roundish,  sometimes  obovate,  nearly  flat  and  close,  abruptly 
short-beaked,  ^-veined  on  the  back,  2-toothed,  broadly  winged,  finally  scabrous  on 
the  beak,  shorter  than  the  lance-ovate  glume  ;  culm  smooth,  3  to  4f  high  ;  Ivs. 
rough-edged  and  pale  green. — N.  Car.  to  Fla. 

40  C.  straminea  "Walil.     Spike  compound,  erect ;  spikelets  about  G,  ovate,  short- 
oblong,  alternate,   sessile,  subapproximate ;  perig.   broad,   roundish-ovate,  com- 
pressed, ciliate- serrate   on  the  margin,  acuminate-beaked,    l-veined  on  the  backt 
2-toothed,  widely  winged,  commonly  shorter  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume, 
st.  12 — 20'  high,  longer  than  the  leaves;  spikelets  whitish  or  tawny. — Common 
ia  woods  and  fields.     (C,  festucacea  Ell.  ?  nee  Schk.) 

a.  BREVIOR  Dew.  Spikelets  3 — 5,  often  closely  approximate,  and  more 
nearly  round ;  perig.  shorter-ovate  and  shorter-rostrate,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  ovate-lanceolato  glume. — This  is  the  plant  originally  described  by  Will- 
denow. 

/?.  MINOR  Dew.  Spikelets,  small,  5 — 6,  globous  or  obovate,  less  approximate ; 
perig.  small,  ovate,  acuminate,  less  winged,  serrulate,  about  equaling  the 
ovate,  acute  glume. 

41  C.  foenea  Muhl.  Spike  compound,  5  to  10  ovate  spikelets,  aggregated  above ; 
perig,  ovate-acuminate,  winged,   scabrous-margined,  largo  and  close,  2-toothed, 
about  equal  to  the  oblong-lanceolate  glume ;  culm  large  and  smooth,  leafy  below ; 
plant  glaucous.— Penn.  (Muhlenberg)  and  salt  marshes,  R.  I.  (Olney). 

42  C.  mirabilis  Dew.      Spikelets  7 — 11,  ovate-globous,   alternate,  sessile,   often 
closely  aggregated  into  a  lance-ovoid  head,  bracteate  below ;  perig.  ovate,  sublan- 
ceolato,  scabrous  on  tho  margin,  concavo-convex,  rostrate,  2-toothed,  subdiverg- 
ing,  scarcely  twice  longer  than  the  ovate,  lanceolate  glumo;  st.  18 — 36',  orect, 

48 


H5  ^  ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^E. 

stiff  rou"-h  above,  rather  slender ;  plant  light  green. — Common  about  fences  and 
hedges,  and  has  a  specially  rigid  appearance.     (C.  festucacea  ft.  Torr.  Carey.) 

43  C.  criatata  Schw.     Spikelets  6—14,  globous,  sessile,  closely  aggregated  into 
an  oblong,  thick  head  of  a  crested  form,  bracteate ;  perig.  ovate,  oblong,  compressed, 
winged,  rostrate-acuminate,  bifid,  concavo-convex,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  longer 
than  the  oblong,  lanceolate  glume;  st.  1 — 3fj   acutely  triangular. — Plant  yellow- 
ish-green.    Common  in  fields  and  meadows  on  colder  soils.     (C.  lagopodioides  p. 
Carey.) 

44  C.  lagopodioides   Schk.      Spikelets   8 — 20,    beakless,   green,   ovate,    rather 
near,  altsrnato  and  sessile ;  perig.  round-lanceolate,  tapering  at  loth  ends,  concavo- 
convex,  nerved,  bidentate,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  tho 
ovate-lanceolate   glume;  st.  nearly  2  f,  leafy;  tho  whole  light  green. — Common. 
(C.  scoparia,  p.  Torr.) 

45  C.  tenera  Dew.  Spike  compound,  recurved;  spikekte  about  5,  obovate,  remotish, 
alternate,  sessile,  attenuated  below,  the  lowest  bracteate ;  fr.  tawny,  ovate,  com- 
pressed, somewhat  winged,  rostrate,  nerved,  ciliate-serrate,  longer  than  the  ob- 
long-lanceolate scale;  st.  15 — 30',  small  and  slender,  erect,  with  a  nodding  spike, 
longer  than   the  leaves. — Light  green.     Common.     (C.   straminea  ft.  Torr.     C. 
festucacea  p.  Carey.     Tho  inconsistency  of  these  synonyms  favors  our  own  view 
of  this  species.) 

46  C.  featucacea  Schk.     Spike  erect;  spikelete  5 — 8,  obovate  and  clubform,  ses- 
s'le  and  alternate,  approximate,  lower  one  bracteate ;  perig.  tawny,  roundish-ovate, 
rostrate,  winged,  striate,  2 -toothed,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  longer  than  the  ovate, 
lanceolate  glume;  st.  15—30',  erect  and  stiff,  leafy  below. — Plant  pale  green. 
Spikelets  greenish  to  brown.     Common  in  fields,  but  not  abundant     The  club- 
form,  spikelets  from  the  decurrent  scales  of  tho  $  flowers,  especially  mark  this 
species. 

47  C.  adusta  Boott.     Spikelets  several,  4  to  8  or  more,  often  not  approximate, 
tapering  below  in  maturity;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,  or  ovate,  long-rostrate,  nar- 
row-winged and  serrulate,  veined,  scarcely  bifid,  as  long  and  broad  as  the  glume ; 
culm  15  to  24',  leafy  towards  tho  base. — R.  I.  (Olney)  to  L.  Sup.  and  Brit.  Am. 

48  C.  scoparia  Schk.     Spikelets  5 — 10,  usually  5 — 7,  ovate,  sessile,  approximate, 
the  lowest  with  a  long,  deciduous  bract ;  perig.  ovate-lanceolate,   nerved,  erect, 
slightly  margined,  glabrous,  longer  than  the  lanceolate,   acuminate  glume;  st. 
18 — 24',  leafy  towards  the  root. — Moist  places,  very  common.     (C.  ovalis  Ell.) 

ft.  AGGREGATA  Dew.     Spikelets  aggregated  into  a  head,  somewhat  spiral. 

49  C.  sychnocephala   Carey.      Spikelets  ovate,  closely  aggregated  into  a  head 
(as  the  name  purports),  sessile,  slender,  with  long,  leafy  bracts;  perig.  ovate,  very 
long,  lanceolate,  or  tapering  into  a  long  beak,  with  scabrous  edges,  a  little  longer  than 
the  lance-ovate  glume;  plant  short  and  very  pale  green. — N.  Y.,  Jefferson  Co. 
(Boott.  111.,  Ill),  at  Little  Falls  (Vasey,  Kneiskern).     Remarkable  for  its  slender, 
beaked  fruit. 

50  C.  arida  Schw.  and  Torr.     Spikelets  oval-oblong,  5 — 10,  somewhat  tapering  at 
both  ends,  large  and  approximate,  close-flowered,  dry  and  chaff-like ;  perig.  lance- 
linear,   compressed,   thin,  distinctly  winged,  bidentate,  nerved,  acuminate,  twice 
longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume ;  plant  light  green  in  all  its  parts. — Com- 
mon in  Ohio  and  Mich.,  18 — 36',  and  further  "W.  and  S.     (C.  Muskingummensis 
Schw.,  scoparia,  ft.  Torr.) 

51  C.  xniliaris  MX.     (B.  t.  187.)     Culm  erect,  slender,  rough  above;  Ivs.  flat, 
very  narrow;    $  spike  sessile,  sometimes  2  and  distant,  ovoid,  tawny;  bract  seta* 
ceous,  short;   $  spike  pale,  rather  long-peduncled ;  perig.  spheroidal,  smooth. — 
Marshes,  Can.,  especially  at  L.  Mistassins. 

52  C.  Floridana  Schw.      $  Spike  short  and  sessile ;   $  spikes  2  to  4,  approxi- 
mate, ovate,  sessile,  bracteate,  the  lowest  sometimes  a  little  recurved;  perig.  06- 
long,  tapering  below,  rather  obovate,  plano-convex,  abruptly  rostrate,  short-bifid, 
scabrous  above  and  on  the  back,  about  as  long  as  the  ovate:oblong,  red-edged,  scab- 
rous, cuspidate  glume ;  culm  2  to  6',  slender,  3-sided;  Ivs.  radical,  flat,  twice  to 
thrice  longer  than  tho  culm ;  plant  pale  green ;  ach.  oval,  lens-shaped. — Fla.  to  La. 


ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^E.  755 

53  C.  dubitata  Dew.     $  Spike  erect,  oblong,  short,  with  oblong,  obtuse,  black, 
white-edged  glumes;    $  spikes  2  to  4,  ovate,  sessile,  approximate,  the  lowest 
oblong  and  short-pedunculate,   subremote,  leafy -bracted,  all  black ;  perig.  oval, 
short-apiculate,  concavo-convex,  orifice  entire,  equaling  or  slightly  exceeding  the 
oblong -obovate,  black,  white-edged  glume;  culm,  8  to  12',  triquetrous,  smooth,  stiff, 
with  flat,  smooth  Ivs.  (C.  saxatilis  Ed.  1st.) — Probably  this  is  the  plant  called  C. 
saxatilis  L.  in  the  Flor.  Dan.,  in  Eng.  Bot.  and  of  Schk.     But  as  Dr.  Boott  proves 
C.  saxatilis  (L)  and  C.  pulla  (Good.)  to  be  the  same,  this  plant  can  belong  to  neither. 
It  is  called  C.  rigida  (Good.)  by  Carey  in  the  Manuel  of  Gray,  but  difiers  from  it 
in  many  characters  given,  by  Goodenough  in  his  full  description. 

54  C.  lenticularis  MX.     (B.  t.  16).     Spikes  cylindric,  obtuse,  rather  slender, 
near,  sessile  except  the  lowest;   $  spike  1,  rarely  2,  1'  long,  or  the  lower  shorter; 

$  spikes  2  to  5,  mostly  4,  leafy-bracted,  not  dense-flowered,  the  lowest  moro 
remote  and  attenuated  below ;  perig.  ovate-elliptic,  slightly  convex  both  sides, 
pale,  then  yellowish,  short-beaked,  longer  than  the  narrow-oblong,  obtuse  glume ; 
culm  8  to  12'  high,  smooth,  triquetrous,  with  flat  leaves;  bracts  not  sheathing, 
the  lowest  overtopping  the  stem. — At  L.  Avalanche,  N.  Y.  (Torr.  &  Gray),  to 
Bear  L.  (Richardson). 

(?.  ALBI-MONTANA.  Perig.  ovate-oblong,  acuminate  or  tapering  above  to  a 
point  longer  and  more  convex,  and  sometimes  beginning  to  curve  back- 
wards, with  a  less  obtuse,  or  short  acute  glumo  variable  in,  length. — Ponds, 
White  Mts.  (Oakes,  Tuckerman.) 

y.  BLAKEI.  Intermediate  between  the  two  forms  preceding ;  fruit  less  acute, 
nearly  elliptical,  its  glumo  obtuse  and  always  shorter. — Harrison,  Me.  (Rev. 
J.  Blake). 

55  C.  ailrea  Nutt.     $  Spike  short,  cylindric,  pedunculate;    $  spikes  3,  oblong, 
loose-flowered,  subpendulous,  exsertly  pedunculate,. subapproximate,  bracteate; 
perig.  globous,  obovate  or  pear-form,  obtuse,  nerved,  entire  at  the  mouth,  longer  than 
the  ovate,  acute  or  short-mucronate  glumo ;  st.  3 — 10',  slender,  often  subprocum- 
bent. — Plant  glabrous,  green.     Common  in  wet  grounds,  N.  Eng.  and  westward 
and  northward.  (C.  pyriformis  Schw.) 

56  C.  Mitchelliana  Curtis.    $  Spiko  sometimes  with  $  fls.  in  the  middle ;  2 
spikes  2  or  3,  cylindric,  slender,  loose-flowered,  remotish,  pedunculate,  and  tho 
lowest  short-sheathed ;  perig.  ovate,  acute,  short-rostrate,  entire  at  the  orifice,  about 
equaling  tho  ovate,  cuspidate  glume;  culm  15  to  20'  high,  acutely  triquetrous, 
subscabrous  above,  leafy  towards  tho  base. — "Wet  places,  N.  Car.  (Curtis). 

57  C.  torta  Boott  (111.  156).     Spikes  cylindric,  slender;   ?  spikes  3  or  more,  very 
long,  rather  loose-flowered,  attenuated  below,  staminate  at  vertex,  upper  nearly  ses- 
sile, lower  pedunculate  and  diverging  recurved;  perig.  ovate,  convex,  terete  up- 
wards, often  acuminate,  recurved,  about  equaling  the  narrow-lanceolate,  rather 
obtuse,  black  glumo ;  culm  nearly  2f  high,  erect,  rather  slender,  triquetrous,  but 
scarcely  rough-edged,  leafy  towards  the  base ;  color  light  green. — Wet  places  in 
most  of  the  States.     (C.  acuta,  (3.  sparsiflora,  Ed.  1st.) 

58  C.  ceespitosa.    $  Spiko  single,  oblong,  cylindric,  sometimes  2,  with  oblong, 
black  scales;    $    spike  2 — 3,  short-cylindric  (!'  long),  erect,  obtuse,  rather  thick, 
remotish,  bracteate,  lowest  one  short-pedunculate ;  perig.  ovate,  obtuse,  glabrous, 
entire  at  the  orifice,  scarcely  rostrate,  a  little  longer  than  the  oblong,  obtuse,  black 
glume ;  st.  6 — 14',  scabrous  on  the  edge,  leafy  towards  the  base  ;  Ivs.  flat. — Wet 
places,  Ipswich,  Mass.  (Oakes)  N.  Y.  and  Michigan.     (Crespitosa  Good.  nee.  L.) 

59  C.  aperta  Boott.     $  Spikes  1  or  2,  cylindric,  erect ;    $  spikes  2  to  4,  oblong- 
cylindric,  approximate  above,  sessile,  stam.  at  apex,  lowest  somewhat  remote  and 
pedunculate ;  perig.  ovate,  roundish,  short-rostrate,  2-toothed,  short-pedicellate, 
shorter  than  the  lanceolate  acute  glume  ;  culm  1  to  18',  rough-edged  above. — Wet 
meadows,  N.  Eng.  and  far  westward  and  northward.     (C.  acuta  p.  erecta  Dew. 
Ed.  1st.) 

60  C.  strictior  Dew.     $  Spikes  1 — 2,  with  oblong  and  blackish,  acutish  glumes ; 
?  spikes  2 — 3,  cylindric,  $  above,  and  hence  acutish,  lowest  short-pedunculate ; 

perig.  ovate,  compressed,  acute,  glabrous,  entire  at  the  orifice,  early  falling  oflj 
glabrous,  a  little  longer  than  the  oblong  and  acute  rusty  glume  ;  st.  a  foot  and  more, 
triquetrous  and  rough  on  the  angles»  with  reticulated  filaments  connecting  tho 


750  ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^E.  "* 

leaves  towards  the  base ;  Ivs.  erect,  close ;  whole  plant  glaucous  except  the  spikes 
"Wet  places,  common.     Nearer  C.  caespitosa  than  C.  stricta. 

61  C.  stricta  Gooden.    $  Spikes  1 — 2,  cylindric,  lower  one  sessile,  and  the  scab 
rusty  brown  and  obtuse ;     ?   spikes  2 — 3,  long-cylindric,  upper   half   $ ,  lower 
longer,  short-pedunculate,  loosely-flowered  below ;  perig.  ovate-acuminate  or  ellip- 
tic, compressed  at  the  orifice  entire  or  slightly  emarginate,  and  its  glume  strongly 
ferruginous,  the  lower  ones  acute-lanceolate,  the  upper  linear  and  obtuse,  commonly 
longer  and  narrower  than  the  perigynia ;  st.  2f  with  reticulated  filaments  connect- 
ing the  leaves  (Boott). — Wet  places,  as  bogs,  common. 

62  C.  angustata  Boott.      $  Spikes  2  or  3,  cylindric,  slender ;    ?  spikes  1  to  4, 
cylindric,  sessile,  often  nodding,  the  lowest  short-pedunculate,  the  upper  stain,  at 
apex  and  hence  tapering  above  or  acute ;  perig.  oval  or  ovate,  acutish,  entire  at 
orifice,  or  short-beaked,  scarcely  veined,  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  narrow  or 
oblong,  subacule,  variable  brown  glume;  culm  2f,  acutely  triquetrous,  scabrous,  not 
robust,  longer  than  the  stiff,  narrow,  glaucous  leaves. — Very  common  in  large 
bogs  over  the  country.     (C.  acuta,  ed.  1st.  and  Am.  auth.  not  of  L.) 

63  C.  aquatilis  "Wahl.     $  Spikes  1 — 4,  erect,  cylindric,  lowest  bracteate,  tho 
glume  oblong,  obtusish ;'  $  spikes  often  3,  cylindric,  thick  above,  1 — 2'  long,  sub- 
erect,  short-pedunculate,  densely-flowered;  perig.  elliptic,  lenticular,  rather  small, 
entire,  glabrous,  protruded  at  tho  orifice,  scarcely  equaling  the  green,  ovate,  acutish 
glume;  st  20 — 30'  high,  rather  obtuse-angled  and  scarcely  scabrous. — In  marshes 
and  wet  places,  common. 

64  C.  gynandra  Schw.     (B.  t.  48.)     $  Spikes  one  or  more,  lax,  oblong,  some- 
times with  a  few  2  flowers;    $  spikes  about  3,  oblong,  cylindric,  pedicellate,  nod- 
ding, attenuated  below,  and  more  loosely  flowered,  often  $  at  summit;  perig.  ovate, 
sub-inflated,  short-rostrate,  entire  at  the  orifice,  glabrous,  about  -J  as  long  as  tho 
oblong,  obtusish,  scabrous-awned  glume;  st.  12 — 24'  high,  rough,  triquetrous. — 
Common  in  wet  places. 

65  C.  crinita  Lam.  (B.  t.  47.)     $  $  Spikes  mostly  1,  long,  slender;  spikes  about 
4,  long-cylindric.  densely-flowered,  recurved,  with  a  long,  reclined  peduncle ;  perig. 
ovate,  suborbicular,  obtusish,  emarginate  at  the  orifice,  convex  both  sides ;  glumes 
terminated  by  a,  long,  serrate  point  more  than  thrice,  the  length  of  the  perigynia  ; 
st.  20 — 42'  high,  recurved,  rough-edged,  palo  green.     Common  in  dry  grounds. 
(C.  paleacea  Wahl.     Ed.  1st.) 

66  C.  maritima  Vahl.     (Schk.  fig.  74.)     Spikes  long,  cylindric,  subpendulous  or 
recurved;   $  spikes  1  to  3,  pedunculate,  bracted;  perig.  suborbicular,  short-ros- 
trate or  apiculate,  emargiuate,  veined,  rather  close,  much  shorter  than  the  long- 
awned,  ovate-oblong,  or  emarginate-awned  glume ;  culm  10  to  18',  erect,  with  smooth 
leaves. — Sea  coast,  Mendon,  Mass,  and  northward  (Carey). — This  is  the  real  C. 
paleacea  WahL  described  by  him  in  almost  the  same  language  as  his  next  species, 
C.  maritima. 

67  C.  sallna  Wahl.     (Schk.  fig.  185.)     Spikes  cylindric,  erect;   $  spikes  2  or  3, 
remotish,  short-pedunculate,  dense-flowered,  leafy-bracted ;  perig.  elliptic,  short- 
apiculate,  double-convex,  entire  at  the  orifice,  shorter  than  the  oblong,  acute,  short- 
awned  glume;  culm  8  to  16',  leafy  below,  with  long  leafy  bracts  auriculate  at  then: 
base. — Salt  marshes,  Mass,  to  Arc.  Am. 


II.  Stigmas  3, — Achenium  triquetrous. 

68  C.  Fraseri  Sims.     Spike  oblong,  $  glume  oblong,  acutish ;  $  fis.  at  the  base 
in  an  ovoid  or  globous  mass;  perig.  ovate  or  oblong,  short-beaked,  apex  entire, 
longer  than  the  oblong,  obtuse  glume;  culm  8  to  10',  flat,  leafless;  Ivs.  2  radical, 
flat,  wide,  veined,  with  no  midvein,  pale  or  glaucous  and  longer  than  the  culm. 
— Tyger  valley,  Penn.  (Muhl.),  Mts.  of  N.  Car.  (Curtis).     (C.  lagopus  Muhl.)— A 
peculiar  and  striking  plant. 

69  C.  polytrichoides  Muhl.     Spike  oblong,  terminal ;  perig.  3 — 8,  oblong,  alter- 
nate, erect,  sub  triquetrous,  glabrous,  emarginate,  twice  longer  than  the  ovato  and 


OBDBR  155.— CYPERACE^E.  757 

obtuse,  and  rarely  raucvonate  glume;  st.  4 — 12',  very  slender,  with  setaceous  and 
subradical  leaves. — Common  in  wet,  cold  grounds.     (C.  microstaehya  MX.) 

70  C.  leucoglochin  Ehrh.     Spike  about  4-flowered,  with  1  or  2  $  flowers  at 
the  apex;   perig.   lanceolate,  subtriquetrous  and  tapering,   much  reflexed,  twico 
longer  than  the  oblong-lanceolate  glume ;  culm  3 — 8',  with  subradical  and  linear 
leaves. — In  Ash  field  and  Hawley,  Mass,  in  a  marsh  (Porter.)    C.  pauciflora  Light- 
foot.) 

71  C.  obtusata  Lilj.     (Schk.  fig.  159.)      $  Glumes  oblong,  obtuse,  white;  perig. 
about  4,  ovate-globous,  or  ellipsoid,  tapering-rostrate,  smooth,  scarious  at  the  orifice, 
a  little  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute,  membranous  glume ;  culm  2  to  6',  erect,  leafy 
below,  longer  than  the  Ivs.,  with  the  fruit  nearly  black  in  maturity,  color  palo 
green. — N.  States  and  Brit.  Am. 

72  C.  pedunculata  Muhl.     Spikes  about  5,  3-sided,  distant,  on  slender,  recurred 
peduncles ;  perig.  obovate,  triquetrous,  recurved  at  the  apex,  commonly  glabrous,  a 
little  longer  than  the  oblong  or  obovate,  mucronate,  finally  brown  glume ;  culm  4 
— 12',  triangular,  rather  procumbent;  sta,  sometimes  removed  a  little  from  tho 

$  spike. — Common  in  woods.     Flowers  early  in  the  spring. 

73  C.  Baltzellii  Chapm.     (B.  t.  41.)     Spikes  cylindric,  long,  dark-colored,  with 
oblong-obovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  submucronate  glumes;   $  spike  tapering 
below ;    ?  spikes  1  to  4,  tho  caulino  one  peduncled,  remote  from  the  staminato, 
with  some  $  fls.  at  its  apex,  tho  others  on  long,  slender  and  nearly  radical  pedun- 
cles, all  lax-flowered ;  perig.  oblong-obovate,  obtuse,  short-rostrate,  pediceled,  veined, 
pubescent,  equaling  or  surpassing  the  glume ;  culm  6  to  10'  slender,  triquetrous, 
much  s/wrter  than  the  flat,  rather  wide  radical  leaves. — Fla. 

74  C.  Wildenowii  Schk.     (B.  t.  95.)     Sts.  or  radical  ped.  1—3 ;  spike  com- 
monly single,  stameniferous  above,  or  tho  stamens  removed  a  little ;  perig.  5  to  9, 
scabrous,  alternate,  loose,  oblong  and  inflated  a  little,  tapering  at  tho  base  and 
conic-rostrate  above ;   ?  glumes  ovate  and  acute,  the  lower  ones  long  and  leaf- 
like,  much  surpassing  the  stem. — On  dry  grounds,  common  throughout  tho  U.  S. 
— One  variety  has  the  $  spike  distinct ;  another  is  destitute  of  the  long  and  leafy- 
scales,  and  is  frequent  at  the  North  as  well  as  in  Fla. 

75  C.  Steuddlii  Kth.     (B.  t.  96.)     Sts.  or  radical  ped.  1 — 8'  long;  spike  com- 
monly single,  with  about  12  sterile  fls.  above;  perig.  2  or  3,  scabrous  above;  sub- 
globous  or  ellipsoid  and  inflated,  alternate,  stipitate,  terete;  conic-rostrate,  with 
an  oblique  orifice;    $  glumes  usually  long  and  leafy;  Ivs.  smooth,  soft,  narrow, 
longer  lar  than  tho  culms. — Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y.,  and  ia  Ohio  and  tho  Western 
States. 

76  C.  Backii  Boott.     (t.  97.)     Ped.  radical,  1 — 4f  high,  stiff,  thick,  or  large; 
spike  single,  loith  about  3  sterile  fls.  above ;  perig.  ovate,  globous,  smooth  throughout, 
'2   to  4,  conic-rostrate,  entire  at  tho  orifice,  when  mature  pear-shaped,  the  beak 
articulated  to  the  fruit ;  $  glumes  usually  long  and  leaf-like,  inclosing  tho  fruit ; 
Ivs.  radical,  flat,  thick,  rough  or  scabrous  and  short. — Jefferson  Co.,  N.  Y.  and 
Arc.  Am. — The  two  preceding  species  are  closely  related,  and  yet  look  very  dif- 
ferent.    The  first  (No.  74)  is  the  slenderest. 

77  C.  squarr6sa  L.    Spikes  1 — 4,  oblong,  cylindric,  obtuse,  upper  one  attenuated 
below  at  first  by  tho  decurrent  $  flowers,  all  very  densely  flowered ;  perig.  ovate, 
subglobous,  long-rostrate,  2-toothed,  horizontal,  glabrous  and  subsquarrous,  longer 
than  the  lanceolate  glume;  cm.  1 — 2f,  slender  for  the  large  spike  or  spikes;  lower 
spikes  pedunculate. — Largo  and  fine.     It  is  C.  typhina  MX,  when  only  one  spike 
is  present. — N.  Eng.  to  111.  and  southward. 

(3.  (C.  TYPHINOIDES  Schw.)    Spikes  2,  the  lower  on  a  very  long  peduncle,  and 
both  longer  and  smaller. 

78  C.  scirpoidea  MX.     Spike  oblong,  cylindric,  acutish ;   $  glumo  oblong,  ob- 
tusish;  ptrig.  ovate,  (oval),  subrostrate,  pubescent,  longer  than  the  ovate,  acutish, 
scarious  dark  purple  glume;  st.  4 — 10',  erect;  Ivs.  flat  and  long. — White  Mts., 
N.  H.  (Oakes),  Wiiloughby  Mt.,  Yt.  (Wood),  Drummond's  Isle,  Mich,  and  north- 
ward (Carey). 

79  C.  Boottiana  Benth.     (B.  t.  42.)     Spikes  oblong-cylindric,  attenuate  at  base, 
with  a  scale-like  Iract ;  a  $  spike  on  one  culm  and  a  $  spike  (or  2)  on  another, 
sparse-flowered  below;  perig.  oUong-obovate,  hairy,   apiculate,  entire  at  orifice, 


758  ORDER  155.— CY  PER  ACE.fi 

pedicellate,  veined,  smaller  than  the  oblong-obovate,  short  mucronate,  dark  purple, 
white-edged  glume;  culm  6  to  12'  high,  longer  than  the  cauline,  but  shorter  than 
the  radical  bright-green  leaves. — La.  (Drummond),  Ala.  (T.  M.  Peters).  Curious 
and  distinct,  allied  to  C.  Baltzellii. 

80  C.  virescens  Muhl.     (B.  t.  72.)    Spikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  erect,  alternate,  the  lower 
subsessile,   bracteate ;  upper  spike  very  rarely  wholly  $  ;  perig.  ovate,  obtuse, 
costate,  pubescent,  longer  than  the  ovate,  pubescent  and  mucronate  glume,  or  about 
equal  to  it;  st.  1 — 2fj  rather  slender;  Ivs.  towards  the  base. — Whole  plant  pubes- 
cent and  light  green. 

/8.  COSTATA  Schw.  Perig.  strongly  costate,  outer  sheaths  purplish-brown ;  Ivs. 
numerous  and  larger.  Both  are  common  in  open  woods  and  hedges. 

81  C.  triceps  MX.     (B.  t.  117  in  part).    Spikes  3,  short-ovate,  erect,  quite  near,  the 
upper  short-peduncled,  lowest  leafy-bracted ;  perig.  obovate,  obtuse,  roundish- 
triquetrous,  pubescent  when  in  flower,  roughish,  usually  much  longer  than  the 
ovate  acute  glume;  culm  1  to  2£  triquetrous,  scabrous  above,  with  shorter,  sub- 
radical,  scabrous  Ivs. — N.  Car.  (Curtis)  to  Fla.  and  Ala.    Differs  considerably  from 
the  following,  although  the  two  are  united  by  Boott. 

82  C.  hirstita  Willd.     (Schk.,  fig.  172.)     Spikes  3,  sJiort-oblong,   thick,  alternate, 
erect,  rather  near,  upper  subsessile,  lowest  pedunculate,  all  dense-flowered ;  perig. 
ovate-triquetrous,  obtusish,  entire  at  the  orifice,  veined,  very  pubescent  when  young, 
rough  and  glabrous  in    maturity,  longer  than  the  ovate,   acuminate,   glabrous 
glumes;  culm  12  to  18',  stout,  erect,  scabrous  above;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  strongly 
scabro-pubescent,  grayish   green. — Moist  upland  meadows,   Can.  to  Penn.,   and 
far  West. 

(3.  PEDUNCULATA  (Torr.)  Spikes  oblong-cylindric,  pedunculate ;  Ivs.  slightly 
pubescent ;  young  glumes  much  longer  than  the  perigynium. 

y.  CUSPIPATA.  (Djew.)  Glumes  ovate,  cuspidate,  longer  than  the  perig. ;  Ivs., 
sheaths,  and  culm  very  hirsute. — 111.  (Vasey). 

83  C.  sestivalis  Curtis.     (B.  t.  133.)     Spikes  3  to  5,  cylindric,  slender,  suberect, 
loose-flowered,  bracteate ;   $  glumes  oblong,  rather  obtuse  at  the  base  of  the  upper 
spike,  lowest  spike  pedunculate;  perig.  elliptic,  3-sided,  tapering  at  both  ends, 
glabrous,  entire  at  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate,  obtuse,  often  mucronate  glume ; 
culms  in  tufts,  16  to  24',  slender,  with  flat,  pubescent  Ivs.,  and  leafy  bracts. — Mts. 
of  N.  Car.  (Curtis),  also  on  Saddle  Mt.,  Mass.  (Dewey).     JL,  Aug. 

84  C.  Sliortiana  Dew.     Spikes  4  or  5,  long-cylindric,  erect,  dense-flowered,  tho 
highest  half-staminate  below,  the  others  nearly  all  fertile,  exsert-pedunculato ; 
perig.  obovate,  obtuse,  convex-compressed,  tapering  at  base  and  subpedicellate, 
minutely  apiculate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute  glume;  culm  12  to  30',  with 
long  Ivs. ;  plant  strong  arid  fine,  bright  green. — Marshes,  Penn.  to  111.  and  farther 
South.     A  distinct  and  beautiful  species. 

85  C.  oxylepis  Torr.     (B.  t.  131.)     Spikes  3  to  6,  long-cylindric,  erect,  exsert-pe- 
dunckd,  bracteate,  the  lower  remotish  and  loose-flowered  at  the  base ;  perig.  ob- 
long, subtriquetrous,  glabrous,  tapering  at  either  end,  2-lobed  or  notched  at  orifice, 
a  little  longer  than  the  ovate-oblong,  cuspidate,  white  edged  glume;  culm  15',  erect, 
rather  slender,  leafy,  pale  green;  spikes  rather  dark. — Fla.  (Chapman)  to  Tex. 
(Torr.) 

86  C.  Buxbaumii  Wahl.    Spikes  about  4,  short,  cylindric,  thick,  upper  ono 
sometimes  wholly  $ ,   arid  sometimes  $  above  and  below ;  pistiliferous  oblong, 
subremote,  subsessile,  bracteate;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  acutish,  or  obovate,  obtuse, 
subtriquetrous,  entire  at  the  orifice,  nerved  and  glabrous,  scarcely  equal  to  the  ob*> 
long  and  mucronate  glume;  st.  10 — 18'  high,  leafy  towards  the  base. — Common  in. 
wet  grounds.     It  is  described  as  sometimes  having  2  stigmas  in  Europe,  but  placed 
by  Schk.,  Wahl,  &c.,  in  the  division  having  3. 

87  C.  atrata  L.     Spikes  3  to  5,  oblong-ovate,  somewhat  nodding,  the  upper  rather 
near  and  sessile,  lower  pedunculate,  scarcely  sheathed;  perig.  roundish-oval,  com- 
pressed, glabrous,  short-beaked,  slightly  bidentate  or  notched,  a  little  shorter  than 
the  dark,  oblong  glume;  culm  about  If,  with  light  green  foliage  and  black  spikes. 
White  Mts.  and  Brit.  Am. 

88  C.  gracillima  Schw.     (B.  t.  134.)     Spikes  3 — 4,  long,  graceful,  sub-loose- 
flowered,  distant,  long-pedicellate,  recurved  in  maturity,  bracteate,  upper  one 


ORDER  155. — CYPEEACE^E.  *759 

•  rarely  all  $  •  perig.  oblong,  triquetrous,  obtuse,  oblique  at  the  orifice,  slightly  2- 
lobed,  longer  than  the  oblong,  obtuse,  and  short-awned  glume ;  st.  often  2f,  reddish 
towards  the  base,  leafy  and  subprocumbent,  pale  green. — Common  in  damp 
meadows. 

89  C.  formosa  Dew.     (B.  1. 130.)     Spikes  3 — 4,  oblong,  short  and  thick,  distant, 
1-sided,  on  a  long  and  slender  peduncle,  recurved;  perig.  oblong,  triquetroug,  sub- 
inflated,  acutish  at  either  end,  nearly  entire  or  2-lobed  at  the  orifice,  twice  longer 
than  the  ovate  and  acute  glume  ;  st.  1 — 2f,  3-sided,  dark  brown  towards  the  base, 
yellowish  bright  green. — Common  in  wet  meadows. 

90  C.  Davfsii  Torr.     (B.  t.  132.)     Spikes  4,  oblong,  cylindric,  subsparsely  flow- 
ered, remote,  pedicellate,  pendulous  in  maturity;  perig.  oblong-conic,  subinflated, 
subtriquetrous,  nerved,  aeutish,  short-rostrate,  2-lobed  at  the  orifice,  glabrous  to- 
wards maturity,  about  equaling  the  oblong,  scabrous-awned  glume;  st.  1 — 2f,  trique- 
trous, scabrous  above,  with  leaves  equaling  it ;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  pubescent,  some- 
times but  very  little,  light  green. — First  found  on  the  alluvial  meadows  of  the 
Housatonic  in  Mass.  (Dewey).     Sometimes  nearly  pubescent. 

91  C.  prsBCoa:  Jacq.      $  Spike  erect,  subclavate ;    $  spikes  1 — 3,  ovate,  bracte- 
ate,  approximate,  lower  one  short-pedunculate;  perig.  6 — 12,  ovate  and  subglo- 
bous,  triquetrous,  pubescent,  short-rostrate,  equal  to  the  ovate,  acute,  or  mucron- 
ate  glume  ;  cm.  2 — 6',  leafy  at  the  base. — On  rocky  hills,  Salem,  Mass.  (Pickering), 
Ipswich,  Mass.  (Oakes). 

92  C.  nigro-marginata  Schw.   $  Spike  erect,  short-cylindric,  with  oblong,  obtuse, 
dark  glumes,  white  on  the  edge  and  green  on  the  keel;  $  spikes  1,  2,  rarely  3,  ovate, 
4.  to  6-flowered,  the  lowest  squarrous-bracted,  near  the  $ ,  on  one  long,  scabrous 
stem  or  ped.  (6  to  8'  long),  2  or  3  short  (2  to  4'),  and  radical  ped.  all  on  the  samo 
root ;  perig.  ovate  or  oblong,  tapering  below  or  pediceled,  slender-beaked,  rough- 
ish,  about  equaling  the  ovate  or  lance-oblong,  dark  glume,  which  is  white  on  the 
edge  and  keel;  Ivs.  radical,  scabrous,  recurved,  bright  green,  longer  than  the  culm. 
— Dry  hiils,  Penn.  to  Pla.  and  La, 

93  C.  umbellata  Schk.     Dwarf;    $  spike  short,  erect ;   $  spikes  several,  each  on 
its  low,  radical  peduncle,  ovate,  subumbellate,  green;  perig.  ovate  or  globous,  5 — 8, 
acutish  at  either  end,  rostrate,  short-bidentate,  pubescent,  equaling  the  ovate- 
lanceolate  glume ;  st.  \ — 4',  with  very  long  leaves. 

/3.  YICIXA  Dew.  1  or  2  $  spikes  close  to  the  $ ,  sessile ;  the  other  ?  spikes 
on  their  own  stems  or  radical  peduncles. — In  small  tufts  on  dry  hills.  Both 
varieties  grow  on  tho  samo  root,  but  Schk.  saw  and  figured  only  the  first. 

94  C.  Emmonsii  Dew.      $  Spike  sessile,  short  (3") ;  $  spikes  2 — 3,  approximate, 
sessile,  few-flowered,  very  short,  often  one  long,  radical  peduncle ;  perig.  globous- 
triquetrous.  attenuated  at  the  base,  rostrate,  pubescent,  at  the  orifice  oblique,  about 
equal  to  tho  ovate  glume ;  culm  filiform,  decumbent,  6 — 10',  leafy  at  the  base,  pale 
ash-green. — On  dry  fields  and  hilis ;  common.     (C.  Noveas- Angles,  j3.  Carey.) 

95  C.  Pennsylvanica  Lam.      $  Spike  erect,  pedunculate,  long  (6  to  8"),  sublri- 
quetrous,  with  an  obtuse  glume ;  $  spikes  1 — 3,  ovate,  subsessile,  subapproximate, 
few-flowered;  perig.  ovate-globous,  tomentous,  short  rostrate,  slightly  2-toothed, 
about  equal  to  tho  ovate-acuminate,  or  oblong-acuminate,  deep  reddish  glume ;  st. 
4 — 12',  erect,  stiff,  with  short  culm-lvs.,  and  often  with  long,  stiff,  root-lvs.  (when 
it  is  C.    marginata,  as  in  Schk.,  fig.  143). — Open  woods  and  hedges,  common — 
much  resembles  the  preceding,  but  readily  distinguished  by  its  different  aspect 
and  its  deep  reddish-brown  scales. 

96  C.  Novee-Anglige   Schw.      $   Spike  short,  slender,  oblong;    ?  spikes  2 — 3, 
ovate,  alternate,  sessile,  remotish,  few-flowered,  bracteate ;  perig.  3 — 6,  oval-tri- 
quetrous, rostrate,  costate,  slightly  pubescent,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate,  mucron- 
ate  glume;  st.  4 — 8',  slender,  subdecumbent,  longer  than  tho  leaves. — Pale  green. 
Open  woods  in  high  grounds.     (C.  varia  (3.  minor  Boott.) 

fl.  COLLECT  A  Dew.  St.  10 — 16',  very  slender,  erect;  $  spikes  2 — 4,  lowe* 
short-pedunculate;  perig.  more  tapering  into  a  beak,  slightly  bidentate.-— 
High  lands  of  Mass. ;  not  abundant. 

97  C.  varia  Muhl.     $  Spike  erect,  short  or  subelongated ;    $  spikes  3.  ovate,  sessile, 
rather  near,  bracteate,  few-flowered;  perig.  ovate  or  sub-globous,  subtriquetrous, 
acuminate-rostrate,  bifid,  scabro-pubesccnt,  about  equal   to  the  ovate,  acuminate 


YQO  ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^E. 

glume;  st.  6 — 15',  erect,  slender,  purple  towards  the  base.  Pale  green. — Dry 
woods  and  hedges ;  common. 

ft.  PEDICELLATA  Dew.,  has  pistillate  spikes  ovate-oblong,  short-pedicellate 
erect,  loose-flowered ;  perig.  more  numerous. — Grows  in  the  same  situations. 

98  C.  vestita  Willd.      (B.  t.  120.)     $  Spike  single,  rarely  2,  cylindric-oblong ; 
$  spikes  2,  ovate-oblong,  sessile,  subapproximate,  bracteate,  often  with   stamens 

above;  perig.  ovate,  suborbicular,  subtriquetrous,  nerved,  short-rostrate,  bifid, 
pubescent,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate-oblong,  acutish,  submucronato  glume  ; 
st.  18 — 30',  acutely  triangular  and  leafy  below.— -Common  in  wet  places  over  tho 
country. 

99  C.  pubescens  MuhL     (B.  t.  60.)     $  Spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  rather  loose-flowered, 
erect,  bracteate,  the  lowest  pedunculate;  perig.  lance-ovate,  triquetrous,  rostrate, 
nearly  entire  at  mouth,  pubescent,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate-oblong,  carinate, 
mucronate  glume ;  st.  10 — 20'  high,  and  with  the  leaves,  pubescent. — Moist  woods 
and  meadows;  common. 

100  C.  flava  L.      $    Spikes  2 — 4,  ovate-oblong,  approximate,  sometimes  andro- 
gynous ;  perig.  ovate,  closely  imbricate,  costate,  bidentale,  reflexed  with  a  long,  curved 
beak,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume  ;  st.  10 — 20'  rather  obtusely  angled 
or  triquetrous ;  glabrous ;  yellowish-green. — Wet  and  cold  soils ;  common  in  this 
country  as  well  as  in  Eur. 

{3.  LEPIDOCARPA.  Taller  and  more  slender,  with  short,  round-ovate  spikes 
aggregated,  or  except  the  lower,  with  perig.  rostrate  and  recurved  in  matu- 
rity, about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate,  obtuse  glumes. — With  the  other.  (C. 
lepidocarpa,  Ed,  2.) 

101  C.  .5jvderi  Ehrh.    Spikes  sometimes  androgynous ;    $  about  4,  clustered, 
nearly  sessile,  short-oblong,  sometimes  $  above  or  below,  bracteate ;  perig.  rather 
obovate,  subiriflated,  nerved,  bidentate,  diverging  with  a  subulate  beak,  a  little  longer 
than  tho  ovate  glume ;  st.  2 — 10',  leafy. — Pale  yellow.     Mass  and  N.  Y.,  abun- 
dant in  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  and  at  Niagara  Falls. 

102  C.  folliculata  L.  nee.  Schk.      ?  Spikes  2 — 4,  ovate  or  capitate,  densely 
flowered,  distant,  tho  peduncles  sometimes  projecting  far  beyond  the  sheaths,  often 

$  at  the  apex,  long  bracteate ;  perig.  oblong-conic,  much  inflated,  diverging  or 
horizontal,  long-rostrate,  twice  longer  than  the  oblong-ovate,  acute,  long- awned  glume ; 
st.  2 — 5f,  lealy;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  long  and  fiat. — Palo  yellow.  In  wet  or 
marshy  places ;  common.  (C.  Xanthophysa  Wahl.) 

103  C.  rostrata  MX.     $  Spike  short  and  small ;    $  spikes  2—3,  sub-globous,  or 
capitate,  bracteato ;  perig.  aggregated  into  a  head,  small,  erect,  or  subdiverging, 
oblong-conic,  very  long-rostrate,  slightly  inflated  at  the  base,  twice  longer  than 
the  ovate-oblong,  acutish  glume;  st.  8 — 16',  few-leaved,  erect,  stiff. — Pale  yellow. 
At  the  base  of  tho  White  Mts.,  N.  II.,  Oakes ;  also  in  Canada,  where  MX.  found 
it.     Not  recognized  as  the  plant  of  Michaux  till  1840,  Sil.  Jour.  XXXIX,  p.  52. 

104  C.  turg£scens  Torr.     Spike  oblong,  cylindric,   erect;    ?  spikes   2   or  3, 
ovate-globous,  few  (10  to  12)-flowered,   highest  sessile  and  near  the  $,  lowest 
often  quite  remote,  cxsertly  pedunculate,  perig.  ovate,  inflated,  diverging,  conic- 
rostrate,  bidentate,  striate,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate,  acute  glume ;  culm  2  to  3f, 
slender,  longer  than  the  leaves,  yellowish  or  pale  green. — Ma.  to  La.     (Chapm. 
Ingalls.) 

105  C.  Elliottii  Schw.     $  Spike  cylindric,  1' long,  with  oblong,  obtuse  glumes  > 
$  spikes  2  or  3,  ovate,  roundish,  sessile,  upper  staminate  at  apex,  lowest  some- 
times pedunculate;  perig.   ovate-triquetrous,  glabrous,  veined,  rostrate,  2-toothed, 
about  twice  as  long  (3")  as  the  ovate,  obtuse  glume;  culm  1  to  2f,  triquetrous,  rc- 

'  curved. — N.  Car.  to  Fla.     (C.  castanea  Ell.  nee  Wahl.     C.  Baldwinia  Dew.  in  Sil. 
Jour.) 

106  C.  intum€scens   Rudge.     (B.  t.    148.)    $  Spike  oblong,   pedunculate;   ? 
spikes  1 — 3,  few-flowered,  approximate,  bracteate,  erect,  nearly  sessile,  the  lower 
one  sometimes  remote  and  exsertly  pedunculate  ;  perig.  ovate-conic,  large  and  much 
inflated,   acuminate-rostrate,   bidentate,  nerved,  diverging,  very  glabrous,  thrice 
longer  (5  to  6")  than  the  ovate-cuspidate  glume;  st.  a  foot  or  more  high,  erect,  stiff, 
leafy,  dark  green  and  very  glabrous. — Wet  grounds,  in  open  woods  or  marshes/ 
common.     (C.  folliculata  Schk.) 


ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^E.  761 

107  C.  lupullna  Muhl.     (B.  1. 149.)    $  Spike  erect,  slender,  subsessile ;    $  spikes 
2 — 4,  ovate-oblong,  large,  (20"  by  9")  and  thick,  or  oblong-cylindric,  short-pedun- 
culate,  erect,  densely  flowered,  approximate,  the  lowest  sometimes  long-peduncu- 
late and  distant ;  perig.  ovate-conic,  ventricous,  long,  conic-rostrate,   bicuspidate, 
nerved,  glabrous,  about  thrice  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  glume;  st. 
1 — 3f,  triquetrous,  leafy ;  Ivs.  and  bracts  long,  flat,  wide,  striate,  scabrous  on  the 
edge. — Bright  green.     Well  named  from  its  hop-like  spikes.    Marshes  and  about 
ponds,  common.     (C.  lurida  Wahl.) 

108  C.  lupuliformis  Sartwell.     (B.  t.  150.)    $  Terminal  spike  long  cylindric, 
pedunculate,  sometimes  1  or  2  short  sessile  ones  below  it ;    $  spikes  3  to  5,  large 
(2  to  3'),  cylindric,  (9"  thick)  near,  subsessile,  the  lowest  more  or  less  remote  on 
a  long,  exsert  peduncle,  all  leafy  bracted  and  subloose-flowered ;  perig.  globous- 
ovate,  inflated,  long  and  large,  terete,  scabrous-rostrate,  2-horned,  more  than  twice 
longer  than  the  ovate,  cuspidate  glume;  culm  2  to  3f,  erect,  large,  stiff,  surpassed 
by  the  leafy  bracts  as  well  as  by  the  lanceolate,  rough,  bright,  green  leaves.— 
Borders  of  marshes,  common.     (C.  lupulina,  /?.  polystachya  Torr.) 

109  C.  tentaculata  Muhl.     5  Spikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  cylindric,  (24"  ty  6  or  7") 
bracteate,  upper  one  sessile,  the  rest  nearly  sessile,  densely  flowered ;  perig.  ovate, 
inflated,  long-rostrate,  bidentate,  nerved,  diverging,  glabrous,  twice  longer  than  the 
ovate  and  small  scabro-mucronate  glume  ;  st.  1  — 2f,  often  large,  triquetrous ;  Ivs. 
linear-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  stem. — In  clusters  in  wet  or  marshy  places ; 
common. 

110  C.  stenolepia  Torr.      $  Spike  short  and  small,  rarely  wanting ;    $  spikes 
3  to  5,  cylindric,  obtuse,  oblong  or  rarely  short,  highest  sometimes  androgynous, 
upper  aggregated  on  the  zigzag  stem,  lowest  long-pedunculate,  all  very  dense- 
flowered,  erect  and  stiff,  with  long  and  leafy  bracts;  perig.  oblong-obovate,  infla- 
ted, tapering  below,  abruptly  obtuse,  long-beaked,  bifurcate,  a  little  longer  than 
the  ovate -linear,  awned  glumo;  culm  1  to  2f,  erect,  strong,  smooth,  striate,  with 
flat,  rather  wide,  rough-edged,  bright  green  leaves. — Ya.  to  111.,  in  marshes,  rare, 
late-flowering. 

111  C.  plaiitaginea  Lam.  nee  Muhl.     (B.  t.  88.)      $  Spike  erect,  large,  sub- 
clavate,  with  oblong  and  acute  glumes ;    $  spikes  3  to  5,  oblong,  erect,  remote, 
sparse-flowered,  2  upper  nearly  inclosed-pedunculate,  the  lower  ones  exsertly- 
pedunculate,  with  subulate  bracts ;  perig.  oblong,  triquetrous-elliptic  or  cuneiform, 
tapering  at  either  end,  recurved  at  the  apex,  and  entire  at  the  orifice,  longer  than 
the  ovate-cuspidate  glume ;  st.  8 — 18'  high,  erect,  triquetrous,  with  dark  brown 
sheaths ;  Ivs.  radical,  broad,  (9  to  10"),  ensiform,  strongly  3-nerved. — Bright  green. 
Hedges  and  open  woods,  common,  and  one  of  the  first  appearing  species  in  the 
spring.     (C.  latifolia  Wahl.) 

112  C.  Careyana  Torr.    (B.  t.  89.)    $  Spike  erect,  oblong,  with  oblong  and 
obtuse  glumes ;    $  spikes  2  or  3,  ovate,  loose  and  few-flowered,  distant,  upper  sub- 
sessile,  all  leafy  bracteate;  perig.  ovate,  triquetrous,  subinflated,  nerved,  acuminate, 
tapering  at  the  base,  smooth  and  glabrous,  entire  at  the  orifice,  twice  longer  than 
the  ovate,  mucronate  glume ;  st.  1 — 2f,  erect,  smooth,  leafy  towards  the  base ;  Ivs. 
linear-lanceolate,   6"  wide. — Pale  green.    Woods,  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  (Carey)  and 
Ohio  (Sullivant).     Closely  related  to  C.  plantaginea. 

113  C.  laxiflora  Lam.  nee.  Schk.    (B.  t.  87.)     ?  Spikes  2 — 4,  subflliform,  erect, 
attenuate,  sparse-flowered,  remote  with  a  2-edged  peduncle,  kafy  bracteate,  upper 
one  subsessile ;  perig.  oval-triquetrous,  tapering  at  both  ends,  short-rostrate,  atten- 
uate, glabrous,  striate,  excurved  at  the  apex,  a  little  longer  than  the  oblong-mucron- 
ate  or  ovate-acute  glume;  st.  6 — 12',  acutely  triquetrous;  Ivs.  radical,  of  medium 
(3  to  4'')  width. — Glaucous  or  light  green.     Woods  and  hedges,  common.    Va- 
riable.    (C.  anceps  Willd,  Am.  auct.) 

/3.  PATULIFOLIA  Dew.  (C.  anceps.  Schk.,  fig.  195.)  Lvs.  radical,  broad,  many- 
veined,  narrower  at  the  base;  sheaths  with  long  and  leafy  bracts;  perig. 
longer-rostrate. 

7.  ANGUSTIFOLIA  Dew.  (Schk.  fig.  128.)  St.  a  foot  high ;  Ivs.  narrow,  striate, 
long ;  perig.  short-rostrate  and  much  recurved. 

114  C.  platyphylla  Carey.    (Boot.  t.  90.)     $  Spike  with  oblong,  acute  glumes ; 
$  spikes  2  or  3,  oblong,  slender,  few  (3  to  6)-flowered,  erect,  not  compact ;  perig. 

ovate,  triquetrous,  acute,  short-beaked,  subrecurved,  entire  at  the  orifice,  longer 


f62  ORDER  155.— CYFERACE^E. 

than  the  ovate,  acute  or  cuspidate  glume ;  culm  3  to  8',  erect,  triquetrous,  slender, 
at  length,  nearly  prostrate,  with  sheathing,  leafy  bracts;  Ivs.  radical,  broad  (7  to 
10"),  3-veined,  pale  green. — Shades,  N.  States.  Confounded  with  No.,  Ill  or 
113,  5,  until  described  by  Carey  in  SilL  Jour,  and  Gray's  Manual. 

115  C.  zanthosperma  Dew.    (B.  t.  86.)     $  Spike  cylindric,  short,  sessile,  with 
oblong,  obtuse  glumes;    $  spikes  3  to  6,  oblong,  cylindric.  rather  loose-flowered, 
leafy-bracted,  suberect,  subremote,  the  lowest  sometimes  recurved;  perig.  ovate, 
oblong,  obtusish,  minutely  veined,  slightly  apiculate,  yellow  ochre  color  in  maturity, 
twice  or  thrice  longer  than  (or  the  lower  equaling)  the  broadly  ovate,  acute  or 
mucronate  glume;  culm  10  to  16',  erect,  smooth,  and  with  the  lanceolate,  sheathing 
Ivs.  at  length  yellowish. — N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  Tex.    (C.  flaccosperma    Ed.  1.) 

116  C.  blanda  Dew.     ?  Spikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  cylindric.  subsparse-flowered,  alter- 
nate,  approximate,  bracteate,  highest  subsessile,  the  lowest  on  a  long,  2-edged 
peduncle;  perig.  obovate  and  scarcely  attenuate  below;  subtriq.  nerved,  recurved 
at  the  apex,  entire  at  the  orifice,  little  longer  than  the  ovate,  scabro-mucronate 
glume;  st.  8 — 12',  triquetrous,  leafy  towards  the  base;  Ivs.  long  as  the  stem. — 
Pale  green  or  glaucous.     Meadows  and  dry,  open  woods,  common.     (C.  conoidea 
Muhl  nee  Schk.,  C.  laxiflora  ft.  Carey,  Boott) 

117  C.  retrocurva  Dew.      $  Spikes  2 — 4,  on  long,  filiform,  recurved  peduncles, 
bracteate,  subdense-flowered,  short  and  thick,  oblong;  perig.  ovate,  triqu.  nerved, 
cUusish,  equaling  the  ovate,  cuspidate  glume;   st.  6 — 12'  high,  prostrate;  Ivs. 
radical  and  wide. — Glaucous.     Open  woods,  rare.     Has  been  considered  C.  digit- 
alis, Willd.,  but  is  different. 

118  C.  conoidea  Schk.  nee  Muhl.     (B.  t.  81.)     $  Spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  or  ovate- 
oblong,  remote,  erect,  rather  dense-flowered,  bracteate ;  perig.  oblong-conic,  obtusish, 
glabrous,  nerved,  subdiverging,  entire  at  the  mouth,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate- 
subulate  glume ;  st.  8 — 1 2'  high ;  Ivs.  towards  the  base,  shorter  than  the  stem. — 
Bright  green.     Moist,  upland  meadows,  common. 

119  C.  grisea  "Wahl.  (B.  t.  85.)    $  Spike  oblong,  slender;    $  spikes  2  to  4  oblong, 
lax-flowered,  few-flowered,  erect,  remote;  perig.  ovate,  or  oblong-ovate,  obtusish, 
glabrous,  ventricous,  nerved,  subtriquetrous,  entire  at  the  mouth,  a  little  longer 
than  the  ovate,  scabro-mucronate  glume;  st.  10 — 18"  high,  triquetrous,  leafy. — 
Bright,  to  pale  green.    Woods,  hedges  and  meadows,  common,  N.  and  Mid.  States. 
(C.  laxiflora  Schk.  et  Muhl.  nee  Lam.) 

120  C.  jiincea  "Willd.     $  Spike  short-cylindric,  with  oblong,  obtuse  glumes;   5 
spikes  2,  rarely  3,  filiform,  loose  and  alternate-flowered,  pedunculate,  long-seta' 
ceous-br acted ;  perig.  lanceolate,  slender,  subtriquetrous,  longer  than  the  ovate, 
obtuse,  white-edged  glume;  culm  If  or  more,  slender,  longer  than  the  radical,  bristle- 
form  leaves;  aspect  light  green,  rush-like. — Roan  Mts.,  N.  Car.  (C.  miser  Buckley). 

121  C.  digitalis  Willd.     (B.  t.  92.)      ?  Spikes  about  3,  loosely  4—  IQ-flowered, 
oblong,  distant,  lax  and  recurved,  leaf y-lr acted ;  perig.  ovate,  triquetrous,  alter- 
nate, nerved,  glabrous,  short  and  obtuse,  entire  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  tho 
lance-ovate  glume;  st.  4 — 12',  shorter  than  the  long,  linear,  decumbent  leaves. — 
Pale  green.     (C.  Caroliniana  Buckley.) 

8.  VANVLECKII  Dew.     Smaller;  perig.  more  remote  and  smaller. — Open,  moist 
woods,  common.     Has  been  mistaken  for  C.  oliocarpa,  Schk.  &  Muhi 

122  C.  eburnea  Boott.  (t.  184).      5  Spikes  2—3,  erect,  3— 6-flowered,  ovate, 
with  white,  leafless  sheaths,  and  the  upper  higher  than  the  $  spike ;  perig.  ovate- 
globous,  rostrate,  or  slightly  obovate,  glabrous  and  brown  in  maturity,  twice 
longer  than  the  white,  ovate,  hyaline  glume;  cm.  4 — 10',  erect,  with subradicai 
and  bristle-form-leaves. — Pale  green,  common,  limestone  grounds.     S.  W.  Vt  to 
Ivan,  and  southward. 

123  C.  Washingtoniana  Dew.    6  Spike  erect,  slender,  with  oblong,  obtuse,  dark 
brown  glumes;    ?  spikes  2  to  4,  rarely  6,  upper  short,  sessile,  near,  lower  much 
longer,  loose-cylindric,  subremote,  stalked,  loose-flowered,  all  brown ;  perig.  ovoid, 
tapering  above,  compressed-triquetrous,  orifice  entire,  about  equaling   or  often 
shorter  than  the  ovate-lanceolate,  dark-brown,  white-edged  glume;   culm  If  or 
more,  triquetrous,  smooth,  longer  than  the  fat,  smooth  Ivs. ;  light  green. — White 
Mts.  N.  H.,  the  most  common  Carex  there,  forming  a  turf  with  the  mosses  and 


ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^E.  763 

lichens  on  the  borders  of  ponds.     (C.  rigida,  /?.  Carey ;  but  differs  in  its  fruit, 
glume,  loose  spikes,  Ivs.  &c.) 

124  C.  granularis  MuhL    (B.  t.  84.)     $  Spikes  2 — 4,  cylindric,  oblong,  dense- 
flowered,   suberect;  perig.  roundish-ovate,  nerved,  very  short-beaked  and  recurved, 
entire  at  the  orifice,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate-acuminate  glume ;  st.  8 — 16', 
erect  or  subdecumbent,  smooth,  leafy. — Glaucous  green  except  the  mature,  yellow 
spikes.     Moist  soils  in  meadows  and  hedges,  along  brooks,  abundant. 

(3.  RECTA.  Perig.  ovate,  slightly  inflated,  short-acute,  straight-beaked  or  acu- 
minate ;  in  some  the  lower  spikes  aro  also  long-peduncled. — S.  I1L  (Vasey) 
and  La.  (Hale). 

125  C.  panicea  L.     $  Spikes  2 — 3,  loose-flowered,  remotish,  lowest  long-peduncu- 
late ;  perig.  subglobous,  obtuse,  entire  at  the  mouth,  a  little  greater  than  the  ovate, 
subacute  glume;  st.  a  foot  high,  triquetrous,  leafy  at  the  base;  Ivs.  shorter  than 
the  stem. — Light  green.     Near  Boston  (Pickering). 

126  C.  livida  Yahl,     $  Spike  oblong;   $  spikes  2 — 3,  oblong-cylindric,  subloose- 
flowered;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  subtriquetrous,  subinflated,  obtuse  or  acutish,  entire 
at  the  orifice ;  longer  than  the  obtuse,  oblong  glume ;  st.  G — 16'  high,  erect,  tri- 
quetrous, striate,  with  leaves  about  its  own  length. — Glaucous  green.    Sphagnous 
swamp,  near  Utica,  N".  Y.  (Gray)  cedar  swamp,  N.  J.,  and  more  northern  regions. 
(C.  Grayana,  Ed.  1.) 

127  C.  tetaiiica  Schk.,  fig.  207.     $  Spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  loose-flowered,  remote; 
perig.  obovate,  recurved  at  the  apex,  entire  at  the  orifice,  with  an  ovate  glume,  ob- 
tusish  at  the  upper  and  mucronate  at  the  lower  part  of  the  spike;  st.  G — 10'  high, 
triquetrous,  longer  than  the  flat  and  linear-lanceolate  leaves. — Light  green.     Up- 
land meadows,  rare.     Its  recurved  short  beak  or  cramped  neck  (whence  its  name) 
distinguishes  it  from  C.  "Woodii. 

128  C.  Woodii  Dew.     $  Spikes  1  to  3,  erect,  cylindric,  loose-flowered,  the  lowest 
pedunculate,  finally  recurved;  perig.  obovate,  tapering  below,  subpediceled,  tri- 
quetrous, obtuse,  orifice  mature  closed,  sometimes  short-apiculate,  veined,  glab- 
rous, longer  than  the  broad,  hyaline,  green-keeled,  rarely  mucronate  glume;  culm  10 
to  20',  slender,  stiff;  Ivs.  very  short;  plant  with  a  close,  slight  pubescence,  palo 
green.— Shores  of  Perch  Lake,   &c.     Jeff.  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Drs.  Crawe  and  Wood). 
A  clear  species  (Dr.  Vasey). 

129  C.  Meadii  Dew.     (B.  t.  82.)     $  Spike  ovate-oblong,  often  long,  with  glumes 
oblong,  obtuse,  tawny-edged;    ?  spikes  2  to  4,  oblong  or  cylindric,  rather  lax- 
flowered,  upper  often  staminate  at  apex,  lowest  long-stalked,  remote,  all  leafy- 
bracted ;  perig.  oval  or  oblong,  tapering  some  at  both  ends,  veined,  with  entire 
orifice,  scarce,  equaling  the  broad-ovate,  acute  or  obtuse-mucronate,  tawny-edged 
glume;  culm  8  to  10',  erect,  leafy  below,  rough  above,  longer  than  the  leaves; 
pale  green. — Augusta,  111.  (Mead),  Mich,  and  Ohio.    (C.  panicea  Carey ;  but  clearly 
distinct.) 

130  C.  oligocarpa  Schk.     (B.  t.  93.)     $  Spikes  2  or  3  erect,  3  or  ^-flowered, 
bracteate ;  perig.  obovate,  roundish-triquetrous,  short-rostrate^  entire  at  the  mouth, 
longer  than  the  oblong-mucronate  glume;  culm  6  to  12'  high;  Ivs.  flat  and  shorter 
towards  the  base ;  plant  light  green. — Open  woods  or  hedges,  rare.     Differs  frem 
the  following  species  in  its  fruit,  pubescence,  and  stouter,  coarser  aspect. 

131  C.  Hitchcockiana  Dew.    (Boott.  t.  94.)     $   Spike  erect,   pedunculate; 
$  Spikes  2 — 3,  erect,  5  to  I0-flowered,  lowest  distant;  perig.  oval-triquetrous,  ta- 
pering at  both  ends,   inflated,   alternate,  bent  at  the  apex,  striate,  with  a  short, 
truncated  and  open  beak,  about  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  oblong  or  ovate,  mu» 
cronate  glume  ;  st.  10 — 24'  high,  erect,  stiff,  scabrous  above,  with  long  and  leafy 
bracts ;  st.  Ivs.  and  bracts  scabrous  and  subpubescent. — Borders  of  woods,  N. 
Eng.  to  111.  and  Ky. 

132  C.  styloftexa  Buckley.     $  Spikes  cylindric,  short,  slender,  erect,  with  ob- 
long, obtuse  glumes ;   ?  spikes  1  to  4,  oblong,  dense,  some  of  them  near  the  stami- 
nate and  subsessile,  the  others  distant  or  very  remote,  on  long  (2  to  6'),  filiform, 
exsert,  drooping  peduncles,  leafy-bracted  ;  perig.  ellipsoid,  tapering  below,  rostrate, 
often  recurved,  once  to  twice  longer  than  the  ovate  or  lance-linear,  membranous 
glume  j  culm  2f,  slender,  flaccid,  triquetrous,  longer  than  the  smooth,  light  green 


f(54  ORDEB  155. — CYPERACE^E. 

leaves.— Mts.  N.  Car.  (Buckley)  and  Va,  to  Fla.     (C.  laxiflora,  J3.  styloflexa, 
Boott  t.  87). 

133  C.  debilis  Michx.     $  Spike  erect,  filiform ;   $  spikes  3 — 4,  not  very  rarely 
pistillate  above,  filiform,  loose-flowered,  flexuous,  nodding,  remotish,  1 — 2' long; 
perig.  oblong-lanceolate,  subtriquetrous,  alternate,  rostrate,  bifid,  glabrous,  nerved, 
nearly  twice  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume;  st.  1 — 2f~  triquetrous  and 
scabrous  above,  leafy  towards  the  base. — Bright  green.     Moist  woods  and  mead- 
ows, common.     (C.  flexuosa  Schk.) 

134  C.  arctata  Boott.     $  Spikes  3 — 4,  long  and  slender,  loose-flowered,  nodding 
and  remote  ;  perig.  ovate,  triquetrous,  lanceolate  or  long-rostrate,  subventrioous, 
bifid,  glabrous,  little  surpassing  the  ovate,  membranaceous,  mucronate  glume ;  st. 
10 — 20',  scabrous  above  and  leafy  below. — Pale  green.     In  the  same  situations 
as  the  preceding,  common.     (C.  Sylvatica  Dew.     Sill.  Jour.) 

135  C.  Sullivantii  Boott.  (t.  122).     ?  Spikes  3,  oblong,  erect,  cylindric,  rather 
loose-flowered,  bracted,  the  lowest  long-pedunculate  and  sparse-flowered  below  ; 
perig.  ovate  or  oval,  apiculate,  scarcely  veined,  scabrous-hairy,  short-pediceled ;    $ 
glume  on  the  lowest  spike  obovate,  obtuse  or  emarginate,  long-cuspidate,  the 
cusp  extending  above  the  fruit ;  on  the  upper  spike  the  cusp  is  shortened  and 
the  oblong  glume  scarce  equals  the  fruit ;  culm  1  to  2fj  longer  than  the  leaves ; 
plant  slightly  hairy,  light  green. — Columbus,  Ohio  (Sullivant). 

136  C.  Kneiskernii  Dew.     ?  Spikes  3,  long-cylindric,  rather  distant,  sublax- 
flowered,  with  recurved  p3dunclcs ;  perig.  ovate,  oblong,  subtriquetrous,  glabrous, 
terete-conic,  rostrate,  short-2-toothed,   a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  and  oblong 
glume  which  is  obtusish  and  short-mucronate. — Woods,  Oriskany  and  Rome,  N. 
Y.     Closely  related  to  C.  Sullivantii,  but  differs  materially  when  mature,  in.tho 
fruit,  glume  and  long  triquetrous  achenium.     Also,  by  the  same  marks,  from  C. 
arctata  Boott.  to  which  Carey  improperly  (as  mentioned  by  Boott.  t,  122)  re- 
fers it 

137  C.  capillaris  L.      $  Spike  small;    ?  spikes  2— 3,  ovate,  oblong,  about  C- 
flowered,  loose-flowered,  long  and  recurved  pedunculate ;  perig.  oval,  short-ros- 
trate, oblong,  oblique  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  oblong,  ovate,  obtuse  glume ; 
st.  2 — 7'  high,  leafy  at  the  base ;  Ivs.  narrow,  long. — Grows  in  tufts,  very  deli- 
cate, 4  to  G',  pale  green.     Alpine  regions  of  the  White  Mts.  (Robbing). 

138  C.  fulva  Good.      $   Spikes  3,  oblong,  subdense-flowered,  erect;  perig.  ovate, 
round,  short-rostrate,  bicuspidate,  smooth,  binerved,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate, 
dark  brown,  subacute  glume ;  st.  a  foot  high  or  more,  triquetrous,  leafy  towards  tho 
base. — Pale  green.     Near  Boston  (Greene).     (C.  binervis  Ed.  1.) 

139  C.  lasvigata  Smith.      $  Spike  one  and  erect,  sometimes  2 ;   $  spikes  2—3, 
oblong,    bracteate,    pedunculate,    nodding;    perig.    ovate-lanceolate,    triquetrous, 
nerved,  rostrate,  bifurcate,  subdense-flowered,  about  equal  to  the  ovate,  cuspidate 
glume  ;  st.  1 — 2f,  scabrous  above,   leafy  towards  the  base. — Light  green.     Near 
Boston  (Green).     Rare.    This  and  the  last  probably  introduced  from  Eur.     (C. 
Greeniana  Ed.  1.) 

140  C.  flexilis  Rudge.     (B.  t,  79).     ?  Spikes  2 — 1,  ovate-oblong,  cylindric,  nod- 
ding ;  perig.  ovate,  subconic,  rostrate,  bidentate,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  ovate, 
obtusish,  oblong  glume;  st.  12 — 18',  erect,  striate  ;  Ivs.  short,  and  shorter  below ; 
Ivs.  and  bracts  ciliate. — Bright  green.     Oneida  Co.,  N.  Y.  (Gray),  and  far  west- 
ward.    (C.  castanea  Wahl.) 

141  C.  venusta  Dew.    (B.  t,  123.)     a  Spike  long,  slender,  with  oblong,  obtuse, 
tawny  glumes;    $  spikes  2  or  3,  long-cylindric,  rather  loose -flowered,  lowest  dis- 
tant,  on  a  long,  exsert  stalk,  often  sparse-flowered,  recurved,  dark;  perig.  conic 
above,  tapering  below  into  a  pedicel,  short-beaked,  2-toothed,  veined,  rough-pubes- 
cent, twice  longer  than  the  ovate,  obtuse  (sometimes  mucronate)  glume ;  culm  1 
to  2f,  longer  than  tho  linear-lanceolate,  light  green  leaves. — S.  Car.  to  Fla. 

142  C.  tenax  Chapm.     (Boott.  t.,  59.)      $  Spike  short,  cylindric,  with  oblong, 
acute  glumes ;    $    spikes  2  or  3,  ovate  or  oblong,  dense,  subsessile,  the  lower  some- 
times remote ;  perig.  oval,  triquetrous,  some  tapering  below,  conic-beaked  or  shorter 
and  2-toothed,  finely  striate,  pubescent,  twico  longer  than  the  narrow-ovate,  acute 


ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^E.  7C5 

glume;  culm  li"  erect;  Iva.  short,  flat,  both  glabrous. — Ga,  Fla.  (C.  Chapmauil 
Sartw.) 

143  C.  Richardsonil  R.  Brown.     $  Spike  oblong,  erect,  stalked,  with  ovate, 
obtuse,  brown,  white-bordered  glumes;   $  spikes  1  to  3,  smaller,  oblong,  lax,  the 
upper  near,  the  lowest  more  remote,  ail  longer  than  the  broad,  membranous,  white, 
obtuse  bract;  perig.  ovate-triquetrous,  very  obtuse,  scarcely  beaked,  orifice  entire, 
below  tapering,   pubescent,   scarcely  equal  to  the  brown,  ovate,  acute,  white- 
edged  glume ;  culm  4  to  10',  scabrous,  longer  than  the  scabrous  leaves. — "Woods, 
Greece,  N.  Y.  (Bradley),  111.  (Mead.),  and  Arc.  Am.     A  fine  species  with  a  wide 
range. 

144  C.  dasycarpa  Muhl.     (B.  t,  57.)     $  Spike  oblong,  erect,  subsessile,  small ; 
$  spikes  2  or  3,  short-oblong,  alternate,  hoary,  the  lowest  remote,  bracts  longer 

than  the  culm ;  pcrig.  oblong-ovate,  triquetrous,  short-beaked,  veined,  dense-vil- 
lous,  emarginate  at  orifice,  longer  than  the  ovate-acuminate  glume ;  culm  8  to  14', 
triquetrous,  glabrous,  longer  than  the  hairy,  narrow-lanceolate  Ivs. ;  grayish  green. 
—Dry  fields,  N.  Car.  to  Fla. 

145  C.  Michigansis  Dew.     Terminal   spike   staminate,  oblong-clavate,  erect, 
short  stalked ;    $  spikes  1  to  3,  rarely  4,  oblong -filiform,  lax,  some  or  all  three 
stam.  at  apex,  squarrous-bracted,  the  upper  sessile,  lower  short-stalked  ;  perig.  (too 
young)  oblong-obovate,   lance,  acute,  bifid,  some  villous,  shorter  than  the  oblong, 
acute,  rusty  brown  gl ;  culms  clustered,  6  to  14',  slender,  triq.,  shorter  than  the 
linear,  stiff,  rough-edged  Ivs. — Mich.  (Wm.  Boott,  Esq.). 

146  C.  Torreyi  Tuckm.     $  Spike  oblong,  short  ped. ;  %  spikes  2 — 3,  short,  ollong, 
subsessile,  erect ;  perig.  oblong,  obovate,  very  obtuse,  glabrous,  subtriq.  entire  at  the 
orifice,  subrostrate,  twice  longer  than  the  acute  gl. ;  st.  12 — 18'  erect,  triq.,  with 
subradical  and  pubescent  Ivs. — Pale  green.     N".  Y.     (Tuckerman.) 

147  C.  Crawei  Dew.      $  Spikes  3 — 6,  cyl.  short  and  thick,  densely  flowered,  some- 
times aggregated,  sometimes  remote,  the  lowest  often  subradical  and  long-ped.  ; 
perig.  ovate,  terete,  scarcely  rostrate,  diverging,  entire  at  the  orifice,  twice  longe* 
than  the  ovate  and  obtusish  gl. ;   $  spike  with  one  or  two  small  ones  at  its  base. 
— Jeff.  Co.,  N".  Y.     It  commemorates  the  name  of  Dr.  Crawe,  its  discoverer,  who 
was  soon  after  drowned,  on  a  botanical  excursion,  in  Griffin's  Bay. 

148  C.  ignota  Dew.       $  Spike  cyl.,  slender,  erect,  long-stalked,  scale-bracted, 
with  oblong,  obtusish  gig. ;   ?  spikes  2  or  3,  oblong,  lax,  erect,  leafy -bracted,  tho 
lowest  long-ped. ;  perig.  elliptic-triq.,  tapering  below,  conic-rostrate,  slender,  entire 
at  the  orifice  or  slightly  2-toothed,  recurved  more  or  less,  a  little  longer  than  the 
ovate,  acute,  lane,  or  cuspidate  gl. ;  culm  18  to  24',  pale  green. — La.  (Hale). 

/?.  FUiiFoRMis.     A  smaller  form ;  perig.  more  spindle-form,   and  the  glume 
acute,  shorter  in  proportion.     Fla.     (C.  fusiformis  Chapmaa) 

149  C.  scabrata  Schw.      $  Spike  short-stalked ;  ?  spikes  3 — 6,  cyL,  subrecurved, 
remotish,  long-ped.;    perig.   ovate-oblong,    subinflated,  subbifid,   rostrate,   qulto 
scabrous,  longer  than  the  ovate-lane.,  acuminate,  short-bidentate,  ciliate  gl. ;  culm 
1 — 2f,  acutely  triq.,  rough,  above,  longer  than  the  Ivs.  towards  the  base. — Bright 
green.    Along  brooks  and  streams,  common.     N.  States,  N.  Car.  (Curtis). 

150  C.  subulata  MX.    $  Spike  erect,  small,  short,  with  lane.,  white  gl. ;  $  spikes 
3  to  5,  oblong,  3  to  1-fruited,  distant,  sessile  above,  the  highest  close  to  the  stam- 
inate, the  lower  exsert-ped.,  leafy-bracted,  sometimes  $  at  apex ;  perig.  subulate 
or  lance-ovate,  long,  rostrate,  slender,  veined,  glabrous,  with  2  curved  teeth  di- 
varicate or  reflexed,  more  than  thrice  longer  than  the  white,  lane,  gl ;  culm  6  to 
14  to  24'  high,  very  slender,  lax,  smooth ;  Ivs.  smooth,  striate,  flat,  shorter  than 
tho  culm ;  very  light  green. — Can.  to  N.  J.,  along  the  coast. 

151  C.  pallescens  L.      $    SpiJces  2 — 3,  oblong,  short,  cyl.,  distant,  yellowish 
green,  nodding  towards  maturity ;  perig.  oval,  obtuse,  round,  about  equal  to,  or  a 
little  shorter  than,  the  ovate,  pale  gl ;  st.  6 — 16',  hardly  erect;  bracts  sometimes 
transversely  rugous. — Plant  often  subpubesceut,  and  of  a  light  green.     In  dry 
meadows.     Common. — C.  undulata  Kunze,  is  admitted  by  Kunza  himself  to  ba 
only  van,  differing  chiefly  ia  it3  wavy,  lowest  bract. 

152  C.  limosa  L.     $  Spikes  1 — 3,  ovate  or  oblong,  long-ped.,  Bubloose-flowered, 

pendulous;  perig.  elliptic,  compressed,  very  short-rostrate,  entire  at 


76G 


ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^E. 


the  orifice,  about  equal  to  the  oblong  and  obtuse,  or  ovate,  cuspidate,  rust-colored  gl  ; 
culm  8 — 16',  ascending,  obtusely  triq.,  with  subradical  Hat  and  narrow  Ivs. — 
Glaucous  green.  Marshes,  common. 

153  C.  irrigua  Smith.      5  Spikes  2 — 3,  ovate-oblong,  thickish,  nodding ;  perig. 
roundish-ovate,   short-rostrate,   subcompressed,   shorter  than  the  ovate-lanceolate, 
chestnut-brown  gl ;  st.   near  a  foot  high,  longer  than  the  flat,  subcurved  Ivs. ; 
glaucous. —  $  Spike  rarely  2  at  the  summit,  or  2  spikes  with  stamens  at  the 
base.     Marsh.     Bridgewater,  N.  Y.  (Gray)  also  in  marshes  in  Mass,  and  Mich. 
(Cooley),  rare.     (C.  limosa,  (3  irrigua  Wahl.) 

154  C.  rarifiora  Smith.      2  Spikes  about  2  linear,  quite  loose-flowered,   long-ped., 
nodding ;  perig.  ovate,  oblong,  triqu.,  depressed,  equaling  the  ovate,  subcircinate, 
brown  gl. ;  culm  10'. — Glaucous.     White  Mountains,  N.  II.  (Barratt).     (C.  limosa 
(3.  rariflora  "VValiL) 

155  C.  Barrattii  Torr.     (B.  t.  176.)    $  Spike  1,  erect,  cyl,  long  (rarely  2),  with 
ovate,  obtuse,  dark  gls. ;    2    spikes  2  to  6,  often  long-cyl.,  staminate  at  apex,  tho 
lower  on  slender,  recurved  pedicels,  upper  erect,  commonly  single,  sometimes  2  or 
4  from  the  same  bract,  purple  or  dark  ;  perig.  ovate  or  lance-ovate,  often  with  a 
very  short  beak,  obtuse,  slightly  diverging,  roughish,  longer  than  the  ovate  dark 
gl. ;  culm  1  to  2f,  longer  than  the  long,  rough  leaves;  glaucous  green. — N.  J.  to 
N.  Car.  (Curtis).     (C.  flacca  Carey.     C.  recurva  Huds.) 

156  C.  milliacea  Muhl.    $  Spike  erect,  slender;    ?  spikes  2 — 3,  long-cyl.,  slen- 
der, loose-flowered  below,  nodding;  perig.  ovate,  triq.,  glabrous,  subrostrate,  en- 
tire at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the  oblong,  emarginato  or  obcordate,  awned  gl. ; 
st.  1 2 — 24',  slender,  scabrous ;  Ivs.  linear-lane. — Yellowish  green.    Wet  meadows, 
common. 

157  C.  hystricina  Willd.      (B.  t.  152.)      $  Spike  rarely  pistillate  at  tho  sum- 
mit;  2  spikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  cyl.,  attenuate,  subdistant,  long-braeteate,  nodding, 
farely  sheathed ;  perig.  ovate,  diverging,  inflated,  subtriq.,  nerved,  bifid,  glabrous, 
twice  longer  than  the  oblong,  emarginate,  submucronate  gl. ;  culm  12 — 24',  scab- 
rous above,  with  long,  linear-lance.  Ivs. — Yellowish  green.     Wet  places,  very 
common.      (See  Sill.  Journ.,  1848,  C.  Georgiana.) 

/3.  COOLEYI.  $  Spikes  short  small,  $  spikes  often  short-ovate,  the  lowest  on  a 
very  long  (5  to  8'),  recurved,  filiform  peduncle;  culm  very  slender,  prostrate, 
shorter  than  the  long,  narrow  Ivs. — Mich.  (Cooley).  (C.  Cooley i,  Ed.  1.) 

158  C.  Pseudo-cyperus  L.     (Schk.  fig.  102.)  $  Spike  cyl.  and  elongated;   $ 
spikes  3 — 4,  cyl.,  long-ped.,  rather  remote  recurved-pendulous,  with  long  and  leafy 
bracts ;  perig.  ovate,  lane.,  bide.ndate,  reflexed,  and  a  little  shorter  than  the  ovate- 
lane,  or  setaceous  gl. — Common  about  ponds  and  ditches.     It  is  smaller  in  all  its 
parts  than  C.  comosa  (Boott),  the  fruit  of  the  latter  is  deeply  and  widely  bifurcate, 
and  its  glume  is  hispid  or  ciliate.     The  two  have  been  confounded  in  our  country, 
though  long  known. 

159  C.  comosa  L.    (B.  t.  36.)     $  Spike  long  and  slender,  rarely  pistillate  above ; 
2    spikes  2 — 5,  long-cyl.,  pendulous,  thick,   dense-flowered,  with  very  long  and 

leafy  bracts;  perig.  ovate-lane.,  acuminate,  rostrate,  deeply  ^-forked,  reflexed,  triq., 
glabrous,  generally  longer  than  the  lane.,  mucronate,  setaceous  gl. ;  culm  18 — 30', 
large,  rough,  with  long  and  wide,  rough  leaves  and  bracts.  Plant  very  glabrous 
and  yellowish-green.  Wet  places  about  ponds  and  ditches,  common.  (C.  fur- 
cata  Ell.) 

160  trichocarpa  Muhl.      2  Spikes  about  3,  erect,  rarely  1,  or    2    above,  cyl., 
lower  shorter ;    2   spikes  2 — 4,  erect,  long-cyl.,  smoothish,  rather  loose-flowered ; 
perig.  ovate,  conic,  inflated,  nerved,  rostrate,  bifurcate,  densely  pubescent,  about 
twice  longer  than  the  ovate-lane,  gl. ;  culm  15 — 30',  scabrous  above,  and  with 
pubescent  leaves  and  sheaths. — Light  green.     In  wet  and  marshy  places,  com- 
mon. 

/?.  TURBTNATA  Dew.  $  spikes  ovate  or  short  oblong,  thick,  remote,  dense- 
flowered  ;  perig.  subdiverging,  ovate  and  conic,  rostrate,  longer  than  the 
ovate-oblong,  mucronate  gl. ;  st.  2 — 3f. — Glaucous  green.  In  a  pond  in 
Beckmau,  N.  Y.,  there  abundant 

161  C.  verniccsa  Muhl.      3  Spike  (rarely  2)  cyl.,  large,  obtuse,  stalked,  with 


ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^.  767 

oblong,  retuso,  mucronato  gls. ;  $  3  to  6,  soon  nodding,  cyl.,  leafy-bracted,  $ 
above,  lowest  exsert-ped. ;  perig.  ovate-compressed,  triq.,  glaucous,  short-rostrate- 
bifid,  scarcely  veined,  about  equal  to  the  ovate-oblong,  emarginate,  mucronate  or 
awned  brown  gl. ;  the  awn  extending  beyond  the  perig. ;  culrn  2  to  3f,  erect,  stiff, 
triq.,  striate  ;  Ivs.  and  bracts  stiff,  rough,  often  over-passing  the  culm  ;  color  glau- 
cous green,  with  dark  spikes. — Wet  grounds,  Penn.  to  Ga.,  La.  and  Ky.  Apr., 
May.  (C.  glaucescens  Ell.) 

/3.  ANDROGYNA  Curt.  Spikes  4  to  7,  large,  3  to  4'  long,  upper  one  staminate  at 
base,  the  others  pistillate  and  in  part  staminate  at  apex. — Wilmington,  N". 
Car.  (Curtis).  "An  autumnal  var.,"  flowers  in  Oct. 

162  C.  lanuginosa  Michx.      $  Spikes  2,  oblong,  slender,  erect ;    ?  spikes  2 — 3, 
cyl.,  erect,  dense-flowered,  sometimes  short-oblong  and  thick,  subrostrate;  perig. 
ovate,   short-rostrate,  bicuspitate,  subtriq.,  thick,  pubescent  and  woolly,  about 
equaling  the  ovate-lane.,  awued  gl. ;  culm  12 — 24',  nearly  round  below,  withyfotf, 
linear-lane.   Ivs.   and  bracts. — Glabrous   and   yellowish-green.     Wet   places   and 
marshes,  common.     (C.  pellita  Muhl.) 

163  C.  filiformis  L.    (B.  t.  121.)      $  Spikes  2—3,  with  oblong  glumes;  $  spikes 
2 — 3,  ovate,  oblong,  short-cyl.,  close-flowered,  remotish,  erect ;  perig.  ovate,  villous, 
short-rostrate,  bifurcate,  about  equaling  the  ovate,  acute  gl. ;  culm  20 — 30',  erect, 
slender,  stiff,  with  convolute  Ivs,  and  bracts. — Palo  green.     Marshes,  common. 

164  C.  striata  MX.    (B.  1. 141.)     $  Spikes  1  to  4,  commonly  2,  oblong,  cyl.,  erect, 
the  lower  sessile,  shorter ;   $  spikes  2,  rarely  1,  long-cylc.,  erect,  dense,  with  peds. 
inclosed,  upper  often  $  at  apex ;  perig.  ovate,  acuminate,  inflated,  rough-downy, 
orifice  bifid,  scarce  rostrate,  twice  longer  than  the  acute,  tawny  gl. ;  culm  14 — 20', 
erect,  leafy-bracted,  longer  than  the  striate,  lane.  Ivs. — Penn.,  N.  J.  to  Fla.    (C. 
polymorpha,  Ed.  1.) 

165  C.  Houghtonii  Torr.     (B.  t.  49.)      $  Spikes  1  to  3,  oblong,  erect,  purple  to 
pale,  with  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  white-edged  gls. ;   $  spikes  2  or  3,  thickish, 
oblong-cyl.,  leafy-bracted;  perig.  ovate,  inflated,  short-rostrate,  dirty  brown,  bifur, 
cate,  veined,  hispid-downy,  nearly  twice  longer  than  the  ovate,  mucronate,  white- 
edged  gl. ;  culm  about  If,  erect,  stiff,  triq.,  rough,  about  equaling  the  Ivs. — Flo. 
(Chapman!),  also  Lake  La  Biche,  N.  W.  Ter.  (Hough ton). 

166  C.  polymorpha  Muhl.     Var.  2.     (B.  t.  56.)      $  Spikes  1  to  3,  oftener  2, 
oblong,  erect,   sessile,  with  oblong,  obtuse  glumes;    ?  2,  sometimes  1,  oblong- 
cyl.,  erect,  rather  loose,  upper  staminate  at  apex,  lower  remote,  exsert-ped. ;  pe- 
rig. oval-ovate,   slightly  inflated,  subtriq.,  short-rostrate,  orifice  oblique,  veined, 
glaucous,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate,  reddish,  white-edged  gl. ;  culm  2  to  20', 
erect,  stiff,  triq.,  longer  than  the  light  green  Ivs.,  which  are  reddish  at  the  root. — 
Sandy  plains,  Mass,  to  Penn.  and  W.  N.  Y.     (C.  Halseyana,  Ed.  1.) 

167  C.  Cherokeensis  Schw.    (B.  t.  18.)     $  Spikes  2  or  3,  cyl.,  erect,  the  high- 
est larger,  pedunculate,  rarely  pistillate  at  base;   ?  spikes  3  to  6.  cyL,  distant,  often 
staminate  at  apex,  highest  sessile,  the  others  exsert-ped.,  nodding,  loose,  rarely 
twin;  perig.  lance-ovate,  glabrous,  veined,  compressed-triq.,  subinflated,  tapering 
into  a  whitish  beak,  much  longer  than  the  ovate,  acuminate  gl.  /  culm  10  to  20'  high, 
leafy  below  and  long  as  the  Ivs. ;  plant  flaccid,  grayish  green. — Ga.,  Fla.,  La.  and 
Mo.     (C.  Christiana  Boott.) 

168  C.  paludosa  Good.     (Schk.,  fig.  103.)      $  Spikes  2  or  3,  cyl.,  erect,  the 
lower  shorter,  smaller,  sessile ;   ?  spikes  1  to  4,  cyl.,  erect,  rather  dense,  not  dis- 
tant, alternate,  lowest  often  long-stalked,  scarcely  sheathed,  attenuate  below,  and 
there  loose-flowered,  all  bracted ;  perig.  ovate,  tapering  into  a  short  beak,  biden- 
tate,  distinctly  many- veined  both  sides,  nearly  equaling  the  narrow,  cuspidate  gl.  / 
culm  18'  to  2f,  erect,  scabrous  above,  longer  than  the  light  green  Ivs. — Near  Bos- 
ton (Wm.  Boott). 

169  C.  gigantea  Rudge.     (B.  t.  151.)     $  Spikes  1  to  3;  erect,  cyl.,  slender, 
near,  the  lower  shorter,  sessile,  with  ovate,  acute,  or  lane.  gls. ;   $  spikes  2  to  4, 
cyl.,  loose,  staminate  at  apex,  remote,  the  lower  on  long,  exsert  stalks,  often  nod- 
ding, with  long,  leafy  bracts ;  perig.  ovate  or  globous,  ventricous,  abruptly  con- 
tracted into  a  long,  slender,  cyl,  beak,  veined,  smooth,  divaricate,  in  maturity  much 
longer  than  the  lance-ovate,  awned,  white-edged  pi. ;  culm  18  to  30  to  36',  stout, 
longer  than  the  broad,  strong  Ivs. — Marshes,  Ky.  to  S.  Car.  and  La. 


<763  ORDER  155.— CYPERACE^. 

170  C.  retrorsa  Schw.      $  Spikes  about  3,  rarely  1,  often  with  a  few  perig.  at 
the  base;    ?  spikes  4 — G,  oblong,  cyl.,  approx.,   dense-flowered,  with  long  and 
leafy  bracts,  the  lowest  often  remote  and  long  ped. ;  perig.  ovate-inflated,  subglo- 
bous,  rostrate,  bifurcate,  nerved,  reftexed,  twice  longer  than  the  lane.  gl. ;  culm 
15 — 30',  scabrous  above,  large,  stiff,  and  leafy. — Bright  green.     In  clusters,  about 
pools  of  water,  common.     The  lower  spikes  sometimes  have  1  or  2  smaller  spikes 
attached  to  them. 

171  C.  Schweinitzii  Dew.     $  Spikes  2,  rarely  1,  upper  long  and  slender,  lower 
with  a  few  perig.  at  the  base;    $  spikes  2 — 4,  oblong,  cyl,  subapprox.,  subrecurved, 
rather  close-flowered,  lowest  often  long-ped. ;   perig.  ovate-oblong,  tapering  above, 
rostrate,  inflated,  nerved,  glabrous,  bifurcate,  longer  than  the  subulate,  subsetaceous 
gl;  culm  6 — 12',  scabrous  above,  very  leafy. — Pale  yellowish -green.    "Wet  sandy 
grounds,  N,  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  northward. 

1.72  C.  mirata  Dew.  $  Spikes  2  or  more,  long-cyl.,  near,  loose,  with  long, 
linear,  rough-awned  gls. ;  $  spikes  2,  long-cyl.,  stalked,  lax-flowered,  suberect, 
bracted,  yellowish,  staminate  at  apex ;  perig.  lance-ovate,  slender,  long-conic,  ros- 
trate, scarcely  inflated,  scabrous,  oblique  at  the  long-cuspidate  beak,  diverging, 
long-pediceled,  equaling  or  longer  than  the  narrow,  rough-awned  gl.;  culm  2f, 
erect,  very  rough,  stiff,  shorter  than  the  stiff,  rough  edged  Ivs. ;  light-yellowish 
green. — Greece,  N.  Y.  (Bradley).  (C,  aristata^  Boott,  &c.,  but  very  different.) 

J.73  C.  longircstris  Torr.  (B.  t.  77.)  3  Spikes  3,  short;  $  spikes  2 — 3,  cyl, 
quite  loose-flowered,  pendulous,  subdistant,  with  filiform  ped. ;  perig.  ovate,  globous, 
inflated,  glabrous,  long-rostrate,  hispid,  a  little  longer  than  the  lance  or  ovate,  cus- 
pidate gl. ;  st.  15 — 30',  rather  slender,  stiff,  leafy  below. — Bright  green.  On  light 
soil  of  hedges  in  N.  England  and  N.  York,  common. 

174  C.  Vaseyi  Dew.      $  Spikes  2  to  4,  slender,  the  highest  long-cylindric,  tho 
next  shorter;    ?  spikes  2,   often  3,  long-cyl.,  loose,   remote,   bracteate,  only  the 
lowest  long-ped, ;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  inflated,  long-terete-rostrate,  some  what  triq., 
serrate  on  the  bifurcate  beak,  glabrous,  veined,  much  longer  than  the  lance-oblong 
glume;  culm  about  2i^  erect,  stiff,  shorter  than  the  rough  Ivs. ;  bright  green. — "Wet 
places,  N.  Y.  to  111.  (Vasey).     (C.  vesicaria  (3.  Boott.,  &c.) 

175  C.  laciistris  "Willd.      $  Spikes  3 — 4,  erect,  sessile ;    $  spikes  2 — 3,  erect, 
oblong,  cylindric,  short-pedunculate ;  perig.  ovate-oblong,  tapering  or  lanceolate, 
bifurcate,  glabrous,  a  little  longer  than  the  oblong,  mucronate  gl. ;  culm  2 — ?>f,  scab- 
rous above,  erect  and  large,  with  long  and  large  leaves  and  bracts. — Light  green. 
Marshes.     Common.     (C.  riparia  Muhl.  nee  Gooden.) 

176  C.  riparia  Gooden.      $  Spike  3 — 5,  oblong,  thick,  erect,  sessile;    $  spikes 
2 — 3,  erect,  oblong,  often  long-cylindrio ;  perig.  ovate-elliptic,   contracted  into  a 
short,  bifurcate  beak,  glabrous,  about  equaling  or  shorter  than  the  ovate,  mucro- 
nate, or  oblong-lane,  gl  ;  culm  2 — 3f,  scabrous  above,  leafy  below. — Bright  green. 
Mich.  (Cooley)  and  westward.     Distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  its  broader, 
more  inflated  fruit,  and  its  oblong-ovate,  mucronate  glume,  which  often  surpasses 
the  perig. 

177  C.  aristata  R.  Br.     (B.  t.  58.)      $  Spikes  2—4,  cylindric,   distant,  close- 
flowered,  erect;  perig.  ovate,  oblong,   nerved,   deeply  bifa'd,  very  glabrous,  long- 
rostrate,  longer  than  the  oblong,  awned,  greenish  glume  ;  Ivs.   and  sheaths  villous 
on  the  under  side;  st.  a  foot  or  more  high. — Bright  green.     Watertown,  N.  Y., 
far  west  and  north.     Is  not  this  very  closely  related  to  No.  160  ? 

178  C.  utriculata  Boott,  (t.  37.)     $  Spikes  3  or  4,  slender,  cyl.,  long,  often 
bracteate ;    $  spikes  about  3,  long-cyl.,  large,  often  stam.  above,  subremote,  the 
lowest  tapering  below,  loose  and  stalked,  with  bracts  surpassing  the  culm ;  perig. 
oval-oblong,  drawn  into  a  terete,  tapering,  bifurcate  beak,  smooth,  veined,  straw- 
colored,  larger  than  the   lanceolate,   purple,  rough-awned  glume-,  culm  2  to  3f, 
shorter  than  the  broad,  stiff,  nodous,  netted,  glaucous  Ivs. — Abundant  in  marshy 
places  wide  over  the  country.     (C.  ampullacea,  ft.  Carey.) 

p.  SPARSIFLORA.  Spikes  all  very  long  (4  to  6'),  slender,  the  $  spikes  very 
loose,  and  more  so  below,  the  lowest  long-pedunculate ;  perig.  smaller  and 
glume  longer. — Watertown,  N.  Y.  (Crawe). 

179  C.  ampullacea  Good.      $  Spikes  2  or  3,  cyl.,  erect ;    $  spikes  2  or  3,  long- 
cyl.,  erect,  quite  dense,  short-ped.,  bracteate  ;  perig.  ovate-globous,  a  little  inflated, 


ORDER  156.— CYPERACEJ3.  769 

diverging,  veined,  glabrous,  abruptly  contracted  to  a  small,  round,  bifurcate  beak, 
a  little  longer  than  the  lanceolate  glume;  culm  20  to  30',  obtuse-angled,  with  long 
Ivs.  and  bracts;  light  green. — Marshes  over  the  country,  not  abundant. 

180  C.  monile  Tuckm.     (B.  t.  71.)      $  Spikes  2  to  4,  long-cyl.,  slender,  with 
long-lanceolate  gls. ;    $  spikes  2  or  1,  long-cyl.,  short-ped.,  rather  loose,  tapering 
beloiv  sometimes  and  more  loose,  remote,  erect,  bracteate ;  perig.  globous  or  ellip- 
soid, inflated,  short-rostrate,  bidentate,  yellowish,  many-veined,  more  than  twice 
longer  than  the  oblong-lane,  gl. ;  culm  15  to  30',  erect;  Ivs.  and  bracts  long,  bright 
green. — Marshes,  not  abundant,  N.  Eng.  to  0.  and  westward. 

181  C.  Olneyi  Boott  (t.  40.)      $  Spikes  about  3,  cyl.,  slender,  near ;    9  spikes 
commonly  2,  cyl.,  thick,  dense,  yellowish,  approx.  more  or  less  ped.,  the  lowest 
tapering  below,  more  lax  at  the  base,  often  some  nodding  and  bracted  ;  perig.  in- 
flated-ovoid, with  a  short,  cyl,  scabrous,  bifurcate  beak,  diverging,  longer  than  tha 
lane.  gl. ;  culm  15  to  22',  stout,  obtuse-angled,  rough  above,  shorter  than  tho 
long,  stiflj  white-edged  Ivs. — R.  I.  (Olney). 

182  C.  Tuckennani  Boott  (t.  38).     $  Spikes  2 — 3,  cylindric,  lower  ones  sessilo 
and  short,  with  an  oblong,  acutish  glume ;    $  spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  cyl.,  thick  and 
large,  scarcely  pedunculate,  subloose-flowered ;  perig.  much  inflated,  ovate,  large, 
conic,  costate,  bifurcate,  all  glabrous,  nerved,  twice  longer  than  the  ovate-lane, 
gl. ;  culm  about  2f,  erect,  scarcely  scabrous ;  bracts  and  Ivs.  long,  not  wide ;  light 
green. — Wet  places  io .  meadows,  common,  and  has  been  ranked  under  C.  bul- 
lata.    Distinguished  \^* .  No.  181,  by  the  short,  smooth  beak  of  its  membranous, 
pellucid  perig.  as  well  as  by  its  different  ?  spikes. 

183  C.  vesicaria  L.      $  Spikes  about  3,  erect,  oblong;    ?  spikes  2 — 3,  cyl., 
erect,  dense-flowered,  alternate,  long-bracteate ;  perig.  ovate,  oblong-conic,  terete, 
inflated,  rostrate,  nerved,  diverging,  glabrous,  bicuspidate,  nearly  twice  longer 
than  the  oblong-lane,  gl. ;  culm  about  2f,  shorter  than  the  Ivs. — Bright  green. 
Marshes.     Not  common. 

184  C.  bullata  Schk.      $  Spikes  3,  erect,   slender,  cyl.,  with  oblong-lanceolato 
glumes ;    ?  spikes  2 — 3,  rather  oblong,  cyl,  nearly  erect ;  perig.  ovoid-globous,  in- 
flated, glabrous,  costate,  with  a  long,  scabrous  beak,   bifurcate,  longer  than  tho 
lane.  gl. ;  culm  20 — 30'  high,   rather  slender,  triquetrous,  scabrous  above,  leafy 
and  shorter  than  tho  leaves. — Glabrous,  light  green.     In  wet  meadows.     Com- 
mon.    This  is  C.  bullata  as  described  in  Sill.  Jour.,  Vol.  ix.  p.  71,  and  named  by 
Schk.  from  its   (ball-shaped)  globous  perigynium,  comporting  with  his  fig.  166. 
Carey  and  others  have  adopted  another  form  under  that  name,  which  hero  follows, 
named  from  the  inflation  of  tho  fruit. 

185  C.  physema  Dew.      $  Spikes  2  or  3,  cyl.,  slender,  contiguous,  the  lowest 
bracteate;    $  spike  1,  rarely  2,  subrotund  or  oblong-cyl,  thick,  dense-flowered,  re- 
mote, yellowish,  the  lowest  ped.,  at  length  nodding,  with  a  bract  leafy  and  surpass- 
ing the  culm ;  perig.  turgid-ovate,  with  a  long,  cyl.,  scabrous  beak,  divaricate,  in- 
flated, glabrous,  broader  and  longer  than  tho  lanceolate,  acute,  white-edged  gL ; 
culm  12  to  24',  slender,  firm,  shorter  than  the  narrow,  flat,  firm,  light  green  Ivs. 
— N.  Eng.  to  Penn.,  in  humid  meadows.     (C.  bullata  Boott,  t  39,  nee  Schk.)  . 

186  C.  oligosperma  Micks.      $  Spikes  several,  sometimes  one,  erect,  slender, 
long-cyl.,  with  an  oblong,  obtusish  gl. ;    ?  spikes  1 — 3,  ovate,   globular,  sessile, 
distant;  perig.  few,  ovate,  inflated,  acute,  nerved,  short-rostrate,  entire  at  tho 
orifice,  glabrous,  a  little  longer  than  the  ovate-lane,  gl. ;  culm  1 — 2f,  scabrous 
above,  leafy  below ;  Ivs.  involute  and  rush-like,  light  green. — Marshes  and  lako 
borders,  Can.,  N.  Eng.,  N.  Y.,  Mich,  and  Go. 

49 


770 


ORDER  156.— GRAMINE^E. 


ORDER  CLVI.     GRAMINEJE.     GRASSES. 


Serbs,  rarely  woody  or  arborescent,  with  (mostly)  hollow,  jointed  culms ;  with 
leaves  alternate,  distychous,  on  tubular  sheaths  split  down  10  the  nodes,  and  a  ligule 
(stipules)  of  membranous  texture  where  the  leaf  joins  the  sheath.  Flowers  in  littlo 
spikelets  of  1  or  several,  with  glumes  distychously  arranged,  and  collected  into 
spikes,  racemes  or  panicles.  Glumes,  the  lower  pair  of  scales  in  the  spikclet,  alter- 
nate, enclosing  the  fls.  Pales  (palse)  the  outer  pair  of  scales  of  each  particular  flower, 
unequal.  Scales  (perianth)  usually  2  or  3,  minute,  hypogynous,  distinct  or  united. 
Stamens  1 — 6,  commonly  3,  anthers  versatile,  of  2  distinct  cells.  Ovary  simple- 
with  1  ascending  ovule,  2  styles  and  2  feathery  stigmas.  Fruit  a  caryopsis.  Em- 
bryo lateral,  at  the  base  of  the  farinaceous  albumen. 

Genera  300,  species  about  3SOO,  universally  diffused  throughout  the  world,  having  no  other 
limits  than  those  that  bound  vegetation  in  general.  But  the  species  and  their  characters  aro 
widely  different  in  different  climes.  In  temperate  zones  the  grasses  clothe  a  large  portion  of 
the  earth's  surface  with  a  compact,  soft,  green,  carpet-like  turf;  but  in  tropicarregions  this 
beautiful  grassy  turf  disappears  and  the  grasses  become  larger,  more  isolated  like  other  plants, 
fewer  in  the  number  of  individuals,  with  broader  leaves  and  more  showy  flowers. 

Properties. — This  family  doubtless  contributes  more  to  the  sustenance  of  man  and  beast  than 
all  others  combined.  Its  sweet  and  nutritious  properties  reside  both  in  the  farinaceous  albumen 
cY  the  seed  and  in  the  herbage.  No  poisonous  or  even  suspicious  herb  is  found  among  them, 
with  the  single  exception  of  Lolium  temulentum.  The  poisonous  and  medicinal  Ergot  or  Spurred 
Rye,  is  only  a  parasitic  fungus,  and  therefore  forms  no  exception  to  this  remark.  The  stems  of 
many  grasses  contain  sugar,  as  the  Maize  and  Sugar  Cane.  Silex  is  also  a  frequent  ingredient. 
To  this  Order  belong  the  common  grains.  Maize,  Wheat,  llye,  Kice,  Barley,  Oats,  etc.  The  most 
important  of  the  cultivated  grasses  are  Phleum  or  Timothy  grass,  several  kinds  of  Poa,  Agrostis, 
Alopecurus,  Festuca,  Aira,  Panicum,  Cinna,  Briza,  etc. 

4  8  o  Til 


FIG.  721.  Agrostis  alba ;  a  1 -flowered  spikelet;  a,  the  two  glumes.  2.  A  flower,  with  the 
two  palere,  three  stamens  and  two  plumoas  stigmas.  3.  Leersia  oryzoides;  a  flower  removed 
from  its  glumes,  showing  its  2  nypogynous  scales,  three  stamens  and  ovary  with  the  two  stgmas. 
4.  Phleum  pratense  ;  a  1-flowered  spikelet;  a,  glumes;  6,  truncate  palest;  etc.  5.  Pohrpogon: 
a  1-flowered  spikelet;  glumes  and  lower  palese  nwned.  6.  Holcus  lanatus ;  a  two-flowered 
spikelet;  a,  glumes  ;  ?>,  the  two  flowers  (upper  stnminate).  7.  Poa  pratensis  ;  a  4-flowered  spike- 
let;  a,  the  two  glumes ;  b,  a  single  flower,  with  two  paleit,  etc.  B.  Festuca  duriuscula ;  a  5-llow- 
ered  spikelet;  cr,  two  glumes;  6,  a  single  flower.  9.  The  caryopsis  of  Jlordeuin,  showing  th<-> 
embryo  at  the  base  of  the  copious  albumen. 


ORDER  156.— GR  AMINES.  771 

TRIBES  AND   GENERA. 

|  Spikelet  1-flowered  with  no  apparent  rudiment  of  ti  second  fl.  (2) 
§  Spikelet  2-flowered,  one  of  the  fls.  sterile  or  rudimentary.  (7) 

<j  Spikelet  3-flowered,  the  2  lower  (lateral)  fls.  sterile  or  rudimentary,  (i) Tribo  8 

§  Spikelet  2—  oo-flowered,  2  or  more  of  the  fls.  perfect.  (9) 
2  Inflorescence  paniculate.  (3) 

2  Inflorescence  strictly  spicate,  spikes  equilateral.  (5) 
2  Inflorescence  strictly  spicate,  spikes  unilateral.  (6) 

3  Glumes  none  (or  minute  and  the  stamens  6).  (a) Tribe  I 

3  Glumes  present,  at  least  1  conspicuous.  (4) 

4  Pales  of  the  flower  thin  and  soft,  often  awned.  (b) Tribo  9 

4  Pales  of  the  flower  coriaceous,— tipped  with  awns,  (f ) Tribe  4 

— awnlcss.  (g) Tribe  5 

6  Spikes  cylindric,  the  spikelets  condensed  all  around,  (e) Tribe  9 

5  Spikes  prismatic,  spikelets  sessile  in  rows,  (v) Tribe  9 

6  Spikelets  rounded  on  the  back,  appresscd  to  the  rachis.  (g) Tribe  5 

6  Spikelets  acutely  keeled  on  the  back,  imbricated  on  each  other,  (x)  )  T  >. 

7  Upper  fls.  of  the  spikelet  abortive.— Fls.  in  unilateral  spikes,  (x) ) f 

—Fls.  paniculate,  (k) Tribo  T 

7  Lower  flower  of  the  spikelet  abortive.  (8) 

8  Pales  coriaceous,  firmer  in  texure  than  the  gls.    Paniculate,  (g) Tribe  5 

8  Pales  membranous,  thinner  than  the  glumes.     Spicate.  (bb) Tribo  11 

9  Flowers  in  2  or  4-rowed,— equilateral  spikes,  (v) Tribe  9 

—unilateral  spikes,  (x) Tribo  18 

9  Fls.  in  panicles  more  or  less  diffuse.  (10) 

10  Pale  awned  at  the  tip  or  awnless.  (n) Tribe  8 

10  Pale  awned  on  the  back  or  below  the  tip.  (k) Tribe  T 

TR.  1.    ORYZE^E.    (Spikelets  1-flowered,  panicled.    Gls.  obsolete.    Stam.  1—6.) 

a  Flowers  perfect,  flattened  laterally,  awnless. — Gl.  0.    Stam.  2  or  3  LEERSIA,  1 

— Gl.  minute.    Stam.  6 OBTZA.  2 

a  Flowers  monoecious,  convex  on  the  back,  awned.    Stamens  6 ZIZANIA.  3 

TR.  2.    AGROSTIDE^E.    (Spikelets  1-flrd.,  panicled.    Gl.  and  pales  thin.    Grain  free.) 

b  Fls.  surrounded  at  base  with  a  tuft  of  long,  silky  hairs CALAMAGROSTIS.  9 

b  Fls,  naked  or  thinly  bearded  at  base,  (c) 

C  Glumes  both  long-awned  and  longer  than  the  awned  pales POLYPOGON.  8 

C  Glumes  both  awn -pointed  (or  minute  and  the  pale  awned) MUHLBNBEBGIA.  7 

c  Glumes  awnless,  conspicuous,  (d) 

d  Pale  stalked  in  the  glumes,  awned  on  the  back,  monandrous CINNA.  6 

d  Pale  sess.  in  the  gls.  3-androus, — acute,  awnless.     Gls.  shorter SPOROBOLUS.  5 

— obtuse,  often  awned  on  the  back. . . .  AGROSTIS.  4 

TR.  3.    PHLEOIDE^E.— e  Gls.  united  at  base,  awnless.    Pale  1,  awned ALOPECUBUS.  10 

— e  Gls.  distinct,  mucronate.    Pales  2,  awnless PHLEUM.  11 

TB.  4.    STIPACE^.— f  Awn  of  the  flower  simple,  straight,  deciduous ORYZOPSIS.  14 

— f  Awn  of  the  flower  simple,  twisted,  very  long STIPA.  13 

— f  Awn  of  the  flower  triple  or  3-parted ARISTIDA.  12 

TR.  5.    PANICIEJE.    (Spkl.  2-fl.,  lower  fl.  abortive.    Gls.  very  unequal.     »  Pale  coriaceous.) 
g  Spkl.  apparently  1-flowered,  the  lower  glume  wanting  and  the  single  abortive  pale 

supplying  its  place. — Fls.  spicate,  unilateral PASPALUM.  15 

— Fls.  diffusely  panicled,  all  alike MILLIUM.  16 

— Fls.  paniculate,  2  sorts,  one  under  ground AMPHICARPUM.  17 

g  Spkl.  evidently  2-flowered,  both  gl.  present,  abort,  fl.  neutral  or  $ .  (h) 

li  Fls.  paniculate, — without  awns  or  spines.     Gl.  very  unequal PANICXTM.  18 

— with  the  glumes  and  pale  coarsely  awned OPLISMBNPS.  19 

h  Fls.  spike-panicled,— each  with  an  invol.  of  awned  pedicels SETAEIA.  20 

—each  with  a  hardened,  burr-like  invol CENCHRUS.  21 

TR.  6.    PHALARIDE^E.—i  Sterile  fls.  2  minute  rudiments.     Panicle  spicate PHALABIS.  22 

— i  Sterile  fls.  2  awned  pales.     Panicle  spicate.. .  .ANTHOXANTHUM.  23 

— i  Sterile  fls.  both  2-valved,  $  .    Panicle  open HIEROCHLOA.  24 

TR.  7.    AVENE^E.    (Spkl.  2— 00 -flrd.,  panicled.    Gls.  large.    Pale  awned  below  the  tip.) 

k  Spikelet  with  1  perf.  flower  and  1  awned  stam.  flower — above HOLCCS.  25 

— below §  ABRHENATHKRUM.  28 

k  Spikelet  with  definitely  2  perfect  fls.    Pale  subentire,  awn  dorsal AICA,  26 

k  Spikelet  with  2  or  more  perfect  fls.    Pale  2-toothed  at  apex,  (m) 


772  ORDER  156.—  GRAMINE^E. 


m  Awn  between  the  2  teeth,  twisted  ;  glumes  very  large  ..............  DAXTHOIHA.  27 

m  Awn  dorsal  below  the  middle  (except  in  the  cultivated  Oat)  .............  AVENA.  23 

ra  Awn  dorsal  above  the  middle.—  Fls.  2—5.    Teeth  cuspidate  ...........  TRISETUM.  29 

—  Fls.  5  —  Go.    Teeth  acutish  .............  B  ROM  us.  30 

TR.  8.    FESTUCACE^E.     (Spkl.  2—  oo-fird.  panicled,  awnless,  or  the  lower  pale  tipped  with 

a  straight  bristle  or  awn.     Glumes  2.) 

H  Glumes  definitely  2,  all  the  lower  fls.  of  the  spkl.  perfect,  (o) 
n  Glumes  several,  indefinite,  the  lower  fls.  abort  and  glume-like,  (p) 
O  Lower  pale  3-cuspidate  at  apex,  fringe-bearded  below,  (q) 
O  Lower  pale  mucronato  or  awn-pointed  (except  in  1  Festuca).  (r) 
o  Lower  pale  obtuse  or  acute,  not  at  all  awned.  (s) 
q  Upper  pale  naked,  lower  with  3  cusps  and  2  teeth  ..........................  TRICUSPIS.  81 

q  Both  pales  fringed,  lower  with  1  awn  and  2  cuspidate  teeth  ................  UKALEPIS.  32 

r  Glumes  and  pales  keeled,  —  herbaceous,  5-veined.    Fls.  glomerate  .......  DACTYLIS.  38 

—  membranous,  3-veined.     Pan.  spicate  ........  KCELERIA.  34 

r  GIs.  and  pales  rounded  on  the  back,  —  both  coriaceous.    Grain  free  ____  DIARRHENA.  35 

—  pale  papery,  gr.  adherent  ..........  FESTUCA.  86 

E  Spkl.  2  —  3-flrd.  with  some  abortive  terminal  fls.    Pale  papery,  not  keeled,  (t) 

t  Upper  glume  broad-obovatc,  shorter  than  the  flower  ....................  EATONIA.  37 

t  Upper  glume  oblong,  7  —  9-veined,  longer  than  the  fls  ................  .....  MELICA.  83 

8  Spikelets  2  —  50-fiowercd,  all  perfect.     Pales  usually  thin,  (u) 

u  Lower  pale  keeled,  3-veined,  membranous  like  the  glumes  ..........  ERAGROSTIS.  89 

u  Lower  pale  keeled,  5-veincd,  usually  cob  webbed  at  base  .....................  POA.  40 

U  Lower  pale  convex-keeled,  obscurely  9-veined.    Pan.  spiked  .......  BEYZOPYRUM.  41 

u  Lower  pale  convex,  7  (  —  5)-veined,  never  webbed  at  base  ..............  GLYCERIA.  42 

u  Lower  pale  convex-ventricous,  cordate,  obscurely  veined  ..................  BRIZA.  43 

p  Herbaceous.  —  Fls.  glabrous,  awnless,  falcate-pointed  .................  UNIOLA.  44 

—  Fls.  silky-villous  at  base.     Tall,  stout  ............  PIIRAGMITES.  45 

p  "Woody,  tall  (the  flowering  branches  low).    Fls.  short-awncd.  .  .AKUNDINAKIA.  4G 

Ta.  0.  IIOEDEACEJ2.     (Spkl.  1—  10-fld.,  sessile,  alternate  in  a  spike.     Eachis  jointed.) 

V  Spikes  several.     Spikl.  solitary  at  each  joint,  1  -flowered  ...................  LEPTURUS.  47 

V  Spike  single.  —  Spikelets  1  -flowered,  3  at  each  joint  .........................  HORDEUM.  43 

—  Spikelets  2  —  GO  -flowered,  —  several  at  each  joint  ..............  ELYHUS.  49 

—  1  at  each  joint,  (w) 

•w  Glume  1,  in  front  of  the  spikelet  which  is  edgewise  to  rachis  .............  LOLIUM.  53 

W  Glumes  2,  opposite.  —  Spikelet  3  —  CO  -flowered  ........................  TEITICUM.  51 

—Spikelet  2-fiowered  ...............................  SECALE.  52 

TB.  10.  CHLORIDES.    (Spkl.  in  1-sided  jointless  spikes,  1—  co-flrd.    Up.  11.  abortive.) 
X  Spikes  very  slender,  many,  in  an  equilateral  raceme,  (y) 

y  Spikes  raceme-like.     Spkl.  Avith  several  perfect  fls  ..................  LEPTOCITLOA.  53 

y  Spikes  with  sessile,  2-flowercd  spkl.,  1  fl.  a  rudiment  ..............  GYMNOPOGON.  54 

X  Spikes  slender,  several,  digitately  arranged  above,  or,  in  No.  55,  axillary,  (z) 

z  Spikelets  with  1  perfect  flower,  —  awnless,  globular,  no  rudiment  .......  MANISUEITS.  55 

—  awnless,  oblong,  with  a  rudiment  ......  CYNODOX.  56 

—  awned,  glume  8-lobed  ...............  EUSTACIIYS.  57 

z  Spikelets  with  several  perfect  flowers.  —  Fls.  awnless  ...................  KLEUSINE.  53 

—  Fls.  awned  .............  DACTYLOCTEMUM.  CO 

•X.  Spikes  thick  and  dense,  1—  CO.     Spikl.  with  1  perfect  flower,  (aa) 

aa  Spikes  several  or  many.—  Flower  with  no  rudiment  ..................  SPAKTIXA.  CO 

aa  Spikes  1,  few,  or  many.     Flower  with  a  terminal  rudiment  .........  BOUTELOUA.  Cl 

aa  Spiko  solitary,  recurved.    Awns  terminal  and  dorsal  ...................  CTEXIUM.  C2 

TK.  11.     SACCIIAHIE^E.     (Spkl.  in  pairs  or  8s,  2-llowered,  the  lower  flower  abortive. 

Fertile  pales  thinner  than  the  glumes,  except  in  No.  C6.) 
bb  Fls.  (the  fertile)  imbedded  in  the  cavities  of  glabrous,  jointed  spikes,  (cc) 

CO  Spikes  monoecious,  $  abortive,  S  below,  both  naked  ..................  TP.IPSAOUM.  63 

cc  Spikes  monoecious  $  above  panicled,  9  below  enveloped  in  7iusks  ............  ZEA.  64 

CC  Spikes  uniform,  —  terete.    The  pedunculate  spkl.  abortive  ..........  EOTTBCEI.LIA.  65 

—  compressed.    Both  spikelets  fertile  ............  STENOTAPHEUM.  CG 

bb  Fls.  not  imbedded,  spicate  or  panicled,  mostly  long-bearded,  (dd) 

dd  Both  spikelets  of  each  pair  fertile.—  Lower  fl.  awned  ...............  EKIANTIICS.  67 

—  Flowers  awnless  ..............  SACCHARUM.  68 

dd  Only  one  spikl.  of  each  pair  fertile.  —  Fls.  and  rachis  hairy  ........  ANDROPOGON.  69 

—  Fls.  and  rachis  smoothish  .......  SORGHUM.  70 

dd  Tho  lower  spikelet  on  each  spiko  fertile,  in  a  bony  ehell  ...................  Coix.  71 


ORDER  156.— GRAMINE^E.  7T3 

1.  LEER'SIA,   Soland.     CUT  GRASS.     FALSE   RICE.     (In  honor  of 
John  Daniel  Leers,  a  German  botanist.) — Spikelets  1-flowered,  £  ,  flat; 
glumes  none  ;  paleas  boat-shaped,  compressed,  awnless,  bristly-ciliate  on 
the  keel,  nearly  equal  in  length  but  the  lower  much  broader,  enclosing 
the  free,  flat  grajn  (caryopsis). —  21   Swamp  grasses,  with  flat,  retro rsely 
rough-edged  leaves,  and  the  fls.  raceinous-paniculatc,  somewhat  secund, 
jointed  to  the  pedicels. 

1  D.  oryzoides  Swartz    CUT  GRASS.    Culm  retrorsely  scabrous,  3 — 5f  high;  Iv* 
lanceolate,  carinate,  the  margin  very  rough  backwards;  sheaths  also  very  rough  with 
retrorse  prickles;  panicle  much  branched,  diffuse,  sheathed  at  the  base;  apikelets 
spreading;  palece  full  2"  long,  ciliateon  tJie  keel,  white,  compressed  and  closed ;  sta. 
3. — 11  A.  very  rough  grass,  common  in  swamps,  by  streams,  etc.,  U.  S.  and  Can. 
Aug. 

2  L.  Virgiiiica  \Yilld.     \YmiE  GRASS.     Culm  slender,  branched,  geniculate  or 
decumbent  at  base,  2 — 3f  long,  nodes  retrorsely  hairy ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  roughish; 
sheaths  roughish  backwards,  striate;  panicle  simple,  at  length  much  exserted,  the 
lower  branches  diffuse;  fls.  pedicellate,  in  short,  appressed,  flexuous  racemes; 
lower  palea  scarcely  more  than  1"  long,  green-veined,  mucronate;  sta.  1 — 2.-~2£ 
Damp  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Aug. 

3  L.  lenticralaris  Michx.     CATCH-FLY  GRASS.     Plant  smoothish;   culm  erect, 
2 — 4f  high ;  panicle  erect;  fls.  large,  roundish-oval,  near  3"  diam.,  imbricated- 
sta.  2  ;  pales  with  the  keel  and  veins  ciliate. —  2{   Wet  places,  Ct.  (Eaton)  to  111. 
and  S.  States.     Not  common.     Said  to  catch  flies  by  the  sudden  closing  of  its 
pales. 

2.  ORY'ZA,  L.     BICE.    (Gr.  opv^a,  from  the  Arabic,  Eruz.) — Spike- 
lets    1-flowered,  £;  glumes   2,  very  small,   cuspidate;    pales  2,  boat- 
shaped,   flattened,   the  lower  one  broader  and  mostly  tipped  with  a 
straight  awn  ;  stain.  G  ;  stigmas  with   branching  hairs ;  grain   oblong, 
free,  smooth,  enveloped   in  the  pales. — Mostly  (T).     Fls.  in  a  branching 
panicle  of  racemes.     Spikes  hispid,  jointed  to  the  pedicel. 

O.  sativa  L.  Culm  2 — 4f  high,  striate ;  Ivs.  long,  rough,  lance-linear ;  ligule 
long  (near  1'),  erect,  pointed;  panicle  with  erect  branches,  6— 9' in  length  ;  outer 
pale  strongly  5-veined  or  keeled,  Jiispid-ciliate  and  commonly  tipped  with  a  short 
awn. — Extensively  cultivated  in  the  S.  States,  both  in  upland  meadows  aud  in 
1  nv  inundated  grounds.  The  former  variety — the  upland  rice,  is  usually  awnless, 
the  latter  is  awned.  A  most  important  Cereal,  f  Asia. 

3.  ZIZA^NIA,  Gron.     INDIAN  RICE.     (Ztiydviov,  the  Greek  name  of 
Borne  similar  plant) — 8   Glumes  0;    spikelets   1-flowered ;    palea)  2, 
herbaceous.     $  Palea)   subequal,    awnless ;    stamens   6.      $   Spikelcts 
subulate ;  palea?  unequal,  linear,  lower  one  with  a  straight  awn  ;  styles 
2 ;  caryopsis  enveloped  in  the  plicate  palea3. — Stout,  aquatic  grasses, 
with  a  large  panicle  of  both  kinds  of  flowers. 

1  Z.  aquatica  L.     Culm  £'  in  diameter,   fistular,  smooth,   6f  high ;  Ivs.  lance- 
linear,  2 — 3f  long,  an  inch'wide,  smooth,  serrulate  ;  panicle  a  foot  or  more  long, 
pyramidal,  the  loioer  branches  divaricate  and  sterile,  the  upper  spicate  and  fertile' 
spike-lets  on  clavate  pedicels;  awns  long  (18"),  hispid;  fr.  slender,  £'  long,  black- 
ish, very  caducous,  farinaceous. — ''4-  Inundated  shores  of  ponds  and  rivers,  U.  S. 
and  Can.     The  fruit,  which  is  very  abundant,  affords  sustenance  to  wild  geese, 
ducks,  and  other  water  fowls.     Aug. 

2  Z.  miliacea  Michx.     Culm  erect,  C — lOf  high;  Ivs.  very  long,  narrow,  glau- 
cous;  panicle  large,  diffuse,  pyramidal;  glumes  vrith  short  (1 — 3  ')  awns;    c  and 
$  fls.  intermixed;  sty.  1;  fr.  ovate,   glabrous. — 1C   Growing  in  water,  Ohio  to 
Flo,  and  La,     Lva.  coriaceou?,  2 — 3f  long,  G — 12'  wide.     Apr. — Aug. 

3  Z.  ?  fluitans  Michx.     Culm  long,   slender,  branching,  floating  in  the  water ; 


Yf4  OBDEU  156. — GRAMINE^EI. 

Ivs.  lance-linear,  flat,  clustered,  1 — 2'  long,  2 — 3"  wide;  "spike  solitary,  axil- 
lary, setaceous,  about  4-flowered ;  paleae  awnless ;  stig.  2,  very  long  ;  fr.  reni- 
form." — U  Water,  S.  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La.  (Hale,  whose  specimens  are  without 
fls.  or  fruit.)  (Hydrochloa,  Palis.  Hydropyrum,  Kunth.) 

4.  AGROS'TIS,  L.  BENT  GRASS.  (Gr.  dypo^,  a  field ;  growing  in 
fields  and  pastures.) — Spikes  1-flowered  ;  glumes  2,  subcqual,  awnless, 
usually  longer  than  the  flower  ;  pales  2,  thin,  pointless,  naked,  the  lower 
3 — 5-veined,  sometimes  awned  on  the  back,  the  upper  often  minute  or 
wanting;  grain  free. — 2£  mostly,  and  caespitous,  with  slender  culms 
and  an  open  panicle. 

§  AGROSTIS  proper.    Upper  palea  ±  to  3  as  long  as  the  lower.    FJs.  rather  dense Nos.1,  2 

§  TKICHODIUM.    Upper  palca  minute  or  wanting.     Panicle  thin.  (*) 

*  Lower  paloa  with  a  long  exserted  awn  on  the  back.  .Nos.  3, 4 

*  Lower  paleie  awnless,  or  bearing  a  very  short  awn..Nos.  5,  6 

1  A.  vulgaris  With.    RED  TOP.    DEW  GRASS.    HERD'S  GRASS  of  the  S.  States. 
Culm  erect,  1 — 2f  high ;  panicle  purple,  oblong,  with  shorty  spreading  or  divari- 
cate, roughish  branches ;  Ivs.  linear,  with  very  short  liguks  (sometimes  the  upper 
cue  elongated) ;  lower  pale  twice  as  large  as  the  upper,  and  nearly  as  long  as  the* 
lanceolate,  acute  glumes,  mostly  awnless. — U.  S.  and  Can.     A  very  valuable 
grass  spread  over  hills,  vales  and  meadows,  forming  a  soft,  dense  turf.    Variable, 
(A.  polymorpha  Huds.     A.  pumila  L.     A.  hispida  Willd.) 

2  A.  alba  L.    WHITE  BENT.    ENGLISH  BENT.    BONNET  GRASS.    FLORIN  GRASS. 
Culm  decumbent,  geniculate,  rooting  at  the  lower  joints  and  sending  out  stolons ; 
Ivs.  linear,  smooth,  those  of  the  stolons  erect  and  somewhat  subulate  ;  ligules  long, 
membranous ;  panicle  dense,  narrow  and  contracted  after  flowering,  greenish  whits 
or  slightly  purplish ;  lower  pale  5-veined,  rarely  awned. — A  common  and  valuable- 
grass  in  old  fields  and  drained  swamps.     It  is  quite  variable  in  aspect.     §  Eur, 
(A.  stolonifera  L.     A  decumbens  Muhl.) 

ft.  STPaCTA.     Lower  pale  with  an  awn  from  its  base  twice  longer  than  itself. 

(A.  stricta  Willd.) 
7.  DISPAR.     SOUTHERN  BENT.    Larger  (2 — 3f  high)  in  all  its  parts ;  outer  pale 

obtusely  3 -toothed.     Much  valued  in  some  parts  of  the  S.  States.     (A.  dis- 

par  MX.  ?  Kuuth.) 

3  A.  canina  L.    BROWN  BENT.     DOG'S  BENT.    Culm  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes, 
slender,  somewhat  branched,  about  2f  high;    Ivs.  setaceous  involute,  the  upper 
linear ;  panicle  diffuse,  ovoid,  at  Itngth  brownish,  branches  rough,  diverging,  dividing 
beyond  their  middle ;  glumes  subequal,  shorter  than  the  lower  pale  which  bears 
a  long  awn  a  little  below  the  middle  of  the  lack ;  upper  pale  minute. — Wet  mead- 
ows, E,  States,  rare.     §  Eur. 

/?.  ALPINA.  Culms  low,  in  small  tufts,  with  contracted  panicles,  nearly  smooth, 
purplish  ;  awn  twisted. — Mts.,  K  States.  (A.  Pickeringii  Tuckm.) 

4  A.  arachnoides  Ell.     Culm  erect,  slender,  5 — 8'  high ;  paniculate  more  than 
half  its  length;  Ivs.  linear-setaceous,  1 — 3'  long;  panicle  narrow,  branches  capil- 
lary, floriferous  half  their  length;  glumes  green,  ovate,  acute,  £''  long,  equal; 
pale  a  little  shorter,  bearing  on  its  back  above  the  middle  a  contorted  awn  5  or  6 
times  longer  than  itself,  and  as  fine  as  a  gossamer. — Car.  to  Ga.  (Feay).    The  awns, 
from  their  fineness,  can  hardly  bo  seen  without  a  lens.     Apr. 

5  A.  scabra  Willd.     ROUGH  HAIR  GRASS.    THIN  GRASS.     Culms  tufted,  erect 
from  a  decumbent  vase,  very  slender,  1 — 2f  high ;  Ivs.  linear,  3 — 6'  long,  rough, 
the  radical  involute-setaceous ;  ligule  oblong,  obtuse ;  panicle  large,  with  long, 
capillary,  erect,  or  divergent,  scabrous-hispid  whorled  branches,  trichotomously 
divided  near  the  end;  spikelets  in  terminal  clusters,  at  length  purplish;  glumes 
lance-linear,  acuminate,  scabrous-hispid  on  the  keel. — Fields  and  pastures,  U.  S. 
and  Brit.  Am.     Remarkable  for  its  thin  and  airy  panicles  which  are  at  length 
driven  before  the  wind.     Jn.,  Jl.     (T.  laxiflorum  MX.    T.  montanum  Torr.) 

/?.  OREOPHILA.  Culm  6 — 12'  high,  simple,  panicle  less  diffuse;  pale  with  a 
short,  twisted  awn  at  its  back. — Mts.  and  rocky  woods.  (A.  montana  Tuckm.) 

7.  PERENNANS.  Panicle  pale  green,  branches  shorter,  floriferous  more  than 
half  their  length.— In  damp  shades.  (T.  scabrum  Muhl.  A.  scabra,  ed.  2d.) 


ORDER  15G.— GRAMINE^E.  775 

6.  A.  elata  Trin.  TJLLLER  Tiny  GRASS.  Culm  erect,  rigid,  thin,  simple,  rattier 
stout,  2 — Zfhigh,  leafy;  Ivs.  broadly  (1 — 2")  linear,  scabrous,  flat,  6 — 8'  long,  the 
sheaths  scarcely  smooth;  panicle  purple,  contracted,  with  long,  whorled,  erect- 
spreading  branches  dense-flowered  half  their  length;  glumes  lanceolate,  li",  tho 
the  upper  a  little  longer  than  the  5-veined pale. — Swamps,  N.  Jer.  to  G-a.,  Ala.  and 
Ky.  (Jackson). — JL,  Aug.  (T.  elatum  Ph.  A.  altissimum  Tuckm.) 

5.  SPOROB'OLUS  Brown.  DROP-SEED  GRASS.  (Gr.  onopd,  seed, 
|3a/U,GJ,  to  cast.) — Spikelets  1 -flowered;  glumes  2,  unequal,  the  lower 
smaller ;  fl.  sessile ;  palere  2,  beardless,  awnless,  usually  exceeding  the 
glumes,  the  upper  2-keeled ;  stam.  2  or  3  ;  stig.  plurnous  Avith  simple 
hairs  j  caryopsis  free,  often  with  a  loose  pericarp,  deciduous. — Tough, 
wiry  grasses  with  mostly  rolled  and  rigid  leaves  and  the  panicles  more 
or  less  contracted. 


Grain  (caryopsis)  linrar-cylindric.    Glumes  subequal Nos.  1,  2 

>LI;S.     Grain  oval  or  globoiis.  some  loose  in  the  pericarp.    (*) 


§    YlI-FA. 

§    SPOnOBOLUS. 

*  Glumes  very  unequal,  one  of  them  as  long  as  the  paleas.  "  (a) 

a  Panicle  open  and  stalked,  pyramidal Nos.  8,  4 

a  Panicle  sheathed  at  the  base  more  or  less Nos.  5,  6 

*  Glumes  somewhat  equal,  both  shorter  than  the  paleac.     (b) 

b  Panicle  contracted  and  spike-like,  sheathed  or  not Nos.  T,  8 

b  Panicle  open  and  stalked,  long  and  raceine-like Nos.  9,  10 

1  S.  Virginicus  Beauv.     Culms  numerous,  assurgent,  procumbent  and  hairy  at 
base,  branched,  about  a  foot  long;  Ivs.  somewhat  2-rowcdf  involute,  rigid,  erect, 
2 — 3'  long,  with  smooth  sheaths  which  are  hairy  at  the  throat  and  swollen  with 
the  enclosed  panicles;  panicles  spike-form,  terminal  and  lateral,  the  lateral  ones 
concealed;  glumes  nearly  equal,  nearly  as  long  as  the  subequal  palece. —  It  Sandy 
eoils,  Middle  and  S.  States.— Sept.,  Oct.     (Agrost.  L.) 

2  S.  vaginceflorus  Torr.     Culms  simple,  ascending,  slender,  forming  tufts  G — 12' 
high ;  Ivs.  involute-subulate,  rather  rigid,  short  (2—4') ;  panicles  contracted,  spike 
form,  lateral  and  terminal,  mostly  concealed  in  the  sheaths ;  glumes  about  equal, 
i:ad  equaling  the  subequal  pales;  caryopsis  linear,  a  third  shorter  than  the  pales. — 
(J)  Dry,  gravelly  fields,  U.  S.  more  common  "W.  and  S.     (Agr.  Mu^l.  Crypsis,  Nutt.) 

3  S.  heterolepis.     Culm  1 — 2f  high,  smooth ;  Ivs.  setaceous,  somewhat  convo- 
lute, scabrous  on  the  margins ;  lower  slieaihs  pubescent,  upper  ones  smooth ;  panicle 
spreading,  pyramidal,  few-flowered  ;  glumes  purplish,  very  unlike,  outer  one  subuli- 
Jorm,  inner  one  ovate,  cuspidate,  membranaceous  in  texture,  1-veined;  pales  ob- 
long, obtuse,  thin,  a  little  shorter  than  the  superior  glume,  the  lower  1-veined,  api- 
culate,  the  upper  2- veined,  shorter;  sta.  3;  anth.  linear,  reddish;  fr.  roundish, 
smooth. — Conn,  to  "Wise,  not  rare,     Aug.,  Sept.     (Vilfa,  Gray.) 

4  S.  junceus  Mich.     Glaucous;  culm  erect,  1 — 2fhigh, terete,  slender;  Ivs.  erect, 
2 — 6"  by   1",  concave,  convolute  when  dry,  margin  scabrous;    sheaths  much 
shorter  than  the  intsrnodes;  st!p.  sliort;  pan.  oblong-pyramidal,  branches  verti- 
cillate,  about  in  Cs ;  glumes  purple,  similar,  lanceolate,  acute,  upper  as  long  as  tho 
palea3,  the  lower  twice  shorter ;  palea  subequal;  anth.  and  sty.  whitish. — 14  Penn, 
to  Fior.  aud  La,,  in  barrens.     Aug. — Oct. 

5  S.  cryptandrus  Gray.     Culm 2 — Sfhigh;  Ivs. broadly (2") linear,  flat;  sheaths 
bearded  at  the  throat ;  panicle  pyramidal,  its  base  enclosed  by  the  terminal  sheath, 
branches  spreading,  hairy  in  the  axil3 ;  Us.  bluish ;  pales  subequal,  as  long  as  the 
upper  glume,  twice  longer  than  the  lower. — Dry,  sandy  soils,  \V.  and  S.  States, 
rare,  northward.     Aug.     (Agr.  &  Vilfii  cryptandra  Torr.) 

6  S.  asper  Kunth.     Rt.  white,  fibrous ;  culm  stout,  glabrous,  geniculato  at  base, 
2f  high;  Ivs.  rigid,  involute,  rough-edged,  2 — S'  by  1 — 3",  tapering  to  a  pungent 
point;  branches  with  short  leaves,  barren,  also  ending  in  a  long,  pungent  point; 
sheaths  ciliate  at  edge  and  bearing  dense  tufts  of  long,  white  hairs  at  top ;  panicky 
terminal  and  lateral,  nearly  enclosed  in  the  long  sheaths;  spikelets  blackish-green; 
lower  glume  very  short,  upper  a  little  longer  than  the  pales ;  fr.  compressed,  obo- 
vate  £"  ia  length.— 1C  Ohio,  (Sullivant)  to  III     (Agrost.  MX.  Vilfa,  Ueauv.) 

7  S.  longifolitis.     Culms  slender,  tufted,  2 — 3f  high,  from  long  fibrous  roots; 
Ivs.  all  involute,  very  long  (1— 3f),  tapering  to  a  long  thread-liko  point;  panic!* 


ORDER  156.— GRAMINE^E. 

slender,  3—6'  long,  wholly  inclosed  in  tho  termini  swelling  sheath;  glumes  une- 
qual, very  white,  much  shorter  Hum  tho  white,  subequal,  obtuse  pales;  grain  oval, 
*  as  long  (f")  as  the  pales. — W.  N.  Y.  (Mr.  E.  S.  Brown)  and  south  westward. 
After  tho"  sheath  falls  away  the  mature  tls.  turn  brownish.  (Agrost.  longif. 
Torr.  ?) 

'8  S.  I&dicus  Brown.  Culm  erect,  terete,  glabrous,  2— 3f  high;  Ivs.  involute, 
tapering  to  filiform;  sheath  beardless  at  throat;  joints  blackish;  panicle  long  (If), 
slender,  open,  composed  of  short,  erect,  alternate  spike-like  racemes  /  glumes  2T  un- 
equal, much  shorter  than  the  subequal  pales;  grain  dark  resin-colored,  oblong, 
•§  as  long  as  pales. — Pastures  and  waste  grounds,  S.  States.  (A.  Indica  L.)  §  "W. 
Indies. 

9  S.  compressus  Torr.     Glabrous;  culm  erect,  much  compressed,  simple,  leafy, 
branched  at  base,  1 — 2f  high ;   Ivs.   narrowly  linear,  scarcely  shorter  than  tho 
stem ;  keel  prolonged  into  the  open  sheath ;  stip.  very  short ;  panicle  purple,  sub- 
simple,  contracted,  the  branches  few  and  erect ;  glumes  equal,  acute,  shorter  than 
the  paleas,  the  upper  emarginate,  rarely  mucronate ;  palese  ovate,  obtuse,  smooth, 
sometimes  deeply  cleft ;  stig.  purple. — Sandy  swamps,  N.  J.     Sept. 

10  S.  serotinus  Torr.     Culm   12 — 18'  high,  filiform,  compressed,  growing  in 
patches,  smooth,  often  viviparous  at  tho  nodes;  Ivs.  2 — 3'  by  -£",  keeled,  smooth; 
sheaths  open;  stip.  ovate,  short;  panicle  3 — 10'  long,  capillary,  diffuse,  branches 
flexuous,  alternate;  spikelets  elliptical,  scarcely  ^"  long;  glume  ovate,  1 -veined, 
unequal,  half  the  length  of  the  palese ;  palese  smooth,  the  lower  one  shorter ;  sta.  3. 
— Long  Island  (Kneiskern)  to  Me.  and  Mich.     July.     (Vilfa,  Torr.     Poa  modesta 
Tuckm.) 

6.  CIN'NA,  L.     SWEET  REED  GRASS.      Spikelets  1 -flowered,  com- 
pressed ;  glumes  2,  subequal,  without  awns,  upper  one  3-veined ;  palese 
2,  naked  at  base,  on  short  stipes,  lower  one  larger,  enclosing  the  upper, 
with  a  short  aw  a  a  little  below  the  tip ;  stamen  1  ;  grain  oblong,  free. 
— 11  Erect,  simple,  tall,  with  a  large  panicle. 

1  C.  pendula  Trin.     Culm  smooth,  3 — Gfhigh;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  12 — 18'  by 
3 — 5",  pale  green,  rough-edged,  with  smooth,  striate  sheaths ;  stip.  long,  lacerated; 
panicle  white-green,  near  a  foot  in  length,  rather  attenuated  above  and  nodding, 
with  the  branches  capillary,  drooping,  and  arranged  somewhat  in  4s;  glumes  2" 
long,  linear-lanceolate ;  lower  palcce.  with  a  short  straight  awn  a  little  below  tli3 
tip. — 2£   A  beautiful   grass,  sought  by   cattle,  in  rich,  shady  soils,   N.   States 
and  Can. 

2  C.  artmdiiiacea  Willd.     Culm  and  leaves  as  in  Iso.  1.     Plant  bright  green ; 
panicle  purple  and  green,  erect  and  with  ascending  or  erect  branches  which  aro 
lloriferous  more  than  half  their  length  ;  glumes  3"  long,  lanceolate,  lower  palecs 
awnless  or  the  awn  scarcely  equaling  the  obtuse  point. — TJ.  S.,  in  shady  woods, 
chiefly  southward,     A  finer  looking  grass  than  the  preceding.     Jl.,  Aug. 

7.  MUHLENBER'GIA,  Schreber.     DROP-SEED  GRASS.     (In  honor  of 
Henry  Muhlenbery,  D.D.,  an  eminent  American  botanist.) — Spikelets 
1 -flowered,  fl.  sessile  in  the  glumes  and  mostly  bearded  at  the  base  ; 
glumes  2,  unequal,  shorter  than  the  pales,  acute  or  awned,  sometimes 
minute,  the  lower  rarely  obsolete  ;  pales  2,  the  lower  awned  or  mueron- 

.ate  at  apex,  upper  2-keeled  ;  stam.  3 — 2  ;  stig.  2,  plumous;  caryopsis 
free. — Culms  often  branched.     Panicles  simple,  mostly  contracted. 

§  McHLteNBERGiA.     Glumes  manifest.    Panicles  slender,  terminal  and  lateral.  (*) 

*  Glumes  awned  and  twice  longer  than  the  awnless  pale* No.  1 

*  Glumes  pointed,  not  longer  than — the  mucronate  paleaj Nos.  2, 3 

— the  long-awned  pale* Nos.  4,  5 

i  BRACHYELYTRUM.     Glumes  minute,  the  lower  obsolete.     Panicle  slender Nos.  6, 1 

\  TIUCUOCIILOA.     Glumes  email,  both  present.     Panicio  diffuse,  capillary No.  8 

1  M.  .glomerata  Trin.  Glaucous;  culm  compressed,  erect,  smooth,  with  ap- 
pressed  branches  or  subsimple,  1-J— 4f.high;  Ivs.  somewhat  2-rowed,  erect,  flat, 
rough,  3 — 5'  long,  with  closed  sheaths ;  panicle  spicate,  dense,  conglomerated,  in- 


ORDER  15G.—  GRAMINEJE.  V77 

terruptea,  2  —  3'  long,  many-flowered  ;  glumes  linear,  \  the  length  of  their  awns  ; 
lower  paleas  mucrouate.  —  if  Bog  meadows,  also  011  rock/  mountains,  N.  Eng.  to 
Mo.  Aug.,  Sept.  (Polypogon  raceinosus  Nutt.) 

2  M.  Mexicana  Trin.     Culm  erect  or  ascending,   with  swelling  nodes,   much 
branched  and  leafy  above,  often  nearly  leafless  below,  1^  —  3f  high;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
scabrous,  with  half-clasping  sheaths;  panicles  numerous,  terminal  and  lateral, 
spike-duattred,  dense-flowered  and  purple-spotted,  lateral  ones  partly  enclosed  in 
the  sheath  ;  glumes  narrow  acuminate,  mostly  shorter  than  the  subequal,  pubes- 
cent pales.  —  if  Wet  shades,  N.  Eng.  to  Wise.,  common.     Aug.     (Agrostis  L.) 

3  M.  sobolifera  Gray.     Culm  erect,  slender,  producing  shoots  at  base,  branched, 
18  —  30'  high;  branches  erect  and  filiform;  nodes  not  swelling  ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceo- 
late, with  open  sheaths  ;  panicle  simple,  filiform,  with  appressed  branches,  and 
rather  crowded  spikeleta  ;  paleae  equal,  longer  than  the  acute  glumes.  —  If  Rodky 
hills,  N.  Eng.  to  111.  and  S.  States,  frequent     Aug.     (Agrostis  Muhl.) 

4  M.  sylvatica  Torr.  &  Gr.     Culm  ascending,  2  —  3f  long,  much  branched,  diffuse, 
smooth,  with  swelling  nodes;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  scabrous,  veined,  4  —  6'  long,  with 
smooth,  open  sheaths  ;  panicles  slender,  rather  dense  ;  glumes  nearly  equal,  acu- 
minate, a  little  shorter  than  the  palece  ;  awns  several  times  longer  than  the  spike- 
let.—  If  Rocky  shades,  K  Y.  to  111.,  N.  J.,  Penn.    Sept.     (Agrostis  Torr.) 

5  M.  Willdenowii  Trin.     Culm  erect,  subsimple,  pubescent  at  tho  nodes,  with 
a  few  appressed  branches;  Ivs.   6  —  9'  by  2  —  3'',  lanceolate,   veined,  scabrous, 
spreading,  with  pubescent  sheaths;    panicle  contracted,  very  slender  and  long, 
with  remote,  filiform  branches  ;  glumes  subequal,  acuminate,  half  as  long  as  the 
palece;  awn  3  —  4  times  the  length  of  the  spikelet.  —  2f  Rocky  woods,  Can.  and 
U.  S.    July,  August.     (Agr.  tenuiflora  Willd.) 

6  M.  diffusa  Schreb.      Culm  decumbent,  diffuse,  Iranching,  slender,  compressed  ; 
branches  assurgent;  Ivs.   2  —  3'  by  2",   linear-lanceolate,    rough,    with  smooth, 
striate,   open  sheaths;    panicles   terminal  and  lateral,  with  remote,   appressed, 
rough  branches;  spikelets  2"  long,  pedicellate,  often  purplo;  awn  about  as  lo'ng 
as  the  paleas;  glumes  extremely  minute.  —  2f  Borders  of  woods  and  shady  fields, 
N.  Eng.  to  Car.  and  Ky.     Aug. 

7  M.  aristata  Pers.     Culm  erect,  simple,  retrorsety  pubescent  at  the  nodes,  1  —  3f 
high;   Ivs.  lanceolate,   scabrous,   ciliate  on  tho  margin,  4  —  6'  long,  3''  or  more 
wide,  with  somewhat  open  sheaths;   panicle  terminal,  simple,  racemous,   con- 
tracted; spikelets  6"  (16"  including  the  awn)  long,  pedicellate;  glumes  minute,  the 
lower  obsolete  ;  lower  paleae  half  as  long  as  its  awn,  upper  paleae  with  a  short 
awn  (abortive  pedicel)  at  base  lodged  in  the  dorsal  groove.  —  if  Rocky  hills,  Can. 
and  TJ.  S.,  frequent.     July.     (Brachyelytrum  Beauv.     M.  erecta  Roth.) 

8  M.  capillaris  Kunth.     Csespitous;  culms  erect,  very  slender  and  smooth,  18  — 
24'  high;  Ivs  erect,  becoming  filiform  towards  the  end.     1  —  l£f  long;   panicle 

.  diffuse,  with  the  branches  1  —  4'  long,  in  pairs,  and  as  fine  as  hairs;  spikeleta 
purple;  lower  paleaj  produced  into  an  awn  3  or  4  times  its  length.  —  If  Sandy 
soils,  N.  Eng.  to  Ga.  and  Ky.  An  exceedingly  delicate  grass,  with  large,  purple, 
glossy  and  almost  gossamer-like  panicles,  waving  in  the  breeze.  Jn.,  Jl.  (Tri- 
chochloa  DC.) 


8.  POLYPO'GON,  Dcsf.   POL  YPO  a  GRASS.    (Gr.  TroK-f,  many, 
beard.)     Spikelets  1  -flowered,  densely  panicled  ;  gls.  2,  subequal,  thin, 
carinate,  both  similarly  awned,  much   longer  than  the  flower  ;  pales 
thin,  the  lower  usually  awned  near  the  tip,  upper  bicarinatc  ;  grain  free, 
oval,  smooth.  —  Leaves  flat.     Panicle  spike-like. 

P.  Monspellensis  Desf.  Culm  simple,  decumbent  below,  If  or  more  high;  Iva. 
lance-linear,  much  shorter  (2  to  5'  by  2  to  3''),  acute-pointed,  minutely  downy  ; 
panicle  much-branched,  spicate-lobed,  2  to  3',  the  branches  very  short  and  dense- 
flowered,  pale  ;  gls.  hispidulous,  1"  long,  the  awns  a  little  longer.  —  Fields,  coast- 
ward,  N.  Eng.  ?  common  South.  §  Eur. 

9.  CALAMAGROS'TIS,  Adatis.    (Name  compounded  of  Calamus  and 
Agrostis.)     Spikelets  1-flowered  ;  glumes  2,  subequal,  acute  or  acuini- 


Y78        ,  ORDER  156.—  GRAMINEJE. 

nate  ;  palcac  2,  mostly  shorter  than  the  glumes,  surrounded  with  white, 
bristly  hairs  at  base,  lower  one  mncronate,  mostly  avvned  below  the  tip, 
the  upper  one  often  with  a  stipitate  pappus  (abortive  rudiment  of  a 
second  flower)  at  base.  —  2£  Rhizomes  creeping.  Culms  simple,  tall, 
with  a  contracted  or  open  panicle. 

C  Panicle  expanding.     Glumes  some  shorter  than  the  palca*.    Rudiment  none  .........  Nos.  1,  2 

|  Panicle  contracted.     Gl.  some  longer  than  pnlese.     Itudiment  plumous.  (*) 

*  Glumes  2  —  3"  long.    Palea  short-nwned  —  above  the  middle  ....................  No.  3 

—below  the  middle  .................  Nos.  4,  ff 

*  Glumes  5—  V  long.     Palea  scarcely  awned  near  the  tip  .......................  No.  T 

1  C.  brevfpilis  Torr.     Culm  terete,  slender,  3  —  If  high;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  tho 
sheaths  glabrous  ;  ligule  hairy  ;  panicle  pyramidal,  loose,  with  the  diffuse,  capil- 
lary branches  solitary  or  in  pairs  ;  glumes  unequal,  bearded  at  base,  ovate,  acute, 
1-veined,  shorter  than  the  equal,  obtuse,  awnless  pales;  pa2}j)us  or  hairs  very  short, 
not  half  the  length  of  the  palece.  —  U  In  sandy  swamps,  N.  J.  (Torrey).      (A.  Epi- 
geios  Muhl.) 

2  C.  longifolia  Hook.      Culm  2  —  if  high,  stout;   Ivs.  rigid,    involute-filiform, 
tapering  to  a  long  point  ;  panicle  pyramidal  ;  glumes  unequal,  lanceolate,  the  upper 
as  long  as  the  equal  pales,'  pappus-like  hairs  copious,  inore  than  half  the  length  of 
the  paks.  —  Sandy  shores  of  the  great  Lakes,  N.  Mich,  and  C.  "W. 

3  C.  coarctata  Torr.     Glaucous  ;  culm  erect,  2-  —  4f  high  ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate, 
scabrous,  with  the  reins  and  keel  white  ;  sheaths  striate  ;  stip.  oblong,  obtuse  ; 
panicle  condensed   and  spike-form,  tho  branches  rigidly  erect,  short  and  aggre- 
gated; glumes  acuminate,  lanceolate,  lower  1-veined,  upper  3-veined,  lower  palo 
6-veinecl,  bifid  at  the  apex,  with  a  short,  straight  awn  just  above  the  middle  of  the 
back.  —  U   Bogs,    Mass,   to   Minn,   and   S.  States?      July,   August.      (Agrostia 
glauca  Muhl.      Arundo  stricta  Spr.) 

4  C.  purpurascens  Brown.      Panicle  spicate,   purplish,   3  —  6'  long,  half  tho 
length  of  the  culm;  glumes  scabrous  ;  palea3  2,  the  lower  scabrous,  toothed  at 
the  apex,  awned  upon  the  back  below  the  middle  ;  abortive  rudiment  plumous, 
twice  longer  than  the  hairs  at  its  base,  and  twice  shorter  than  the  pales.  —  White 
Mts.,  N.  H.  (Tuckerman),  Rocky  Mts.  (Richardson).  —  Rare  and  unimportant.    (0. 
Pickeringii  Gr.     C.  sylvatica  Trin.) 

5  C.  conflnis  jSTutt.     Culm  2  —  5f  high,  erect  simple;  Ivs.  2  —  3"  wide,  smooth; 
panicle  4  —  8'  long,  slender,  contracted,  branches  short,  appressed,  4  or  5  together; 
glumes  oblong-lanceolate,  2$"  long,  rough  on  the  keel  and  sides,  barely  acute  ; 
palece,  nearly  equal,  acute,  oblong,  as  long  as  the  glumes,  lower  one  rough,  3-veinedf 
notched  at  tip,  with  a  short  awn  inserted  below  the  middle,  nearly  as  long  as  tho 
flower  ;  hairs  f  the  length  of  the  pales.  —  Penn.  and  Penn  Yan,  N.  Y.  (Sartwell), 
Aug.     (C.  inexpansa  Gr.) 

6  C.  Canadensis  Beauv.  REED  GRASS.   BLUE  JOINT.     Culm  smooth,  erect,  rigid, 
3  —  5f  high  ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  striate,  with  smooth,  veined  sheaths  ;  panielo 
erect,  rather  loose,  oblong,  the  branches  capillary,  aggregated  in  4s  and  5s  ;  glumes 
very  acute,  smoothish,  much  longer  than  the  palece  ;  lower  palece  bifid  at  the  apex, 
with  a  hair-like  awn  arising  from  below  the  middle  of  the  back;  hairs  as  long  as 
the  paks.  —  If.  "Wet  grounds,  N.  Eng.  TV.  to  Mich,  and  Can.     Makes  good  hay, 
common.     Aug.     (C.  Mexicana  Nutt.     C.  agrostoides  Ph.     Arundo  MX.) 

7  C.  arenaria  Roth.     MAT  GRASS.     SAND  REED.     Rt.  creeping  extensively; 
culm  erect,  rigid,  2  —  4f  high;  Ivs.  involute,  If  by  ^',  smooth  and  glaucous,  pun- 
gently  acute;  sheaths  smooth;  stip.  oblong;  panicle  dense,  with  erect,  appressed 
branches,  6—10'  long,  and  an  inch  thick;  spikelets  compressed,  greenish-white; 
lower  paleos  longer  than  the  upper.  —  If  On  sandy  lake  shores  and  sea  coasts, 
Can.  to  N.  J.     Of  great  value  in  confining  loose,  sandy  beaches.     Aug.    (Ammo- 
phila,  Host.     Psamma,  Palis.     Arundo,  L.) 


10.  ALOPECITRUS,  L.  FOX-TAIL  GRASS.  (Gr.  OAWTTT;^,  fox, 
tail.)  Spikelets  1  -flowered  ;  glumes  subequal,  connate,  distinct,  flat- 
carinatc  ;  lower  pale  flat-carinate,  generally  equaling  the  glumes,  awned 
on  the  back  below  the  middle  ;  upper  pale  wanting  ;  styles  often  con- 


ORDER  15S.—  OR  AMINES.  779 

natc,  stigmas  plumous,  elongated.  —  Panicle  contracted  into  a  cylindric, 
dense  spike. 

1  A.  pratensia  L.     Culm  erect,  smooth,  leafy,  about  2f  high,  bearing  an  erect, 
dense,  many-flowered,  eylindric,  obtuse,  compound  spike,  about  2'   long;    Iva. 
flat,  smooth,  the  upper  shorter  than  its  swelling  sheath  ;  stipules  ovate  ;  glumes 
ciliate,  connate  below  the  middle,  as  long  as  the  pale  ;  awn  twisted,  scabrous, 
nearly  thrice  the  length  of  the  flower.  —  If  Fields  and  pastures,  Northern  States. 
An  excellent  grass.     Jn.,  JL  §. 

2  A.  geniculatus  L.     BENT  FOX-TAIL.     Culm  ascending,  geniculate  below,  spar- 
ingly branched,  1  —  2f  high;  epike  cylindrical,  about   2'  long;  Ivs.  linear,  3  —  G' 
long,  the  upper  equaling  or  exceeding  the  smooth,  flat,  acute,  slightly  inflated 
sheath;  stipules  oblong,  entire;  glumes  slightly  connate  at  base,  hairy  outside; 
p&l&z  truncate,  smooth,  half  as  long  as  the  gtniculate  awn.  —  2£  Wet  meadows,  N. 
Eng.,  Mid.  States  and  Brit.  Am.    Jn.  § 

3  A.  aristulatus  MX.     WILD  WATER  FOX-TAIL.    Glaucous;  culm  decumbent 
at  base,  bent  at  the  joints,  ascending  1  to  2f;  ivs.  linear,  flat,  gradually  acute  ; 
glumes  subequal,  pubescent,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  obtuse  pale,  which  bears  on 
the  middle  of  its    back  a  short  awn  scarcely  exceeding  its  apex;  anth.  oblong, 
yellow.  —  14  Native  in  Ohio  to  Minn.  (Lapham)  and  I1L    Jn.  —  Aug.     (A.  geni- 
cularus,  ft.  Ed.  2d.) 


11.  PHLEUM,  L.     CAT-TAIL  GRASS.      (Gr.  <j>te6g  ;  used  by  the  an- 
cients probably  for  a  different  plant.)     Glumes  2,  equal,  carinate,  much 
longer  than  the  pales,  rostrate  or  mucronate  ;  pales  2,  included  in  the 
glumes,  truncate,  awnless.  —  Compound  spikes  cylindric,  very  dense. 

1  P.  pratense  L.      TIMOTHY  or  HERD'S  GRASS.      Culm  erect,  simple,  terete, 
smooth,  2  —  4f  high  ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  flat,  glaucous,  roughish  ;  sheaths  stri- 
ate,  smooth  ;  stip.  obtuse,  lacerated  ;  gls.  cuspidate,  in  a  dense,  long,  cylindric,  green 
spike;  anth.  purple;  stig.   white.  —  This  is  probably  the  most  valuable  of  all 
grasses.     It  is  extensively  cultivated  in  N".  Eng.,  Mid.  and  W.  States,  but  it  faila 
further  South.     Jn.,  JL     §  Eur. 

2  P.  alpinum  L.     MOUNTAIN  HERD'S  GRASS.    Culm  about  If  high,  simple,  erect; 
Ivs.  shorter  than  the  sheaths,  broad  and  clasping  at  base,  acute  at  apex,  smooth  ; 
sheaths  inflated;  spicate  pan.,  oblong-ovate,  very  short  (4.  to  5"  long);  gls.  truncate, 
mucronate,  with  a  fringed  keel;  awns  as  long  as  the  glumes.  —  1£  Alpine  regions 
of  tho  White  Mts.,  N.  H.     Also  native  of  Arc.  Am. 

12.  ARISTTDA,  L.    BEARD  GRASS.    POVERTY  GRASS.    (Latin  arista, 
an  awn  ;  characteristic  of  the  genus.)     Panicle  contracted  or  racemous  ; 
spikelets  1-flowered,  flower  stipitate  ;  glumes  2,  unequal  ;  pales  pedi- 
cellate, lower  one  \vith  3  awns  at  the  tip,  upper  one  very  small,  awn- 
less;  ovary  stipitate;  scales  2,  entire;  stamens  3;  stigma  plumous. 

§  Awns  twisted-confluent  below,  and  jointed  to  the  pale,  very  long  ...................  No.  9 

§  Awns  distinct  below  and  not  jointed  to  the  pale.  (*) 

*  Awns  about  equal  and  divaricate,  —  thrice  as  "long  as  the  flower  ...............  Nos.  7,  8 

—  twice  as  long  as  the  flower  ...............  Nos.  6,  1 

—  as  long  as  the  flower  .....................  Nos.  4,  9 

*  Awns  unequal,  the  2  lateral  twice  shorter  (6")  and  suberect  ....................  No.  3 

*  Awns  very  unequal,  the  2  lateral  4  times  snorter  (2")  and  erect  ..............  Nos.  1,  2 

1  A.  dichotoma  MX.     Caespitous  ;  culm  dichotomously  branching  above  ;  pani- 
cle contracted-racemous  ;  gls.  3  to  4"  long;  lateral  awns  very  short,  erect,  the 
intermediate  one  nearly  as  long  as  the  pales  (3"),  spreading,  contorted.—  (D  A  slen- 
der grass,  in  sandy  soils,  U.  S.,  common.     Culms  8  —  12'  high,  branching  at  each 
joint     Lvs.  very  narrow,  with  very  short,  open  sheaths,  and  a  very  short  stipule. 
Spikelets  slender,  on  clavate  peduncles.     Aug. 

2  A.  ramosfssima  Engelm.     Culms  di/use,  tufted;  rac.  loose-flowered,  simple, 
slender;  glumes  with  short  awns,  3  or  5-veined;  lower  pale  about  as  long  as  the 
glumes  (1  to  9''),  lateral  awns  short  (2")  erect,  middle  one  spreading,  1'  long.  —  Q) 
Dry  places,  111.  (Engelm.) 


730  ORDER  156.— GR  AMINES. 

3  A.  gracilis  Ell.     Culm  very  slender,  a  foot  or  more  high  ;  Ivs.  setaceous,  scarce 
1'  wide,  erect,  with  short  sheaths,  pilous  at  the   throat;  panicle  very  slender; 
spikelets  somewhat  remote,  appressed;  lateral  awns  short  (6  to  7''),  erect,  interme- 
diate one  longer  (10  to  12"),  spreading. — If  Sandy  places,  Mass,  to  Ga.,  "W.  to  111. 
A  grass  of  little  value,  as  well  as  the  other  species  of  this  genus. 

4  A.  lanata  Poir.     Culm  erect,  2  to  4f,  hairy  and  branched  below ;  Ivs.  linear, 
flat,  If  long,  2  to  3"  wide,  hairy,  especially  on  the  upper  surface;  sheaths  longer 
than  the  joints,  clothed  with  a  woolly  tomentum  ;  branches  of  the  erect,  contracted 
panicle,  tomentous  at  base;  glumes  unequal,  longer  than  the  pales;  awns  about 
equal,  spreading,  as  long  as  the  pale  (4  to  6"),  the  middle  rather  longest. —  2£  In 
poor,  sandy  soils,  S.  States.     Sept.,  Oct.     (A.  lanosa  Ell.) 

5  A.  spiciformis  Ell.      Culm  1  to  3f  high,  simple;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  glabrous,  tho 
latter  shorter  than  the  joints ;  panicle  dense-flowered,  spike-like  and  cylindrical ; 
glumes  much  shorter  than  the  flower,  both  awned;  middle  awn  of  the  flower  long- 
est, villous  at  the  base,  all  three  about  as  long  as  the  pale. —  If  "Wet  pine  barrens, 
S.  Car.  to  Fla.     Sept.,  Oct. 

6  A.  purpurascens  Poir.     Culm  erect,  simple,  filiform,  2 — 3f ;  Ivs.  very  narrow, 
flat,  erect,  a  foot  in  length,  with  short,  open  sheaths;  panicle  long,  loosely  spicate; 
spikelets  on  short,  clavate,  appressed  pedicels ;  gls.  4  to  5"  long,  purplish ;  awns  1' 
long,  nearly  equal,  divaricate,  twice  the  length  of  the  glabrous  pale. — If  Sandy 
woods,  Northern  States.     Sept.     (A.  affinis  Ivuuth.     A.  racernosa  Muhl.) 

7  A.  strfcta  MX.     UPRIGHT  ARISTIDA.    Culm  strictly  erect,  csespitous,  branched, 
1 — 3f;   Ivs.  straight,   erect,  pubescent,  linear,  convolute   above;    panicle  long, 
loosely  racemous;  spikelets  appressed;  gls.  (3  to  5"  long)  unequal,  very  acute,  lower 
pales  hairy  at  base;  awns  twice  as  long  as  the  pales,  spreading,  the  middle  ona 
the  longest. — If  Penn.  to  Fla.  (Chapman),  W.  to  Mich. 

8  A.  oligantha  MX.     Culms  erect,  sparingly  branched,  12  to  20'  high;  pan.  ra- 
ceme-like, remotely  few-flowered;  gls.  short  awned,  equaling  the  palo  (f'),  which 
bears  3  divaricate  awns  thrice  its  own  length,  the  middle  one  some  longer ;  Ivs. 
involute  setaceous. — If  Prairies,  111.  to  Ark.  and  Ya. 

9  A.  ttiberculosa  Nutt.     Culm  erect  (declinate  at  base),   8 — 20',  rigid,  with 
small  tubercles  in  the  axils  of  the  numerous  branches ;  nodes  tumid ;  Ivs.  long  and 

.narrow-linear;  pan.  large,  loose,  simple ;  spikelets  pedicellate ;  gls.  nearly  1' long, 
linear,  awned;  upper  paleas  involute,  the  awns  2'  long,  hispid  upwards,  twisted 
together  to  near  the  middle,  thenco  finally  horizontally  divaricate. — If  A  very  sin- 
gular species,  in  dry  prairies,  111.,  "VVis.  to  Ky.,  Tenn.,  also  found  in  N.  J. 

13.  STIPA,  L.     WEATHER  GRASS.     (Lat.  stipa,  a  foot-stalk  \  allud- 
ing to  the  stipitate  fruit.)     Spikelets  1 -flowered,  the  flower  deciduous, 
•with  its  thick,  bearded,  pointed  stipe  ;  glumes  membranous ;  pales  cori- 
aceous, shorter  than  the  glumes,  the  lower  with  a  long,  twisted  or  bent 
awn,  jointed  at  the  apex  ;  caryopsis  striate ;  stamens  3  ;  stigma  plum- 
otis' — 2£  Fls.  paniculate.     Lvs.  very  narrow.     The  long  awns  are  deli- 
cately hygrometric  twisting  or  untwisting  according  to  the  state  of  the 
atmosphere. 

1  S.  avenacea  L.    BLACK  OAT  GRASS.     Culm  naked  above,  2 — 3f ;  Ivs.  smooth, 
Btriate,  setaceous,  chiefly  radical ;  panicle  spreading,  somewhat  1-sided,  4 — 6'  long, 
at  length  diffuse,  branches  capillary,  solitary  and  in  pairs ;  glumes  nearly  equal, 
mucronate,  as  long  as  the  dark,  brown,  cylindric  fruit;  scales  2,  lanceolate;  awn 
twisted  below,  bent  above,  2 — 3'  in  length. — U.  S.  and  Can.     (S.  Virginica  Pers.) 

2  S.  juncea  Pursh.     Culm  2 — 3f;  Ivs.   convolute  filiform,   smooth  inside,  long; 
pan.  loose ;  gls.  loose,  filiformly  acuminated  to  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  fruit; 
ir.  attenuated  at  base  into  a  stipe,  which  is  a  third  of  its  length,  stipe  acute,  pu- 
bescent ;  paleas  obtuse,  distinctly  articulated  to  the  awn,  which  is  smooth  and  slen- 
der, at  length  contorted  and  4 — 6'  in  length. — If  Prairies,  111.,  Mo.    When  in  fruit 
the  pungent  stipe  adheres  to  everything  thai;  comes  in  its  way.     Aug. 

14.  ORYZOP'SIS,  MX.     MOUNTAIN  RICE.     (Gr.  op<a,  rice,  tyig,  ap- 
pearance.)    Spikelets  1-flowered  ;  glumes  membranous-bordered,  veined, 


ORDER  156.—- GRAMINE^E.  781 

subeqnal,  and  about  equaling  the  oblong,  terete,  deciduous,  sliort-stiped 
flower;  lower  pale  coriaceous,  involute,  inclosing  the  caryopsis  and  tipped 
with  a  simple,  jointed  awn;  scales  linear-oblong. —  If  Fls.  in  a  slender 
or  spike-like  panicle. 

5  Sheaths  all  leaf-bearing.    Stipe  of  tho  flower  nearly  glabrous,  very  short No..l 

§  Sheaths,  at  least  tho  upper,  leafless.     Stipe  conspicuously  bearded Nos.  243 

1  O.  melanocarpa  Muhl.     Culm  erect,  simple,  leafy,  18 — 24';  panicle  simple, 
flexuous,  few-flowered;  spikelets  racemous,  ovoid-lanceolate ;  glumes  acuminate, 
mucronate,  5 — 6"  in  length,  smooth;  pales  hairy,  nearly  black  when  ripe,  tho 
lower  one  tipped  with  an  awn  an  inch  in  length ;  fruit  black. — Rocky  hills,  U.  SL 
and  Can.,  frequent.     Aug.     (Piptatherum  nigrum  Torr.) 

2  O.  asperifolia  MX.     Culm  nearly  naked,  purple  at  base,  10 — 20';  Ivs.  subrad- 
ical,  erect,  rigid,  pungent  at  the  point,  nearly  as  long  as  the  stem,  cauline  ones  few 
and  very  short ;  spikelets  in  a  racemous,  simple,  flexuous  panicle,  2  to  4'  long, 
1— r2  upon  each  branch;  glumes  abruptly  acuminate;  pales  white,  the  lower  one 
with  a  long,  bent  awn. — Woods,  N.   States  N.  to  Subarctic  Am.     Leaves  green 
through  the  winter.     Caryopsis  white,  about  as  large  as  rice,  farinaceous.     May. 
(Urachne  Trin.) 

3  O.  Canadensis  Torr.     Culms  slender,   9  to  18'  high,   naked  above;   lower 
sheaths  bearing  rigid,  involute-filiform  Ivs. ;  pan.  1  to  2'  long,  narrow,  the  branches 
mostly  in  pairs ;  gls.  often  purplish,  1  to  2"  long ;  pales  white,  bearded  with  whit- 
ish hairs,  the  awn  short  and  deciduous  or  wanting. — Rocky  woods,  N.  Eng.,  to  tho 
shores  of  L.   Superior.     May.     (Stipa  juncea  MX.,  nee  L.     S.  Canadensis  Poir. 
Urachne  Trin.     Milium  pungens  Torr.) 

15.  PAS'PALUM  L.  (Gr.  TraanaXoSj  millet ;  from  the  resemblance 
of  the  seeds.)  Spikelets  plano-convex,  in  unilateral  spikes;  glumes 
(apparently)  2,  membranous,  equal,  ovate  or  orbicular,  closely  pressed 
to  the  fertile  flower ;  stigmas  plumous,  colored ;  caryopsis  coated  with 
the  smooth,  coriaceous  pales.  (But  theoretically,  the  lower  glume  is 
obsolete  and  its  place  supplied  by  the  empty  pale  of  an  abortive  flower. 
In  Nos.  19  and  20  the  lower  glume  appears,  under  a  lens,  as  a  mere 
rudiment.) — Spikes  linear,  the  fls.  in  2  or  4  rows ;  rachis  not  jointed  ; 
pedicels  articulated. 

§  PASPALUM.    Spikelets  suborbiculai^ 'obtuse,  crowded.     Spikes  alternate.    (*) 

*  Spikes  many  (7  to  30),  with  the  spikelets  mostly  4-ro\ved Nos.  1,  2 

*  Spikes  few  (1  to  3),  mostly  solitary,  slender  (1"  wide),  2  or  3-rowed No.  8 

*  Spikes  few  (2  to  6)— with  the  spikelets  in  2  rows,  near  2"  wide Nos.  4,  5 

— with  the  spikelets  in  3  rows,  near  8"  broad,    (a) 

a  Leaves  very  hairy.     Culms  decumbent No.  6 

a  Leaves  only  ciiiato  on  the  margins Nos.  7,  8 

a  Leaves  very  glabrous,  margins  scabrous Nos.  9,  10 

§  DIGITAHTA.    Spikelets  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute.    Spikes  mostly  digitate.  (**) 

K*  Kachis  leaf-like,  broader  than  the  2  TOWS  of  spikelets  beneath  it Nos.  11,  12 

**  liachis  narrow,  triquetrous  or  flat,  with  the  spikelets  close-appressed.     (b) 
b  Glumes  (glume  and  pale)  about  equal,  as  long  as  the  flower,     (c) 

C  Spikelets  lanceolate.     Spikes  in  pairs  or  threes Nos.  18,  14 

C  Spikelets  ovate.     Spikes  2  to  4  oftener  in  pairs Nos.  15— IT 

b  Glume  scarce  half  as  long  as  the  pale.     Spikes  5  to  12,  clustered Nos.  18,  19 

**  Kachis  filiform  with  the  spikelets  loose  and  subremote Nos.  20,  21 

1  P.  virgatum  L.     Culms  decumbent  at  base,  glabrous,  18  to  30';  Ivs.  broad- 
linear,  rough-edged,  12  to  18'  by  5  to  6'';  sheaths  glabro.us,  with  a  hairy  throat; 
spikes  numerous  (7  to  12);  rachis  straight  (not  flexuous),  fiat,  narrower  than  tho 
4-rowed,  dense,  orbicular,  obtuse  spikelets. —  If  Moist  soils,  S.  States,  common  in 
the  low  country.     Jl. — Oct. — A  very  smooth  variety  is  the  P.  confertum  Lo  Conte. 

P.  PURPDRASCENS.     Culm  below,  Ivs.  and  sheaths  dark  purple.     (P.  purpu- 
rascens  Ell.) 

2  P.  undulatum  Poir.     "Plant  very  glabrous;  Ivs.  long  and  linear,  somewhat 
carinate;  margin  scabrous,  base  ciliate,  sheaths  glabrous;  spikes  many;  rachia 
flat,  glabrous,  margins  scabrous,  narrower  than  tho  2  to  4-rowed  spikelets ;  lower 
glume  pubescent,  upper  glume  (palea)  smooth,  transversely  plaited  near  the  margins.)" 
Kunth.     Ga.  and  Fla.     A  variety  of  No.  G?     (P.  plicatum  Mi.) 


fg2  ORDER  156.— GRAMINE^E. 

3  P.  oetaceum  MX.     Culm  ascending  from  a  decumbent  base,  very  slender,  1  tf> 
2f,  with  very  remote  joints;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  3 — 7'  by  2 — 3",  ciliate  and  soft 
hairy ;  sheaths  pubescent,  upper  one  very  long ;  spike  generally  solitary,  often  2, 
on  a  long,  very  slender  peduncle,  sometimes  with  another  scarcely  exserted  from 
the  sheaths ;   'spikelets  plano-convex,  with  the  flat  side  out,  f "  diam.,  1  or  2  on 
each  very  short  pedicel,  appearing  2 — 3-rowed  in  the  1 -sided  spike. — Dry  fields, 
Mass.,  to  111.  and  S.  States.     Aug.     (P.  debile  and  ciliatifolium  MX.) 

/?.  LONGIPEDUNCULA.TUM.     Larger,  less  hairy,  and  spikelets  evidently  3-rowed. 
— S.  States.     (P.  longip.  LeC.) 

4  P.  laeve  MX.     Culm  erect,  rather  firm,  18' — 3f,  glabrous;  ITS.  generally  smooth, 
pilous  only  at  the  base,  broadly  linear;  lower  sheaths  sometimes  hairy;  spikea 
2 — 6,  alternate,  spreading,  with  a  few  long,  white  hairs  at  the  base ;  spikelets  in  2 
rows;  rachis  flexuous,  flat  on  the  back;  pedicels  undivided,  with  one  spikel«t; 
epikelets  twice  as  large  (!£''  diam.)  as  in  the  preceding ;  glume  orbicular-ovate, 
3-veined. — Grassy  banks  of  rivers,  Conn,  to  Ind.  and  S.  States.    Aug.    Quite  vari- 
able, including  several  reputed  species. 

ft.  UXDULOSUM.     Lvs.  rather  long  and  broad,  with  wavy-margins.     (P.  Lecon- 

tianum  Schult.) 
7.  FLORIDANUM.     Spikelets  enlarged  (near  2"  long),  glume  5-veined.     (P.  ma- 

crospermum  Flgg.) 
6.  ALTISSIMUM.    Strict  and  tall;  sheaths  much  compressed.    (P.  altissimum  LeC.) 

5  P.  angustifolium  Le  Conte.     Culm  erect,  wiry,  glabrous,  2f  high ;  Ivs.  glab- 
rous, narrowly  linear,  almost  setaceous,  compressed  carinate,  9  to  18'  long;  sheaths 
long,  smooth ;  spikes  2  or  3,  alternate,  divaricate,  1  to  2'  long,  with  a  few  hairs  at 
base ;  spikelets  orbicular,  1"  diam.  in  2  rows,  with  a  very  narrow  rachis. — 14  Wet 
places,  G-a.,  Fla.  to  La.     A  distinct  species.     Seeds  blackish. 

6  P.  dasyphyllum  Ell.     Culm  decumbent  at  base,  12  to  30'  high,  glabrous; 
Ivs.  broadly  linear,  clothed  with  copious  soft  hairs  as  well  as  the  long  sheaths ; 
spikes  2  to  4,  large,  spreading,  the  pcd.  slightly  exserted  from  the  upper  sheath ; 
spikelets  oval,  obtuse,  large,  in  3  rows ;  teeth  of  the  rachis  2-flowered. — Dry  fields, 
S.  States,  common,     $  ?    JL— Oct. 

7  P.  latifolium  Le  Conte.  .  Glabrous ;  culm  erect,  stout,  tall  (2  to  3f ),  from  a 
slightly  decumbent  base;  Ivs.  flat,  large,  lance-linear,  6  to  12'  by  5  to  10",  margins 
ciliate ;  sheaths  hairy  at  throat,  shorter  than  the  long  internodes ;  spikes  2  to  4, 

2  to  4'  long,  alternate,  suberect,  pilous  at  base ;  spikelets  largo  (1 J"  diam.),  in 

3  rows  on  the  narrow,  flexuous  rachis. —  1+  Car.  to  Fla.  and  La. 

8  P.  tenue  Kunth.     Glabrous;   culm  erect,  very  slender ;  Ivs.  narrow,  very  long, 
ciliate  on  the  margins,  sheath  ciliato;    spikes  4  or    5,  very  slender,  alternate, 
spreading,  hairy  at  base ;  spikelets  orbicular,  in  3  rows ;  rachis  flexuous,  narrow, 
the  teeth  2-flowered. — 1(  N.  J.  to  Ga.  (Le  Conte).    Diners  from  No.  5,  in  its  ciliato 
Ivs.  and  3-nerved  spikelets. 

9  P.   anindinaceum.  Poir.     "Glabrous;    Ivs.   somewhat  sword-shaped    (com- 
pressed-car inate],  the  margin  scabrous ;  spikes  alternate,  elongated ;  spikelets  in 
3  rows ;  gls.  (gl.  and  pale)  equal,  obtuse. — Carolina."     Poiret. 

10  P.  pracox  Walt.     Glabrous  throughout;  culm  erect;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  very 
long ;  spikes  3  to  5,  alternate,  dense-flowered,  with  a  tuft  of  long  hair  at  base ; 
rachis  linear,  straight  (not  flexuous),  narrower  than  the  3  rows  of  very  smooth, 
orbicular,  compressed  spikelets;  gls.  3-veined. — 14  Wet  places,  Car.  to  Fla.    May. 
— Aug.     (P.  lentiferum  Lam.) 

11  P.  flditans  Kunth.     Culm  decumbent  and  ascending  10  to  20',  generally 
floating;  Ivs.  scabrous,  lance-linear,  2  to  5'  by  4  to  G" ;  sheaths  inflated,  open, 
ciliate  at  base ;  spikes  20  to  50,  1  to  2^'  long,  the  lower  somewhat  verticillate ; 
rachis  foliaceous,  nearly  1"  broad,  covering  the  2  rows  of  ovate,  acute  spikeleta 
and  projecting  in  a  point  beyond  them. —  fl)  River  swamps,  S.  Ill  to  Va.  and  S. 
States.     Oct.     (P.  mucronatum  Muhl.     Ceresia,  Ell.) 

12  P.  Walterianum   Schuit.     Culm    decumbent,    branching,   ascending;   Ivs. 
glabrous,  lance-linear,  2  to  4'  by  3  to  5"  ;  sheaths  open,  all  glabrous;  spikes  2  or 
3  on  each  branch,  I  to  2'  long;  rachis  very  broad  (near  2"),  covering  the  2  rowa 
of  oval,  acute  spikes  but  not  projecting  beyond  them. —  (J)  Wet  soils,  Car.  to  Fla, 
and  La.     JL— Sept     (P.  vaginatum  E1L) 


OftDEtt  156.— GR  AMINES.  783 

13  P.  Digitaria  Poir.     Mostly  glabrous ;  culm  erect  from  an  inclined  base,  1  to 
2|f  high;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  flat,  6  to  16'  by  5  to  8",  on  long  sheaths;  spikes  a 
pair,  conjugate,  slender,  2  to  4'  long,  at  top  of  the  long  naked  ped.  or  upper  inter- 
node  of  culm ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  in  2  opposite  rows  on  the  vertically  compressed 
flexuous  rachis. —  OD  ?     Damp  pine  woods,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La.     (Millium  paspa- 
loides  E1L     P.  Michauxiana  Kth.) 

14  P.  tristachytim  Le  Conte.     Glabrous,  decumbent  below,  12  to  20'  high; 
culm  filiform  above ;  Ivs.  linear,  flat,  3  to  8'  by  2  to  3",  margins  sparingly  ciliato;* 
sheaths  compressed ;  spikes  usually  3,  approximate  (the  2  highest  paired),  very 
slender;    rachis   flexuous,  triquetrous;    spikelets  lanceolate,    2-rowed,  whitish, 
1"  long,  close-pressed,  gL  and  pale  scarcely  longer  than  the  flowers. —  ©Wet 
places,  Ga.  Fla.  to  La, 

15  P.  conjugatum  Berg.     Nearly  glabrous  and  erect,   I   to   2f,  slender;    Ivs. 
broadly  linear,  2  to  4'  by  2  to  4",  on  compressed  sheaths ;  upper  sheath  very  long 
and  nearly  leafless ;  spikes  2,  a  conjugate  pair,  on  the  filiform  upper  internodc, 
very  slender,  2  to  3'  long ;  rachis  nearly  as  wide  as  the  2  rows  of  minute  (£"  long), 
round-ovate,  acute,  white,  ciliate  spikelets. —  (I)  "Waste  places  about  N.  Orleans 
(Hale). 

16  P.  distichum    L.     Nearly  glabrous ;  culms  some  inclining  at  base,  12  to  18' 
Ligh ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  bearded  at  the  throat,  2  to  3'  by  2  to  3'' ;  spikes  2,  a  pair 
nearly  or  quite  conjugate,  dense-flowered,  1  to  2^'  long;  rachis  narrower  than  tho 

2  rows  of  ovate,  acuminate  (1^"  long),  glabrous  spikelets. —  2£  Wet  grounds,  S.  States. 
ft.  TEISTACHUM.     Spikes  in  3s,  closely  approximate. 

17  P.  ambigmim  DC.     Glabrous;  culms  clustered,  decumbent,  8  to  15'  high;  Ivs. 
lance-linear,  shorter  than  the  sheaths  (2  to  4'  by  2  to  4") ;  spikes  2  to  4,  about 
2'  long,  slender;  spikelets  crowded,  2-rowed,  ovate,  •§"  long,  gL  and  pale  about 
equal,  not  longer  than  the  purplish  flower,  both  hairy. — Sandy  fields,  especially 
South.     Often  purplish.     Aug.,  Sept.     §  Eur.     (Panicum  glabrum  Gaud.) 

18  P.   serotirmm    Fluegge.     Decumbent,    creeping  and   rooting,  with  upright 
branches ;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  villous  with  white  soft  hairs,  the  former  lance-linear,  short, 
about  1'  by  2";  spikes  digitate,  about  in  5s,  slender,  2  to  3'  long;  rachis  flat, 
about  as  wide  as  the  2  rows  of  elliptical  spikelets  (£") ;  spikelets  all  pedicellate, 
in  2s;  gl.  a  fourth  as  long  as  the  striato  pale,  and  flower. —  0  Sandy  fields,  Car.  to 
Fla.  and  La.     Forms  a  dense  carpet.     Jl. — Oct.     (Digitaria  villosum  Ell.) 

19  P.  sanguinale  Lam.    PURPLE  FINGER  GRASS.     CRAB  GRASS.     Culms  de- 
cumbent at  base,  radiating  and  branching  at  the  lower  joints,  1 — 2f;  Ivs.  linear- 
lanceolate,  on  long,  loose  sheaths,  softly  pilous,  the  sheaths  strigously  hairy ;  spikes 
3 — 5'  long,  fascinate  at  the  top  of  the  stem,  5  to  9  together ;  spikelets  in  pairs, 
oblong-lanceolate,  closely  appressed  to  tho  flexuous  rachis,  in  2  rows,  glume  %  as 
long  as  the  flower. —  CD  Common  in  cultivated  grounds,  N.  Eng.,  W.  Ind.  Aug. — 
Oct.     (Panicum,  L.  Digitaria,  Scop.) 

20  P.  filiforme  Swartz.     Culm  erect,  filiform,  simple,  12 — 18';  Ivs.  short,  nearly 
smooth,  narrow-lanceolate;    lower  sheaths  very  hairy,  upper  glabrous;    spikes 
2—4,  filiform,  erect ;  rachis  flexuous ;  spikelets  in  3s,  all  pedicellate  ;  glume  soli- 
tary, as  long  as  the  pale  (abortive  flower). —  (T)  Dry,  gravelly  soils,  N.  Y.  to  Ky. 
Aug.     (Panicum,  L.  Digitaria,  Muhl.) 

21  P.  interruptum.     Culm  strictly  erect,  wiry,  tall  (2  to  3f);  Ivs.  long,  linear,  8 
to  15'  by  3  to  4''   clothed  with  copious  soft  hairs,  as  well  as  the  sheaths;   spikes 

3  or  4,  raceme-like,  2  to  6'  long,  the  spikelets  ovate,  acutish,  in  remote-  pairs  dis- 
tinctly pedicellate,  rachis  filiform. — Dry  soils,  La.  and  Tex.  (Hale).     (P.  racemosum 
Nutt.  nee  Jacq.)     The  inflorescence  is  almost  paniculate. 

16.  MIL'LIUM,  L.  MILLET  GRASS.  (Probably  from  the  Latin  milk, 
a  thousand,  on  account  of  its  fertility.)  Spikelets  1-flowered,  not  articu- 
lated with  their  pedicels ;  glumes  2,  without  involucre  or  awns ;  palea 
2,  shorter  than  the  glumes,  awnless,  oblong,  concave,  persistent  and  car- 
tilaginous, coating  the  caryopsis.  (Comparing  Millium  with  Panicuin, 
it  Appears  that  the  2  glumes  of  the  former  are,  in  fact,  a  glume,  and  a 


f84  OEDEB  156.— GR  AMINES. 

pale  of  a  second  (abortive)  flower,  the  upper  pale  and  the  lower  glumo 
being  obsolete.) — Inflor.  an  open  panicle. 

M.  effusum  L.  Culm  upright,  simple,  smooth,  3  to  6  or  Sf  higb ;  Ivs.  flat,  8  to 
12'  by  6"  to  1',  on  smooth,  striate  sheaths;  branches  of  the  panicle  clustered, 
spreading,  remote;  spikelets  ovate,  few  and  scattered,  acute,  about  1"  long. — In 
•woods,  Penn.  to  Can.  and  "Wis.  Plant  pale  green.  Summer. 

17.  AMPHICAR'PUM,  Kunth.     (Gr.  dfifa  both   or  twain,  Kaprrog, 
fruit.)     Spikelets  (apparently)  1-flowered  and  perfect  as  in  Millium,  but 
of  2  kinds,  terminal,  deciduous  and  sterile,  the  radical  fertile ;  glumes 
2,  lanceolate,  acute,  awnless,  as  long  as  the  2  coriaceous  pales ;  stamens 
3;  stigmas  2,  plumous,  purple. —  if  Caespitous,  erect,  strict,  with  erect, 
Lrnce-lincar  Ivs.,  the  terminal  fls.  in  a  strict,  contracted,  slender  panicle, 
the  radical  fls.  are  each  solitary,  on  a  slender  ped.,  and  subterranean. 

A.  Purshii  Kunth.  Pine  barrens,  1ST.  Jer.  (Long-a-coming,  Jackson).  Culm  2f 
high,  glabrous.  Lvs.  2  to  3'  by  2  to  3",  hairy,  as  well  as  the  sheaths,  the  upper 
sheath  long  and  without  a  leaf.  Pan.  on  a  long,  exserted  ped.  Spikelets -1^-' 
long,  the  radical  ones  2J'',  veiny,'  the  glume  clasping  the  longer,  neutral,  single 
pale.  Aug.  (Millium  Amphicarpon  Ph.) 

18.  PAN'ICUM,  L.     PANIC  GRASS.     (Lat.  panicula,   the   mode   of 
flowering,  or  panis,  bread,  which  some  species  afford.)     Glumes  2,  un- 
equal, awnless,  the  lower  much  smaller ;  flowers  2,  dissimilar,  the  lower 
abortive  or  sterile,  with  1  or  2  pales,  the  upper  pale  membranous ;  the 
upper  £> ,  with  the  pales  cartilaginous,  polished,  equal,  concave,  awnless, 
coating  the  caryopsis ;  stamens  3  ;  stigmas  plumous,  purple. — Differs 
from  Paspalum  in  the  presence  of  the  lower  (true)  glume.     Panicles 
simple  or  compound. 

§  Spikelets  acute  or  pointed,  very  numerous,  racemed  in  large  panicles.  (*) 

*  Abortive  flower  neutral,  consisting  of  a  single  palea.  (a) 

a  Panicle  capillary,  with  the  spikelots  solitary Nos.  1,  2 

a  Panicle  not  capillary,  dense-flowered No.  3 

*  Abortive  flower  neutral,  consisting  of  2  paleae  (pales),  (b) 

b  Panicle  contracted,  cylindric.     Upper  glume  gibbous No.  4 

b  Panicle  open. — Glume  8-veined.    The  2  pales  equal No.  5 

— Glume  5  to  7-veined, — longer  than  abortive  flower Nos.  6,  1 

— shorter  than  abortive  flower No.  8 

*  Abortive  flower  staminate,  with  2  pales.    Tall,  very  smooth Nos.  9,  10 

§  Spikelets  obtuse  or  barely  acute,  solitary,  pedicellate,  not  numerous.  (**) 

**  Abortive  flower  (neutral)  consisting  of  a  single  pale Nos.  11 — 13 

**  Abortive  flower  of  2  pales,  the  upper  small  and  scarious.  (c) 
C  Leaves  narrow,  obscurely  veined,  1  to  b"  wide,  (d) 

d  Spikelets  densely  fringed  with  silky  hairs;  fertile  flower  colored No.  14 

d  Spikelets  glabrous  or  sparsely  pilous;  fertile  flower  white,  (dd) 

dd  Spikelcts  less  than  V  long,  roundish  or  oval ;  glume  5-veincd..  .Nos.  15,  16 

dd  Spikelets  1  to  \\"  loner,  oval ;  glume  9-veined Nos.  17, 18 

C  Leaves  broad,  conspicuously  veined,  5  to  20"  wide,  (e) 

e  Abortive  flower  usually  staminate  with  8  stamens Nos.  18,19 

6  Abortive  flower  neutral,  never  with  stamens,  (f ) 

f  Plant  very  downy,  with  soft,  dense,  velvety  hairs No.  20 

f  Plant  smoothish  or  pilous-ciliatc,  branched  or  simple Nos.  21,  22 

§  Spikelets  barely  acute,  in  short  (I'),  dense,  secund,  alternate  spikes.    Southern Nos.  23,  24 

1  P.  capillare.     Culm  nearly  simple,  assurgent  and  thick  at  base,  1 — 2f;  Ivs. 
hairy,  broad-linear,  acuminate,  4 — G'  long;  sheaths  covered  with  bristly  hairs;  pan. 
large,  pyramidal,  capillary,  loose,  expanding;  spikelets  small  (f"  long),  often  pur- 
ple, oblong-ovate,  purple,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  smooth,  on  long,  hispid  peduncles; 
abortive  fl.  of  1  palea. — (3D  Fields  and  roadsides,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Aug. — Pani- 
cles often  If  or  more  long,  with  a  very  light,  airy  appearance.     In  poor  or  shady 
soils  it  is  much  reduced. 

2  P.  autumnale  Bosc.     Culm  very  slender,  assurgent,  10  to  20'  high;  Ivs.  gla- 
brous, hnce-linear,  at  length  convolute.  2  to  3'  long;  sheaths  glabrous;  pan.  dif- 
iuse,  bearded  in  the  axils,  with  long,  strict,  rbughish,  capillary,  1-flowered  branches; 


ORDER  156.— GRAMINEJE.  785 

(pikelets  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous;  glumes  veiny,  very  unequal,  tho  lower 
minute. — Sand  hill.?,  Mason  Co.,  111.  (Mead,  in.  Gray's  Manual). 
2>  P.  proliferum  Lam.  Culrn  assurgent,  geuiculate  at  base,  very  smooth,  thick 
and  succulent;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  4  to  6'' wide,  10  to  15' long,  on  tumid 
sheaths,  ligules  ciliate;  pan.  large,  pyramidal,  terminal  and  axillary,  smooth; 
spikelets  oblong,  acute,  veiny,  1"  long,  densely  racemed;  lower  glume  £  as  long 
as  the  upper ;  abortive  fl.,  with  1  pale. — CD  Marshes,  especially  brackish  and 
sandy,  Mass,  to  La.,  also  along  the  "Western  rivers.  Aug.,  Sept.  (P.  geniculatum 
Muhl.)  In  uplands  more  slender,  not  succulent. 

4  P.  gibbum  Ell.     Culm  terete,  assurgent,  2  to  3f,  with  black  joints ;  Ivs.  lance- 
linear,  glabrous,  4  to  8'  by  4  to  8  ',  on  smooth,   strongly  striate  sheaths;  pan. 
densely  contracted,  often  purple,  fusiform,  about  6'  long,  strict;  spikelets  near  2" 
long,  obtusish,  Ksvcr  glumo  very  small,  upper  very  large,  11- veined,  remarkably 
gibbous  at  base,  upper  pale  nearly  as  long  as  the  lower.— Q)  "Wet  soils,  S.  States. 
Jl.— Sept.     (P.  Eiliottianum  Schl.) 

5  P.  Liana  Ell.     Culm  very  slender,  almost  filiform,  decumbent  and  rooting  at 
the  lower  joints,  about  2f  high;  Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  8  to  16'  long,  glabrous; 
sheaths  hairy  only  at  tho  throat;  panicle  pyramidal,  spikelets  racemed,  £"  long; 
lower  glumo  half  as  long  as  the  upper,  neutral  pales  equal,  conspicuous  (gaping), 
a  little  longer  than  the  fertile. — Damp  pine  barrens,  S.  States,  common.      Aug- — 
Oct.     (P.  dcbilo  Poir.     P.  divaricatum  MX.) 

6  P.  agrostoides  Muhl.     Culm  compressed,  glabrous,  1J — 3f  high,  often  genicu- 
late  at  baso ;  Ivs.   long  and  numerous,  caulino  linear-lanceolate,  carinate,  rough- 
edged,  on  short,  striato  sheaths;  panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  pyramidal,  com- 
posed of  racemed,  spreading  or  deflexed  branches;  spikelets  1"  long,  purple,  lance- 
ovate,  acute,  crowded;  upper  glume  3-veined,  %  longer  than  the  lower ;  upper  neu- 
tral, pale,  nearly  as  long  as  the  lower. —  2£  Meadows,  frequent.     July.     (P.  fusco- 
rubens  Nutt.) 

7  P.  anceps  MX.     Culm  compressed,  2  to  3f;  Ivs.  linear,  carinate,  very  long, 
rough-edged ;   sheaths  ancipital,  pilous  on  tho  throat  and  margin ;  pan.  erect, 
pyramidal,  with  subremote,  subsimple,  interruptedly  racemous  branches ;  spikekts 
1£"  long,  lanceolate,  very  acuminate,  and  when  mature,  forked ;  lower  glume  and 
upper  pale  half  as  long  as  the  lower  pale,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  fertile  flower ;  up- 
per glume  7  -veined. — Wet  soils,  K  J.  and  S.  States.     Aug. — Nov. 

8  P.  vilfiforme.     Glabrous  throughout;   culm  decumbent,  ascending  2  to  3f, 
branched  ;  Ivs.  long,  linear,  scarcely  rough-edged ;  sheaths  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at 
throat ;  pan.  simple,  with  racemed,  spreading  branches ;  spikelets  2"  long,  lan- 
ccolato,  acute ;  lower  glume  %  to  $  as  long  as  the  upper,  ^-veined  glume  which  is 
shorter  than  the  lower  pole,  -(while  in  ISfos.  6  and  7   it  is  longer  than  tho  lower 
pale  !). — Wet  meadows,  E.  Tenn.  I     JL,  Aug. 

9  P.  amarum  Ell.     Glabrous,  leafy ;  culm  2  to  3f  high,  stout ;  Ivs.  glaucous,  cor- 
iaceous, rigid,  linear,  10  to  18'  long,  margins  involute,  not  scabrous;  sheath  aomo 
shorter  than  tho  joints ;  pan.  large,  contracted,  its  very  smooth  branches  appressed ; 
spikelets  thick,  2"  long,  ovate,  acuminate,  lower  glume  nearly  as  long  as  tho 
sterile  pales,  which  contain  3  orange-colored  stamens. — 1£  Sandy  shores,  Conn, 
to  Fla.  and  La.  (Hale).     Lvs.  excessively  bitter  (Elliott).     Aug. — Oct. 

10  P.  virgatum  L.     Glabrous  and  often  purple ;  culm  3 — Sfhigh;  Ivs.  fiat,  long, 
linear-lanceolate,  hairy  at  base;  sheaths  striato;  stip.  with  long,  white  cilice; 
pan.  pyramidal,  loose,  spreading,  diffuse,  very  large ;  fls.  acuminate,  the  glumes 
2^-"  long,  very  pointed,  divaricate,  the  lower  f  as  long  as  tho  upper;  pales  of  tho 
abortive  flower  nearly  equal,  enfolding  tho  purpls  stamens. —  If  Salt-lick  prairies, 
fields,  &c.,  K  Y.  to  Ind.,  S.  to  the  Gulf.     Aug. 

11  P.  verniccsum  Muhl.     Culm  slender,  decumbent  and  geniculate,  branching 
from  tho  base,  1 — 2f  high ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  flat,  4  to  6'  by  2  to  4",  spreading, 
smooth ;  pan.  much  expanded,  few-flowered ;  spikelets  £  to  $"  long,  covered  with 
warty  points  (verrucous)  obovate,  bluish ;  abortive  flower  of  one  palea,  and  neuter. — 
•(D?  Swamps  and  thickets,  Mid.  and  S.  States.   Panicles  terminal  and  lateral,  looso 
and  capillary.     Aug.     (P.  debilis  Ell.  ncc  Poir.     P.  ramulqsum  MX.) 

12  P.  fragile  Kunth.      Culnt  gcuiculato  at  base,  assurgent,  branched^  very  "brittle, 

50 


786  OBDEB  156.— GRAMIXEJS. 

If;  Ivs.  subulate,  scabrous,  2  to  4'  long;  sheaths  glabrous,  longer  than  the  joints; 
pan.  very  simple,  the  few,  solitary,  small  spikelets  on  very  long  setaceous  pedicels  ; 
lower  glume  subulate ;  sterile  pale  single,  as  long  as  tho  glume,  a  little  longer 
than  the  fertile  flower, — Dry,  sandy  soils,  rare,  N.  Car.  to  Ga. 

13  P.  villosum  E1L     Villous  throughout  with  soft  white  hairs;  culm  geniculate 
below,  1  to  2f ;  Ivs.  flat,  erect,  2  to  3'  by  3  to  4"  ;  sheaths  much  shorter  than  tho 
joints;  pan.  small  (2  to  3'  long),  loose;  spikelels  oval,  1"  long,  green ;  lower  glumo 
roundish,  £  as  long  as  the  7-veined,  upper  one,  which  equals  the  single,  sterile 
pale  and  iertile  flower. — Evergreen  in  damp  places,  S.  States  (Feay,  &c.).     Apr., 
May. 

14  P.  ciliatiflorum.     FRINGED  GRASS.     Culm  erect,  strict,  1  to  3f,  glabrous; 
Ivs.  erect,   long,  linear,  flat,  narrow,  scarcely  distinct  from  their  sheaths;  pan. 
virgate,  subsimple,  3'  long;   spikelets  pedicellate,  oval,  the  glume  and  lower 
abortive  pale  obtuse,  subequal,  the  5  veins  ciliate-fringed  with  silky,  purplish 
hairs ;  upper  pale  much  smaller,  oblong ;  fertile  pales  thinly  chartaceous,  brown 
or  blackish  when  mature. — Varies  with  tho  leaves  more  or  less  hairy,  and  tho 
curious  silk  fringe  of  tho  spikelets  more  or  less  copious.     In  pine  barrens,  S. 
States.     Sept.     (Phalaris  villosa  MX.     Aulaxanthus  ciliatus  and  rufa  Ell.     P. 
iguoratum  Kth.,  an  absurd  namo  which  we  venture  to  discard.) 

15  P.  dichotomum  L.     Culm  at  first  subsimple  with  a  single  terminal  panicle, 
becoming  more  or  less  branched,  with  lateral,  subsimple  panicles ;  Ivs.  lanceolate, 
1  to  4'  by  2  to  4"  or  5",  hairy  or  smooth,  as  likewise  the  sheaths;   terminal  pan. 
exserted,  often  long-pedunculate,  small  (1  to  3'  long),  oval  in  outline,  loosely  few- 
flowered;  spikelets  small  (about  £"  long),  oval  or  roundish;  lower  glume  very 
smaU,  upper  equaling  the  sterile  pale  and  fertile  flower,  upper  sterile  ^  to  £  aa 
long  as  the  lower,  scarious,  bifid. — If  Common  everywhere,  in  meadows,  fields 
and  woods.     Jn. — Sept. — The  following  are  the  more  striking  forms  of  this  ex- 
ceedingly variable  species  (which  includes  P.  nodiflorum,  laxiflorum,  nitidum 
Lam.,  barbulatum  MX.,  sphasrocarpa  Muhl.,  lanuginosum,  ensiforum  Ell.,  &c.). 

ft.  NITIDUM.     Smooth  and  shining;    spikelets  pale  purple;  upper  pale  very 

short, 
y.  SPH-EROcl  RPUM.     Hairy ;  Ivs.  suberect ;  spikelets  dark  purple  ;  upper  pale 

deeply  bifid. 
<5.  BARBULATUM.     Taller;  nodes  with  a  ring  of  retrorse  hairs;  Ivs.  spreading; 

spikelets  purplish ;  upper  pale  entire. 
e.  LANUGINOSUM.     Woolly ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate ;  spikelets  green ;  upper  pala 

elongated,  very  obtuse.     Approaches  the  next  species. 

16  P.  depauperatum  Muhl.   Culm  casspitous,  erect,  9  to  12'  high,  simple  above 
the  base;  Ivs.  linear,   rigidly  erect,   lower  short,  upper  about  5'  by  2}";  pan. 
simple  with  ascending  branches,  the  peduncle  very  short  or  becoming  very  long ; 
spikelets green,  oval,  acute,  f  to  1"  long;  outer  glume  roundish,  £  as  long  as  tho 
inner,  7-veined  one ;  upper  neutral  palo  (always?)  bifid,  half  as  long  as  tho  lower. 
—Hilly  woods,  N.  States  and  Can.     Jn.     (P.  rectum  R.  &  S.) 

ft.  INVOLUTUM.     Lvs.  involute,   ending  in  a  long,  rigid  point.     (P.  involutum, 
Torr.) 

17  P.  paucifldruxn  EU.     Culm  mostly  erect,   at  length,  somewhat  decumbent 
and  branched ;  Ivs.  erect,  linear-lanceolate,  faintly  9-veined,  tapering  to  near  tho 
base  ;  3  to  5'  by  5  to  7",  sparingly  hirsute  as  well  as  the  close  sheaths;  pan.  ex- 
serted, simpk,  raceme-like,  few-flowered;  spikelets  10  or  more,  obovate,  obtuse, 
1"  long;  lower  glume  broad-ovate,  \  as  long  as  the  upper  one;  upper  neutral  palo 
similar  to  the  lower. — Wet  or  shady  places,  Mid.,  ~W.  and  S.  States.     Jn.,  Jl. 

18  P.  pubescens  Lam.     Culm  slender,  finally  branched,  glabrous,  2  to  3f  long ; 
Ivs.  lance-linear,  9-veined,  3  to  6'  by  3  to  5",  clothed  with  reflexed  hairs  as  well 
as  the  open  sheaths;  pan.  small,  expanded,  few-flowered,  pubescent;  spikelets 
large  (1^'long),  hairy,  oval,  obtuse,  green;  outer  glume,  lanceolate,  f  as  long  as 
the  inner  9-veined  one ;  inner  neutral  palo  nearly  as  long  as  the  outer. — Dry 
fields,  etc.,  N.  Y.  to  Ohio  and  S.  States.    Jn.    (P.  dichotomum  /3.  Gray.) 

19  P.  latifdlium  L.     Culm  mostly  erect,  1  to  2f  high ;  Ivs.  lanceolate.,  base  dilated 
and  cordate-clasping,  3  to  5'  by  1',  11  to  I3-veined,  smoothish;  sheaths  hirsute  at 
throat;  pan.  exserted,  compaund,   loose,   about  3 'long;  spikoleta  oval,  obtuse, 


ORDER  156.— -GRAMINE^E.  787 

1J"  long1,  green;  lower  glume  orate,  not  half  as  long  as  the  tipper;  abortivo 
pales  subequal,  usually  with  3  stamens. — In  moist,  shady  places,  U.  S.  and  Can. 
Jn.,  Jl.  (P.  scoparium  and  nervosum  Lam.  P.  ciliatum  Ell.,  etc.) 

20  P.  xanthoph^sum  Gray.     Culm  generally  simple,   glabrous,  9  to  15'  high ; 
Ivs.  lanceolate,  3  to  6'  by  5  to  7",  not  dilated  at  the  ciliate,  clasping  base,  smooth, 
9  to  11-veined;  pan.  long-exserted,  simple,  raceme-like,  fe w- flowered ;  spkl.  round- 
ish-obovate  !•$•"  long ;  lower  glume  ovate,  3-veined,  acutish,  \  as  long  as  the  up- 
per many- veined  one ;  abortive  pales  oftener  with  3  stamens. — Dry  soils,  N.  Eng, 
to  Wis.  (Lapham).    Rare.    Jn. 

21  P.  viscidum  Ell.     Hoary,  with  a  dense,  short,  soft,  viscid  pubescence ;  culm 
decumbent,  assurgent  2   to  4f,  stout ;  joints  a  smooth  brown  ring ;  Ivs.  lance- 
linear,  3  to  G'  by  6  to  16" ;  sheaths  much  shorter  than  the  interuodes;  pan.  rather 
large  (4  to  G'  long);  loose;  spkl.  light  green,  1"  long,  oval,  acutish,  lower  glumo 
very  small,  upper  pale  very  small,  truncate. — If  Damp  places,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  (Feay). 

22  P.  clandestinum  L.     Culm  with  short,  axillary,  appressed  branches,  2  to  3f 
high,  rigid,  leafy ;  Ivs.  3  to  6'  by  1',  lanceolate,  subcordate  at  base ;  sheaths  his- 
pid with  papilla)  in  the  grooves  bearing  bristly  hairs,  and  enclosing  the  short 
lateral  panicles ;  spkl.  elliptical,  acutish,  1-J-"  long,  striate,  often  purple ;  upper 
pale  of  the  neutral  fl.  obtuse. — 2£  Moist  woods,  Mass,  and  Mid.  States.    Jl.,  Aug. 

23  P.  microcarpon  Muhl.,  Darl.     Culm  18  to  30'  high,  erect,  simple,  glabrous; 
joints  glabrous ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  veined,  ciliate  at  base,  undulate  and  scabrous  on 
the  margin,  scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath,  C  to  10"  wide;  sheaths  deeply 
Btriate,  smooth ;  slip.  0 ;   pan.  much  branched,  nearly  smooth ;  spkl.  small,  (-J-" 
long),  roundi&h-obovate,  purple,  numerous,  scarcely  pubescent ;  upper  sterile  palo 
minute;  fr.  shining,  bluish  white. — 2{. 

24  P.  Walter!  Ell.     Culm  slender,  glabrous,  erect,  2f ;  Ivs.  linear  3  to  G'  by  2  to 
3",  glabrous  as  well  as  the  open  sheaths ;  spikes  thick,  dense,  1-sided,  alternate 
(the  2  lower  sometimes  opposite),  G  to  12"  long;  spkl.  imbricated  in  3  rows, 
broad-ovate ;  glumes  minutely  hispid,  the  lower  half  as  large,  upper  3-veined  ; 
abortive  pales  unequal,  staminate ;  fertile  Jl.  roundish. — Damp  grounds,  Can.  to 
Pla.  and  La.    Jn. — Aug.     (Nearly  allied  to  Oplismenus.) 

25  P.  Aurelianum  Halo  (MS.).    Culm  decumbent,  geniculate,  slender,  branched, 
glabrous ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,   glabrous,  1  to  2'  by  3  to  4",  sheaths  ciliate ;  spikes 
slender,  G  to  12"  long,  alternate,  1-sided;  spkl.  ovate,  acute;  lower  glume  •£•  as 
long  as  the  upper,  smooth  and  5-veined  one ;  abortive  pales  equal,  staminate ; 
fertile  fl.  ovate. — Damp  soils,  about  N.  Orleans  (Hale). 

26  P.  miliaceum  L.     MILLET.     Lvs.  lance-linear  and  sheaths  hairy ;  culm 
2  to  3f  high  ;  pan.  large,   open,  nodding ;  snkl.  solitary,  ovate  ;  gls.  acuminate- 
mucronate,  subequal ;  pales  obtuse. — Cultivated,     f  Turkey. 

27  P.  Jumentomm  Pers.     Another  cultivated  species,  from  N".  Africa. 
Much  valued  South.     It  is  tall,   stout,   smooth.     The  spikelets   are   singularly 
arranged  in  2s  or  3s,  one  or  two  sterile  to  each  fertile.     Seeds  black. 

19.  OPLIS'MENUS  Beauv.  COCK-SPUR  GRASS.  (Gr.  onkiapa,  ar- 
mament, pevog,  courage ;  alluding  to  the  stout  awns.)  Spikelets,  &c. 
f.s  in  Panicum,  except  that  the  lower  abortive  pale  (and  often  the 
glumes)  is  prolonged  more  or  less  into  an  awn. — Coarse  grasses  with 
the  fls,  in  dense  paniculate  racemes. 

1  O.  Cnis-gaili  Kunth.     BARN- YARD  GRASS.    Terete,  smooth,  3 — if  high ;  Ivs. 
linear-lanceolate,  flat,  serrulate,  with  smooth,  striate  sheaths  and  no  stipule ;  pan, 
simple  or  apparently  so,  branches  spike-form,  compound,  alternate  and  in  pairs; 
rachis  hairy  and  rough ;  glumes  scarcely  awned,  hispid-bristly ;  lower  abortive 

1  palea  ending  in  a  rough  awn,  6"  to  18''  long;  fertile  fl.  ovate. — (p  A  coarse,  weedy 
grass,  introduced  into  cultivated  grounds,  barn-yards,  &c.,  common.  Aug.,  Sept. 
§  Variable.  (Panicum,  L.) 

ft.  MUTICUS.     Awns  very  short,  or  the  pale  merely  subulate-pointed.    Common, 
y.  HISPIDUS.     Sheaths  very  bristly ;  awns  very  long. 

2  O.  hirte'lhis  R.  &  S.     Culm  glabrous,  decumbent,  branched;  Ira  lanceolate, 
flat,  1  to  2'  by  2  to  4",  with  scattered,  appressed  hairs  on  the  upper  surface; 


ORDER  156.— GR  AMINES. 

sheaths  ciliate;  pan.  of  remote,  short  (6"),  dense,  alternate  spikes,  the  rachis  fiex- 
uous;  glumes  nearly  equal,  both  awned;  lower  pale  with  a  stout  awn  which  is 
much  longer  than  those  of  the  glumes;  upper  pale  minute;  fertile  fl.  lanceolate. — 
Dry  shades,  Car.  to  Ga.  and  La.  Aug. — Oct.  (Panicum,  L.) 

20.  SETA'RIA,    Beauv.     BRISTLY  FOX-TAIL  GRASS.     (Lat.   seta,  a 
bristle.)     Spikelets,  &c.  as  in  Panicum,  but  each  subtended  by  a  cluster 
of  awn-like  bristles  (abortive  pedicels),  forming  a  sort  of  bristly  invo- 
lucre.— FJS.  in  dense,  cylindric  spikes  or  spike-like  panicles. 

§  Bristles  of  the  involucre  rough  backwards,  in  pairs,  short No.  1 

§  Bristles  rough  upwards. — Fertile  pales  strongly  rugous  crosswise Nos.  2,  3 

— Fertile  pales  smoothish,  striate  lengthwise No.  4 

—Fertile  pules  smoothish,  not  striate Nos.  5,  6 

1  S.  verticillata  Beauv.     Culm  smooth,  about  2f  high ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  rough- 
edged;    sheaths  smooth,  hairy  on  the  margin;    spicate  pan.  composed  of  short, 
divided  branches  in  interrupted  verticils,  2 — 3'  long ;  bristles  of  the  invol.  in  pairs, 
rough  backwards,  as  well  as  the  upper  part  of  the  culm ;  paleaeofthe  5  roughish- 
punctate. —  0  Sandy  fields,  N.  Eng.  to  Ohio,  more  frequent  South.     July.  § 

2  S.  glauca  Beauv.  BOTTLE  GRASS,  Culm  2 — 3f;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  carinate,  rough, 
hairy  at  base ;  sheaths  striate,  smooth ;  ligules  setous ;  spike  cylindric,  yellowish- 
green,  2 — i'  long,  nearly  simple;  invol.  of  G — 10  fascicled,  scabrous  bristles  much 
longer  than  the  spikelets;  fertile  pale,  transversely  rugous. —  (J)  Fields  and  road- 
sides, N".  Eng.  to  Ohio.     Jl.,  Aug. 

(3.  PURPURASCENS.     Sheaths  and  spikelets  pilous,  awns  purple. 

3  S.  corrugata  Schul.     Culm  terete,  2  to  3f;  Ivs.  linear,  8  to  12'  by  3  to  4", 
very  scabrous,  as  well  as  the  sheaths;  ligules  setous;  pan.  terete,  dense,  spike- 
like,  3  to  6'  long,  compounded  of  many  appressed  spikes,  each  of  many  spikelets ; 
bristles  as  many  as  spkls.  (one  at  the  base  of  each)  and  3  or  4  times  as  long ; 
caryopsis  and  its  pales  strongly  corrugated  (Elliott). — Savannah  (Baldwin). 

4  S.  viridis  Beauv.     WILD  TIMOTHY.     Culm  smooth,  2 — 3f ;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  flat, 
minutely  serrulate ;  sheaths  striate,  hairy  on  the  margin,  and  with  a  setous  stipule ; 
spike  1  to  3'  long,  cylindric,  compound,  terminal,  green ;  involucre  of  4 — 10  fas- 
ciculate bristles,  much  longer  than  the  spikelets ;  palese  of  the  perfect  flower  longi- 
tudinally striate,  punctate,  and  minutely  corrugated  under  a  lens. —  (T)  Common  in 
cultivated  grounds,  Northern  States.     July,  Aug. 

5  S.  Italica  Kunth.     Culm  somewhat  compressed,  about  4  to  Gf  high ;  Ivs.  lan- 
ceolate, 1 — 2f  long,  an  inch  wide;  sheaths  roughish,  pilous  at  the  throat;  spiko 
compound,  interrupted  at  the  base,  nodding,  G — 8'  long  sometimes  12  to  18'  long 
and  I'  thick  (Feay) ;  spikelets  conglomerate ;  invol.  of  2  or  more  bristks,  several  times 
longer  than  the  flower  ;  fertile  fl.  polished,  shining,  %"  long. —  (T)  Ditches,  Mid.  and 
S.  States.     July. 

6  S.  Germanic  a  Beauv.    MILLET.     BENGAL  GRASS.     Culm  2 — 4f  high,  simple, 
leafy ;  Ivs.  lance- linear,  flat,  acuminate,  serrulate  on  the  margin ;  sheaths  striate, 
close,  pubescent;  stip.  bearded;  spike  compressed,  yellowish,  oblong-cylindric ; 
rachis  densely  hirsute ;  involucrate  bristles  4 — 8,  as  long  as,  or  longer  than  tho 
spikelets,  yellowish;  glumes  unequal,  ovate;   £  pakcB  1"  long,  obscurely  3-veined, 
duU  with  minute  corrugations. —  (5)  In  fields,  often  cultivated.  §     (S.  Italica  p. 
Kunth.) 

21.  CENCHRUS  L.     BURR  GRASS.     (Gr.  Kev^po^  the  ancient  namo 
of  the   millet.)     Flowers   racemous   or  spicate;   involucre  burr-form, 
laciniate,  echinate,  persistent,  and  becoming  hard  in  fruit,  including 
1 — 3  spikelets  ;  glumes  2,  2-flowered,  outer  smaller ;  flowers  dissimlar, 
the  lower   sterile,  the  upper  perfect;   scales  0;  branching;  spikelets 
sessile. 

1  C.  tribuloides  L.  St.  1 — 2f  long,  erect  or  procumbent  and  geniculato  at 
base ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  conduplicate,  gradually  acuminate,  3 — 5'  by  2 — 3" ;  sheaths 
open,  about  as  long  as  the  colored  joints ;  spike  with  the  burr-like  involucres 
approximate ;  invol.  cartilaginous,  beset  externally  with  many  sharp,  retrorsely 


ORDER  156.— GRAMINE^E.  789 

hispid  spines  as  long  as  itself  and  containing  2 — 3  spikelets ;  glumes  acuminate- 
mucronate,  about  3"  long,  producing  but  1  caryopsis. —  0  Sandy  alluvion,  N.  J. 
to  Can.  and  Wis.  The  adhesive  burrs  are  annoying. 

22.  PHAL'ARIS  L.    CANARY  GRASS.    (Gr.  <j>aXapi$,  white  crested,  as 
are  the  flowers.)     Spikelets  1  (theoretically  3) -flowered  ;  glumes  2,  sub- 
equal,  carinatc ;  palese  2,  coriaceous,  awnless,  shorter  than  the  glumes, 
coating  the  caryopsis,  each  with  an  external,  accessory  palea  or  abor- 
tive rudiment  at  base.     Grasses  with  flat  Ivs.  contracted,  often  spike- 
like  panicles. 

1  P.  arundinacea  L.     Culm  erect,  sparingly  branched  or  simple,  2 — 5f  high ; 
Ivs.  spreading,  lance-linear,  veined,  rough-edged,  on  smooth,  striate  sheaths;  pan. 
very  dense,  elliptic-oblong,  somewhat  secund,  3 — G'  long,  glumes  3-veined,  whitish, 
scabrous;  rudiments  pilous. —  If  Common  in  ditches  and  swamps,  Can.  to  Car. 
and  Ky.     A  large,  showy  grass,  but  not  valuable.     July,  Aug.     (P.  Americana 
Torr.  nee  Ell.) 

P.  PICTA  is  the  well-known  striped  or  ribbon  grass,  with  beautifully  variegated 
leaves  longitudinally  striped  in  endless  diversity,  f 

2  P.  Canariensis  L.     CANARY  GRASS.     Culm  erect,  or  geniculato  at  the  lower 
joints,  round,  striate,  leafy;   If  or  more  high;  Ivs.  lance-linear;  panicles  spicato, 
ovoid,  erect ;  1  to  2'  long ;  glumes  whitish,  with  green  veins ;  winged  on  the  keel ; 
rudiments  smooth. — (1)  Fields  and  pastures,  not  common.     The  glumes  are  cu- 
riously marked  with  white  and  green.    Tho  fruit  is  the  chief  food  of  Canary  birds. 
Jl.     §  Isle  Fortunatus. 

23.  ANTHOXAN'THUM,  L.     SWEET-SCENTED  VERNAL  GRASS.     (Gr. 
dvOog,  a  flower,  t-avOog,  yellow  ;  from  the  color  of  its  spikes.)     Spike- 
lets  3-flowered,  the  central  one   £  ,  the  2  lateral  ones  neuter,  each  con- 
sisting of  one  bearded  palea  ;  glumes  2,  unequal,  the  upper  one  larger, 
inclosing  the  flowers ;  palea3  of  the  $  2,  short,  awnless  ;  stamens  2. 

A.  odoratum  L.  Slender,  erect,  10 — 18';  Ivs.  short,  striate,  pale  green;  pan. 
spicate,  oblong-ovoid ;  spikelete  pubescent,  on  short  peduncles ;  pales  of  the 
lateral  fls.  linear-oblong,  ciliate  on  the  margin,  one  of  them  with  a  bent  awn  from 
near  the  base,  the  other  with  a  straight  awn  from  the  back  near  the  summit. — 
An  early-flowering,  deliciously  fragrant  grass,  in  most  of  tho  States  and  Can. 
May,  Jn.  §  Eur. 

24.  HIEROCH'LOA,    Gmel.      SENECA   GRASS.      (Gr.   tepoc,  sacred, 
j^/loa,  glass  ;    from  its  fragrance.)      Spikelets  3-flowered ;  glumes  2, 
scarious  ;  lateral  flowers  staminate,  triandrous  ;  central  flower  £  ,  dian- 
drous  (rarely  triandrous). — Sweet-scented.     Inflor.  paniculate. 

1  H.  borealis  R.  &  Sch.     Smooth,  glossy;  culm  simple,  erect,  15 — 20';  radical 
Ivs.  as  long  as  the  stem,  cauline  2—4'  long,  lanceolate,  mucronate ;  panicle  rather 
1-sided  and  spreading,  pyramidal,  few-flowered,  2 — 3'  long;  branchlets  flexuous; 
spikelets  broad,  subcordate,  colored,  unarmed;  glumes  acuminate;  lower  pale  cili- 
ate.—  If  Wet  meadows,  Virg.  to  Arc.  Am.     Yery  fragrant.     May. 

2  H.  alpina  R.  &  S.     Smooth;  culm  erect,  stout,  6 — 8';  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate, 
acute;  sheaths  tumid,  longer  than  the  internodes;  panicle  ovoid,  H — 2'  long,  with 
the  branches  in  pairs ;  spikelets  purple,  compressed,  large,  longer  than  the  branches ; 
glumes  lanceolate;  lower  fl.  with  an  awn  about  as  long  as  the  pales. — 1(  Summits 
of  the  White  Mts.  (Bigelow).     Jn. 

25.  HOL'CUS,  L.    SOFT  GRASS.    (Gr.  o/U6^,  something  which  draws ; 
application  obscure.)     Spikelets  2-flowered ;  glumes  herbaceous,  boat- 
shaped,  mucronate  ;  flowers  pedicellate,  the  lower  one  perfect  and  awn- 
less, upper  one   $   or  neuter, .  awned  on  the  back. — Fls.  in  an  open 
panicle. 

H.  lanatiis  L.     Hoary  pubescent ;  culm  1| — 2fhigh;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  2 — 5' long; 


^90  ORDER  156.— GR  AMINES. 

sheaths  striate ;  pan.  oblong,  dense,  whitish,  with  a  purple  tinge ;  fls.  shorter  than 
the  glumes;  sterile  one  with  a  recurved,  included  awn. —  U  Common  in  wet 
meadows,  N.  Eng.,  to  the  uplands  of  Ga.  A  beautiful  grass,  very  soft  with 
whitish  down.  Jl. 

26.  AIVRA,  L.     (Gr.  alpa,  a  deadly  weapon  ;  originally  applied  to  a 
poisonous  grass.)     Spikelets   2-flowered,  without  abortive  rudiments ; 
glumes  2,  membranaceous  and  shining,  subequal ;  one  of  the  flowers 
pedicellate  ;  palea3  subequal,  pilous  at  base,  the  lower  one  lacerate  a$ 
apex  and  awned  on  the  back. — Fls.  in  panicles  of  a  silvery  purplish 
hue. 

§  Glumes  much  longer  than  the  pales.    Awns  long No.  1 

§  Glumes  about  as  long  as  the  pales.    Awns  long  or  short Nos.  2,  3 

1  A.  atropurpxirea  "Wahl.     Caespitous,   a  foot  high ;  culms  very  slender ;  Ivg. 
flat ;  pan.  thin,  with  spreading  branches  ;  glumes  much  longer  than  the  flowers  ; 
pales  hairy  at  apex. — High  Mts.  of  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.     Aug. 

2  A.  flexuosa  L.      Culm   smooth,    1 — 2f  high,   nearly  naked;    Ivs.   setaceous, 
smooth,  with  striato  sheaths  and  truncate  stipules ;  pan.  loose,  spreading,  trichoto* 
mous,  with  long,  flexuous  branches ;  awns  geniculate,  twice  longer  than  the  pales. 
— U  Vales  and  hills,  U.  S.  and  Brit.  Am.,  common.     An  erect,  elegant  grass, 
growing  in  tufts.     Jn. 

3  A.  caespitosa  L.     Csespitous,  glabrous;  st.  18 — 30' high ;    Ivs.  narrow-linear, 
scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath,  flat ;  panicle  pyramidal,  capillary,  oblong,  finally 
diffuse ;  awns  straight,  about  as  long  as  the  pales,  which  are  longer  than  the  bluish, 
glumes. — U  Swamps,  N.  States  and  Can.     May.     (A.  aristulata  Torr.) 

27.  DAWTHO'NIA,  DC.    (In  honor  of  M.  Danthoine,  a  French  botan- 
ist.)    Spikelets  2 — 7-flowered;  glumes   2,  subequal,  longer  than  the 
spikelet  of  flowers,  cuspidate ;  paleae  hairy  at  the  base,  lower  one  bi- 
dentate  at  the  apex,  with  a  twisted  awn  between  the  teeth,  the  upper 
one  obtuse,  entire. 

D.  spicata  Beauv.  St.  slender,  nearly  erect,  12 — 18'  high,  tower  Ivs.  numerous, 
4 — 6'  long,  flat,  hairy  above,  caulinc  Ivs.  much  shorter,  subulate,  erect,  on  very 
short  sheaths;  panicle  simple,  spicate,  short,  erect;  spikelets  3 — 8  or  10,  about  7- 
flowered;  glumes  a  little  longer  than  the  flowers ;  lower  palea  hairy,  about  half  as 
long  as  its  spirally  twisted  awn. — Pastures  and  open  woods,  common.  June 
— Aug.  (Avena,  L.) 

28.  AVEXNA,  L.     OAT.     Spikelet  2  to  5-flowered ;  glumes  2,  loose 
and  membranous,  awnless,  often  as  long  as  the  pales ;  pales  2,  herba- 
ceous, at  length  subcoriaceous,  the  lower  one  bifid  and  usually  with  a 
twisted  or  bent  awn  at  the  back. — Fls.  paniculate. 

§  ARRHENATHERUM.     Gls.  unequal,  2-flo\vcred,  with  a  rudiment;  lower  fl.  staminate.No.  1 

§  AIROPSIS.     Gls.  subequal,  2-flowered,  with  no  rudiment,  tls.  both  perfect.    Dwarf. No.  2 

§  AVENA  proper.    Gls.  equal,  longer  than  the  2  fls.,  and  strongly  striate.    Cultivated No.  8 

1  A.  elatior  L.     Culm  2 — 4f,  geniculate,  smooth ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  rough  on  the 
margin  and  upper  surface ;  panicle  loose,  equal,  nodding,  branches  in  pairs  or  ter- 
nate;  spikelets  2-flowered;  awn  twice  as  long  as  the  palea;    upper  flower  £, 
mostly  awnless. — It   A  tall   grass,   introduced  and  naturalized  in  cultivated 
grounds.     May,  June.     (Arrhenatherum  avenaceum  Beauv.) 

2  A.  preecox  Beauv.      Casspitous ;  culm   erect,  a  few  inches  high ;    Ivs.  % — 1' 
long,  rough;  sheaths  deeply  striate;  panicle  dense,  racemous;  spikelets  ovate,  2- 
flowered,  glumes  as  long  as  the  flowers ;  lower  palea  with  a  bent  awn  from  the 
lower  part  of  the  back  twice  its  length. — (1)  K  Y.  to  Virg.     Jn.     (Aira,  L.) 

3  A.  sativa  L.  COMMON  OAT.  Culm  smooth,  2 — 4f  high ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate, 
veined,  rough,  with  loose,  striate  sheaths ;  stip.  lacerate ;  panicle  loose ;  spikelets 
pedunculate,  pendulous,  2-flowered,  both  flowers  perfect,  the  lower  one  mostly 
Awned  5  paleoz  gomewhat  cartilaginous,  closely  embracing  the  caryopsis. — (D  A 


OBDEB  156.— GRAMLNE^E.  791 

highly  important  grain,  ono  of  tho  staple  productions  of  tho  soil ;  said  to  hayo 
been  first  discovered  in  the  Island  of  Juan  Fernandez. 

(3.  NIGRA.     BLACK  OATS.     Palea  dark  brown,  almost  black,  awnless. 

y.   SECUNDA.     HORSE-MANE  OATS.     Panicle  1-sided ;  awns  short. 

29.  TRISETUM,  L.     (Lai.  tria,  three,  sctum,  a  bristle  ;  a  character- 
istic  term.)      Spikelet    2 — 5-flowered ;    glumes   2,    shorter   than   tho 
flowers ;  lower  palea  with  2  bristles  at  the  apex  and  a  soft,  flexuoua 
awn  from  above  the  middle  of  the  back ;  scales  ovate  ;  fruit  coated, 
farrowed. — Very  closely  related  to  Avena. 

1  T.  palustre  Torr.     Culm  erect,  contracted  at  the  nodes,  slender,  smooth,  about 
2f  high ;  Ivs.   lance-linear,  about  3'  long,   roughish,  on  smooth,  striate  sheaths ; 
panicle  oblong,  contracted,  nodding,  yellowish-green  ;  spikelets  about  B"  long,  2 — 3- 
jftowered,  middle  flower  abortive,  upper  one  pedicellate,  its  lower  palea  ending  in 
2  setous  teeth,  and  awned  below  the  tip,  lower  one  mostly  awnless. — If  Wet 
meadows,  Mass.,   N".  Y.   to  Fla.      May — July.      (Avena,   MX.      Aira  pallens, 
Muhl.) 

2  T.  molle  Kunth.     Minutely  and  softly  puberulent  throughout;  culm  If  high;  Ivs. 
narrow,  2  to  4'  long ;  pan.  contracted  and  spike-like,  2'  long ;  awn  at  length  de- 
flexed,  longer  than  the  beardless  flowers. — Mts.  and  rocks,  1ST.  H.  to  Mich,  and 
Can.     (Avena,  MX.)     Scarcely  differs  from  tho  foregoing,  which  is  also  sometimes 
downy. 

3  T.  purpurascens   Torr.      Culm  leafy,    2f  high;    Ivs.   narrow-linear,   keeled, 
4 — G'  long,  and  with  the  sheaths  smooth  ;  panicle  very  simple,  almost  a  raceme, 
few-flowered,  4 — 6'  long ;  glumes  3  to  5~ftowered,  very  unequal,  entire ;  spikelets  6 
to  8"  long,  lanceolate,  terete,  often  purple,  smooth ;  lower  palea   7-veined,   cleft 
into  2  bristly  points  at  the  apex;  awn  geniculate. — 2£  Mountain  bogs,  N.  Eng. 
to  Wis.  and  Can.     June. 

30.  BROrMUS,  L.      BROME  GRASS.     (Gr.  /3poym,  food;  the  namo 
was  anciently  applied  to  Oats.)     Spikelets  5  to  oo -flowered ;  glumes  un- 
equal, membranous,  veined ;  lower  pale  5  to  9-veined,  convex  or  cari- 
nate  on  the  back,  awned  from  below  the  mostly  bifid  tip ;  upper  pale 
ciliate  on  the  2  keels,  often   bifid ;  caryopsis  linear,  adherent  to  the 
upper  pale. — Coarse  grasses  with  flat  Ivs.  and  large,  paniculate,  nodding 
spikelets. 

§  Glumes  narrow,  the  lower  l-veined,  upper  3-veined.     Pale  keeled Nos.  6,  5 

§  Glumes  veiny,  the  lower  3  to  5,  upper  5  to  7-veined  (a). 

a  Lower  pule  compressed-carinate,  the  awn  scarcely  any No.  4 

a  Lower  pale  rounded  on  the  back,  the  awn  conspicuous Nos.  3 — 1 

1  B.  secallmis  L.     SMOOTH  CHEAT  OR  CHESS.     Culm  smooth,  2  to  4f  high ;  Ivs. 
lance-linear,  6  to  12'  long,  rough  and  some  hairy  above,  on  smoothish  sheaths; 
pan.  spreading  in  fruit,  branches  subsimple,  with  few  nodding  spikelets ;  spkl. 
ovate,  turgid,  smooth,  7  to  10-flowered ;  fls.  soon  diverging  and  rather  distinct, 
oblong,  longer  than  the  short,  flexuous  awn. — (J)  A  handsome  but  worthless  grass, 
in  fields  of  wheat  and  other  grains,  and  in  waste  grounds.     Jn.,  Jl.     §  Eur. 

2  B.  mollis  L.     DOWNY  CHESS.     Culm  slender,  some  downy,  12  to  18'  to  2f; 
Ivs.  flat,  hairy  both  sides,  lance-linear,  on  sheaths  clothed  with  deflexed  hairs ; 
pan.  erect,  contracted  in  fruit ;  spikekts  ovate,  compressed,  about  G-flowered,  downy 
all  over  ;  fls.  oblong,  closely  imbricated,  not  longer  than  their  straight  awn. — ®  (g) 
Wheat  fields  and  waste  grounds,  rare.     Lower  pale  J  longer  than  the  upper. 
Jn.     §  Eur.     Varies  in  pubescence.     (B.  racemosus  L.  (3.  arvensis,  Ed.  2.) 

3  B.  Kalmii  Gray.     Culm  slender,  18'  to  3f;  Ivs.  and  sheaths  more  or  less  hairy, 
sometimes  excessively  so ;  pan.  simple,  small,  3  to  4' long;  spkl.  drooping,  closely 
7  to  1 2-flowered,  densely  silky  all  over ;  lower  glume  3-veined,  upper  5 ;  lower 
pale  much  longer  than  the  upper,  5  to  7-veined,  the  awn  %  of  its  length. — U  Dry 
hilly  woods,   U.   S.  and  Can.      Jn.,  JL     (B.  purgans  Torr.  nee  L.  fide  Prof. 
Gray.) 

4  B.  uniololdea  Thunb.  &  Kth.    EESCUE  GRASS.    Culm  18'  to  3f,  glabrous; 


792  ORDER  15  G.— GRAMINE^E. 

Ivs.  smoothish,  on  sheaths  more  or  less  hairy  or  almost  smooth ;  pan.  large,  6  to 
10'  long,  branches  subsimple,  whorled  ;  spikelets  smooth,  lance-ovate,  much  com- 
pressed,  2-edged,  1'  long,  £  as  wide,  8  to  12-flowered;  lower  glurne  3,  upper  6- 
veined;  lower  pale  7  to  9-veined,  much  larger  than  the  strongly  2-keeled  upper, 
with  scarcely  any  awn. — CD  Cultivated  at  the  South  (in  1357)  from  seeds  distri- 
buted by  the  government,  but  proved  no  better  than  our  Chess.  \  Peru. 

5  B.  ciliatus  L.     Culm  erect,  smooth,  2  to  4f  high ;  Ivs.  flat,  some  pubescent,  6 
to  12'  long,  on  sheaths  more  or  less  pilous  with  deflexed  hairs  ;  pan.  large,  erect, 
5  to  8'  long,  finally  nodding,  branches  in  2s  and  4s,  compound ;  spikelets  at  first 
lance-fusiform,  7  to  11  -flowered,  the  fls.  soon  separating;  glumo  lower  1,  upper  3- 
veined;  pales  compressed-carinate  above,   silky-haired  near  the  margins,    twice 
longer  than  the  straight  awn. — 2f  Damp  woods  along  rivers,  U.  S.  and  Can.     Jn., 
JL     (B.  Canadensis  MX.     B.  pubescens  Muhl.     B.  purgans,  Ed.  2.) 

p.   PURGANS.      Pan.   more   open;   spkl.   silky-hairy  all  over. — Mid.   and   S. 
States. 

6  B.  tectoram  L.     Culm  slender,  1  to  3f,  pubescent  above;  Ivs.  pubescent,* 
sheaths  ciliato  with  few  long  hairs ;  pan.  compound,  at  length  1-sided  and  nod- 
ding ;  pedicels  capillary ;  spikelets  linear-oblong,  minutely  downy,  about  b-flowered ; 
glumes  lower  1-,  upper  3-veined ;  lower  pale  3-veined,  carinate,  scarious-edged, 
lance-subulate,  scarcely  as  long  as  its  awn. — (FJ  N.  York  (Sartwell),  Penn.  (Jack- 
son).    (B.  sterilis  Torr.)  § 

31.  TRICUS'PIS,  Beauv.     (Lat.  tres,  three,  cuspis,  a  point ;   refer- 
ring to  the  structure  of  the  lower  pale.)     Spikelets  terete  or  tumid,  3 
to  9-flowered,  upper  flower  abortive ;  glumes  2,  unequal,  awnless  ;  pales 
2,  the  lower  larger,  hairy-fringed  along  the  keel  and  the  2  lateral  veins, 
and  ending  in  3  short  cusps  or  mucrones  (the  projecting  veins  and  mid- 
vein)  and  2  intermediate  teeth,  upper  pale  2-toothed  ;  stamens  1  to    3  ; 
stigmas  plumous ;    caryopsis  smooth,   free,   2-horned. — Erect,  simple. 
Pan.  mostly  with  racemous  branches. 

1  T.  seslerioides  Torr.     FALSE  RED-TOP.     Culm  hard  and  firm,  glabrous,  4  to 
5f  high;  Ivs.  glabrous,  linear,  involute  when  dry,  sheaths  hairy  at  the  throat; 
pan.  open,  loose,  8  to  12'  long,  the  slender  branches  at  length  spreading ;  spikl  te- 
retish,  lanceolate,  about  5-flowcred,  purple,  2  to  3"  long ;  cusps  of  the  lower  pale 
very  short. — If  A  splendid  grass,  in  dry  fields,  N.  Eng.  to  111.  and  S.   States. 
Aug.,  Sept.     (Poa  MX.     Windsoria  poasformis  Nutt.     Uralepis  cuprea  Kunth.) — 
A  variety  has  smaller,  3  to  5-ilowcred,  pale  purple  spikelcts  and  flexuous  branches. 
Another  var.  has  the  spikelets  white. 

2  T.  ambigua  Kunlh.      Culm  strictly  erect,  2  to  4f  high,   slender  and  firm, 
glabrous  as  well  as  the  linear,  convolute-filiform  Ivs.,  and  the  sheaths  which  aro 
scarce  half  the  lengtji  of  the  internodes ;  pan.  contracted,  small,  3  to  5'  long ;  spike- 
lets  few,  subsessile,  ovate  turgid,  5  to  7 -flowered,  {he  fls.  at  length  divaricate,  moro 
or  less  purple. — 1^.  Car.  to  Ga.  and  La.     Spkl.  not  longer,  but  much  thicker  than 
in  No.  1.     Sept.     (Poa,  Ell.) 

3  T.  stricta.     Glabrous ;  culm  slender,  firm,  erect,  3  to  6f  high ;  pan.  very  strict, 
spite-like,  dense ;  spkl.  sessile,  fiat,  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  7  to  9-flowered ;  glumes 
lance-linear,  much  longer  than  the  pales,  about  as  long  as  the  spikelets. —  If  Miss. 
and  La.     Lvs.  very  long,  flat.     Pan.  about  6'  long,  G"  wide.     A  singular  grass, 
(Windsoria  Nutt.) 

32.  URAL'EPIS,  Nutt.    SAND  GRASS.    (Gr.  ovpd,  tail,  Aerr^,  a  scale  ; 
a  characteristic  name.)     Spikelets  2  to  5-flowered,  fls.  distant ;  glumes 
2,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  unequal,  awnless  ;  pales  2,  very  unequal, 
both  conspicuously  fringe-bearded  along  the  2  or  3  veins,  the  lower  2- 
cleft,  with  the  midvein  produced  into  a  short,  straight  awn  between  tho 
2  segments  ;  upper  2-keeled. — Culms  decumbent,  branched.    Pan.  small, 
the  branches  racemed. 

1  U.  purpfcrea  Nutt.     Cacspitous;  culms  procumbent  at  base,  bearded  at  the 


OBDER  156.— GK  AMINES.  793 

nodes,  10 — 18' ;  Ivs.  subulate,  the  upper  ones  shorter  than  the  sheaths,  hairy  be- 
neath ;  pan.  simple,  racemous,  terminal  and  lateral,  concealed  in  the  sheaths  of 
the  leaves,  the  upper  one  partly  exsert ;  spikelet  3-flowered ;  awn  of  thepale  about 
as  long  as  the  lateral,  obtuse  segments. — Sea  coast,  among  the  drifting  sands,  Mass, 
to  Ga.  Taste  of  the  plant  bitter.  Aug.  (U.  aristulata  Nutt.) 
2  U.  cornuta  Ell.  Culm  2f  high,  and  with  the  narrow  (1")  leaves  and  sheaths 
hairy;  pan.  slender,  composed  of  a  few  small,  few-flowered  branches;  glumes  2, 
subequal,  very  acute,  purple  as  well  as  the  2  pales ;  upper  pale  longer  than  the 
glume,  the  midvein  prolonged  in  an  elongated,  at  length  'recurved  awn  beyond  the 
segments. — S.  States.  (Triplasis  Americana  Beauv.) 

33.  DAC'TYLIS,  L.     ORCHARD    GRASS.     (Gr.   dditrvXo^   a  finger; 
from  the  form  of  the  spikes.)     Spikelets  aggregated,  compressed,  3 — 5- 
flowered  ;  glumes  unequal,  herbaceous,  the  larger  one  carinate,  shorter 
than  the  flowers ;  palese  subequal,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  lower  one 
emarginate,  carinate,  mucronate,  upper  bifid  at  apex ;  scales  dentate. — 
Lvs.  carinate.     Pan.  composed  of  dense  clusters. 

D.  glomerata  L.  Culm  roundish,  2 — 4f ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  carinate,  a  little 
scabrous,  glaucous;  sheaths  striate;  stip.  lacerate;  pan.  remotely  branched, 
rather  secund*;  spikelets  about  4-flowered,  in  dense,  glomerate,  unilateral,  termi- 
nal clusters ;  glumes  very  unequal  •,  anth.  large,  yellow. — U  A  fine,  well-known 
grass,  of  rapid  growth,  introduced  in  shady  fields,  as  orchards,  &c.  June.  §  Eur. 

34.  KCELE'RIA,  Pers.     (In  honor  of  M.  Koeler,  a  German  botanist.) 
Spikelets  compressed,  2  to   7 -flowered ;  glumes  2,  subequal,  acute  or 
acuminate,  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  upper  flower  pedicellate  ;  pales  2, 
the   lower  often  acuminate-mucronate. —  2£ — Grasses  casspitous,  erect, 
simple,  with  dense  panicles. 

K.  cristata  Smith.  Culm  20 — 30'  high,  smooth,  leafy  to  one-half  its  height, 
rigidly  erect;  Ivs.  flat,  erect,  pubescent,  2 — 3"  by  1 — 2",  shorter  than  their  pu- 
bescent sheaths  ;  stip.  short,  lacerate  ;  panicle  spicate,  narrow,  3 — 5'  long,  6 — 8" 
diam.,  branches  very  short ;  spikelets  2"  long,  silvery  and  shining,  compressed, 
about  2-flowered,  with  an  abortive  pedicel ;  glume  linear-oblong,  acute,  serrulato 
on  the  keel,  upper  one  longer. — Mid.,  "W.  States  and  Can. — A  variety  (K.  nitida 
Nutt.),  is  smaller  and  more  delicate. 

35.  DIARRHEVNA,  Raf.     (Gr.  &V,  two,  dpprprig,  rough  ;  from  the 
two  scabrous  keels  of  the  upper  paleae.)     Panicle  racemous  or  simple ; 
glumes  2,  very  unequal,  2 — 5-flowered,  rigid,  acuminate,  mucronate ; 
palea)  cartilaginous,  lower  cuspidate,  upper  much  smaller,  emarginate  ; 
caryopsis  coated,  as  long  as  the  upper  pale  ;  scales  ovate,  ciliate. 

D.  diandra.  Culm  erect,  nearly  leafless,  slender,  rigid,  15—30' ;  Ivs.  few,  sub- 
radical,  broadly  linear,  flat,  rough-edged,  10 — 16' by  5 — 7",  nearly  glabrous; 
sheaths  close ;  stip.  obsolete ;  panicle  very  simple  and  slender,  branches  erect,  few , 
spikelets  2-flowered;  glumes  broad-ovate,  upper  twice  larger,  5-veined;  pales 
much  longer  than  the  glumes,  the  upper  with  2  roughish,  green  keels,  and  con- 
spicuously mucronate ;  sta.  2  ? — Eiver  banks,  Ohio  to  111.  (D.  Americana  Beauv. 
Festuca  MX.) 

36.  FESTITCA,  L.      FESCUE  GRASS.     (The    ancient  Latin   name.) 
Spikelets  3  to  oo-flowered ;  glumes  2,  unequal,  mostly  carinate ;  pales 
firm,  naked,  the  lower  rounded  (not  carinate)  on  the  back,  obscurely 
veined,  acute,  or  mucronate,  or  awned  ;  stamens  3,  rarely  1  or  2  ;  stig- 
mas plumous  ;  caryopsis  linear-oblong,  mostly  adherent  to  the  upper 
pale. — Spikelets  in  racemes  or  panicles,  the  fls.  remote,  not  webbed  at 
base. 


^94  ORDER  156.— GRAMINE^E. 

$  Fls.  awned.— Awns  conspicuous,  about  equaling  or  exceeding  the  pales Nos.  1,  2 

Awns  much  shorter  than  the  lanceolate  pales Nos.  3,  4 

§  FLs.  awnless.— Panicle  contracted,  with  short,  ascending  branches Nos.  5,  0 

—Panicle  very  loose,  with  spreading  or  reflexed  branches Nos.  7,  8 

1  F.  Myurus  L.     Culm  6 — 12'  long,  erect,  geniculate  near  the  base;  Ivs.  2 — 3' 
long,  subulate,  concave ;  stip.  bifid  or  retuse ;  panicle  slender,  crowded ;  spikelets 
4 — 6-flowered ;  glumes  minute,  equal ;  fls.  subulate,  hairy  ;  lower  pale  with  an  awn 
twice  its  length  ;  sta.  1 ;  stig.  plurnous,  white. — X>  Sandy  fields.  Car.  to  Ga.     Mar., 
Apr. 

2  F.  tenglla  "Willd.     SLENDER  FESCUE.     Culm  filiform,  wiry,  often  growing  in 
tufts  and  geniculate  at  base,  6 — 12';  Ivs.  erect,  linear-setaceous,  2 — 3'  long;  sheaths 
subpubescent,  with  lacerated  stipules  ;  pan.   simple,   contracted,  rather   secund, 
branches  alone  or  in  pairs;  spikelets  G  to  9-flowered,  with  subulate,   subequal 
glumes,  at  length  brownish ;  fls.  subulate,  their  awns  of  about  equal  length. — (f) 
Sandy  fields,  N.  Eng  to  111.  and  S.  States. 

3  F.  ovina  L.     SHEEP'S  FESCUE.     Culm  erect,  ascending  at  base,  6 — 10';  Ivs. 
very  narrow,  rough,  radical  ones  very  numerous,  2 — 4'  long,  cauline  few,  short, 
erect;   pan.  few-flowered,  simple,  contracted;    spikelets  ovate,   about  4-flowered; 
pale  lance-ovate. —  If  A  valuable  grass  for  pasturage.     Jn.     §  Eur. 

j3.  VIVIPARA.     Glumes  and  pales  changing  to  leafy  tufts. — Mts. 

4  F.  duriuscula  L.     HARD  FESCUE.     Culm  smooth  12 — 18';  Ivs.  linear,  very 
acute,  a  little  scabrous;  stipules  membranaceous,  lacerate ;  pan.  oblong,  spreading, 
inclining  to  one  side,   branches  in  pairs;  spikelets  nearly  terete,  5 — 7 -flowered; 
lower  glume  smaller,  upper  one  3-veined ;  palese  unequal,  lower  with  short  awns. 
—  U  Fields  and  pastures.     A  fine  grass,  common,  Car.  to  Can.     June,  July. 

/?.  RUBRA.     Spikelets  7  to  11-flowered;  herbage  often  tinged  with  red. — Dry 
fields,  eastward. 

5  F.  prateiisis  Huds.     MEADOW  FESCUE.     Culm  smooth,  3 — if  high  ;  Ivs.  lance- 
linear,  smooth,  rough-edged,  a  foot  long,  on  smooth,  loose  sheaths ;  panicle  sub- 
erect,  branches  short,  in  pairs,  ascending;  spikelets  lance-ovate,  acute,  6  to  9-flow- 
ered,  6 — 9"  long,  racemous  on  the  branches;  lower  glume  shorter;  lower  palca3 
acuminate  or  mucronate. — A  fine  grass,  in  meadows,  U.  S.  and  Can.    Jn.  § 

6  F.  elatior  L.    TALL  FESCUE  GRASS.    St.  smooth,  2 — 3f  high  ;  Ivs.  lance-linear, 
veined,   smooth,  rough-edged,  about  8'  long ;  sheaths  veined,  smooth  with  obso- 
lete stipules ;   panicle  branched,  erect  in  flower,   spreading,  somewhat  1-sided, 
branches  subsolitary,  spikelets  short,  alternate  somewhat  secund,  2  to  5-floivered, 
about  3"  long ;  pales  smooth,  chartaceous,  barely  acute. — Fields  and  meadows. 
Jn.,  Jl.  § 

7  F.  rigida  Kunth.     Culm  decumbent,  ascending  3  to  5' ;  Ivs.  much  shorter,  subu- 
late, involute  when  dry ;  pan.  subsimple,  secund,  an  inch  or  two  long,  the  branches 
alternate,  oppressed;  spikelets  lance-linear,  5  to  9-fiowered:  fis.  acutish,  terete, 
purplish. — In  dry  soils,  Car.,  near  the  coast.    Plant  dwarf  arid  rigid.    Apr.,  May. 

8  F.  nfttans  Willd.     NODDING  FESCUE.     Culm  erect,  slender,  smooth,  with  black 
nodes,  about  3f  high ;  Ivs.  narrow-linear,  a  foot  long,  veined ;  panicle  slender,  dif- 
fuse, at  length  nodding,  and  the  slender  branches  deflexed;  spikelets  lance-ovate,  3 — 5- 
flowered;  fls.  smooth,  awnless  and  nearly  veinless. —  U   Open  woodlands,  in  most 
of  the  States.    June.    (F.  Shortii  Kunth.,  when  the  grass  is  stouter  and  the  spike- 
lets  about  5 -flowered.) 

37.  EATCTNIA,  Raf.  (Dedicated  to  Prof.  Amos  Eaton,  the  well- 
known  author  of  the  "  Manual  of  Botany,"  which  bears  his  name.) 
Spikelets  mostly  2-flowered,  numerous,  paniculate,  silvery  ;  glumes  2, 
very  dissimilar,  the  lower  linear,  1-veincd,  upper  broadly  obovate,  ob- 
tuse or  abruptly  pointed,  3-veined,  with  broad,  scarious  margins  ;  pales 
obtnsish,  awnless,  chartaceous,  glabrous ;  caryopsis  oblong. —  U  Smooth 
and  delicate  grasses  with  simple,  csespitous  culms. 

E.  obtuaata  Gray.  Culm  erect,  geniculate  below,  leafy,  1  to  2f;  nodes  pubes- 
cent, blackish,  contracted ;  Ivs.  3  to  6'  by  2",  scabrous,  acuminate,  shorter  than 
the  sheaths;  stip.  lacerate;  pan.  contracted,  3  to  5'  long,  6  to  12"  diam.,  dense, 
brandies  fascicled,  short,  oppressed;  spikeleta  1£"  long,  2-flowered,  tumid;  lower 


ORDER  156.— GRAMINE^E.  795 

glume  about  as  long  but  very  much  narrower  than  the  obovate,  obtuse,  puberu- 
lent  upper  one ;  pales  scarious  at  summit,  a  little  exserted. — Penn.  (Jackson) 
to  Wis.  (Lapham),  and  S.  States.  Jn.,  Jl.  (Aira,  MX.  A.  truncata  Muhl.  Koe«- 
leria  Torn,  and  Ed.  1.  R.  paniculata  Nutt.  Reboulea,  Kunth.  E.  purpuras» 
cons  Raf.) 

2  E.  Pennsylvania  Gray.  Erect,  tufted,  minutely  puberulent,  usually  about 
2f  high  ;  Ivs.  flat,  short,  1  to  3'  by  2£" ;  pan.  slender,  open,  usually  with  diverg- 
ing branches,  and  5  to  10' long;  spikelets  rather  loose,  l£"long;  upper  glume 
abruptly  short-pointed ;  pales  acutish,  exserted  half  their  length. — Rocky  woods 
and  meadows,  U.  S.  and  Can.,  frequent  but  not  abundant.  The  larger  varieties 
are  very  elegant.  Jn.,  Jl.  (Aira  mollis  Muhl.  Kceleria  DC.  Reboulea,  Kunth., 
Gray.)  ' 

38.  MEL'ICA,  L.     MELIC  GRASS.     (Lat.  mel,  honey.)      Glumes  2, 
unequal,  membranous,  obtuse,  2  to  5-flowered ;  flowers  a  little  longer 
than  the  glumes,   the  upper  incomplete  and  more  or  less  contorted; 
pales  truncate,  veiny,  as  well  as  the  glumos ;  caryopsis   free,  not  fur- 
rowed.— Lvs.  flat.     Spikelets  pedicellate,  in  a  subsimple  panicle. 

M.  mfttica  "Walt.  Culm  3 — 4f  high,  glabrous ;  Ivs.  linear,  flat,  pubescent  beneath ; 
stip.  lacerate;  panicle  glabrous,  loose,  few-flowered,  erect  or  a  little  nodding, 
branches  simple,  solitary;  spikelets  6 — 8"  long;  lower  glume  shorter,  very 
smooth ;  paleae  veined ;  upper  fl.  neuter,  pedicellate,  consisting  of  very  short, 
roundish  pales  often  twisted  together. —  if.  Rich  upland  soil,  Penn.  to  Wis.  and  S. 
States.  Varies,  with  a  panicle  reduced  to  a  mere  raceme.  Jn.  (M.  glabra  MX. 
M.  speciosa  Muhl.) 

39.  ERAGROS'TIS,  Beauv.    Spikelets  5  to  oo(rarely  fewer)-flowered, 
compressed  ;  glumes  and  fls.  membranous ;  lower  pale  carinate,  3-veincd, 
not  webbed,  upper  pale  persistent  on  the  flexuous  rachis  after  the  free 
caryopsis  has  fallen  with  the  lower. — Hairy  or  roughish  grasses  with 
involute  Ivs.,  sheaths  at  throat  and  axil  of  branches  often  bristly  and  fls. 
in  panicles,  the  branches  mostly  scattered.     (Poa,  L.) 

§  Spikelets  few-flowered  (fls.  2  to  4,  rarely  more) Nos.  10,  9,  3 

§  Spikelets  many-flowered  (fls.  5  to  30).  (b) 

b  Panicle  diffuse,  capillary,  longer  than  the  rest  of  the  culm Nos.  7,  6,  5 

b  Panicle  contracted,  rather  dense. — Culms  decumbent  below Nos.  4,  3, 2 

— Culms  procumbent,  creeping No.  1 

1  E.  reptans  Nees.     Culm  branched,  creeping,  rooting  at  the  joints,  6 — 12' ;  Ivs. 
subulate,  flat,  2 — 3'  long ;  sheaths  open,  pilous  on  the  margin  and  throat ;  pan. 
1 — 2'  long,  branches  short,  simple,  in  fascicles,  few-flowered ;  spikelets  linear- 
lanceolate,  with  12—20  acuminate  flowers.—®  On  sandy  banks  of  rivers,  N.  Y. 
to  Ky.  and  La.     JL,  Aug. — The  plant  is  somewhat  dioecious. 

2  B.  poaeoides  Beauv.     Culm  oblique  or  decumbent,   geniculate,  1 — 2f  long; 
Ivs.   lanceolate,  attenuate  at  end,   scabrous  on  the  margin  and  above ;  sheaths 
pilous  at  the  throat ;  stip.  short,  bearded  ;  panicle  expanding,  branches  subdivided, 
flexuous,  subpilous  in  the  axils ;  spikelets  ovate-oblong,  12 — 20-flowered;  glumes 
nearly  equal. — (1)  A  fine-looking  grass,  fields  and  waste  grounds,  common.     JL, 
Aug.     §  Eur.     It  has  a  strong,  peculiar  odor.     Varies  much ;  the  later  growths 
are  in  more  dense  tufts,  with  smaller  spikelets.    (E.  megastachya  Lk.     P.  Era- 
grostis  L.) 

3  E.  pilosa  L.    Culms  in  tufts,  geniculate,  ascending,  6  to  12';  Ivs.  narrow-linear, 
or  subulate,  short ;  sheaths  slightly  bearded  at  the  throat ;  pan.  oblong,  some  of 
the  middle  branches  opposite ;  spikekts  linear,  bluish,  about  as  long  (3  to  4")  as 
the  pedicels,  6  to  12-floWered,  the  rachis  at  length  becoming  pectinate  or  serrulate 
•with  the  persistent  upper  pales. — CD    In  sandy  or  gravelly  waste  places,  Conn, 
to  Ga.  and  "W.  States.    JL,  Aug.    §  Eur.    (E.  peotinacea  MX.,  a  more  appropriate 
name,  as  the  plant  is  scarcely  pilous.) 

4  E.  conferta  Trin.     Culm  rather  stout,  geniculate  below,  branched,  2  to  3/;  Iva. 
broad-lanceolate,   rough,  flat,  and  sheaths  naked;  pan.  long  (5  to  12'),  narrow, 
branches  and  branchleta  very  numerous,  suberect,  each  racemous  with-  tht  small, 


TOO 


ORDER  156.— GR  AMINES. 


numerous  spikelets  which  are  7  to  11-flowered  and  only  1J"  long;  pales  hyaline, 
ovate,  pointed,  3-vcincd. — X1  Car.  to  Ga.  and  La.  (Poa  conferta  Ell.)  The  2  palea 
fall  together. 

5  E.  nitida.     Culm  erect,  glabrous  and  polished  as  well  as  the  whole  plant,  12  to 
20'.     Lvs.  long,  linear,  involute  when  dry,  with  a  few  hairs  at  top  of  sheath ; 
pan.  diffuse,   much  longer  than  the  culm;  spikelets  lanceolate,  about  S-flowered, 
hyaline  glumes  and  pales  sharply  serrulate  on  tho  keel. — ©  S.  Car.  and  adjacent 
islands.    Jn.— Aug.    (Poa  nitida  Ell.) 

6  E.  Mrsuta.     Culm  subsimple,  compressed,  erect,  1 — 2f;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  attenu- 
ate at  end,  surpassing  the  stem,  hairy  at  base ;  sheaths  loose,  longer  than  the  inter- 
nodes,   lower  ones  hairy,  upper  ones  smooth ;  stip.  fringed ;  panicle  very  large, 
capillary,  branches  spreading,  reflexed  in  fruit,  hirsute  in  the  axils ;  spikelets  ob- 
long, 2  to  3",  purplish,  5  to  16-flowered,  long  pedicelled;  pale  ovate,  acute,  dis- 
tinctly 3-veined,   upper  ciliate. — 11  Sandy  fields,  U.  S.     Jl.,  Aug.     The  rachis 
never  (?)  becomes  pectinate.    (Poa  hirsute,  MX.) — Varies  with  the  Ivs.  and  sheaths 
nearly  smooth  and  spikelets  larger  (P.  spectabilis  Ph.)    Also  with  the  whole  pani- 
cle, except  the  spikelets,  hirsute  like  the  axils.    And  thirdly,  with  tho  spikelets 
racemously  appressed  along  the  branchlets  (P.  refracta  Ell.) 

7  E.  Purshii  Schrad.     Culm  decumbent  at  base,  ascending  G  to  12  or  20';  Ivs. 
subulate,    1   to  3'  long,  upper  surface  rough ;  sheaths  very  hairy  at  throat ;  pan. 
long  and  loose,  the  lower  branches,  or  all,  hairy  in  their  axils ;  ped.  capillar}-, 
longer  than  tho  spikelets  which  are  lance-oblong;  5  to  12-flowered;  pales  merely 
acute,  purplish. — CD  Dry  fields,  Md.  to  Ga,,  common.    Jl.,  Aug.    (P.  tenella  ?  Ph. 
EH.) 

8  E.  capillaris  Nees.     Culm  branched  at  base,  smooth,  1  to  2f ;  Ivs.  linear,   at- 
tenuated above,  flat,  smooth ;  sheaths  striate,  with  long  hairs  about  the  throat 
and  margin;  stip.  short;  pan.  very  large  (near  a  foot  long)  with  diffusely  spread- 
ing, capillary  branches,'  axils  not  bearded,  or  the  lower  slightly ;  spikelets  ovate, 
acute,  about  3-flowered,  on  rather  rigid,  long,  capillary  pedicels ;  pales  scabrous, 
f"  long,  acute,  the  2  side  veins  scarcely  visible. — Dry  grounds,  U.  S.     Aug. 

9  E.  trichodes.     Culm  simple,  12  to  20',  erect ;  Ivs.  long  (10  to  18"),  rough, 
thinly  hairy,  as  well  as  the  sheaths,  throat  with  long  hairs  ;  pan.  rather  longer  than 
culm,  narrow,  capillary,  only  the  lower  axils  bearded  ;  spikelets  not  colored,  2  to 
5  (mostly  3) -flowered ;  pales  and  gls.  hyaline,  distinctly  3-veined,  lanceolate,  l^'1 
long.— U  Sandy  soils,  S.  and  "W.  States.     (P.  trichodes  Nutt.     P.  tenuis  Ell.) 

10  E.  erythrogona  Nces.     Culms  very  branching,  in  tufts,  ascending  3  to  10' ,' 
joints  a  narrow  red  ring ;  Ivs.  narrow,  convolute  when  dry.  tho  upper  about  equal- 
ing the  oblong,  rather  dense  panicle ;  spikelets  2  to  5  (mostly  3)-flowered,  1  to  H" 
long,  bluish ;  gls.  lanceolate ;  pales  ovate,  all  acute  and  nearly  veinless. — (1)  Wasto 
and  cultivated  grounds,  Penn.  (Jackson)  to  111.  and  South.     Whole  plant  bluish. 

40.  PO'A,  L.  SPEAR  GRASS.  MEADOW  GRASS.  (Gr.  Troa,  grass.) 
Spikelets  2  to  5  (rarely  9)-flowered,  compressed ;  glumes  subequal,  point- 
less, shorter  than  the  contiguous  flowers  ;  pales  herbaceous,  soft-awnless, 
the  lower  compressed-carinate,  5-veined,  usually  clothed  on  the  veins 
below  with  a  cobweb-like,  matted  wool,  the  upper  pale  bicarinate  ;  stig- 
mas simply  plumous;  caryopsis  free. — Smooth  grasses  with  soft  flat  Ivs., 
the  fls.  paniculate. 

H  Branches  of  the  panicle  in  2s,  8s,  or  often  single.  (*) 

Flowers  not  webbed,  merely  pubescent  on  the  back,  (a) 

a  Annual.     Panicle  dense  with  subsessile  spikelets No.  1 

a  Perennial.     Panicle  loose,  spikelets  long-pedicellate  Nos  2  3 

Flowers  webbed.— Spikelets  mostly  2-tiowered,  2".     Pan.  very  slender! .' .' ." .' .' .' .". . .  .No.'  4 

—Spikelets  mostly  2-flowered,— many,  panicle  ditfuse Nos.  5,  G 

—few  (4  to  S).     Mountains No.  7 

.  „        .         .  t,  .  — bpikelets  mostly  5-flowered,  ovate,  short-pedicelled Nos.  8,  9 

T  Branches  of  the  panicle  in  about  5s,  half-whorled.  (b) 

b  Spikelets  2  to  4-flowered, — obtuse,  pedicellate,  loose No  10 

—acute,  pedicellate,  very  loose .' .         .  .".Nos.  ll!  12 

b  Spikelets  3  to  5-flow<?rcd,  subsessile  in  rather  dense  panicles Nos.  13J  14 

1  P.  anmaa  L.     ANNUAL  SPEAR  GRASS.     Culms  decumbent  and  rooting  at  the 


ORDER  1-56.— GR  AMINES.  797 

"base,  compressed,  3  to  8' ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  short,  smooth,  carinate,  on  loose, 
glabrous  sheaths ;  stip.  oblong,  dentate ;  panicle  spreading,  the  branches  gener- 
ally solitary,  at  length  horizontal ;  spikelets  ovate-oblong,  rather  numerous,  con- 
taining about  5,  loose  flowers. — CD  A  small,  abundant,  annual  grass,  Can.  and 
TJ.  S.,  forming  a  dense,  soft  and  beautiful  turf.  May — Sept. 

2  P.  flexuosa  Muhl.     Culm  erect  from  a  tufted  base,  12  to  20' ;  Ivs.  2  to  5'  by  1£ 
to  2V',  gradually  acute ;  upper  half  of  the  culm  naked,  bearing  a  thin,  open  pan.; 
lranch.es  mostly  in  pairs,   filiform,   often  flexuous,  long  (2  to  3'),  with  the  few 
pedicellate  spikelets  at  the  end ;  Us.  3  or  4,  lanceolate,  scarious-poiuted,  pubes- 
cent but  not  webbed  at  base,  the  gls.  about  as  long  (2£"). — y  Woods,  Ya., 
Ky.  to  Ga.     Spikelets  not  purplish.     Apr. — Jl.    (P.  autumnalis  Muhl.) 

13.  SCARIOSA.     Fls.  of  the  spikelet  4  to  6,  narrowly  lanceolate,  remote,  nearly 
glabrous,  with  conspicuously  scarious  (blunt)  points. — E.  Tenn. 

3  P.  hexantha.     Culm  weak  and  slender,  18  to  24',  erect  from  the  decumbent 
lower  joint ;  Ivs.  3  to  5'  long,  very  gradually  attenuated,  the  upper  reaching  tho 
panicle  which  is  very  open,  the  branches  in  pairs,  long  (2  to  4'),  bearing  the  long- 
pediceled  spikelets  near  the  end;  spikelets  oblong  (4"),  mostly  G  (5  to  ty-flowered, 
fls.  remote,  oblong,  villous  (not  webbed)  at  base,  very  obtuse  and  compressed  at 
the  scarious  apex. — 1£  Found  at  Atlanta,  Ga.,  in  meadows,  perhaps  a  foreigner. 
Spikelets  few  but  large.     Jn. 

4  P.  diiiantha.     Culms  in  dense  tufts,  very  slender,  18'  to  2f,  from  fibrous  roots  '•, 
Ivs.  narrowly  linear,  about  3'  by  1",  soon  reflexed,  sheaths  rather  shorter ;  ligulo- 
short,  truncate ;  pan.  very  Blender  and  few-flowered,   branches  erect,  very  few, 
solitary  or  2  together ;  spikelets  2  or  3  (mostly  2)-flowered ;  fls.  acute,  obscurely 
veined,  smooth,  except  the  copious  web  at  base,  the  acute  glumes  much  shorter. 
— Fields,  Montgomery,  Ala.     May,  Jn. 

5  P.  brevifolia  Muhl.     Culm  compressed,  1  to  2f;  Ivs.  of  tho  culm  about  2,  flat, 
oblong,  cuspidate  and  pungent,  lower  about  1'  long,  upper  6",  root  Ivs.  long  and 
narrow,  all  erect,  keeled  and  pungent  at  tho  point ;    ligule  truncate,  lacerate ; 
sheaths  nearly  as  long  as  the  nodes ;  pan.  loose,  branches  filiform,  in  pairs ;  spike- 
lets  ovate,  3  to4-flowered  ;  fls.  rather  obtuse,  2^"  long,  slightly  webbed.    If  Penn. 
(Jackson)  to  Va.  and  111.     Spikelets  often  tinged  with  purple.     Apr.,  May.     (P. 
pungens  Nutt.     P.  cuspidata  Bart.) 

6  P.  debilis  Torr.     Culm  erect  18'  to  2f;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  flat,  gradually  acute; 
ligule  oblong,  acute ;  pan.  loose,  few-flowered,  some  spreading,  branches  mostly  in 
pairs,  flexuous;  spikelets  ovate,  obtuse;  3  (rarely  2)-flowered;  fls.  very  obtuse, 
1J"  long,  faintly  3-veined,  webbed  at  base;  palea  green;  glumes  ovate,  acute. — 
Rocky  woods,  Conn,  to  111. 

7  P.  laxa  Hoenke.     Culm  ca3spitous,  G — 8';  Ivs.  linear,  acute,  erect;  stip.  lanceo- 
late ;   pan.  1 — 2'  long,  contracted,  nodding,  branches  mostly  in  pairs,  smooth, 
flexuous;  spikelets  2|-''  long,  ovate,  3-flowered;  fls.  often  purple,  acute,  hairy, 
somewhat  webbed  at  base;    glume  lance-ovate,  slightly  scabrous  on  the  keel; 
lower  palea  hairy  below,  upper  rough-edged ;  anth.  violet. — U  Mountains  N.  Eng. 
and  N.  Y.  to  Arc.  Am. 

8  P.  alpina  L.     Culms  erect,  G',  from  fibrous  roots;  Ivs.  short,  broadly  linear, 
obtuse,  lower  with  short,  truncate  ligules,  upper  with  oblong,  acute  ones;  pan. 
equal-sided,  erect,  ovate  or  oblong,  loose,  the  branches  in  pairs,  spreading,  with 
rather  large,  ovate,  short-pediceled,  5  (4  to  9)-flowered  spikelets;  fls.  ovate. — 
Can.  West  and  high  northward.     Jn. 

9  P.  compressa.     BLUE  GRASS.     Culm  decumbent  and  rooting  at  base,  much  com- 
pressed, 12 — 18';  Ivs.  linear,  short,  bluish  green;  sheaths  rather  loose,  with  a 
short,  obtuse  stipule;  pan.  contracted,  3'  by  1'  or  less,  somewhat  secund,  branches 
very  short,  in  2s  and  3s;  spikelets  ovate-oblong,  flat,  3  to  7-flowered,  subsessile, 
fls.  rather  obtuse,  webbed.     A  valuable  grass,  with  sweet  and  nutritious  herbage, 
propagating  itself  everywhere  (Va.,  Tenn.,  northward)  in  woods,  pastures  and 
meadows.     May,  Jn.  (a  month  later  than  P.  pratensis). 

10  P.  sylvestris  Gray.     Culm  erect,  compressed,  2  to  3f;  Ivs.  flat,  soft,  3  to  G' 
long,  1  to  2"  wide,  gradually  attenuated;  ligules  blunt;  pan.  oblong-pyramidal, 
thin,  branches  in  5s  or  more,  flexuous,  1  to  2'  long,  spikelets  (2")  pedicellate, 
broad-ovate,  2  or  3-flowered ;  fls.  oblong,  obtuse,  copiously  webbed. — Rocky  woods, 


Y98  ORDER  156.—  GRAMIXEJ3. 

"VVis.  to  Ohio,  S.  to  Miss,  and  Ala.     Upper  half  of  culm  naked.     Pan.  4  to  6'  by  2 
to  3'.     Apr.     (South)  to  Jn. 

11  P.  serotina  Ehrh.    MEADOW  REDTOP.     FOUL  MEADOW.     Culm  erect,  weak, 
2  to  3f;  Ivs.  narrowly -linear,  flat,  10  to  15';  llgules  elongated  (2  to  3"),  lacerate; 
pan.  (6'  to  10'  or  12'  by  2'  to  4'),  branches  in  5s,  flexuous,  capillary ;  spikeleta 
all  pedicellate  (l£  to  2"),  2,  3,  rarely  4-flo\vered;  fls.  webbed,  acute,  tawny  red 
at  apex,  or  at  length  colored  throughout. — Wet  meadows  and  woods,  common  in 
the  N.  States  and  Can.     Jn. — Aug.    Varies  with  the  spikelets  all  2-flowered  and 
colored,  on  the  diffuse,  capillary  branches  (in  woods  and  swamps),  or  all  3  or  more- 
flowered,  branches  suberect. — Makes  excellent  hay. 

12  P.  nemoralis  L.    WOOD  SPEAR  GRASS.    Culm  slender,  2 — 3f;  Ivs.  narrow- 
linear,  pale  green,  smooth  as  well  as  the  sheaths;  ligules scarcely  any ;  pan.  6 — 10' 
long,  slender,  nodding  when  in  fruit,  branches  capillary,  flexuous,  in  5s  (2s  to  5s); 
fls.  very  acute;  spikelets  ovate,  about  3-flowered,  spreading  and  at  length  remote, 
slightly  webbed  at  base. —  U  A  tall  thin  grass,  in  wet,  open  woods,  N.  Eng.  to 
Wis.  and  Can.     Jn.,  Jl. 

13  P.  trivialis  L.     ROUGH  MEADOW  GRASS.     Culm  sometimes  stoloniferous  at 
base,  roughish  backwards,  2 — 3f ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  acute,  rough-edged,  lower  ones 
very  long,  cauline  as  long  as  tho  roughish  sheath^  with  long,  acuminate  ligules ; 
panicle  diffuse,  expanding,  scabrous,  branches  4 — 5  together  in  half- whorls ;  spike- 
lets  oblong-ovato,  2 — 3-flowered. —  If  N.  States.     June,  July. 

14  P.  pratensis  L.    SPEAR  GRASS.    JUNE  GRASS.    Culm  terete,  smooth,  1 — 2f; 
Ivs.  carinate,  linear,  abruptly  acute,  radical  ones  very  long  and  numerous,  cauline 
shorter  than  the  veined,  smooth  sheaths ;  lig.  short,  truncate ;  pan.  diffuse,  branches 
3 — 5  together  in  half-whorls ;  spikelets  ovate,  acute,  with  about  4,  acute  flowers ; 
glumes  lanceolate,  rather  acuminate. —  If  An  excellent  grass  both  for  hay  and 
pasturage,  very  abundant.     Apr.     (South)  May  (West)  Jn.     (N"orth.) 

41.  BRIZOPY'RUM,  Link.     (Briza,   trupo^  wheat.)      Spikelets  oo- 
flowered,  compressed,  crowded  in  a  spikclike  panicle ;  glumes  herba- 
ceous, unequal;    pales  awnless,  subcoriaceous,  lower  compressed,  but 
not  carinate,  faintly  many-veined,  acute. — Lvs.  mostly  involute,  smooth 
and  rigid. 

1  B.  spicatum  Hook.  Culm  branched  at  base,  erect  1  to  2f ;  cauline  Ivs.  nu- 
merous, 3  to  6'  long;  sheaths  longer  than  the  joints,  close,  upper  ones  hairy  at 
throat;  spike-like  pan.  oval,  yellowish,  consisting  of  short,  fasciculate  branches 
with  sessile  spikelets ;  spkl.  oblong,  5  to  9-flowered ;  fls.  triandrous. — Salt  marshes, 
N.  Y.  to  Car.  Jl.  (Uniola  ed.  2.  Poa  Michauxii  Kunth.) 

42.  GLYCE'RIA,  Brown.    MANNA  GRASS.     (Gr.  yhvicvg,  sweet,  on 
account  of  the  sweet  taste  of  the  grains.)     Spikelets  many-flowered, 
teretish  or  turgid,  rachis  jointed ;   glumes  subequal,  pointless ;   pales 
awnless,  webless,  herbaceous,  the  lower  usually  7-veined,  rounded  on 
the  back  (not  carinate)  ;  stigmas  doubly  plumous  ;  ovary  smooth,  grain 
free. —  2£  Smooth  grasses  from  creeping  rhizomes  in  wet  places,  with 
simple  panicles.     Sheaths  mostly  fistular  (not  split). 

|  Salt  marsh  Grasses.    Lower  pale  5-veined.    Stigmas  sessile,  simply  plumed Nos.  9,  10 

|  In  fresh  swamps,  &c.    Lower  pale  7-veiued.    Stigmas  doubly  plumous.    (a) 

a  Spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  in  a  very  simple  panicle Nos.  1,  2 

a  Spikelets  linear-oblong,  in  compound,  spreading  panicles Nos.  8,  4 

a  Spikelets  ovate,  short,  turgid,— in  slender,  appressed  panicles Nos.  5,  6 

—in  an  open,  recurved  panicle Nos.  7,  8 

1  G.  fluitans  Brown.     Culm  compressed  or  ancipitous,  ascending  at  base,  3 — 5f ; 
Ivs.  lance-linear,  smooth  beneath,  about  a  foot  long;  sheaths  veined,  smooth, 
with  a  very  large  stipule ;  panicle  secund,  long,  slender,  slightly  branched ;  spike- 
lets  8  to  10"  long,  linear,  appressed,  7  to  11-flowered;  fls.  obtuse;  lower  pale  7- 
veined,   denticulate. —  H  Swales,  &c.  Can.,  N.  States  to  La*    Jn.,  JL     (Festuca 
fluitans,  L.) 

2  G.  acutifldra  Torr.     Culm  somewhat  compressed,  1 — 2f ;  Irs.  narrow,  atten- 


ORDER  156.— GRAMUSTE^E.  799 

Uated  above,  half  as  long  as  the  stem ;  panicle  simple,  long,  raceme-like,  appressed  ; 
spikelets  linear,  9  to  12"  long,  4 — 6-flowered;  distant  fls.  very  slender,  acute,  in- 
distinctly veined. — 7J.  Inundated  meadows,  N.  Eng.,  N".  Y.  June.  (Festuca  bre- 
vifolia  Muhl.) 

3  G.  aquatica  Smith.     Culm  stout,  leafy,  4  to  5f;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  flat,  thin; 
pan.  erect,  diffuse,  branches  at  length  spreading,  flexuous,  3  to  5  together,  in, 
half  whorls;  spikelets  linear-oblong,  purple,  2  to  3"  with  6  to  8  ovate-obtuse  flow- 
ers.— 1J.  Wet  meadows,  N.  States  and  Can.     A  largo  and  handsome  grass,  culti- 
vated for  hay  in  Eur.     (Poa,  L.) 

4  G.  pallida  Trin.     Culm  weak  decumbent,  ascending  1  to  2^f;  Ivs.  flat,  linear, 
10  to    16'   long,  glaucous   beneath;    stip.  elongated;    pan.  loose,  few-flowered, 
branches  capillary,  spreading;  spikelets  3",  oblong-linear,  5  to  9-flowered  ;  lower 

flume  3-veined;  lower  palea  5-veined,  5-toothed  at  the  apex  when  old. —  2^ 
wamps,  Can.  to  Ya.  and  West?     June,  July.     (Poa  dentata  Torr.) 

5  G.  nervata  Trin.     Culm  smooth,  3  to  4f ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  striate,  rough  above, 
about  a  foot  long,  on  striate,  roughish  sheaths ;  lig.  lacerate ;  pan.  large,  loose,  dif- 
fuse, equal,  branches  weak,  pendulous  in  fruit,  long  and  capillary,  in  2s  or  3s; 
spikelets  ovate-oblong,  containing  about  5,  obtuse,  conspicuously  7-veined  flowers, 
— U  A  valuable  grass  in  wet  meadows,  K  Eng.  to  111.     Jn.     (Poa,  Willd.) 

6  G.  elongata  Trin.     Culm  round,  erect,  smooth,  3f ;  Ivs.  narrow-linear,  smooth, 
8  to  15'  long;  eheaths  striate,  smooth;  lig.  very  short;  pan.  (8  to  10')  elongated, 
raceme-like,  nodding,  branches  solitary  or  in  2s,  appressed ;  spikelets  ovate-obtuse, 
tumid,  containing  about  3  obtuse,  5-veined  flowers. — If  Wet  meadows,  N.  Eng. 
to  Penn.  and  111.     Jl.     (Poa,  Torr.) 

7  G.  obtusa  Trin.     Culm  smooth,  firm,  2  to  3f;    Ivs.  dark  green,  linear,  often 
surpassing  the  culm,  and  with  the  sheaths  smooth ;  pan.  dense,  ovate,  many -flow- 
ered, 3  to  4',  erect;  spikelets  ovate,  acute,  tumid,  thick,  containing  5  to  7,  smooth, 
ovate,  obtuse  flowers ;  lower  pale  obscurely  7-veined. — If  Swamps,  N.  Eng.  to 
Penn.     Aug.,  Sept.     (Poa,  Muhl.) 

8  G.  canadensis  Torr.     Culm  round,  smooth,  erect,  3  to  4f ;  Ivs.  broad-linear, 
rough,  glaucous,  on  smooth  sheaths ;  lig.  lacerate,  ovate-obtuse ;  pan.  large,  6  to 
8'  long,  branches  flexuous,  in  half  whorls,  much  spreading  or  pendulous  in  fruit; 
spikeleta  short,  ovate,  tumid,  6  to  8-flowered;  glumes  much  shorter  than  the 
lower  flower ;  upper  pale  very  obtuse,  lower  about  7-veined ;  stam.  2. — 2f  A  large 
grass,  in  shady  grounds,  N".  States,  Can.    Jl.,  Aug.     (Poa,  Torr.) 

9  G.  maritima  Wahl.     Culm  somewhat  geniculate,  round,  about  a  foot  high ; 
Ivs.  somewhat  glaucous,  rough-edged,  involute ;  pan.  erect,  dense,  branches  in  pairs, 
scabrous ;    spikelets  terete,  linear,  purplish,  about  5-flowered ;   fls.  obtuse,  indis- 
tinctly 5-veined. — If  Salt  marshes,  Mass.     Jn.     (Poa,  Huds.) 

10  G.  distans  Wahl.     Very   smooth ;    culm  firm   and   leafy,    oblique,    round, 
branched  at  base,  1 — 2f ;  Ivs.  flat,  lance-linear ;  pan.  spreading,  branches  fascicu- 
late, in  3s  to  5s,  crowded,  straight ;  spikelets  oblong,  somewhat  racemed,  sessile, 
crowded,  about  3-flowered;  glumes  minute,  unequal. — If  Salt  marshes,  N.  Y. 
(Poa  fasciculata  Torr.) 

43.  BRPZA,  L.  QUAKING  GRASS.  (Gr.  /3pt'£o),  to  nod,  as  in  sleep ; 
alluding  to  the  pendulous  spikelets.)  Spikelets  cordate,  6 — 9-flowered ; 
glumes  2,  shorter  than  the  lower  flowers ;  paleaa  ventricous,  lower  one 
cordate  at  base,  embracing  the  upper  which  is  suborbicular  and  much 
shorter  ;  caryopsis  beaked. — Paniculate  spikelets  large,  drooping  on 
slender  pedicels. 

1  B.  media  L.     Culm  naked  above,  1 — 2f;  Ivs.  flat,  smooth,  lance-linear;  stip. 
short,  obtuse;  pan.  erect,  few-flowered,  branches  wide-spreading,  capillary,  pur- 
plish, bearing  the  ovate  cordate,  tumid,  pendant  and  tremulous  spikelets  at  the 
ends,  these  are  about  1-flowered,  greenish-purple ;  palea3  veinless. — If  Meadows 
'  and  pastures,  coastward,  N.  Eng.  to  Penn.     May.     §  Eur. 

2  B.  maxima  L.     Pan.  nodding  at  the  summit;  spikelets  oblong,  cordate, 
13  to  17-flowered. —  Q  Gardens,  occasionally  cultivated  as  ornamental."  f  Eur. 


800  ORDER  156.— GBAMINE2B. 

44.  UNTOLA,  L.     UNION  GRASS.     (Diminutive  from  Lzt.unus,  one ; 
many  flowers   in  one  spikelet.)     Spikelets  compressed,  2-edged,  3  to 
20-flowered ;  lower  flower  or  fls.  neutral,  of  one  pale  ;  glumes  2,  cari- 
nate  ;  lower  pale  flattened  and  wing-keeled,  the  upper  double  wing- 
keeled,  both  awnless  ;  stam.  1  or  3  ;  caryopsis  free. —  2£  Smooth,  erect, 
flat- leaved  grasses. 

§  Spikelets  on  slender  pedicels,  large,  elliptic.    Pales  unequal.     Stamen  1 No.  1 

§  Spikelets  subsessile, — large  (6  to  16"  long).     Pales  about  equal Nos.  2,  3 

— small  (2  to  8"  long).     Pales  very  unequal No.  4 

1  U.  latifolia  MX.     Culm  2  to  4f,  smooth,  subsimple;  Ivs.  8  to  18'  by  6  to  12", 
lance-linear,  glabrous,  rough-edged ;  sheaths  longer  than  the  internodea  ;  paniclo 
loose,  8 — 12'  long,  nodding;  spikelets  all  on  long  peduncles,  about  10"   long, 
ovate,  flat,  about  10-flowered ;  glumes  unequal,  near  twice  shorter  than  the  fls. — 
Dry  woods,  middle  and  Western  States.     Singularly  elegant  and  showy.     Aug. 

2  U.  paniculata  L.     SEA-SIDE  OATS.     Culm  4  to  8f;  Ivs.  narrow,  convolute, 
very  long ;  sheaths  fringed  at  the  throat ;  pan.  large  and  spreading ;  spikelets  ovate, 
short-pediceled,  12  to  20-flowered,  several  of  the  lower  11s.  neutral;  pales  about 
equal ;  the  lower  9-veined,  obtuse ;  stam.  3. — Sand  hills  along  the  coast,  Ya.  to 
Fla.     A  tall  rank  grass.     Jl,  Aug. 

3  U.  nitida  Baldw.     Culm  very  slender,  wiry,  branched  below,  2  to  5f;   Ivs. 
narrow,  2  to  4"  wide;    pan.  slender  and  spike-like  or  with   several   spike-liko 
spreading  branches;  spikelets  subsessile,  broader  than  long,  about  7 -flowered,  the  2 
or  3  lower  and  the  1  highest  abortive ;  pales  about  equal,  long-pointed,  the  upper 
re-incurved  at  base ;  stam.  1.     Ga.  to  La.     "Whole  plant  very  smooth  and  shining. 
Jn.,  JL 

4  TJ.  gracilis  MX.     Culm  slender,  leafy,  3  to  4f ;  Ivs.  broadly-linear,  tapering  to 
a  slender  point,  flat,  12  to  18'  long;  sheaths  shorter  than  the  joints;  pan,  long 
racemous,  branches  solitary,  short,  remote,  erect ;  spikelets  with  about  3  fertile 
fls. ;  lower  pale  spreading,  ^  longer  than  the  upper ;  glumes  rigid,  acute. — Sea- 
coasts,  N.  Y.  to  Ga.  and  La.    Aug. 

45.  PHRAG'MITES  Trin.     REED.     Spikelets    3    to   6-flowered,  tho 
lowest  flower  sterile  and  monandrous ;    rachis  beset  with  long,  silky 
hairs ;    glumes    2,  acute,  keeled,  very  unequal ;   lower  pale  subulate, 
silky-villous  at  base  (except  in  the  lowest  flower) ;  stam.  3  ;  style  2  ; 
caryopsis  free. —  2£  Grasses  tall,  with  broad,  flat  Ivs.  and  a  large,  diffuse 
panicle. 

P.  commftnis  Trin.  Culm  smooth,  stout,  erect,  6 — 12f  high,  often  an  inch  in 
diameter  at  base;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  1 — 2f  by  1 — 2',  rough-edged,  smooth  and  glau- 
cous; panicle  large  and  loosely  branched,  branches  in  half  whorls,  rather  erect, 
slender;  spikelets  3 — 5-flowered,  very  slender,  erect;  glumes  shorter  than  the 
flowers  which  are  of  a  dark  hue,  with  tufts  of  white,  silky  hairs,  about  as  long  as 
the  paleae. — If  Swamps  and  about  ponds,  Mass,  to  111.  and  Con.  July.  (Arundo 
Phragmites  L.,  ed.  2.) 

46.  ARUNDINA'RIA  Rich.     CANE.     Spikelets  compressed,  5  to  12- 
flowered;  flowers  imbricated,  distant;  glumes  2,  small,  awnless;  lower 
pale  ovate,  acuminate-mucronate,  not  carinate ;  stamens  3  ;  stigmas  3  ; 
plumous;  scales  3,  entire ;  caryopsis  free,  deciduous. — 2£  Grasses  shrubby 
or  arborescent,  often  branched,  the  branches  verticillate-fascicled.     Fls. 
both  perfect  and  staininate. 

A.  macrosperma  MX.  Culm  woody,  from  strong,  running  rhizomes;  Ivs. 
linear-lanceolate,  smooth,  glaucous,  all  dimensions  from  1'  by  3"  to  If  by  2' ; 
sheaths  fringed  at  throat ;  flowering  branches  mostly  arising  from  the  rootstocks, 
6  to  12'  or  18'  high,  with  sheaths  only,  bearing  1  to  several  large  (1  to  2£')  spike- 
lets;  pales  herbaceous,  8"  long. — In  swampy  soils,  throughout  the  S.  States.  The 
fertile  plants  are  small  and  inconspicuous,  while  the  barren  arise  15  to  2  5f  in  the 


I. 


Leersia. 


Zizanla. 


Agrostis. 


Muhlenberghia* 


Oinnn. 


Sporobolv>s. 


Polypogon. 


Calamagrostis. 


Alopecurus. 


Sttpa. 


Phlewn. 


II. 


Oryzopsis. 


Mllllum,. 


I 
A  tnpliicarp  u  in. 


Oplismenus. 


Setaria. 


Cenc7irus. 


Phalaris. 


Ifolcus. 


Jlieroehloa. 


A  nthoxan  thum. 


III. 


Danthonia. 


Trisetum. 


Broinus. 


Uralepis. 


DactyliR. 


Eneleria. 


Melica. 


Knt»ni<i. 


IV. 


V. 


G ym.no pog  on. 


fipartina. 


Bouteloua. 


Ctenium. 


Erianthus. 


Aiidropogon. 


DESCRIPTION   OF  PLATES 
ILLUSTRATING    THE    GENERA    OF   GRAMINE/E. 


I. 

LEERSIA,  a,  L.  orizoides,  a  raceme,  b,  spikelet,  an  open  flower,  c,  a  spikele* 
(flower)  of  L.  lenticular  is.  d,  Flower  open,  e,  Ovary  and  stigmas. 

ZIZANIA. — a  Z.  aquatica,  stamiaate  flowers,  natural  size  (n.  in.).  &  A  staminate 
flower,  enlarged  (m).  d  A  pistillate  flower,  m.  with  one  stignm  visible  and  one 
long-awned  pale. 

AGROSTIS. — a  A.  vulgaris,  spikelet,  m.  with  glumes  and  pales.  6  The  flower 
-w itli  its  2  pales,  3  stamens  and  2  styles,  c  A.  scabra,  2  glumes,  m.  d  Flower 
•witli  1  pale,  3  stamens,  and  2  styles. 

SPOROBOLUS.  «  S.  asper,  a  spikelet  m.  b  The  graio.  c  S.  Ipngifolius,  epikolet. 
in.  d  Grain. 

CIXNA.     a  C.  pendula,  a  spikelet  m.  open.    6  C.  arundinacea,  a  spikelet  m.  open, 

MUHLENUERGIA.  a  M.  Mexicana,  spikelet  m.  b  M.  sobolifera,  spikelet  m.  s  M. 
sylvatica,  spikelet  m.  w  M.  Wildeuowii,  spikelet  m.  d  M,  diffusa,  spikelet  ro. 
g  The  2  small  glumes 

POLYPOGON.  a  P,  Monspeliensis,  panicle,  diminisnoc!  (dha.),  b  A  spilieletv 
with  glumes,  <fee.  c  Flower  with'pales,  stamens  and  styles, 

CALAMAGROSTIS.  a  C.  confinis,  spikelet  m.  b  A  flower — the  2  pales,  ovary  and 
2  styles,  c  C.  Canadensis,  spikelet  m.  d  Grain. 

ALorEcuaus.  a  A.  aristulatus,  spikelet  m.  b  Lower  pale,  c  Ovary  and  2 
styles,  d  A.  pratensis,  spikelet  m.  e  Lower  pale.  /  A.  genieulatus,  spikelet  m, 

PHLEUM.     a  P.  pratense,  spikelet  m.     b  The  2  pales  and  ovary. 

ARISTIDA.  a  A.  dichotoma,  spikclets  n.  m,  b  A  single  spikelet  rn.  e  A.  pur- 
purascens,  spikelet  m.  d  A.  tuberculosa,  pale  n.  m.  with  its  3  large  twisted  and 
bent  awns. 

STIPA.  a  S.  avenacoa,  spikelet.  5  pale  with  the  long  twisted  and  bent  awn, 
D.  m.  c  Flower,  m.  with  3  stamens,  ovary,  2  styles, 

II. 

ORYZOP$IS.  a  0.  asperifolia,  n.  m.  b  Spikelet,  m.  m  0.  melanocarpa,  spike* 
let  m.  showing  the  black  fruit. 

PASPALUM.  p  P.  laeve,  n.  m.  a  Spikelet,  m.  b  Spikelet,  with  its  true  glume 
open,  d  Paspalum  sanguinale,  n.  m.  a  spike,  c  A  spikelet,  showing  the  glume 
in  front,  d  A  pale. 


11.  DESCRIPTION   OF  PLATES. 

MILLIUM.  a  M.  effusum,  n.  in.  I  Spike! ct  closed  c  Spikelet  open,  d  Ovary 
and  pistils. 

AJIPHICARPUM.  f  A.  Purshii,  n.  m.  /  Leaf.  $  Staminate  flower,  of  the  pan- 
icle. $  Pistillate  flower,  of  the  root. 

PANICDM.  a  P.  agrostoides,  n.  m.  b  Spikelet  c  P.  pauciflorum  n.  e  Spike- 
let,  d  Fertile  pales,  x  Neutral  pales. 

OPLISMENUS.     o  0.  Crus-galli,  dim.     a  Spikelet  m.     6  Spikelet  of  /3  mutieus. 

SETARIA.  a  S.  viiidis.  b  Spikelet  in,  with  its  bristly  iuvoluere.  c  Spikelet 
of  the  same  ia  flower,  showing  two  of  the  bristles. 

CENCHRUS.  <t  C.  tribuloides,  the  burr4ike  involucre,  b  Spikelet.  c  Pales  in 
fi  uit  d  Pales  in  flower. 

PIIALAIUS.  a  P.  arundinacea  in.  6  Flower,  and  the  2  hairy  rudiments  at  base. 
e  P.  Canariensis,  spikelet. 

ANTIIOXANTIIUM.  a  A.  odoratum,  spikelet  m.  b  The  2  awned  rudiments.  « 
The  perfect  flower,  2  pales,  2  stamens,  2  styles. 

HIERCCHLOA.  a  H.  borealb,  u,  m.  b  Spikelet.  c  Same,  with  the  glumes  re- 
moved, showing  the  3  flowers. 

HOLCUS.  a  H.  lanatus,  n,  m.  b  Spikelet  m.  c  The  two  flowers  separated 
from  the  glumes. 

III. 

AIRA.  c  A.  caespitosa  n.  in.  a  Spikelet  b  Flower,  d  A.  flexuosa,  spikelet 
n.  m.  e  Part  of  the  same  magnified. 

DANTHONIA.     a  D.  spicata  n.  m.     b  Spikelet  m.     c  Lower  pale,     c?  Upper  pale. 

A  VENA.  <z  A.  elatior,  spikelet  n.  m.  g  Glumes,  f  Flowers,  p  A.  praecoz, 
spikelet  n.  m.  6  Glumes,  c  Flowers. 

TRISETUM.  a  T.  palustre,  spikelet,  n.  m.  b  Same  m.  c  Pales  of  the  lowest 
flower,  p  T.  purpurascens,  spikelet,  n.  m.  g  Glumes,  d  A  flower,  closed. 

BROMUS.  *  B.  secalinus,  spikelet,  n.  m.  a  A  flower,  b  B.  ciliatus,  spikelet 
before  flowering;  n.  m.  c  A.  flower  open. 

TRICUSPIS.  s  T.  seslerioides,  n.  m.  a  Spikelet.  m  Lower  pale  of  flower. 
n  Upper  pale,  st  T.  stiieta,  spikelet  enlarged  2  diameters. 

URALEPIS.  a  U.  purpurca,  n.  m.  b  Spikelet  m.  c  Lower  pale,  d  Grain. 
e  Upper  pale. 

DACTYLIS.     a  D.  glomerata,  n.  m.     b  Spikelet  in  flower. 

KOELERIA.     c  K.  ci-istata,  n.  m.     a  Spikelet.     b  Flower. 

DIAURHENA.     a  D.  diandra,  n.  m.     6  Spikelet.     c  Flower. 

FESTUCA.  a  F.  tenella,  spikelet,  n.  m.  b  Same  m,  c  F.  nutans,  spikelet,  n. 
m.  d  Flower. 

EATONIA,  a  E.  obtusata,  spikelet  n.  m.  b  Same  m.  c  Lower  flower,  d  Upper 
flower,  with  an  empty  pedicel. 

MELICA.     c  M.  mutica,  spikelet  n.  m.    f  Pales  of  a  flower. 

IV. 

ERAGROSTIS.  a  E.  poaeoides,  spikelet  n.  m.  b  Same  m.  e  Pales  of  a  flower. 
d  Grain,  e  E.  hirsuta,  spikelet  n.  m.  f  Same  m. 


DESCRIPTION   OF   PLATES.  1U 

POA.  a  P.  dinantha,  n.  m.  b  Spikelet  m.  c  Flower,  d  P.  debilis,  n.  m. 
e  Spikelet  m.  /  Flower. 

BBIZOPYRUM.  a  B.  spicatum,  $ ,  n.  m.  b  Spikelet  ? ,  a  m.  c  Spikelet  $ ,  n. 
m.  d  Flower  $  open,  e  A  stamen  of  $  . 

GLYCERIA.  a  G.  aquatica,  n.  m.  6  Spikelet  m.  c  Flower,  d  G.  Canadfinsis 
n.  m.  e  Spikelet  m.  f  A  pale. 

BEIZA.     a  B.  media,  dim.     b  Spikelet  n.  m.     c  Flower. 

UNIOLA.  a  U.  latifolia,  spikelet  n.  m.  b  Flower,  e  Glumes,  d  17.  graeilis, 
D.  m.  e  Spikelet  m. 

PIIRAGMITES.     a  P.  communis,  spikelet  n.  m.     b  A  flower  open. 

ARUNDINARIA.  a  A.  macrosperma,  spikelet  a  m.  6  Flower,  e  Same  with 
fruit. 

LEPTURUS.    a  L.  panieulatus,  dim.      b  Raceme  n.  m.    c  Spikelet  in  flower,  m. 

HORDEUM.     a  H.  jubatum,  half  size,     b  Spikelet  n.  m. 

ELYMUS,  a  E.  Virginicus  /?  arcuatus,  spikelet  n.  m.  b  E.  Canadensis,  spikelet 
n.  m.  c  Flowers,  d  E.  Hystrix,  spikelet  n.  m. 

LOLIUM.  a  L.  perenne,  n.  m.  b  L.  temulentum,  spikelet  a  m.  e  Flonrez 
open,  m. 

V. 

TRITICUM.  a  T.  repens,  D.  m.  b  A  flower,  c  T.  vulgare,  spikelet  D.  m, 
4  Ovary,  scales,  and  styles. 

LEPTOCIILOA.  a  L.  faseicularis,  braoch,  n.  m.  b  Spikelet.  e  L,  filiformia,  n.  nx 
d  Spikelet. 

GYMNOPOGON.  a  G.  racemosum,  branch,  n.  m.  b  Glumes,  e  Pales,  d  G,  fil- 
iformis,  branch,  n.  m.  e  Spikelet  m.  d  Spikelet  closed. 

CYNODON.  a  C.  Dactylou,  dim.  c  Spikelet  in  flower,  b  Portion  of  srpike. 
d  Glumes. 

ELEUSINE.     a  E.  Indica,  am.     b  Spikelet  m.     c  Spikelet  in  fruit 
SPARTINA.     a  S.  polystachia,  branch,  am.     b  Spikelet.    e  Flower  without  the 
pales. 

BOUTELOUA.  c  B.  curtipendula,  D.  m.  a  Spikelet.  b  B.  hirsuta,  spikelet.  d  The 
abortive  flower. 

TRIPSACUM.     a  T.  dactyloides,  D.  m.,  $  pistillate  flowers.    $  staminate  flowers. 

ROTTB<ELIA.  b.  R.  rugosa,  n.  m.  c  A  joint  of  the  spike  with  one  sessile,  fer- 
tile spikelet,  and  one  pedicelled,  abortive  spikelet. 

STENOTAPHRUM.     c  S.  dimidiatum,  under  side  of  the  spike. 

CTENIUM.     a  C.  aromaticum,  n.  m.     b  Spikelet  in  fruit. 

ERIANTHUS.  a  E.  alopecuroides,  a  joint  of  the  rachis  and  spikelet,  n.  m, 
b  Spikelet  m.,  in  fruit,  c  E.  brevibarbis,  spikelet  and  joint  of  rachis,  n.  m, 

ANDROPOGON.  a  A.  scoparius,  several  spikelets,  D.  m.  b  One  spikelet,  m., 
with  a  joint  of  rachis.  e  A.  Halei,  2  spikelets,  am.  d  Spikelet,  m.,  with  a  joint 
of  rachis. 

ZEA.  a  Spikelet,  staminate,  from  the  tassel,  b  Spikelet,  pistillate  and  fertile 
from  the  ear,  with  its  long  style. 


ORDER  156.— GRAMINE^E.  801 

brakes  and  scarcely  ever  flower.     Tho  firm,  jointed,  hollow,  straight  and  tall 
culms  are  variously  useful 

47.  LEPTITRUS,  Br.     Spikelet  1  on  cacli  joint  of  the  filiform  rachis, 
immersed  in  a  cavity,  1  or  2-flowered ;  glumes  coriaceous,  acute,  the 
lower   often  wanting;    pales   membranous,  awnless,  shorter  than  the 
glumes ;  grain  free. — Lvs.  and  spikes  very  narrow. 

I*,  paniculattis  Nutt  Culm  scarcely  If,  compressed;  Ivs.  short,  rigid,  sheathing 
the  base  of  the  panicle ;  pan.  or  naked  rachis  incurved,  acutely  triangular,  rigid, 
bearing  6 — 10  compressed,  subulate  spikes  on  one  side,  each  1 — 2'  long;  spike- 
lets  remote,  on  one  side  the  rachis;  glumes  rigidly  fixed,  unequal,  parallel ;  paleas 
2,  the  outer  of  the  same  texture  as  the  glumes,  inner  membranaceous. — 111.  (Mead), 
Ma  (Xuttall). 

48.  HOR'DEUM,  E.     BARLEY.     (The  ancient  Latin  name.)     Spike- 
lets  3  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  1-flowered,  the  lateral  ones  sometimes 
abortive ;   glumes  2,  subulate,  nearly  equal,  awned  ;    paleaj  2,   lower 
lance-ovate,  long-awned,  upper  obtusely  acuminate  ;  caryopsis  adhering 
to  the  paleae. 

1  H.  vulgare  L.    FOUR-HOWED  BARLEY.    Culm  smooth,  2 — 3f;  Ivs.  lance-lin- 
ear, carinate,  nearly  smooth ;  sheaths  auriculate  at  the  throat ;  spike  thick,  about  3' 
long ;  spikelets  all  fertile,  1-flowered,  with  an  awn-like  rudiment  at  the  base  of 
the  upper  palea;  glumes  collateral,  shorter  than  the  flowers;  fr.  arranged  in  4 
rows. —  2+  Extensively  cultivated.     May. 

2  H.  distichum  L.    TWO-ROWED  BARLEY.     Culm  2 — 3f;  Ivs.  lance-linear, 
scabrous  above ;   sheaths  auriculate  at  the  throat ;   spike  3 — 1'  long-,  linear,  com- 
pressed; lateral  spikelets  abortive,  awnless;  fr.  arranged  in  2  rows. —  Q  More 
common,  and  is  generally  preferred  for  malting  to  the  former  species.     June. 

3  H.  jubattim  L.    SQUIRREL-TAIL  GRASS.     Culm  slender,  round,  smooth,  simple, 
about  2f;  Ivs.  broad-linear,  4 — 6'  long,  rough-edged,  otherwise  smooth,  as  well 
as  the  sheaths;   spikes  2 — 3'  long     spikelets  with  the  lateral  flowers  neuter; 
glumes  and  palea?  produced  into  fine,  smooth  awns,  6  times  as  long  (2')  05  the 
Jiowers;  abortive  flowers  on  short  pedicels. —  ©Marshes,  K  Eng.  to  Mo.,  N.  to 
Subarc.  Am.     June. 

4  H.  pusilhim  Kutt.     Culm  4 — G',  decumbent  or  geniculate  at  the  base;  Ivs. 
about  !£'  long,  rather  obtuse,  glaucous,  striate;  upper  sheath  tumid,  embracing 
the  spike;   spike  linear,  about  1^'  long;   glumes  by  3s,  collateral,  imbricated, 
lateral;  abortive  fls.  awnless;  awn  of  the  central  sessile  $ ,  as  long  as  those  of  the 
involucre,  twice  the  length  (7")  of  ihe  pales,  glumes  all  awned,  the  inner  setaceous 
from  the  base. — Ohio  to  111.  and  Mo. 

49.  EL'YMUS  L.     LYME  GRASS.     WILD  RYE.     (Gr.  eAvo),  to  En- 
velop ;  as  the  spike  in  the  sheath.)     Spikelets  2  to  4  at  each  joint  of 
the  rachis,  2  to  6-fiowered ;  glumes  2,  subequal,  subulate,  both  placed 
on  the  outer  side  of  their  spikelet  forming  an  involucre  to  the  group, 
sometimes  minute  or  obsolete ;  pales  lanceolate,  coriaceous,  the  lower 
mostly  awned. 

§  ELYMUS  proper.    Involucre  present,  consisting  of  the  conspicuous  glumes     (a) 
a  Spikelets  1  to  5-flowered,  hard,  rough,  with  conspicuous  awns,     (b) 

b  Spikelets  glabrous,  merely  rough,  2  or  3-flowered Nos.  1,  2 

b  Spikelets  hispid  with  hairs,  1  to  3,  or  2  to  5-flowered Nog.  8,  4 

a  Spikelets  5  to  8-flowered,  soft-pubescent,  without  awns No.  5 

§  GYMNOSTACUUM.    luvol.  obsolete  or  the  gls.  minute.    Awns  divaricate No.  '6 

1  B.  Virginicns  L.  Culm  smooth,  3  or  4f,  erect ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  flat,  scabrous, 
deep  green,  4"  broad;  sheaths  striate;  lig.  very  short;  spike  erect,  thick,  3  to  5' 
long ;  spikekts  in  pairs,  2  or  3-fiowered,  the  collateral  glumes  in  front,  thickened 
and  subconnate  at  base,  striate,  and  with  the  pales,  produced  into  rather  short  (6 
to  10"),  scabrous  awns. — If  Banks  of  streams,  U.  S.  A  Southern  variety  has 
the  glumes  very  thick  and  arcuate  at  base  (like  E.  Caput-Medusae  L.).  Aug. 

51 


802  ORDER  156.— GRAMINE^E. 

2  E.  Europaens  L.     Culm  erect,  3  to  5f)  Ivs.  lance-linear,  scabrous,  with  some- 
what hairy  sheaths;  spike  suberect,  5  to  8',  very  scabrous  but  nearly  glabrous; 
spikelets  ternate,  2-flowered,  with  long  (15  to  25"),  stout,  straight,  diverging  awns 
all  of  similar  length. — Along  rivers,  S.  States.     The  long  parallel  awns  give  it 
quite  a  different  appearance  from  No.  3. 

3  E.  Canad£nsis  L.     Culm  erect,  3  to  5f ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  flat,  smooth,  dark 
green,  or  often  glaucous ;  spike  rather  loose  and  spreading,  4  to  8'  long,  generally 
nodding,  rachis  hairy,  spikelets  more  or  less  hairy,  in  2s  and  3s,  3  to  6-flowered,. 
awns  of  the  fls.  usually  curved,  longer  (7  to  17")  than  those  of  the  glumes. — A 
tall  grass,  looking  like  Rye,  with  long,  recurved,  waving  spikes.  River  banks.  Aug. 

4  E.  striatus  "Willd.     St.  slender,  erect ;    Ivs.  and  sheaths  smooth,  the  former 
lance-linear,  acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface;  spike  erect,  2  to  3'  long; 
invol.  4-leaved,  strongly  veined ;  spikelets  in  pairs,  somewhat  spreading,  hispid, 
1  to  3-flowered ;  awns  3  or  4  times  as  long  as  the  pale. — 2£  Mass,  to  Penn.,  "W.  to 
Ohio,  rare.    A  small  and  slender  species.    July.    (E.  villosus  MuhL  is  some  larger, 
with  very  hairy  glumes.) 

5  E.  mollis  Trin.     Culm  velvety  pubescent  above,  stout,  2  to  4f ;  Ivs.  involute- 
compressed,  glabrous  as  well  as  the  striate  sheaths ;  spike  thick,  erect,  6  to  8"  ; 
spikelets  in  pairs,  about  7-flowered,  awnless,  all  clothed  with  a  soft  pubescence ; 
glumes  shorter  than  the  fls. — Lake  shores,  Min.  and  Can.  W. 

€  E.  H^strix  L.  Culm  round,  smooth,  2— 4f;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  carinate,  scabrous, 
generally  glaucous  and  with  the  sheaths  striate  •  spike  4 — 6'  long,  erect ;  rachis 
nearly  smooth,  flexuous;  spikelets  remote,  diverging,  almost  horizontal,  2 — 3- 
flowered ;  glumes  0,  rarely  1  or  2  ;  fls.  smoothish ;  lower  pales  terminating  in  a 
very  long  awn. — 2£  An  odd-looking  grass,  in  moist  woods,  N.  States,  common.  JJ. 

50.  LOXLIUM,  L.    DARNEL  GRASS.    Spikelets  many-flowered,  sessile, 
remote,  with  the  edge  to  the  rachis  ;  glume  to  the  lower  spikelet  single, 
to  the  terminal   one  2  ;  paleae  herbaceous,  subequal,  lower  one  short- 
awned  or  mucronate,  upper  bifid-toothed. 

1  L.  perenne  L.    RAT  DARNEL.     Smooth;  culm  terete,  1 — 2f;  Ivs.  lance-linear, 
shining-green,  on  striate  sheaths  with  truncate  stipules;  rachis  flexuous,  grooved, 
6 — 6'  long;    spikelets  awnless,   about  16,   longer  than  the  glume,  7 — 9-flowered, 
alternate,  in  two  opposite  rows ;  lower  paleae  5-veined,  upper  with  2,  prominent, 
rough  keels. —  If  Meadows,  cultivated  grounds,  etc.     May,  June.     §  Eur. 

2  L.  temulentum  L.     POISONOUS  DARNEL.    Culm  terete,  smooth,  2f ;  Ivs.  lance- 
linear,  rough-edged,  and  with  the  sheaths,  smooth  on  the  surface ;  stip.  truncate  ; 
rachis  flexuous,  4 — G'  long ;  spikelets  much  compressed,  5 — 7-flowered,  not  longer 
than  the  glume  ;  lower  pale  5-veined,  produced  into  an  awn  twice  its  length. — (1) 
Remarkably  distinguished  from  all  other  grasses  by  its  poisonous  seeds.    N.  Eng. 
to  Penn.     July.    §  Eur. 

51.  TRIT'ICUM,  L.     WHEAT.     (Lat.  tritum,  rubbed  or  ground ;  al- 
luding to  the  manner  of  its  preparation  for  food.)    Spikelets  imbricated 
in  2  rows,  sessile  on  the  teeth  of  the  rachis,  about  5-flowered,  with  the 
upper  flowers  abortive  ;  glumes  2,  equal,  opposite,  ovate,  concave,  mu- 
cronate ;  palese  2,  lower  awned  or  mucronate  ;  scales  2,  collateral. — Fls. 
arranged  in  spikes. 

§  TIUTICUM  proper.     (T)  Glumes  oblons,  obtuse,  ventricous-concavc.    Spike  4-sided No.  1 

fc  AGUOPYEON,  Kth.     2f  Glumes  lanceolate,  pointed.     Spikelets  mostly  2-runked Nos.  2,  5 

1  T.  vulgare  Yillars.  COMMON  WHEAT.  Culm  terete,  smooth,  the  inter- 
nodes  somewhat  inflated,  3  to  5f ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  veined,  roughish  above ;  stip. 
truncate ;  spike  parallel,  somewhat  4-sided ;  spikelets  crowded,  broad-ovate, 
about  4-flowered ;  glumes  ventricous ;  awns  of  tho  upper  paleaj  generally  longer 
than  the  flowers. — (JD  and  ©  This  is  without  doubt  tho  most  valuable  plant  of  tho 
Order.  Cultivated  from  the  earliest  historic  times.  Many  varieties  are  known  to 
farmers,  classed  as  SUMMER  WHEAT,  and  WINTER  WHEAT  ;  AWNED  or  AWNLESS. 

Q.  COMPOSITUM.     EGYPTIAN  WHEAT.     Spike  compound.     Spikelets  awned. 
2  T.  ripens  L.     COUCH-GRASS.    Quicn  GRASS.     Culm  trailing  at  tho  lower 


OEDEB  156.—  GR  AMINES.  803 

joints;  from,  creeping  rhizomes,  1  to  2f;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  rough  above  and  some- 
what hairy  ;  slip,  short  truncate;  spike  compressed,  about  3'  in  length;  spikelets 
remote,  alternate,  lance-oblong,  5  —  6-flowered  ;  awns  sJiort  or  none  ;  glumes 
lanceolate,  5-veiued,  acuminate.  —  If.  A  vile  weed,  in  fields  and  gardens,  extremely 
difficult  to  eradicate.  June  —  Aug.  § 

ft.  DASYSTACHIUM.     Glaucous,  very  smooth  ;  spikelets  5  to  9-flowered,  whitish 

all  over  with  downy  hairs.  —  Lake  shores,  Wis.,  Mich.,  Can. 

3  T.  caninum  R.  &  S.  DOG'S  COUCH  GRASS.  St.  2  —  3f,  erect  or  obliquo  ;  Ivs. 
flat,  smooth  ;  stip.  almost  wanting;  spikelets  about  5-flowered;  glumes  3-veined, 
and  with  the  outer  palea,  terminating  in  a  straight,  scabrous  bristle,  longer  than 
the  flowers.  —  Delaware  (Muhlenberg)  to  Mich.  § 

52.  SECA'LE,  L.  RYE.  (Celtic  segal,  from  sega,  a  sickle.)  Spite- 
lets  solitary  on  the  teeth  of  the  rachis,  2  —  3-flowered,  the  2  lower  flow- 
ers fertile,  sessile,  opposite,  the  upper  one  abortive  ;  glumes  subulate, 
opposite,  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  lower  palea  with  a  very  long  awn, 
upper  often  bifid  at  apex  ;  scales  abortive,  hairy. 

S.  Cereale  L.  Culm  hairy  beneath  the  spike,  4  —  6f  ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  rough- 
edge,  and  rough  above,  glaucous;  spike  about  5'  long,  linear,  compressed;  paleas 
smooth,  lower  ciliate  on  the  keel  and  margin;  awns  scabrous-ciliate,  long,  straight, 
erect.  —  GD  cr  <§)  The  native  country  of  this  highly  valuable  grain  is  unknown. 
It  has  long  been  cultivated.  Jn.,  Jl. 


53.  LEPTOCH'LOA,    Beauv.      (Gr.  AeTrrof,   slender,  #A6a,  grass.) 
Spikelets  2  to  co-flowered,  subsessile,  in  one-sided  spikes  forming  a  pani- 
cle raceme;  glumes  carinate,  awnless;  pales  membranous,  lower  3-veined, 
carinatc,   awnless  or  awned  ;  stamens  3  ;  stigmas  simply  plumous.  — 
Lvs.  flat  and  soft     Pan.  composed  of  many  slender  spikes.    (Oxydenia 
Nutt.) 

§  Spikclets  sessile,  few-flowered,  lower  p.ilc  entire  at  the  acutish  apex  ...............  Nos.  1,  2 

§  Spikelets  pedicellate,  6  to  9-flowercd,  lower  pale  notched  and  mucronate  at  end  .......  No.  3 

1  L.  nmcronata  Kunth.     Culm  geniculate  at  the  lower  joint?,  2  to  3f,  ascend- 
ing; sheaths  hairy,  loose;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  tapering  to  a  long  acumination;  pan. 
a  foot  or  more  long,  the  numerous  spikes  very  slender,  2  to  4^,  flowering  their 
whole  length;  spikelets  green,  sessile,  minute,  2  to  4-flowered,  awnless,  shorter 
than  the  inucronate-pointed  glumes.  —  ®  Fields,  S.  States,  common.     Jl.  —  Oct. 

2  Ii.  filiformis  R.  &  S.     Culm  geniculate  below,  upright  3  to  4f  ;  sheaths  some 
hairy;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  rough-edged,  twice  larger  (If  by  9"  or  less)  than  in  tho 
last  ;  pan.  near  2f  long,  the  numerous  spikes  very  slender,  straight  and  suberect, 
5  to  8'  long  ;  spikekts  purple,  sessile,  minute,  sub-3-flowered,  a  little  exceeding 
the  merely  acute  glumes;  fls.  obtuse.  —  QD?  Fields,  S.  States.     (Oxydenia,  attenu- 
ata  Nutt) 

3  "L.  fascicularis  Gr.     Glabrous,  stout,  ascending  from  a  geniculate  base  2  to 
4f;  Ivs.  long  and  broad  (If  by  9",  more  or  less);  pan.  dense,  oblong,  9  to  15', 
with  very  many  sessile,  secund  spikes  2  to  3'  long  ;  spikelets  short-pediceled, 
lance-oblong  (3  to  4"),  flat,  about  9-flowered;  lower  pale  oblong,  ciliate  below, 
mucronate-awned  in  the  notch  at  the  apex.  —  Marshy  soils,  N.  Y.  to  La.,  ~W.  to 
111.     (Fcstuca,  Lam.  F.  multiflora  Walt.     F.  polystachia  MX.) 

54.  GYMNOPCTGON,  Beauv.     (Gr.  yv^vo^  naked,  Trwywv,  beard.) 
Spikes  setaceous,  corymbously  paniculate  ;  spikelets  remote,  1  -flowered, 
with  a  rudiment  ;  glumes  2-keeled,  subequal,  lance-linear  ;  lower  pale 
with  a  straight  awn  from  a  little  below  the  tip  ;  rudiment  aristiform.  — 
Low,  reed-like.     (Anthopogon,  Nutt.) 

1  G.  racemcsum  Beauv.  Culm  ascending  18  to  24',  with  short  internodes; 
Iva  ovate-lanceolate,  1  to  2'  by  4  to  8",  glabrous,  flat,  spreading,  in  2  rows; 
sheaths  hairy  at  the  throat;  lig.  obsolete;  pan.  large,  pyramidal,  branches  simple, 
rigid,  flowering  near  their  whole  length,  soon  spreading  or  reflexed,  3  to  5'  long; 


804  OBDER  156.— GR  AMINES. 

glumes  linear,  pungent;  awn  of  the  fl.  3  to  4  times  its  length,  that  of  the  rudi- 
ment half  03  long. — If  Sandy  fields,  N.  J.  to  Ga.  and  La. 

2  G.  brevifolium  Trin.  Culm  slender,  decumbent  below,  ascending  8  to  16' ; 
internodes  short  (!'),  sheaths  about  as  long,  smooth ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate*,  1  to 
2',  very  acute ;  spikes  almost  hair-like,  somewhat  eorymbed,  flowering  only  above 
the  middle;  glumes  subulate;  awn  of  the  flower  as  long  as  the  pale,,  that  of  the  ru- 
diment wanting. — If  Md.  to  La.  (Hale). 

55.  MANISITRUS,  L.     LIZARD-TAIL  GRASS.    (Gr.  pavt^,  lizard,  ovpd, 
tail.)     Spkl.  in  pairs,  1 -flowered,  the  lower  £  >  upper  abortive  ;   $  gl.  2, 
the  lower  roundish,  saccate-concave,  coriaceous,  larger  than  the  flattish, 
membranous  upper  gl. ;  pales  2,  much  smaller  than  the  glumes,  thinly 
membranous ;  stam.  3  ;  styles  2  ;   abortive  spkl.  of  merely  2  empty, 
subequal,  subcoriaceous  glumes. — ® 

M.  granularis  Swtz.  Culm  2f  or  more,  erect,  branching,  with  hairy  sheaths; 
leaves  flat,  1  to  4'  in  length ;  spikes  solitary,  on  short,  lateral  branches,  partly 
involved  in  a  spath-form  leafj  jointed,  unilateral,  •£  to  1'  long,  colored ;  £  fls. 
globular,  the  gl.  warty-tesselated. — About  Charleston,  S.  C.  (Bachmaii  I).  §  E,, 
Ind. 

56.  CYN'ODON,  Rich.     BERMUDA  GRASS.     (Gr.  icvuv,a,  dog,  oJoc,  a 
tooth  ;  alluding  to  the  singular  one-sided  spikelets.)     Spikes  digitate  or 
fasciculate ;  spikes  unilateral,  in  a  single  row,  1 -flowered,  with  a  rudi- 
ment, glumes  membranaceous,  shorter  than  the  flowers,  persistent ;    £ 
upper  palea  bifid-toothed  ;  rudiment  minute,  pedicellate,  in  a  groove  of 
the  upper  palea  ;  ecales  truncate. 

C.  Dactylon  Pcrs.  Culm  creeping  extensively ;  stoloniferous  at  base,  6'  to 
2f  long ;  Ivs.  hairy  on  the  margin  and  towards  the  base,  narrow-linear ;  sheaths 
hairy ;  spikes  4 — 5,  digitate,  spreading,  2 — 3'  long,  1''  wide,  serrated  with  the, 
uneven  spikelets ;  glumes  scabrous  on  the  keel,  lanceolate,  acute ;  paleze  subequal, 
the  lower  broader,  enfolding  the  upper. — 1£  A  vigorous  creeper,  in  sands  and  hard 
soils,  Penn.  to  the  Gulf. 

57.  EITSTACHYS,  Desv.     SEA-SIDE   FINGER-GRASS.     (Gr.  ev,  well, 
ardxvg,  a  row.)     Spikes  digitate;  spkl.  sessile  on  one  side  of  the  rachis, 
2-flowered  ;  upper  fl.  sterile ;  upper  gl.  larger,  short-awned  at  the  2- 
lofoed  apex  ;  lower  pale  thin,  keeled,  mucronate  below  the  tip. —  2£  Culm 
creeping,  compressed.     Lvs.  flat. 

E.  petrasa  Desv.  Diffusely  branched ;  rooting  at  the  joints ;  Ivs.  linear,  ob- 
tuse, rough-edged,  2 — 4' ;  sheaths  compressed,  keeled,  serrulate  on  the  keel ; 
longer  than  the  joints  ;  spikes  strict,  erect,  fascicled,  4  to  6 ;  lower  $  pale  coria- 
ceous, brown,  silky-ciliate  on  the  keel  below  and  margins  above,  the  midvein 
extended  into  a  short  subterminal  awn. — Brackish  soils,  S.  Car.,  Ga.  (Bacivman). 
Jn. — Aug.  (Chloris,  Ell.) 

58.  ELEUSPNE.     (From  Mentis,  where  Ceres,  the  goddess  of  har- 
vests, was  worshipped.)     Spikes  digitate,  unilateral ;    spikelets    5 — 7- 
flowered ;  glumes  obtuse,  unequal,  lower  one  smaller ;  paleae  unequal, 
upper  one  bifid  toothed ;  scale  truncate,  fimbriate ;  caryopsis  triangu- 
lar, ovate,  enclosed  in  a  separate  membrane  or  perigynium. 

E.  Indica  L.  Culm  oblique,  compressed,  procumbent  and  branching  at  base,  12 — 
1  G'  long ;  Ivs.  linear,  somewhat  hairy,  on  smooth,  loose  sheaths  hairy  at  the  throat ; 
spikes  2 — 4,  rarely  more  or  less,  linear,  straight  divaricate,  2 — 4'  long;  2"  wide  ; 
spikelets  closely  imbricate,  smooth ;  upper  glume  5- veined ;  fr.  dark  brown. —  & 
Common  about  houses,  foot-paths,  &c.  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Aug. 

59.  DACTYLOCTEWUM,  Willd.    EGYPTIAN  GRASS.    (Gr.&fervAor, 

finger,  ic-eviov,  a  small  comb  ;  sc.  spikes  digitate,  pectinate.)    Spikelets 


OBDEB  156.— GR  AMINES.  80$ 

2  to  00-fiowered,  arranged  in  several  unilateral,  digitate  spikes  ;  glumes 
carinate-compressed,  the  upper  awned ;  pales  membranous,  the  lower 
carinate-boat-shaped,  acute-mucronate ;  stamens  3 ;  caryopsis  free, 
glabrous. 

D.  Egyptictiin  "Willd.  Culm  geniculate  and  rooting  below,  ascending  If  to 
18';  sheaths  half  as  long  as  the  internodes,  smoothish;  Ivs.  ciliate  at  base,  6'  by 
3",  more  or  less;  spikes  usually  4  (carinate),  rachis  mucronate  at  the  naked  tip; 
spikelets  3-flowered,  the  upper  sterile. —  0  Fields,  common,  Va,  to  Fla.  Jl. — Oct. 

60.  SPARTTNA,  Schreb.  MARSH  GRASS.  (Gr.  arrapriov,  a  rope  ; 
from  the  resemblance  of  the  creeping  rhizomes  ?)  Spikes  imbricated 
in  a  double  row  on  one  side  of  the  rachis,  strictly  1-flowered,  no  rudi- 
diment ;.  gl.  laterally  compressed,  carinate,  coriaceous,  pointed  or  awned, 
unequal ;  pales  subequal,  awnless  ;  style  or  styles  very  long. —  ^  Rigid, 
chiefly  maritime.  Spikes  in  a  raceme. 

§  Spikelets  -with  the  upper  glume  decidedly  awned  nnd  hispid No.  1 

§  Spikelet  unawned,  or  merely  mucronate. — Styles  united Nos.  2 

—Styles  distinct Noa.  8,  4 

1  L.  cynostiroides  Willd.     Culm  slender,  smooth,  3  to  4f ;  Ivs.  2  to  4f  long, 
sublinear,  convolute  and  filiform  at  the  end ;  sheaths  striate,  glabrous ;  pan.  loose, 
slender,  composed  of  5  to  12  alternate,  one-sided,  pedunculate  spikes  2  to  3'  long; 
spkl.  sublo  ose- imbricated ;  gl.  acuminate,  one  of  them  with  an  awn  about  its  own 
length,  the  other  about  equaling  the  white  pales. — Marshes,  Can.  to  Fla.  and  west- 
ward, about  salt  licks !     A  coarse,  sedgy  grass,  not  valuable. 

2  S.  polystcichya  "Wiild.     Culm  stout,  thick,  4  to  8f,  erect,  smooth ;  Ivs.  smooth, 
long,  broadly  linear;  spikes  numerous  (20  to  50),  stiff,  suberect,  subsessile;  spike- 
lets  coriaceous;  upper  gl.  barely  mucronate,  little  longer  than  the  unequal  pales, 
twice  longer  than  the  subulate  lower  glume. — Marshes,  chiefly  southward.     The 
hollow  culm  is  often  8  or  9"  thick. 

3  S.  juncea  "Willd.     lit.  creeping  extensively;    culm  slender,  smooth,  1  to  2f, 
erect,  rigid ;   Ivs.  convolute,  setaceous  above ;   rigid ;  sheaths  very  long ;   spikes 
few  (3  to  6)  1'  or  rnoro  long,  dense,  subsessile ;  fls.  awnless ;  gls.  very  unequal, 
tho  upper  little  exceeding  the  pales,  thrice  longer  than  the  lower  glume;  the  long 
styles  scarcely  united.— Marshes  along  the  coast 

4  S.  alternifolia  Loisel.     SOFT  MARSH  GRASS.     Culm  succulent,  terete,  3  to  5f, 
erect  from  long  creeping  roots ;  Ivs.  channeled,  very  smooth,  continuous  with  the- 
open  sheaths,  often  exceeding  tho  culm;  spikes  6  to  12  or  more,  appressed,  ses- 
sile, the  rachis  of  each  produced  beyond  the  fls.  to  a  subulate  point ;  gls.  very 
unequal,  upper  near  twice  longer,  acute ;  sty.  nearly  distinct. — Salt  marshes.     It 
is  greedily  eaten  by  cattle,  has  a  strong,  rancid  smell  and  affects  the  milk  made 
of  it.  (Elliott).     (S.  glabra  Muhl.) 

61.  BOUTELOITA,  Lagasca.  Spikelets  sessile,  in  unilateral  short 
spikes ;  glumes  carinate,  the  upper  one  larger,  shorter  than  the  several' 
flowers  ;  lower  flower  perfect,  upper  ones  abortive ;  lower  pale  3-cleft, 
segments  subulate,  mucronate,  in  the  £  fl-»  conspicuously  awned  in  the 
short-stalked  sterile  ones  ;  stamens  3.  (Atheropogon,  Muhl.  Eutriana, 
Trin.) 

§  Spikes  20  to  40,  very  short,  in  one  long,  unilateral  raceme No.  1 

§  Spikes  1  to  5,  longer,  uiany-flo wered,  subteruiinal ..,....» Nos.  2,  3 

1  B.  cnrtipendula  Gray.  Culm  1  to  2f  high,  geniculate  at  base,  ascending, 
terete ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  emoothish  beneath,  pilous  above ;  lig.  short,  trun- 
cate ;  spikes  4  to  6"  long,  20  to  40,  on  short,  flat  ped.,  thinly  arranged  in  2  lat- 
eral rows,  each  with  4  to  8  spikelets ;  spkl.  2-flowered  arranged  in  2  rows  on  tho 
under  side  of  the  flat,  partial  rachis;  gls.  unequal,  the  lower  awn-like  and  slightly 
adhering  to  the  rachis;  anth.  3,  bright  red;  fr.  oblong;  abortive  fl.  with  its  mid- 
dle awn  conspicuous. — If  Mid.  and  W.  States.  Guilford  Conn.  (Robbins).  (A. 
apludioides  MuhL  Chloris  curtipendula  MX.) 


806  ORDER  156.— GRAMINE^E. 

2  B.  oligost£chya  Torr.     Culm  filiformly  slender,  6  to  12',  erect,  nearly  naked; 
Ivs.  glabrous,  setaceous;  fls.  condensed  in  2  or  3  (rarely  1  to  5)  short  spikes  which 
are  nearly  terminal;    spikelets  numerous,  pubescent;   middle  awn  of  ihe  villous 
pale  longest,  equaling  the  glume. — Min.,  Iowa,  S.  to  Miss.     (Bachman!) 

3  B.  hirsuta  Lag.     Culms  csespitous,  leafy  at  the  base ;  Ivs.  lance-linear,  hispid 
on' the  margin  and  midvein;  fls.  condensed  in  2  or  3  (rarely  1  to  4)  short  spikes 
which  are  nearly  terminal;    pale  pubescent,  its  3  awns  subequal,  exceeding  the 
glandular  bristly  lower  glume. — Sandy  soil,  111.  and  Wis. 

62.  CTE^NIUM,  Panzer.     TOOTHACHE  GRASS.     (Gr.  n-eviov,  a  small 
comb ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  spike.)     Spikelets  4  or  5-flowered, 
closely  imbricated  on  one  side  of  a  flat  rachis ;  middle  flower  $  ,  the  2 
lower  and  1  or  2  upper  sterile ;  upper  glume  exterior,  with  an  awned 
tubercle  on  the  back ;  lower  £  pale  awned  near  the  apex,  silky-fringed 
below. — Spike  solitary,  recurved.     (Monocera,  Ell.) 

C.  aromaticum.  Culm  3  to  5f  high,  rigidly  erect,  glabrous;  Ivs.  much  shorter, 
involute-setaceous  above;  spiko  4  to  (>'  in  length,  curved  backwards,  very 
dense,  beset  with  3  rows  of  short,  stout  awns,  the  lateral  awns  obliquely  divari- 
cate.— If  Swamps,  in  pino  barrens,  S.  States.  The  appearance  of  the  spikes  is 
very  curious  and  striking.  Taste  of  the  fresh  herbage  pungent  (JEgilops,  "Walt. 
C.  Americanum  Spr.) 

63.  TRIP'SACUM  L.     SESAME  GRASS.     (Gr.  Tp//3w,  to  grind;   ap- 
plication not  obvious.)     Spikes  staminate  above,  fertile  below  ;  glumes 
2,   coriaceous ;    pales    2,   membranous ;    $  spikelets    2-flowered,    outer 
flower  staminate,  inner  neuter;   ?  spikelets  2-flowcrcd,  the  lower  flower 
abortive  ;  outer  glume  enclosing  the  flowers  in  a  cavity  of  the  thick, 
jointed  rachis,  with  an  aperture  each  side  at  base,  the  joints  readily 
separating. 

T.  dactyloides  L.  St.  slightly  compressed,  smooth,  solid  with  pith,  brown  at 
the  nodes,  4  to  Gf ;  Ivs.  near  an  inch  broad,  long,  lance-linear,  smooth  beneath, 
roughish  above;  spikes  5  to  8'  long,  usually  2  to  3  together,  digitate,  terminal, 
evidently  unilateral. —  If  River  banks  and  seashores,  Mid.,  W.  and  S.  States.  A 
large,  coarso  and  very  singular  grass,  of  little-  value  as  food  for  cattle. 
(3.  MONOSTACHYON.  Spike  single. 

64.  ZE\\,  L.     INDIAN  CORN.     (Gr.  £aw,  to  live ;  as  a  life  supporter 
of  animals  and  man.)     Flowers  8 ,  awnlcss ;   $  in  a  terminal  panicle 
of  racemes,  the  spikelets  2-flowered ;    glumes  herbaceous,  subequal ; 
pales  membranous,  upper  bifid  ;  anthers  3,  linear ;   $  partly  imbedded 
in  a  thick,  continuous  axillary  spike  (spadix)  which  is  enclosed  in  many 
spathaceous  bracts ;    lower  flower  of   each  spikelet  abortive ;    glume 
broad,   thick,  membranous,   obtuse ;  style  filiform,  very  long,  exserted 
and  pendulous ;  abortive  flower  of  2  pales. — CD  Culm  solid. 

Z.  Maya  L.  Rt.  fibrous;  culm  erect,  stout,  5  to  15f,  grooved  OH  one  side,  very 
smooth  and  leafy ;  Ivs.  ample,  linear-lanceolate,  2  to  3f  by  2  to  3'}  channeled. — 
The  varieties  of  this  noble  plant,  produced  by  climate  and  culture,  are  numerous. 
It  is  native  in  S.  Am.,  but  how  widely  cultivated  and  how  important  to  man  wo 
need  not  write.  Every  part  is  known  by  familiar  names.  The  panicle  of  $  fls. 
.  at  the  summit  is  the  tassel  The  spike  of  the  $  fls.  is  the  ear,  its  rachis  the  cob, 
its  pistils  ihesttk,  and  the  bracts  of  its  spathe  the  husks.  The  kernels  are  in  8, 10, 
12,  etc.,  rows,  always  some  even  number,  yellow,  white,  red  or  spendidly  purple. 

65.  ROTTB(ELrLIA,  Brown.     (A.  personal  name.)     RAT-TAIL  GRASS. 
Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  joint  of  a  terete,  jointed  spike,  one  sessile  in 
.a  cavity  of  the  rachis,  2-flowered,  the  other  pcdiceled,  abortive ;  sessile 
£pikl,  with  the  lower  flower  abortive ;  glumes  2,  subequal,  outer  con- 


ORDER  15G.— GRAMIXEJ2.  807 

cave,  coriaceous,  inner   thin  or  hyaline,  like  the  (smaller)  pales ;  sta- 
mens 3. — Grass  erect,  tall. 

1  R.  campestris  Nutt?     Glabrous;  culm  simple,  slender  (2  to  4f),  with  black- 
ish, somewhat  geniculate  joints  ;  Ivs.  very  narrow,  involute-setaceous ;   spike  soli- 
tary, 'terminal,  little  thicker  than  the  culm,  2  or  3'  long ;  ped.  spikekt  obsolete ;  $ 
gl.  ovate,  acute,  faintly  impressed-dotted. — La.     (Hale.) 

2  R.  rugdsa.     Glabrous ;  culms  rather  stout,  3  to  5f,  erect,   Iranched ;  Ivs.  flat, 
linear;  spikes  solitary,  several,  terminal  and  axillary,  2  to  3',  less  thick  than  the 
base  of  the  culm ;  ped.  fl.  of  2  empty  glumes ;  5  outer  gl  ovate,  acute  strongly 
reticulately  rugous. — Prairies,  La.     (Hale.)     (Apogonia,  Nutt.) 

66.  STENOTAPHRUM,  Trin.     Spike  compressed ;  spikelets  2-flow- 
crcd,  in  pairs  at  each  joint,  imbedded,  1  sessile  and  1  pedicellate  (or  in 
4s  to  Cs) ;  glumes  membranous,  the  outer  minute,  inner  large  ;  flowers 
each  of  2  coriaceous  pales,  similar,  but  the  lower  $  ;  styles  2,  slender; 
stamens  3  ;  grain  free. —  2£  Culms  decumbent,  branched  joints  of  spikes 
not  separable. 

S.  dimidiaturn.  Glabrous,  very  leafy ;  culm  2  to  4f ;  Ivs.  flat,  broadly  linear,  on 
broad,  open  sheaths ;  spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  solitary,  much  compressed,  3', 
by  2  to  3",  the  rachis  flat  on  the  back,  spikelets  in  2  lateral  rows  in  front,  the  ses- 
sile embraced  by  the  pedicel  of  the  other. — Low  grounds,  coastward,  S.  States. 
Jn. — Sept.  (Rottboellia,  Thumb.  S.  Americanum  Schrank.) 

67.  ERIAFTTHUS,    Rich.      PLUME    GRASS.      BEARD    GRASS.      (Gr. 
epiov,  wool,  avOog.)     Spikelets  2-flowered,  all  fertile,  in  pairs  at  each 
joint  of  the  slender  rachis,  one  sessile,  the  other  pedicellate  ;  glumes 
membranous,  subequal,  longer  than  the  flowers ;    pales  hyaline,   the 
lower  flower  of  1   neutral,  the  upper  of  2,  perfect,  with  the  lower  pale 
awned  ;  spikelets  involucrate  at  base,  with  a  tuft  of  bristly  hairs. —  2£ 
Stout,  erect  grasses,  remarkable  for  their  large  woolly  or  silky,  tawny 
panicles. 

*  Hairs  of  the  involucre  much  longer  than  the  spikelct Nos.  1,2 

*  Hairs  of  the  involucre  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  or  nearly  none Nos.  8,  4 

1  E.  alopecuroides  Ell.     Culm  5  to  8  or  lOf,  erect,  stout,  silky  bearded,  espe- 
cially at  the  joints;  Ivs.  broadly  linear;  flat,  silky  pubescent,  2  to  3f  by  1  to  2' ; 

'  pan.  dense,  cyliudric-oblong,  very  large  (12'  to  20'  long);  hairs  of  the  invol.  twico 
longer  than  the  short  (2  to  2|")  spikelets,  a  third  as  long  as  the  straightish  awn 
which  is  terminal  on  its  pale. — Swampy  pools  in  pine  barrens,  Va.  to  Fla.  and  La. 
The  plume-like  panicles  are  magnificent ! 

2  E.  contortus  Ell.     Culm  4  to  Gf,  erect,  glabrous;  Ivs.  broadly  linear,  flat, 
smooth,  except  a  tuft  of  silky  hairs  at  base ;  pan.  contracted,  oblong,  6  to  10' ; 
hairs  of  the  iuvol.  long,  silky,  thrice  longer  than  the  spikelet  (which  is  3"),  §  the 
length  of  the  spirally  contorted  awn  which  issues  from  near  the  base  of  its  deeply 
bifid  pale. — Wet  grounds,  about  Charleston,  S.  C.  to  N.  Orleans.    Pan.  of  a  lighter 
hue  than  the  last. 

3  E.  brevibarbis  MX.     Culm  stout,  3  to  ff,  erect,  glabrous  ;  Ivs.  broad-linear, 
smooth,  except  at  the  base;  pan.  large  (1  to  2f),  contracted,  lance-oblong,  the 
rac.  more  distinct  from  the  fewer  hairs ;  hairs  of  the  invol.  hardly  as  long  as  the 
larger  (4'')  spikelet,  %  the  length  of  the  awn  which  is  some  twisted  arid  its  pale 
bifid.— Low  grounds,  S.  States.     Sept.,  Oct. 

4  E.  strictus  Baldw.     Culm  4  to  7f,  strictly  erect  and  glabrous ;  Ivs.  very  longf 
/     narrower  (3  to  5")  than  in  the  other  species,  rough-edged ;  pan.  very  strict,  1  to 

2f  long,  branches  erect,  appressed;  invol.  of  hairs  minute;  awn  straight,  terminal 
on  its  deciduous  pale. — Ga.  to  La.  The  whole  panicle  is  reddish  brown.  Aug., 
Sept. 

68.  SACCHARUM,  L.     SUGAR  CANE.     (Gr.  odtcxap,  Arabic,  souJcar. 
Eng.  sugar.)     Spikelets  all  fertile,  in  pairs,  one  sessile,  the  other  pedi- 


803  OEDEB  156.— GRAMINE^E. 

collate,  2-fiowered,  lower  fl.  neuter  with  a  single  pale,  upper  fl.  perfect, 
of  2  pales;  gl.  subequal,  awnless;  pales  thin  and  hyaline,  awnless ; 
stam.  1  to  3. —  2|!  Gigantic,  tropical  Grasses  with  branching  panicles. 
Spikelets  cinctured  at  base  with  long  silky  hairs. 

G.  ofScinanim  L.  Culm  solid  with  pith,  closely  jointed,  8 — 2  Of,  erect,  with 
many  broad,  flat,  linear-lanceolate  leaves ;  panicle  1  to  2f  in  length,  composed  of 
numerous  long,  filiform  loosely  erect-spreading  racemes,  richly  clothed  with  the 
long  white  silky  involucrate  hairs. — Native  in  S.  Asia.  Among  sugar  plants 
this  still  holds  the  preeminence.  Its  delicious  product,  now  the  indispensablo 
luxury  of  the  world,  was  unknown  to  the  ancients.  It  is  propagated  from  cut- 
tings of  the  rhizome,  and  seldom  permitted  to  waste  its  sweetness  in  flowering. 

69.  ANDROPO'GON,  L.  BEARD  GRASS.  (Gr.  ardpog,  a  man's,  Trwycov, 
beard.)  Spikelets  in  pairs  at  each  joint  of  a  slender  rachis,  one  on  a 
plumous-bcarded  pedicel,  incomplete,  the  other  sessile,  2-flowered ; 
lower  flower  of  1  empty  pale  ;  upper  £  ;  pales  thin,  hyaline,  the  lower 
of  the  £  tipped  with  an  awn  ;  glumes  subcoriaceous ;  stamens  1  to  3  ; 
grain  free. —  2£  Coarse  Grasses.  Inflor.  various. 

§  Inflorescence  in  a  naked  (leafless)  panicle.     Sterile  spikelet  a  mere  pedicel No.  1 

§  Inflorescence  in  distinct  spikes  cxserted  from  the  sheuths.  (a) 

a  Sterile  Spikelets  nothing  but  barren  pedicels.    Spikes  sheathed  at  base Nos.  2,  8 

a  Sterile  Spikelets  with  glumes  on  the  pedicels,  (b) 

b  Spikes  silvery  white,  in  conjnpate  pairs No.  4 

b  Spikes  digitate,  2  to  5,  brownish Nos.  5,  6 

b  Spikes  single,  terminal,  one  on  each  branch Nos.  7.  8 

$  Inflorescence  spicate,  enclosed  in  the-  sheaths Nos.  9,  10 

1  A.  nutans  L.    INDIAN  GRASS.     WOOD  GRASS.     Culm  simple,  3  to  6f,  erect, 
with  smooth  sheaths  and  glaucous  Ivs. ;  pan.  rather  dense,  oblong,  slender,  at 
length  nodding;  spikelets  in  pairs  or  3s,  apparently  pedicellate,  but  the  fertile  is, 
in  fact,  sessile  as  in  the  other  species,  all  tawny,  the  sterile  reduced  to  mere  pedi- 
cels in  contact  with  the  2  ,  clothed  with  short  bristles ;   §  spikelet  bristly-ciliate, 
with  a  ring  of  bristles  at  base,  and  tipped  (the  lower  pale)  with  a  contorted  awn. 
— Sandy  fields  or  woods,  Can.,  K  Y.  to  Ga.  and  La.     (A.  avenaceus     MX.     A. 
ciliatus  Ell.     Sorghum,  Gray.) 

2  A.  macriirus  MX.     Culm  2  to  3f  erect,  much  branched  and  bushy ;  Ivs.  long, 
linear,  upper  spathiform,  lance-linear ;  racemes  small,  very  numerous,  fascicled  at 
the  upper  joints  forming  a  large  leafy  and  silky  panicle;  spkl.  minute,  with  a 
straight  bristle-like  awn,  the  neutral  only  a  fine  pedicel  merely,  with  white,  silky 
hairs  half  as  long  (3 — 4")  as  the  awn;  stam.  1. — Damp  soils,  S.  States.     Sept., 
Oct. 

3  A.  virginicus  L.     Culm  tall  (3  to  Gf )  compressed,  more  or  less  downy  with 
scattered  hairs  as  well  as  the  long  and  narrow,  carinate  Ivs. ;  upper  half  diffusely 
paniculate;  spikes  conjugate,  soft,  feather-like,  hardly  as  long  (8  to  12")  as  their 
bract;  abort,  fl.  a  mere  capillary  pedicel,  longer  than  the  $  fl.  with  thin  silky 
white  hairs  half  as  long  as  the  straight  similar  awn. — Dry  soils,  S.  States,  commoa 
Oct.     (A.  dissitiflorus  MX.) 

/?.  VAGIXATUS  differs  only  in  its  fewer,  shorter  spikes  and  longer  bracts  which 
often  much  exceed  them.     (A.  vagin.  Ell.) 

4  A.  argenteus  Ell.     Culm  purplish,  slender,  much  branched,  glabrous,  branches 
mostly  solitary,  spikes  conjugate,  1  to  !£'  long,  exserted  beyond  the  sheath ;  spkl. 
oppressed  to  the  rachis ;  abortive  fl.  a  minute,  subulate  glume  on  a  thick  ped. 
oppressed  to  the  £ ,  its  fawn-white  hairs  copious,  half  the  length  of  the  roughish, 
brown  awu. — Dry  soils,  S.  States.     The  silvery  hairs  conceal  the  fls. 

5  A.  furcatns  Muhl.     FORKED  SPIKE.     St.  semiterete  above,  4 — 7f  high ;  Ivs. 
lance-linear,  rough-edged,  radical  ones  very  long;  spikes  digitate  or  fasciculate,  in 
2s — 5s,  3 — 5'  long,  purple;  spikelets  appressed,  abortive  one  on  a  plumous  pedicel, 

$  with  2  palese,  awnless,  perfect  one  with  2  unequal  glumes;  lower  palea  bifid, 
awned  between  the  divisions.—  U  Meadows  and  low  grounds,  Can.,  N.  Y.  to  Ga, 
and  W.  States.  Aug.  (A.  ternarius  MX.) 

6  A.  tetrastychua  Ell.     Culm  glabrous,  2  to  3f  erect,  with  long,  keeled,  very 


ORDER  156.— GR  AMINES.  809 

hairy  Ivs.  and  sheaths ;  branches  solitary,  alternate,  forming  a  contracted  panicle ; 
spikes  usually  in  4s,  conjugate,  terminal ;  gls.  serrulate,  longer  than  the  hairs  of 
the  pedicel ;  perf.  spkl.  monandrous,  and  with  a  straight  awn. — Damp  pine  bar- 
rens about  Charleston  (Elliott). 

7  A.  scoparius  Michx.    BROOM  GRASS.    St.  slender,  paniculate,  3f  high,  branched, 
one  side  furrowed,  branches  solitary  or  2  or  3-fascicled,  erect;  Ivs.  lance-linear, 
somewhat  hairy  and  glaucous ;  spikes  simple,  lateral  and  terminal,  on  long  pe- 
duncles, 2 — 3  from  each  sheath,  purple;    spikelets  remote,  abortive  one  neuten 
mostly  subulate-awned,  the  hairs  of  its  ped.  as  long  as  the  5  spikelet. — In  dry  fields, 
forming  tufts,  U.  S.  and  Can. 

8  A.  Halei.     Culm  rigid,  3  to  5f  high,  strict,  with  long,  slender  branches  above, 
each  with  a  single  terminal  short  (12  to  15",)  spike;  Ivs.  long,  rigid,  rough-edged; 
sterile  spkl.  $  loth  gls.  short-awned,  ped.  broad  above,  with  stiff  hairs  shorter  than 
the  fls. ;  awn  of  the  perfect  fl.  twisted.— S.  W.  States.    A  coarser  plant  than  No.  7. 

9  A.  clandestina,  with  the  soft,  silky,  white  spikelets  always  concealed  in  a 
fascicle  of  sheaths,  and 

10  A.  Ne£sii  Kunth,  with  very  slender  glabrous  spikelets  almost  concealed,  are 
found  in  "W.  La.,  and  possibly  E.  of  the  Miss. 

70.  SOR'GHUM,  L.     BROOM  CORN,  &c.     Spikelets  diffusely  panicu- 
late, in  2s  or  3s  on  the  slender,  spreading  branches  ;  the  middle  spikelet 
complete,  2-flowered,  the  lower  flower  abortive,  lateral  spikelets  sterile, 
awnless,  the  pedicels  smooth  or  merely  pubescent;  glumes  coriaceous; 
pales  membranous ;  stamens  3. — Stout  Grasses,  with  solid  culms. 

1  S.  saccharatum  L.     BROOM  CORN.     Culm  thick,  solid  with  pith,  6  to 
lOf;  Ivs.  lanceolate,  acuminate,  pubescent  at  base;  pan.  large  diffuse,  with  long, 
verticillate,  at  length  nodding  branches ;  gls.  of  the  perfect  spikelet  hairy,  persist- 
ent.—  GPThe  uses  of  this  fine,  cultivated  plant  are  well  known.     \  E.  Ind. 

2  S.  vulgare  L.     INDIAN  MILLET.    Culm  erect,  round,  solid  with  pith,  6  to 
lOf;  Ivs.  carinate,  lanceolate;  pan.  compact,  oval,  erect  until  mature;  gls.  and 
pales  caducous;  fr.  naked. —  0  Rarely  cultivated  as  a  curiosity,  or  for  the  seed  as 
food  for  poultry.     J  E.  Ind. 

The  CHINESE  SUGAR  CANE,  recently  in  cultivation  here,  is  probably  a  variety  of 
this  species ;  also  the  African  Millet,  Imphee.  Neither  variety  will  yield  a  crys- 
tallizable  syrup,  and  cannot,  therefore,  rival  the  supremacy  of  the  Southern  Cane. 

71.  CO'IX,  L.     JOB'S  TEARS.     Spikelets   2-flowered,  sessile,  several 
in  a  spike  which  is  involute  at  the  base,  the  involucre  closed  around 
the  lower  (fertile)  spikelet,  becoming  bony  and  polished ;  upper  (sterile) 
spikelets  several,  remote  from  the  fertile,  all  awnless ;  grain  roundish, 
free. — Culm  branched ;  Ivs.  broad,  flat. 

C.  Lacryma  L.  Culm  half  terete  ;  sterile  fls.  naked  ;  fr.  (ossified  involucre) 
ovoid. —  ®  Gardens.  Plant  1  to  2f  high,  bushy,  with  lanceolate  Ivs.  Spikes 
pedunculate,  aggregated  at  the  end  of  the  sheathed  branch.  The  curious  fruit 
is  finally  very  hard,  perforated,  used  by  the  children  for  beads. 


810  OBDEB  157.— MARSILEACELE. 


SUBKINGDOM,  CRYPTOGAMIA, 

OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS.  Vegetables  destitute  of  true  stamens 
and  pistils,  gradually  descending  to  a  mere  cellular  structure, 
with  reproductive  organs  of  1  or  2  kinds,  producing,  instead  of 
seeds,  minute,  dust-like  bodies  (spores)  having  neither  integu- 
ments nor  embryo. 

PROVINCE,  ACROGENS.  Flowerless  plants,  having  a  regular 
stem  or  axis  which  grows  by  the  extension  of  the  apex  only, 
without  increasing  in  diameter,  generally  with  leaves,  and 
composed  of  cellular  tissue  and  scalariform  ducts.  (Ferns, 
Mosses,  Club-mosses,  Horsetails,  etc.) 

ORDER  CLVII.     MARSILEACEJS.     PEPPERWORTS. 

Herbs  creeping  or  floating,  with  the  leaves  petiolate  or  sessile,  circinate  in.  verna- 
tion. Fruit  (sporocarps)  situated  at  the  base  of  the  leaves  or  leafstalks,  containing 
the  capsular  sporanges  of  one  kind  with  2  kinds  of  spores,  or  of  2  kinds  with  tho 
different  spores  separated. 

Genera  6,  species  20?  Inhabiting  ditches  and  inundated  places  in  nearly  all  countries,  but 
chiefly  in  temperate  latitudes. 

1.  MARSIL'EA,  L.     Sporocarps  at  the  base  of  the  leaf-stalks,  of  one 
kind,  2-celled,  cells  transversely  many-celled  ;   spores  inserted  on  each 
horizontal  placenta. —  1C  Stems  creeping,  rooting  ;  Ivs.  petiolate. 

1  M.  quadrifolia  L?     Glabrous;  prostrate  stems  slender,  wiry,  8  to  16'  long; 
Ivs.  palmately  4-foliate,  on  filiform  petioles  1  to  3'  high,  Ifts.  broadly  obovate  or 
fan-shaped,  obtuse;  fr.  (sporocarps)  round-oval,  borne  on  short,  axillary  stalks, 
and  as  large  as  a  pepper-corn. — Sent  from  La.  by  Dr.  Hale.     Perhaps  the  locality 
is  beyond  our  limits. 

2  M.  vestita,  a  very  delicate  species,  with  stems  and  petioles  as  fine  as  threads, 
with  the  quaternate  leaflets  and  the  very  small  sessile  sporocarps  clothed  with 
minute,  silky,  brown  hairs,  is  sent  from  Iowa,  near  the  Mississippi  E.  by  Dr. 
Couzens.    It  probably  grows  in  111.     Height  of  Ivs.  1  to  2'. 

2.  ISOE^TES,  L.     QUILL-WORT.     (Gr.  100$,  equal,  erof,  year ;  alike 
all  the  year  round  ?)     Sporocarps  oval,  membranous,  1-celled,  immersed 
in  the  dilated  base  of  the  frond ;  spores  subglobous,  slightly  angular, 
attached  to  numerous  filiform  receptacles,  those  in  the  outer  fruits  larger, 
angular,  triple  or  in  4s,  apparently  of  a  different  nature. 

I.  lacustris  L.  Lvs.  csespitous,  subulate,  semiterete,  dilated  and  imbricated  at 
base. — A  curious  aquatic,  in  water  at  or  near  the  margin  of  ponds  and  rivers,  N. 
Eng.  and  Mid.  States,  often  wholly  submersed.  Lvs.  radical,  numerous,  tufted, 
simple,  2  to  10'  long,  somewhat  spreading,  containing  numerous  cells  divided  by 
longitudinal  and  transverse  partitions.  Fr.  whitish,  rather  large,  in  the  excavated 
base  of  the  leaves  which  dilated  portion  is  ordinarily  as  long  as  wide ;  in  var. 
RIP  ARIA,  broader  than  long;  in  var.  EXGELMANXI,  longer  than  broad. 

3.  AZOL'LA,    Lam.      (Gr.  a£w,   to  dry,  d^Mpi,   to   kill ;    quickly 


ORDER  158.— LYCOPODIACEJS. 


811 


killed  by  drought.)  Fruit  sessile  on  the  under  side  of  the  branches,  of 
2  kinds  ;  the  sterile  smaller,  opening  all  around,  containing  a  thick 
"body  bearing  3  angular  lobes  (antheridia)  above ;  the  fertile  a  thin 
pericarp  bursting  irregularly,  containing  many  globular,  stalked  sporangia 
each  with  a  few  spores. — Minute,  floating,  resembling  a  Jungermannia, 
with  filiform  stems  and  lobed  fronds. 

A.  Caroliiiiana  "Willd.  Lvs.  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  imbricated,  fleshy,  floating, 
reddish  beneath,  scarcely  more  than  ^''  in  length;  sterile  fruits  in  pairs  or  soli- 
tary, at  the  base  of  the  fertile,  many  times  smaller  than  it. — Lakes  and  marshes 
N.  Y.  to  111.  and  S.  States. 

4.  SALVIN'IA  natans  L,  inserted   in  previous  editions  on  the  au- 
thority of  Pursh,  has  not  been  observed  since. 


730 


ORDER  CLVIII.     LYCOPODIACE^E.     CLUB  MOSSES. 

Plants  creeping  or  erect,  branching,  rarely 
simple,  abounding  in  ducts,  with  tho  leaves 
small,  numerous,  crowded,  entire,  lanceolato 
or  subulate,  1 -nerved.  Fruits  sessile,  axillary 
or  crowded  into  a  spike,  2-valved,  containing 
few  rather  large  spores,  or  numerous  minuto 
ones  appearing  like  powder. 

Genera  5,  species^QQ ?  Like  the  Equisetaceae,  those 
plants  appear  to  have  been  very  abundant  in  the  first 
ages  of  the  world,  and  to  have  attained  a  gigantic 
size,  although  at  present  but  a  few  feet  in  length. 
Properties  'unimportant.  Some  are  emetic.  Tho 
powder  contained  in  the  sporangia  is  highly  inflam- 
mable, and  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  fireworks. 

LYCOPCTDIUM,  L.  CLUB  Moss.  (Gr. 
/tv«;of ,  a  wolf,  7roi>£,  a  foot.)  Spore  cases 
all  of  one  kind,  1 -celled,  reniform,  open, 
ing  transversely,  2-valved ;  spores  nu- 
merous, minute,  sulphur-yellow. LVS.  78n,  Lycopodinm^iemko'idc™.  7S1,A 

in  4    8  or  1C  ranks.  single  spike.    782.  A  scale  with  its  axillary 

sporange  bursting.     733,  Spores. 

§  Fruit  in  pcdunculated  spikes  (the  fertile  branches  nearly  leafless),     (a) 

a  Spikes  several  (2  to  6)  on  each  peduncle Nos.  1,  2 

a  Spike  solitary  on  each  peduncle Nos.  3,  4 

§  Fruit  in  sessile  spikes  (the  branches  leafy  throughout),     (b) 

b  Leaves  of  the  spike  bract-like,  discolored Nos.  5,  6 

b  Leaves  of  the  spikes  and  steins  all  alike Nos.  7,  8 

§  Fruit  scattered,  axillary,  forming  no  distiuct  spike Nos.  9,  10 

L  L.  clavatum  L.  COMMON  CLUB  Moss.  St.  creeping;  branches  ascending; 
Ivs.  scattered,  incurved,  capillaceous- acuminate  •  spikes  in  pairs,  rarely  in  3s,  cylin- 
drical, pedunculate ;  bracts  of  the  spike  ovate,  acuminate,  erosely  denticulate. — A 
well  known  evergreen,  trailing  upon  the  ground  in  shady  pastures  and  woods, 
common.  Stem  and  branches  clothed  with  numerous  linear-lanceolate  leaves 
which  are  entire  or  serrulate,  and  end  in  a  pellucid,  curved  bristle.  Spikes  per- 
fectly straight,  parallel,  erect,  and  upon  an  erect  peduncle.  July. 

2  L.  complanattim  L.  FESTOON  GROUND  PINE.  St.  trailing;  branches dichot- 
omous;  Ivs.  ^-ranked,  unequal,  the  marginal  ones  connate,  diverging  at  apex,  tho 
superficial  ones  solitary,  appressed;  ped.  elongated,  supporting  4 — 6  cylindric 
spikes. — A  trailing  evergreen,  common  in  woods  and  shady  grounds.  Stem  round, 
creeping  among  the  moss  and  leaves,  often  lOf  in  length.  Branches  numerously 
subdivided,  compressed,  somewhat  resembling  tho  brauchlets  of  the  cedar.  Lvs. 
minute,  very  acute.  July. 


812  ORDER  158.— LYCOPODIACE^E. 

3  L.  sabincefolitun  Willd.     GROUND  FIR.     St.  elongated,  creeping;    branches 
erect,  short,  dichotomous,  with  fastigiate  divisions;  Ivs.  imbricated  and  branches 
erect,  terat'e-subulate,  spikes  peduncled  by  the  attenuated  and  slightly  leafy  sum- 
mits'of  the  branches,  cyliudrie,  solitary,  with  cordate,  acuminate  bracts. — White 
Mts.  and  Brit.  Am.,  creeping  among  rocks,  with  erect,  numerously  divided  branches, 
a  few  of  the  divisions  terminating  in  spikes  an  inch  in  length.     July.     (L.  chamas- 
cyparissus  Braun.) 

4  L.  Carolinianum  L.     SOUTHERN  GROUND-PINE.     St.  and  branches  creeping  ; 
Ivs.   lanceolate,    entire,    appearing    2-ranked,    the   lateral   rows    spreading   with 
the  2  intermediate  rows  appressed ;  peduncle  erect,  solitary,  elongated,  bearing  a 
single  spike ;  bracts  sublauceolate,  entire. — In  muddy  grounds,  N.  J.  to  Ga,    Both 
the°stem  and  its  branches  are  prostrate,  with  erect,  slender  peduncles  3 — 6'  high. 
July. 

5  L.  dendroideum    Michx.    TREE  CLUB  Moss.     GROUND  PINE.    St.  erect; 
branches  alternate,  crowded,  dichotomous,  erect ;  Ivs.  linear-lanceolate,  in  6  equal 
rows,  spreading ;  spikes  several  or  many,  1  on  each  branchlet. — An  elegant  little 
plant,  common  in  wood3,  readily  distinguished  by  its  upright  tree-like  form.   Plant 
about  8'  high,  with  branches  more  or  less  diverging.     These  are  subdivided  into 
numerous,  forked  branchlets,  radiant,  so  as  together  to  represent  a  spiral  arrange- 
ment.    Spikes  2 — G,  an  inch  long.     July. 

(3.  OBSCUHUM.     (L,  obscurum  L.)    Branches  spreading;  spike  one. 

6  L.  annotimim  L.    INTERRUPTED  CLUB  Moss.     St.  creeping ;  branches  twice 
dichotomous,  ascending;  Ivs.  in  5  rows,  linear-lanceolate,  mucronate,  spreading 
and  serrulate  near  the  tip ;  spike  oblong,  solitary. — In  mountain  woods.  N.  Eng., 
Can.     Branches  subdivided  near  their  base,  branchlets  simple,  4  or  more,  6 — 8' 
high.     Leaves  at  length  reflexed  at  end.     Spike  rather  cylindrie,  an  inch  in 
length,  distinct  from  the  branch.     July. 

7  L.    alopecuroides   L.     FOX-TAIL    CLUB    Moss.     St.   creeping,   subramous; 
branches  simple,  long,  ascending,  bearing  a  single  sessile  spike  at  top ;  Ivs.  linear- 
subulate,  ciliate- dentate  at  base,  spreading ;  spike  leafy. — Swamps,  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and 
La.    Stem  extensively  creeping.    Branches  6 — 16'  high,  rarely  subdivided,  densely 
clothed  with  a  fine,  soft  foliage.     Spike  1 — 2'  long,  very  leafy.     Aug. 

8  L.  iiTundatum    L.    MARSH    CLUB    Moss.     St.   creeping,  often  submersed; 
branches  simple,  solitary,  erect,  with  a  single  leafy  spike  at  top ;  Ivs.  linear,  scat- 
tered, acute,  entire,  curved  upwards. — In  swamps,  Can.  to  Car.     Spikes  I — 1'  long, 
at  the  summit  of  branches  which  are  5 — 7'  long,  arising  from  the  base  of  the  stem. 
Bracts  of  the  spikes  leaf-like,  dilated  at  base,  spreading  at  the  end,  larger  than 
the  stem  leaves  which  are  1 — 2"  long.     July. 

9  L.  luciduhim  MX.     SHINING    CLUB   Moss.     St.   ascending,    dichotomously 
divided ;  Ivs.  in  8  rows,  linear-lanceolate,  denticulate,  shining,  spreading,  or  a  little 
reflexed ;  sporanges  in  the  axils  of  leaves  not  changed  nor  crowded  into  a  spike. — 
In  wet  woods,  U.  S.  and  Can.     The  foliage  of  this  species  is  dark  green  and 
shining,  more  ample  than  is  common  to  the  genus.     Stems  8 — 16'  long,  nearly 
erect.     Leaves  3 — 5"  long,  distinctly  serrate.     Thecas  hemispherical  or  reniform, 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  near  the  top  of  the  stem.    Jl. 

10  L.  Selago  L.     FIR  CLUB  Moss.     St.   erect,  dichotomously  and  fastigiately 
brancJied ;  Ivs.  scattered,  imbricate,  lance-linear,  entire,  rigid  and  pungent,  but 
awnless. — A  smaller  species  than  the  last,  found  on  the  summits  of  the  White 
Mts.     Stems  2  to  6',  branches  compact,  densely  clothed  with  stiff,  shining,  spread- 
ing leaves  arranged  somewhat  in  8  rows,  and  2 — 3"  in  length.     Sporangea  axil- 
lary.    Aug. 

2.  SELAGINEL'LA,  Spr.  DWARF  CLUB  Moss.  Fruits  of  two  kinds, 
viz.,  antberidia,  which  are  1 -celled,  opening  at  apex;  and  oophoridia 
containing  1  to  4  (rarely  6)  globous  angular  grains. — Habit  various. 
Spikes  quadrangular.  Bracts  in  4  rows.  (Lycopodium  L.) 

§  Leaves  all  alike,  many  ranked,  surrounding  the  stem Nos.  1,  2 

§  Leaves  4-ranked,  those  of  the  lateral  rows  much  larger Nos.  3,  4 

1  S.  rupeatre  Spr.     Stems  in  dense,  branched  tufts,  ascending,    subdivided;  Ivs. 
scattered,  imbricate,  linear-lanceolate,  capillaceous-acuminate,  ciliate;  spike  soli- 


ORDER  159.— EQUISETACE^E. 


813 


tary,  quadrangular. — A  very  small  species,  creeping  on  rocks,  moss-like.  Stem  a 
few  inches  in  length,  with  numerous  branches,  which  are  \ — 1'  long-,  clothed  with 
grayish-green  leaves.  Spike  £'  long,  4-rowed,  seeming  a  mere  continuation  of  tho 
branch.  Jl.  (S.  rupestre  L.) 

2  S.  selaginoides  Gray.     St.  filiform,  creeping ;  branches  nearly  erect,  the  flow- 
ering ones  simple ;  Ivs.  scattered,  lanceolate,  a  little  spreading,  ciliate-dcnticulate ; 
spike  solitary,  leafy. — In  moist  woods,  N.  States  and  Can.     Spikes  yellowish- 
green,  about  f "  long,  the  bracts  foliaceous  and  twice  larger  than  the  true  leaves, 
which  are  about  a  line  in  length.     Branches  3 — 6'  high,  the  sterile  ones  much ' 
divided.     Jl.     (L.  selag.  L.     S.  spinosa  Beauv.) 

3  S.  &pus  Spring.     St.  branching,  prostrate  and  rooting  near  tho  base ;  Ivs.  or- 
bicular-ovate,  acute,  membranaceous,   alternate,   amplexicaul,  in  2  rows,  with 
minute,  acuminate,  superficial  ones  in  a  third  row  on  the  upper  side ;  spikes  sub- 
solitary. — A  small,  creeping,  moss-like  species,  in  wet,  rocky  shades,  Can.  to  Ga., 
not  common.    Stem  2—5'  inches  long,  filiform.    Leaves  less  than  a  line  in  length. 
Spikes  leafy,  scarcely  distinguishable  from  the  branches.     July,  Aug.     (L.  apo- 
dum  L.) 

4  S.  ornithopodioides  Spr.  BIRD-CLAW  Moss.  Lvs.  semicordate,  ovate, 
obtusish,  entire,  in  4  rows,  tho  lateral  spreading,  distant  below,  crowded  above, 
the  superficial  much  smaller,  appressed ;  spikes  lateral,  axillary,  sessile ;  stems  and 
branches  prostrate. — Greenhouse  and  gardens.  A  pretty  moss-like  creeper,  with 
light  green  foliage,  f  Eur. 

3.  PSILOTUM,  R.  Br.  (Gr.  $iMs,  naked.)  Sporangia  sessile,  3- 
celled,  imperfectly  3-valved  by  terminal  chinks,  filled  with  farinaceous 
spores. — Stem  fork-branched,  with  alternate,  minute  leaves,  as  if  leafless. 
(Berahardia,  Willd.) 

P.  triquetrum  Swtz.  Stem  erect,  many  times  forked,  and  branches  three-angled, 
8  to  1 0'  high ;  Ivs.  remote,  subulate,  less  than  1''  long,  and  tho  3-lobed  fruit  ses- 
sile along  tho  branches. — Rocky  cliffs,  on  the  sea-coast  of  E.  Fla.  (Michx.  in 
herb.  Bachman.) 

ORDER  CLIX.     EQUISETACE^E.     HORSETAILS. 

Plants  leafless,  simplo  stems,  or  with  whorled  branches.  Stems  striate-sulcato, 
jointed,  fistular  between,  and  separable  at,  the  joints.  Sheaths  dentate,  crowning 
each  internode.  Fructification  a  dense,  oblong-cylindric,  terminal  and  cone-liko 
spike,  composed  of  G-sided,  peltate-scales  arranged  spirally,  bearing  beneath  4  to  1 
spore-cases  which  open  laterally.  Spores .  globular,  each  with  4  elaters  attached, 
involving  them  spirally,  or  open  when  discharged.  (See  Figures.) 

An  Order  consisting  at  present  of  a  single  genu*,  growing  in  wet  grounds,  on  river  banks,  and 
borders  of  woods,  throughout  most  countries.  Tho  Equisetaoeae  abound  in  tho  fossil  remains  of 
coal  measures  with  other  Cryptogamia,  as  Lyoopodiaceae  and  Filices,  indicating  that  theso 
plants  were  once  of  gigantic  dimensions, 

and  formed  a  largo  part  of  the  original  flora  «K.  «>  ^  n-yrrjrr-*-*          ^fc> 

of  our  globe.    Species  about  10. 

Properties. — They  abound  in  silex,  and 
hence  are  used  by  cabinet-makers,  comb- 
makers,  &c.,  in  polishing  their  work, 

EQUISETUM,  L.  SCOURING 
RUSH.  (Lat.  equus,  a  horse,  seta, 
hair,)  Character  the  same  as  that 
of  the  order. — The  sheaths  may 
be  regarded  as  a  whorl  of  united  734 
leaves.  The  ridges  of  the  stem 

orrt     nir  tnKoc     «vnrl     tho     oroovps      734,  Equisctnm  arvense.    735,  E,  sylvaticum.  780, 

are   air-tubes,  ana        3    grooves  Sccth'm^f  thospik<N  enlarged .  737,  A  peltate  scaio 

alone    arc    pierced   With    the    Sto-  with  7  sporanjres  beneath  (or  one  compound  spo- 

range),  magnified.    738,  A  spore  with  its  elators, 


inata. 


highly  magnified. 


g!4  ORDER  159.— EQUISETACEJB. 

§  Species  fruiting  in  spring  find  decaying  before  the  following  winter,    (a) 

a  Fertile  stems  never  brandling,  the  sterilo  with  simple,  whorled  branches....  Nos.  1,  2 
a  Fertile  stems  at  length,  like  the  sterile,  with  compound,  whorled  branches No.  3 

5  Species  fruiting  in  summer  and  lasting  through  the  following  winter. 

b  Stems  with  whorls  of  simple  branches  from  the  middle  joints No.  4 

b  Stems  mostly  simple,  large,  20  to  40-furrowed Nos.  5,  6,  7 

b  Steins  always  simple,  very  slender,  o  to  9-furrowed Nos.  8,  9 

1  E.  arvense  L.     FIELD  HORSETAIL.     Fertile  sts.  erect,  simple ;  sterile,  12  to  14- 
furrowed,  with  simple,  ascending,  quadrangular  branches,  and  decumbent  at  base. 
— Low  grounds,  Can.  to  Va.  and  Ky.     Fertile  stems  first  appearing,  G — 8'  high, 
wit,h  3 — 5  joints  surmounted  by  large,  inflated  sheaths  cut  into  long,  dark  brown 
teeth.     Spiko  oblong,  \ — 2'  long.     Sterilo  stems  rather  taller  than  the  fertile, 
remaining  through  the  season,  after  theso  have  decayed.    At  each  joint  is  a  whorl 
of  simple,  rough  branches,  issuing  from  the  base  of  tho  sheaths,  their  joints  also 
sheathed.     April. 

2  E.  eburneum   Schreb.     IVORY  HORSETAIL.     Fertile,  st.  simple,  its   sheaths 
numerous,  of  3  Ivs.  with  subulate  teeth ;  stsrilz  st.  very  smooth,  ivory-white,  about 
3Q-furrowed;  branches  simple,  sheaths  4  or  5-leaved,  with  erect,  subulate  teeth.— 
Shores  of  tho  Great  Lakes.     Barren  stems  2  to  5f  high.     May. 

3  E.  sylvaticum  L.     WOOD  HORSETAIL.     Sterile  and  fertile  sts.  12  or  13-fur- 
rowed,  with  compound,  rough,  deflexed,  angular  branches. — Grows  in  woods  and 
low  grounds,  N.  States  and  Brit.  Am.     Stems  9 — 1G'  high;  the  fertile  with  4 — 5 
•whorls  of  branches  from  tho  base  of  the  sheaths  which  are  2 — 3'  apart,  and  cleft 
into  several  large,  tawny  red  teeth  or  segments;  the  sterile  taller  and  more  slen- 
der, with  moro  numerous  whorls  of  branches.     The  branches  are  all  subdivided 
and  curved  downwards.     Spike  oval-cylindric,  pedicellate.     May. 

4  E.   limosuni   L.     PIPES.     Sts.    somewhat    branched,    erect,    striate-sulcato ; 
branches  from  tho  middle  joints,  simple,  short,  5-sided,  smooth ;  spike  oblong- 
ovoid  ;  sheaths  appressed. — Borders  of  ponds  and  swamps,  frequent.     Stems  2 — • 
3f  high,  sbnder,  rarely  simple,  generally  with  2 — G  whorls  of  branches  about  the 
middle.     Branches  very  irregular  in  length  and  position.     Sheaths  3 — 4"  long, 
white  at  the  summit,  tipped  with  as  many  black,  subulate  teeth  as  there  arc  fur- 
rows (15 — 20).     This  species  is  greedily  devoured  by  cattle.     July. 

5  E.  lasvigatum  Braun.     Tall,  erect,  simple  or  somewhat  branched ;    sheaths 
elongated,  appressed,  green,  with  a  Hack  border,  of  about  22  Ivs.,  sheaths  of  tho 
branches  about  8 -leaved,  with  subulate,  persistent  points. — Dry  soils,  Wis.  and 
South,  along  tho  Miss.  River.     Stems  18'  to  2  or  3f.     Apparently  distinct. 

6  E.  robustum    Braun.     Very  tall   and  stout,  simple  or  somewhat  branched 
above ;  sheaths  short,  appressed,  with  a  black  girdle  above  the  base,  rarely  with  a 
black  border,  consisting  o/40  (in  the  branches  11)  leaves,  the  ovate-subulate  points 
deciduous,  leaving  an  exact  truncate  margin. — Banks  cf  the  Western  rivers,  Terro 
Haute,  to  St.  Louis  and  South.     Forms  with  fewer  Ivs.  in  the  sheaths  seem  to 
connect  this  with  tho  next 

7  E.  hyeinalo   L.     SCOURING  RUSH.     Sts.  all  simple,  erect,  very  rough,  each 
bearing  a  terminal,  ovoid  spike  ;  sheath  cinereous  white,  black  at  the  base  and  sum- 
mit, short,  with  about  20  subulate,  awned  and  deciduous  teeth. — Very  noticeablo 
in  wet,  shady  grounds,  and  by  brooksides.     Stems  about  2 f  high,  often  2  or  moro 
united  at  base  from  the  same  root.     Sheaths  2 — 3"  long,  1 — 2 %  apart,  tho  whito 
ring  much  broader  than  the  black,  at  length  entire  from  the  falling  off  of  tho  teeth. 
The  roughness  of  tho  cuticle  is  owing  to  the  silex  in  its  composition.     June. 

8  E.  variegattim  Schleicher.     St.  branching  only  at  base,  G  to   12',   simple, 
straight  and  very  slender,  roughish,  5  to  ^-furrowed;  sheaths  very  short,  brown, 
teeth  5  to  9  ovate  with  broad,  scnrious  margins  and  lipped  with  deciduous  seta- 
ceous points. — Banks  of  streams,  N.  EC;;,  to  Wise,  and  Can.,  not  common.     Inter- 
nodes  about  1'.     July. 

9  E.  scorpoides  MX.     Steins  growing  in  tufts,  thread-like,  4  to  8',  flexuous  and 
recurved,  3  or  4-furrowed ;  sheaths  black,  3  cr  4-tootbed,  teeth  Ehort-ovate,  sca- 
rious,  bristle- pointed. — Hilly  woods,  Penn.  to  N.  Eng.,  Wise,  and  Can,    July. 


ORDER  160.— FILICES. 


815 


ORDER  CLX.   FILICES.    FERNS. 

Stem  a  perennial,  creeping,  horizontal 
rhizome,  or  sometimes  erect  and  arbores- 
cent. Fronds  (fruit-bearing  leaves)  va- 
riously divided,  rarely  entire,  with  forked 
veins,  and  mostly  circinate  vernation. 
Fructification  occupying  the  back  or  mar- 
gin of  the  fronds,  arising  from  the  veins. 
Sporangia  (spore-cases)  of  one  kind,  scat- 
tered or  clustered  in  sori,  1-celled,  con- 
taining numerous,  minute  spores.  An- 
theridia  and  pistillidia  formed  after  ger- 
mination, on  tho  young  plant.  (See  figs. 
491—501.) 

Genera  200,  specie*  2000. -r- A  largo  and  in- 
teresting order  of  flowerless  plants,  distin- 
guished for  their  elegant,  plume-like  foliage. 
They  are  usually  a  lew  inches  to  a  few  feet 
high,  but  sonic  of  the  tropical  species,  as  tho 
Cyatheae  of  both  Indies,  are  15—25  feet  high, 
Vicing  with  the  palms  in  size  and  beauty. 

Properties.  —  Generally  mucilaginous  nnd 
mildly  astringent,  hence  considered  pectoral. 
Aaplatam  and  Pteris  are  anthelmintic.  Os- 
mw.nda  regalis  has  been  successfully  adminis- 
tered for  the  rickets. 

Observation. — The  fructification  of  the  ferns, 
with  its  various  appendages,  is  too  minute  to 
be  well  observed  by  the  naked  eye ;  but  an 
examination  of  it  with  the  aid  of  a  good  lens 
cannot  fail  to  be  interesting  and  satisfactory. 


7*) 


739  Polypodinm  vulgare.  7D  Frond.  741 
Lobe  of  the  frond  enlarged,  showing  tho  soi  i. 
742  One  of  the  sori  enlarged,  showing  the  spor- 
angia. 748  One  sporange  further  magnified, 
bursting  and  discharging  the  spores.  744  Soru3 
of  Aspidium  marginnlo  covered,  with  tho  indu- 
slum.  745  Same,  side  view. 


SUBORDERS  AND  GENERA. 

§  Frond  caulinc,  solitary,  straight  in  vernation.     Stem  erect,     (a) 

§  Fronds  cauline,  sereral,  palmate  (or  radical  and  filiform),    (b) 

§  Fronds  all  radical,  clustered  (never  filiform),  circinato  in  vernation.     (2) 

2  Sporangia  spiked  or  panicled,  naked  (not  involved  in  revoluto  fronds),     (b) 

2  Sporangia  on  tho  back  of  tho  fronds, — but  involved  in  the  revoluto  segm Nos.  8»  10 

— not  involved  ;  segments  flat    (c) 
SUBORDER  I.    OPIIIOGLOSSE^E.    (Sporangia naked,  smooth,  cartilaginous,  2-valvcd;  noting.) 

a  Fructification  spicate.     Frond  entire,  reticulate-veined OFIIIOGLOSSUM.  1 

a  Fructification  paniculate.     Frond  divided,  fork-veined EOTRTCIIIUM.  2 

SUBORDER  II.     OSMUNDE^E.    (Sporangia  reticulate-roughened,  papery,  2-valved, 

•with  no  ring,  spicate  or  paniculate.) — b  Fronds  palmate.    Climbing. LYGODICM.  3 

— b  Fronds  filiform.    Erect SCIIIZ.K.  4 

— b  Fronds  1 — 2-pinnatc OSMUNDA.  5 

SUBORDER  III.    POLYPODINEJL    (Sporangia  minute,  on  tho  back  of  tho  frond, 
valveless,  torn  open  by  tho  clastic  ring  which  encircles  it  vertically.) 

C  Sporangia  scattered  singly  all  over  tho  surface  (not  in  sori),  naked ACROSTICUM.  (/ 

C  Sporangia  collected  in  dots  (sori)  springing  from  the  veins,    (d) 
d  Fruit-dots  naked,  having  no  indusium  (special  covering),    (e) 

e  Fronds  all  alike,  flat.    Fruit-dots  orbicular POLYPODIUM.  7 

O  Fronds  sterile  and  fertile  very  different ;  tho  fertile  spike-like STRUTIIIOPTEBIS.  8 

d  Fruit-dots  invested  with  special  coverings  (indusia).    (g) 

g  Fruit-dots  marginal ;  indusium  a  narrow,  reflected  edge  of  frond,    (h) 

h.  Indusiura  continuous  all  around  the  segment PTERIS.  9 

h.  Indusium  from  the  apex  of  the  segm. — Midvein  central CIIEILANTIIES.  10 

— Midvein  lateral  or  0 AniANTUM.  It 

b.  Indusium  ft  reflected  tooth  at  the  sinua  between  the  segments DICKSONIA.  12 


ORDER  160.— FILICES. 

g  Fruit-dots  dorsal,  oblong  or  linear,  parallel  with  the  midvein "WOODWARDIA.  13 

g  Fruii-dots  dorsal,  oblong  or  linear,  transverse  to  the  midvein.    (k) 

k  Indusia  single,  regularly  arranged  in  2  rows ABPLENIUM.  14 

k  Indusiu  single,  scattered  irregularly,  placed  angularly ANTIORAMMA.  15 

k  Indusia  double,  regularly  arranged.    Frond  simple SCOLOPENDEIUM.  16 

g  Fruit-dots  dorsal,  orbicular,     (o) 

o  Indusium  cnp-shaped,  fixed  beneath  all  around  the  eorus WOODSIA.  IT 

O  Indusium  hood-shaped,  fixed  at  the  base  and  2  sides CISTOPTERIS.  13 

o  Indusium  peltate  or  renif  m,— all  involved  in  the  berry-like  segm.ONocLEA.  19 
•—all  superficial  on  the  flat  segm ASPUOTM.  20 

1.  OPHIOGLOS'SUM,  L.     ADDER'S  TONGUE.     (Gr.  o^^,  a  serpent, 

,  tongue.)  Sporangia  roundish,  depressed,  opening  transversely, 
arranged  ia  two  rows  along  the  margins  of  the  fertile  I'rond  which  is 
contracted  into  a  linear  spike ;  iadusiiun  none,  veins  reticulated. 

1  O.  vulgatum  L.     Frond  simple,  oblong-ovate,  obtuse,  reticulations  elongated; 
spike  cauline,  root  of  thick  spreading  fibres. — A  curious  little  plant  in  low  grounds. 
Fronds  solitary,  2 — 3'  long,  §  as  wide,  amplexicaul,  entire,  smooth,  without  a 
midvein,  situated  upon  the  stem  or  stipe  a  little  below  the  middle.     Stipe  6 — 10' 
high,  terminating  in  a  lance-linear,  compressed  spike,  1 — 2'  long,  with  the  fruit 
arranged  in  2,  close,  marginal  ranks.    Sporangia  opening  outwards  end  horizontally, 
becoming  lunat?,  distinct,  straw-colored.    Vernation  straight,  not  circinate.    June. 

2  O.  bulbosuin  L.     Frond  simple,  ovate  or  orbiculate,  or  reniform,  subcordate, 
nearly  or  quite  radical,  obtuso;  reticulations  short,  spike  cauline  ;  root  a  subglobous 
bulb. — "Wet  pine  barren^1,  N.  J.  (Pursh)  to  Ga.  and  La.     Sts.  about  3'  high,  often 
2  from  tho  same  bulb,  spike  short,  oblong  (4  to  8").     Lvs.  2  or  3,  one  of  tliem 
cauline.     Bulbs,  3  to  G"  diam. 

2.  BQTRYCHIUST,  Swartz.    MOONWORT,  GRAPE  FERN.    (Gr.  (3orpv g,  a 
cluster  of  grapes ;  from  the  resemblance  of  the  fructification.)    Sporangia 
subglobous,  1-cellcd,  2-valvcd,  distinct,  coriaceous,  smooth,   cdnate  to 
the  compound  rachis  of  a  racemous  panicle  ;  valves  opening  transversely. 

§  Frond  ternately  divided,  situated  near  the  base  of  the  stipe  or  stem Nos.   1,  2 

§  Frond  ^innately  divided,  situated  at  or  above  the  middle  of  the  stem Nos.  8,  4 

1  B.  Itmarioides  Swartz.     Scape  bearing  the  frond  near  the  base;  frond  in  3 
bipinnatifid  divisions;  segments  obliquely  lanceolate,  crenulato;  spikes  bipinnate. 
— Native  of  shady  woods  and  pastures.     Frond  almost  radical,  cf  a  triangular 
outline,  3 — 5'  long  and  wide,  of  a  stouter  texture  than  No.  4,  distinctly  petiolate. 
Scape  thick,  8 — 12'  high,  bearing  a  tawny,  compound  panicle  2 — 4'  in  length, 
composed  of  numerous  little  2-ranked  spikes.     Aug.     (B.  obliquum  Muhl.    B. 
fumarioides  Willd.) 

ft.  DISSECTUM.     Frond  near  tho  base  of  the  scape,  more  numerously  dissected, 
almost  tripinnatifid.     (B.  dissectum  Willd.) 

2  B.  simplez  Hitchcock.     Frond  ternate,  borne  near  half  way  up  the  stalk;  Ifts. 
cuneate-obovate,  subentire  or  incised,  unequal ;   spike  compound,  interrupted,  uni- 
lateral;   capsules  sessile,  yellow. — Dry  hilly  pastures,  Vt.  and  Mass.     Stipe  or 
scape  3  to  6'  high.     Closely  resembles  B.  lunaria  of  Eur.     Frond  varies  from 
eimply  ternate  to  ternate-pinnatifid.     Jn. 

3  B.  neglectum.     MERIDEN  MOONWORT.     Frond  simply  pinnate,  with  oblong- 
ovate  or  oval,  incised  leaflets,  and  borne  near  the  summit  of  the  scape  ;  capsules* 
pedicellate,  subsolitary,  in  an  oblong  panicle. — Rocky  woods,  N.  H.  (Meriden  1) 
Allied  rather  to  the  next  than  to  No.  1.     St.  5  to  8'  high.     Frond  9  to  20"  long, 
half  as  wide.    Lfts.  3  or  4  pairs.    Pan.  often  larger  than  the  fronds.     Caps,  brown- 
ish, on  very  short,  thick  stipes.     July. 

4  B.  Virgmicmm  L.     RATTLESNAKE  FERN.     Stipe  with  a  single  frond  in  the  mid- 
dle; frond  twice  and  thrice  pinnate,  the  lowest  pair  of  pin  nee  springing  from  the 
base;  ultimate  segments  obtuse,  somewhat  3-toothed ;  spikes  decompound ;   plant 
subpilous. — A  beautiful  fern,  the  largest  of  its  genus,  in  low  woods.     Stipe  or 
Ecape  1 — 2f  high,  bearing  the  frond  about  half-way  up.     This  is  apparently  ter- 
nate, the  lower  pair  of  divisions  arising  from  the  base.     It  is  almost  tripinnate, 


ORDER  160.— FILICES.  817 

the  ultimate  segments  being  decurrent  and  more  or  less  confluent  at  base,  with 
3 — 5  cut  serratures.     Panicle  terminal,  3 — G'  long,  reddish-tawny.     June,  July. 

3.  LYGO'DIUM    Swartz.     CLIMBING   FERN.     (Gr.  kvyudw,  flexible, 
slender ;    from   the  habit.)     Sporangia   sessile,  arranged  in  2 -ranked 
spikelets  issuing  from  the  margin  of  the  contracted  frond,  opening  on 
the  inner  side  from  the  base  to  the  summit ;  indusium  a  scale-like  veil 
covering  each  sporange.     (Fig.  109.) 

L.  palmatum  Sw.  Stem  fiexuous,  climbing;  fronds  conjugate,  palmate,  5-lobed, 
lobes  entire,  obtuse;  spikelets  oblong-linear,  from  the  upper  fronds,  which  aro 
divided  and  contracted  into  a  compound  spike. — This  is  one  of  the  few  ferns  with 
climbing  stems,  and  the  only  one  found  in  the  U.  S.,  Mass,  to  Ky.  and  S.  States, 
rare.  Plant  of  a  slender  and  delicate  structure,  smooth.  Stem  3 — if  long.  Stipes 
alternate  on  the  stem,  forked,  supporting  a  pair  of  fronds  which  are  palmately 
divided  into  5 — 9  segments.  Fertile  fronds  terminal,  numerously  subdivided  into 
linear-oblong  segments  or  spikelets,  with  the  fruit  in  2  rows  on  the  back.  July. 

4.  SCHIZ^EXA  Smith.     (Gr.  o%t^w,  to  cut,  cleave;  alluding  to  the 
many-cleft  spikes.)     Sporangia  oval,  radiate  at  top,  sessile,  bursting  later- 
ally ;  indusium  continuous,  formed  of  the  inflexed  margins  of  the  leaf- 
lets which  arc  contracted,  spike-like,  crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  fertile 
frond. 

S.  pusilla  Pursh.  Frond  simple,  linear,  tortuous;  spikes  few,  crowded  at  tho 
top  of  a  long,  slender  stipe  or  scape. — A  very  delicate  fern,  found  in  tho  pino 
barrens,  Quaker  Bridge,  N.  J.  (This  is  the  only  locality  clearly  known.)  Fronds 
numerous,  csespitous,  2 — 3'  long,  \ — 1"  wide.  Fertile  stipes  several,  3 — 6'  high, 
filiform,  with  a  few  short  unilateral  spikelets  at  top  arranged  in  2  rows.  Capsules 
somewhat  turbinate,  in  2  rows  on  the  inner  side  of  each  spikelet.  August. 

5.  OSMUN'DA,  L.     FLOWERING  FERN.     Sporangia  globular,  half  2- 
valved,  roughened  on  the  surface  somewhat  in  lines,  pedicellate  and 
clustered  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  frond  or  a  portion  of  it,  which  is 
more  or  less  contracted  into  the  form  of  a  panicle  ;  spores  green. — Tall, 
handsome  Ferns.     Veins  forked,  straight. 

§  Frond  bipinnate  with  distinct  pinnae;  tho  upper  part  contracted  find  fertile No.  1 

§  Frond  pinnate  with  pinnatifid  pinna?,  partially  or  separately  fertile Nos.  2,  3 

1  O.  regalis  MX.     Fronds  bipinnate,  fructiferous  at  the  summit ;  segments  of  tho 
leaflets  lance-oblong,  distinct,  serrulate,  subsessile ;  raceme  large,  terminal,  decom- 
pound.— A  large  and  beautiful  fern,  in  swamps  and  meadows.     Tho  fronds  aro 
3 — 4f  high,  smooth  in  all  their  parts.     Leaflets  or  pinnae  opposite,  remote,  each 
with  6 — 9  pairs  of  leaves  with  an  odd  one.     These  are  an  inch  or  moro  long,  \  as 
wide,  obtuse,  the  petioles  0 — J-"  long.    Above,  the  frond  is  crowned  wilh  an  ample 
bipinnate  panicle  of  a  deep  fulvous  hue,  with  innumerable,  small,  globular,  2- 
valved  spore-cases  covering  the  segments.     Jn.     (0.  spectabilis  "VVilld.) 

2  O.  cinnamomea  L.    CINNAMON  FERN.    Sterile  frond  pinnate,  leaflets  elongated, 
pinnatifid,  segments    ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  very  entire;  fertile  frond  bipinnate, 
leaflets  all  contracted,  paniculate,  subopposite,  lanuginous  as  well  as  the  stipe. — This 
is  among  the  largest  of  our  ferns,  growing  in  swamps  and  low  grounds.     Fronds 
numerous,  growing  in  clumps,  3 — 5f  high,  most  of  them  barren,  the  stipe  and 
rachis  invested  with  a  loose,  cinnamon-colored  wool.     The  fertile  fronds  resemble 
spikes,  1 — 2f  long,  an  inch  wide.     Leaflets  all  fertile,  erect,  with  the  segments 
covered  with  fruit  in  the  form  of  small,  roundish  capsules,  appearing,  under  a 
microscope,  half- 2 -cleft.     June. 

3  O.  Clay  toniana  L.    INTERRUPTED  FLOWERING  FERN.    Frond  smooth  through- 
out, pinnate  with  lance-linear  pinnatifid  Ifts. ;  lobes  obtuse,  entire,  tho  veinlets  all 
once  forked,   some  (2  to  7)  of  the  intermediate  leaflets  fertile. — Common  in  low 
grounds.     Fronds  ample,  2  to  3f  high,  light  green,  interrupted  near  the  middle 
by  2  to  4  pairs  of  fertile  leaflets,  which  are  so  much  metamorphosed  as  to  resemble 

compound   racemes,  densely  covered  with  small  reddish-brown  sporangia. 
52 


818  ORDER  160.  —  FILICES. 

Jn.     (0.  interrupts  MX.)     As  tho  sterile  Ifts.  unfold  latest,  early  specimens  show 
tlio  upper  Ifts.  fertile,     llarely  the  lowest  Ifts.  are  all  fertile. 

6.  ACROSTICHUM,  L.  GOLDEN  FERN.  (Gr.  dicpog,  a  point,  <7r/#of, 
a  line  or  row  ;  from  the  fruit  dots  and  lines.)  Sporanges  scattered  (not 
in  sori),  occupying  the  under  surface  of  the  whole  or  a  part  of  the  frond. 
—  Fronds  of  various  habit. 

A.  atireum  L.  Frond  pinnate,  pinnae  alternate,  oblong-lanceolate,  entire,  equi- 
lateral, cuneate  at  base,  the  upper  bearing  the  fructification.  —  In  deep  swamps 
near  the  sea  coast,  Fla.  (Pursh).  Cultivated  occasionally  in  the  greenhouse.  It 
is  a  noble  Fern  3  to  5f  high.  Common  in  the  W.  Indies. 


7.  POLYPCTDIUM,  L.     POLYPOD.     (Gr.  TroK^,  many,  noda,  feet; 
from  the  multitude  of  creeping  rootstocks.)     Sori  roundish,  scattered  on 
various  parts  of  the  under  surface  of  the  frond,  with  no  indusium  (cover 
or  involucre).  —  Ferns  of  various  habit. 

§  MARGIXAHIA.  (simply  pinnate)  reticulate-veined,  clothed  with  scales  .............  No.  1 

§  PoiA'PODiuii.     Frond  with  tho  veins  forked,  distinct,  —  simply  pinnate  ...........  No.  2 

•—bipinnatifid  ...........  Kos.  3,  4 

—  ternate,  bipinnatilid  ......  No.  5 

1  P.  incanuin  Ph.     Fronds  deeply  pinnatifid;  segments  alternate,  linear,  very 
entire,  obtuse,  scaly  beneath,  the  upper  ones  gradually  smaller;  stipe  scaly,  bear- 
ing the  fertile  segments  near  the  apex;  sori  solitary  and  distinct.  —  A  parasitic 
fern,  3  —  G'  high,  growing  on  the  inclined,  moss-clad  trunks  of  living  trees,  parti- 
cularly of  the  huge  Sycamore,  and  the  Magnolias,  in  the  damp  forests  along  rivers, 
W.  States  1  and  also  Southern.     The  scales  resemble  the  indusia  of  other  Ferns, 
but  have  no  fruit  under  them.     The  veins  are  invisible. 

2  P.  vulgaro  L.     COMMON  POLYPOD.     Frond  deeply  pinnatifid,  smooth;  segm. 
linear-oblong,  obtuse,  crenulate,  the  upper  ones  gradually  smaller;    sori  large, 
distinct.  —  Rather  common  on  shady  rocks  and  in  wood?,  forming  tangled  patches 
with  their  roots  which  are  clothed  with  membranous  scales.     Fronds  G  to  12', 
divided  into  alternate  segments  nearly  to  the  midvein.     Stipe  naked  and  smooth. 
Segments  parallel,  a  little  curved,  about  £'  wide.     Fruit  in  large,  golden  dots  in  a 
double  row,  at  length  brownish.     July.     (P.  Virginianum  Willd.) 

3  P.  Fhegopteris  L.     BEECH  POLYPOD.     Frond  bipinnatifid,  triangular  in  out- 
line, veins  hairy,  the  lower  pinnae  defiexed  but  curving  forward  toward  the  apex; 
segments  linear-oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  ciliate,  the  lower  adnate  and  decurrclit; 
stipe  retrorsely  pubescent,  rachis  chaffy.  —  Shady  woods,  Can.  to  Wis.  and  N.  States. 
Frond  longer  than  wido  (3  to  G'  by  2£  to  5').     Sori  small,  about  4  on  each  seg- 
ment.    July. 

4  P.  hexagonopterum  MX.    TRIANGULAR  POLYPOD.     Frond  bipinnatifid,  pinnae 
rather  distant,  the  lowest  deflexed  ;  segments  lanceolate,  obtuse,  ciliate,  crenate  or 
dentate,  glandularly  puberuknt  beneath,  the  lowest  decurrent  and  forming  a  con- 
spicuous wing  to  the  rachis;  stipe  smooth.  —  Moist  open  woods,  U.  S.   common 
South.     Frond  wide  as  long  (5  to  8')  triangular.     Sori  many  on  each  segment. 
JL     (P.  Phegopteris  p.  ed.  2.) 

5  P.  Dryopteris  L.     TERNATE  POLYPOD.    Frond  ternate,  bipinnate  ;  branches 
of  the  frond  spreading,  deflexed,  segments  obtuse,  subcrenate;    sori  marginal; 
root  filiform,  creeping.  —  This  beautiful  fern  grows  in  shady  places  and  mountain- 
ous woods,  common  North.     Root  black  and  very  slender.     Stipe  slender  and 
delicate,  smooth,  nearly  a  foot  high,  dividing  into  3  light  green,  drooping,  com- 
pound leaflets  of  a  very  delicate  texture.     JL 

P.  CALCAREUM.     Branches  of  the  frond  erect,  rather  rigid.     (P.  calcareum  Sm.) 

8.  STRUTHIQPTERIS,  Willd.     OSTRICH  FERN.     (Gr.  orpovOog,  an 
ostrich,  TTTCpig,  a  fern.)     Fertile  fronds  contracted,  tho  margins  rolled 
backwards  and  covering  the  round,  confluent  sori,  which  arc  otherwise 
without  an  indusium.  —  Fronds  bipinnatifid,  the  fertile  pinnae  moniliform- 
linear. 


ORDER  160.— FLLICES.  819 

S.  Genndnica  "Willd.  A  Fern  of  noble  port,  in  x>w  woods  and  swamps,  N. 
States  and  Can.,  common.  The  sterile  fronds  are  often  5  or  6f  high,  commonly 
about  3f,  numerous,  in  a  circular  clump.  Stipes  smooth,  channeled.  Pinnaa  nu- 
merous, crowded,  long,  linear,  each  with  numerous  oblong  segments  of  which  the 
'  lowest  is  longer  and  acute,  all  more  or  less  connected  at  base.  Fertile  fronds  few 
in  the  midst  of  the  sterile,  much  smaller,  the  pinnre  subterete,  1  to  2'  long,  crowded. 
Sori  about  5  in  each  segment,  on  the  raised  ends  of  as  many  veinlets.  Aug. 

9.  PTE'RIS,  L.     BRAKE.     ROCK   BRAKE.     (Gr.    Trrepdv,    a   wing.) 
Sori  borne  on  the  ends  of  the  veins  forming  a  marginal  line,  covered 
with  the  membranous,  reflected  edge  of  the  frond. — Fronds  once  to 
thrice  pinnate  or  decompound. 

§  Frond  pedate,  or  ternr.te  and  bipinnatifld.    Sori  in  a  continuous  line Nos.  1,  2 

§  Froiid  partly  bipinnatc.    Sori  at  first  distinct  but  soon  continuous Nos.  8,  4 

1  P.  aquilina  L.     COMMON  BRAKE.     Frond  3-parted ;  branches  bipinnate ;  Ifts. 
oblong-lanceolate,  lower  ones  pinnatifid,  upper  ones  entire;    segments  oblong, 
obtuse. — Abundant  in  woods,  pastures  and  waste  grounds.     Fern  2 — 5f  in  height, 
upon  a  smooth,  dark  purple,  erect  stipe.     Frond  broad-triangular  in  outline,  con- 
sisting of  3  primary  divisions,  which  are  again  subdivided  into  obtusely  pointed, 
63ssile  leaflets.     These  are  entire  above,  becoming  gradually  indented  towards 
the  base  of  each  subdivision.     Sori  covered  by  the  folding  back  of  the  very  mar- 
gins of  the  segments. 

/?.  CAUDATA.     Segm.  of  the  pinna3  linear  oblong,  the  terminal  one  much  elon- 
gated.— The  common  Southern  form. 

2  P.  pedata  "Willd.     Frond  ternately  parted,  the  lateral  divisions  2-parted,  all 
pinnatifld ;    segm.  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  the  lowest  segment  of  the  terminal 
division  pinnatilid;  terminal  division  long-cuneiform  at  base,  recesses  acute. — On 
rocks,  Va.  (Pursh).     Fern  about  6'  high. 

3  P.  atropurpdrea  L.     ROCK  BRAKE.     Frond  pinnate;   rachis  hairy;   lower 
LIs.  ternate  or  pinnate,  segments  lance-oblong,  obtuse,  obliquely  truncate  or  sub- 
cordate  at  the  petiolate  base. — Fern  6 — 10'  high,  growing  on  rocks,  Can.,  "Wis., 
Yt.  to  Tenn.  1  and  Ala.  1    Frond  twice  as  long  as  wide,  of  a  grayish  hue,  the  two 
lower  divisions  consisting  of  1 — 3  pairs  of  leaflets  with  a  long,  terminal  segment. 
All  the  segments  distinct,  with  margins  conspicuously  revolute.     Some  of  the 
larger  have  1  or  2  auricles  at  base.     Stipe  and  rachis  dark  purple,  with  dense, 
paleaceous  hairs  at  base.     June — Aug.     (Allosorus,  Gr.  P.  Alabamensis  Buckley, 
when  the  upper  segments  are  generally  auricled.) 

4  P.  gracilis  Michx.     Frond  slender,  lanceolate,   sterile  ones  pinnate,  leaflets 
pinnatifid,  segments  broad-ovate,  obtuse ;  fertile  bipinnate,  leaflets  linear-oblong, 
crenate. — A  delicate  species,  growing  on  rocks.     Fern  4 — 6'  high,  smooth  and 
shining  throughout.     Both  this  and  No.  3  are  homogeneous  in  habit  with  the 
others.    Their  separation  to  a  new  genus  is  an  over-refinement.    ( A.llosorus,  Presl.) 

10.  CHEILANTHES,  Swartz.     LIP  FERN.     (Gr.  ;pAof,  a  lip,  avGo$ ; 
from  the  form  of  the  indusia.)     Sori  roundish,  distinct,  situated  at  the 
margin  or  apex  of  the  segments  ;    indusia  distinct,  formed  from  the 
reflected  margin  and  opening  inwards. — Segments  of  the  frond  with  the 
midvein  central. 

1  C.  vestita  Swartz.     Stipe  and  rachis  hairy;  frond  lipinnate,  oblong-ovate  in 
outline,  hairy  on  both  sides;  leaflets  alternate;  segments  oblong,  alternate,  ses- 
sile, distinct,  crenately  pinnatifid,  the  ultimate  segment  very  entire ;  sori  distinct, 
their  indusia,  unchanged. — Rocky  banks,  Penn.  to  Mo.  and  South.     Stipe  slender, 
rigid,  2 — 3'  long,  dark  brown.     Fronds  3 — 6'  by  1 — 2'.     Leaflets  lance-ovate  in 
outline,  6 — 12"  long.     A  small  and  delicate,  hairy  Fern.     Jl. 

2  C.  tomentdsa  Link.     Stipe  stout,  and  with  the  rachis  and  frond  clothed  with 
a  dense  ferruginous  wool ;  frond  tripinnate,  ultimate  segments  rounded  or  oblong, 
obtuse  (upper  ones  confluent),,  fruit-bearing  around  the  whole  margin. — N.  Car. 
(Curtis)  and  Tenn.     Fern  If  to  18'  high,  much  larger  and  more  hairy  than  the 
preceding.     Both  species  are  less  hairy  on  the  upper  than  the  under  surface. 


820  ORUEB  1GO.— FILICES. 

H.  ADIAN'TUM  L.  MAIDEN-HAIR.  (Gr.  a,  privative,  diaivu,  to 
moisten  ;  as  the  rain  slides  off  without  wetting  it.)  Sori  oblong  or 
roundish,  marginal ;  indusia  mernbranaceous,  formed  from  the  reflexed 
margins  of  distinct  portions  of  the  frond  and  opening  inwardly. — Stipe 
polished.  Ultimate  segments  dimidiate,  the  midvein  on  the  lower 
margin. 

1  A.  pedatum  L.     Frond  pedate ;  divisions  pinnate ;  segments  oblong-rhomboid, 
incisely  lobed  on  the  upper  side,  obtuse  at  apex ;  sori  oblong,  subulate. — This  is, 
doubtless,  the  most  beautiful  of  all  our  ferns,  abounding  in  damp,  rocky  woods. 
Stipe  8 — 14'  high,  slender,  of  a  deep,  glossy  purple  approaching  to  a  jet-black. 
At  top  it  divides  equally  into  2  compound  branches,  each  of  which  gives  off,  at 
regular  intervals,  G — 8  simply  pinnate  leaflets  from  the  outer  side,  giving  the 
whole  frond  the  form  of  the  crescent.     July. 

2  A.  Curtisii,  N.  sp.     (We  saw  specimens  of  a  new  Adiantum  in  the  herbarium 
of  Rev.  M.  A.  Curtis,  from  the  Mts.  of  N.  Car.     But  our  notes  are  insufficient  at 
present  for  its  proper  diagnosis.) 

12.  DICKSCTNIA  L'Her.    (In  honor  of  James  Dickson,  a  distinguished 
English  cryptogamist.)     Sori  marginal,  roundish,  distinct,  terminating 
a  vein ;  indusium  double,  the  proper  one  cup-shaped,  opening  outwards, 
the  other  formed  of  a  reflected  lobule  of  the  margin  and  opening  inwards. 

D.  pilosiuscula  Willd.  FINE-HAIRED  MOUNTAIN  FERN.  Frond  bipinnate ;  leaf- 
lets lanceolate,  sessile;  segments  pinnatifid,  decurrent,  oblong-ovate,  ultimate 
segments  toothed ;  stipe  a  little  hairy. — A  large  and  delicate  fern,  in  pastures, 
roadsides,  among  rocks  and  stones.  Fronds  2 — 3f  high,  in  tufts,  and  remarkable 
for  their  numerous  divisions  and  subdivisions.  Stipe  arid  rachis  smooth,  with  the 
exception  of  a  few,  soft,  scattered  hairs.  Leaflets  alternate,  approximate;  seg- 
ments deeply  divided  into  4-toothed,  ultimate  segments.  Sori  minute,  solitary,  on 
the  upper  margin  of  the  segments.  July.  (D.  punctilobula,  Hook.) 

13.  WOODWAR'DIA,  Sm.     (To  Thomas  J.  Woodward,  an  English 
botanist.)     Sori  oblong,  straight,  parallel  with,  and  close  to  the  midvein, 
on  transverse,  anastamosing  veinlets;    indnsia  arising  from  the  same 
veinlet  on  the  outer  side,  free  and  opening  on  the  inner  side  towards 
the  midvein. — Fronds  pinnate  or  pinnatifid. 

1  W.  onocleoides  Willd.     Fronds  of  two  kinds ;   the  sterile  simply  pinnatifid 
pinnas,  lanceolate,  repand,  slightly  serrulate ;    fertile  fronds  pinnate,  the  pinnsa 
entire,  linear,  acute. — In  swamps,  not  common.     Fern  about  a  foot  high,  growing 
in  tufts.     Barren  fronds  numerous,  of  a  narrow-lanceolate,  acuminate  outline. 
Leaflets  with  decurrent  or  confluent  bases.     Fertile  fronds  fewer,  with  linear 
segments  nearly  covered  on  the  back  with  the  fruit  in  oblong,  longitudinal  sori  £' 
in  length.     Aug.     (W.  angustifolia  Sm.) 

2  W.  Virginica  Willd.     Fronds  all  similar,  pinnate,  very  smooth,  the  leaflets  pin- 
natifid, lanceolate,  sessile ;  sori  in  interrupted  lines  near  the  midvein  of  the  leaflets 
and  oblong,  obtusish  segments, — In  low  woods  and  swamps.     Frond  about  2f  high, 
on  a  smooth  stipe,  lanceolate  in  outline,  and  pale  green.    Leaflets  alternate,  deeply 
piuhatifid,  with  numerous,  spreading,  obtuse  and  slightly  crenate  lobes.     Fruit 
arranged  in  lines  along  each  side  of  the  midveins,  both  of  the  segments  and  leaf- 
lets.    July,  Aug.     (Doodia,  R.  Br.) 

3  W.  thelypteroides  Ph.    Fronds  nearly  similar,  pinnate,  the  pinna  sessile,  villous 
at  base,  linear-lanceolate,  pinnatifid ;  the  segments  in  the  sterile  fronds  oblong,  obtus- 
ish, in  the  fertile  short-triangular,  acute,  all  entire;  stipe  pubescent,  angular. — Sandy 
swamps,  near  Charleston,  S.  Car.     Resembles  the  preceding  but  is  not  half  ita 
size.     Jl.     (Pursh.) 

14.  ASPLEVNIUM,  L.     SPLEENWORT.     (Gr.  a,  privative,  ff7rA.?jv,  the 
spleen  ;  from  its  supposed  medicinal  virtues.)     Sori  linear,  or  linear- 
oblong,  separate,  oblique  to  the  midvein,  arising  with  its  indusiura,  from 


ORDER  1GO  ^-FILICES.  821 

the  upper  or  forward  side  of  the  lateral  veins  and  opening  towards  the 
midvein. — Ferns  of  various  habit.     Veins  forked  or  pinnate. 

§  ATIIYRIUM.     Imlusium  oblong,  subreniform,  opening  half  around.    Frond  nipinnatc...No.  7 
§  ASPLKNIUM  proper.     Imhisiiiia  narrow,  straightish,  opening  only  on  one  edge,     (a) 

a  Frond  bipinnatirid,  with  numerous  pinna-  (leaflets).     Stalks  green. . . . No.  6 

a  Frond  bipinnatifid,  with  few  divisions.     Stalks  greenish Nos.  4,  5 

a  Frond  simply  pinnate, — thin,  large,  with  green  stalks No.  3 

— subcoriaceous,  with  dark  purple  stalks Nos.  1,  2 

1  A.  Trich6manes  L.    DWARF  SPLEENWORT.    Frond  pinnate ;  If  Is.  roundish,  sub- 
sessile,  small,  roundish-obovate,  obtusely  cuneato  and  entire  at  base,  crenate  above  ; 
stipe  black  and  polished. — A  small  and  delicate  fern,  forming  tufts  on  shady  rocks. 
Frond  3 — 6'  high,  lance-linear  in  outline,  with  8 — 12  pairs  of  roundish,  sessily 
leaflets,  3 — 4"  long.     Fruit  in  several  linear-oblong,  finally  roundish  sori  on  each 
leaflet,  placed  oblique  to  tho  midvein.     July.     (A.  melanocaulon  Muhl.) 

2  A.  ebeneum  Willd.    EBONY  SPLEENWORT.    Frond  pinnate ;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  sub* 
falcate,  serrate,  auriculate  at  base  on  tho  upper  side ;  stipe  smooth  and  polished. — 
A  beautiful  fern,  in  dry  woods,  hills.     Fronds  8 — 14'  high,  on  a  slender  stipe  of 
a  shining  brown  or  black  color.     Foliage  5—9'  long,  1— !-£'  wide,  linear-lanceolate 
in  outline.     Leaflets  near  an  inch  in  length,  rather  acuminate  and  curved  at  apex, 
dilated  at  base  on  the  upper  side,  and  sometimes  on  tho  lower.     Fruit  arranged 
in  short  lines  on  each  side  the  midrib.     July. 

3  A.  angustifolium  Michx.     Frond  pinnate;   Ids.  alternate,  tipper  ones  sub- 
opposite,  linear-lanceolate,  serrate  towards  tho  apex,  somewhat  repand,  the  bases 
truncate  on  the  upper  side  and  rounded  on  •  tho  lower. — In  low  woods,  frequent, 
Vt.  to  Ga.     Fronds  thin,  fragile,  1 — 2 f  high,  ia  tufts,  the  outer  ones  barren,  inner 
fertile.     Sori  large,  diverging  from  tho  midrib,  parallel  with  the  veins,  at  length 
confluent.     July. 

4  A.  Ruta-muraria  L.     Frond  bipinnate  at  base,  simply  pinnate  above;  Ifts. 
small,  petiolate,  cuneate  at  base,  erose-dentate  at  the  blunt  apex. — An  extremely 
small  and  delicate  fern,  in  dry,  rocky  places.     Frond  2 — 3'  high,  -£•  as  wide,  smooth, 
growing  in  tufts,  somewhat  coriaceous.     Segments  usually  3  on  each  leaflet,  less 
than  £'  long.     Stipe  flat  and  smooth.     Sori  linear-oblong,  slightly  oblique,  of  a 
rusty-brown  color,  finally  confluent.     July. 

5  A.   montanum   Willd.     (A.   Adiantum-nigrum.     Michx.)     Frond    glabrous, 
bipinnate  ;  Ifts.  oblong-ovate,  parted  into  a  few  (5  or  G)  2  or  '&-lootlied  segments  ;  son 
linear,  finally  confluent. — Mountain   rocks,  Penn.  to  Car.  (Curtis),  W.  to  Ky. 
Fronds  growing  in  tufts,  4 — 8'   high,  rhombic  or  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline, 
mostly  bipinnate,  but  more  or  less  divided  according  to  tho  size.     Segments  more 
obtuse  than  in  the  foreign  A.  Adiantum-nigrum.    July. 

6  A.  thelypteroidea  Michx.     SILVERY  SPLEENWORT.     Frond  bipinnatifid ;  Ifts. 
pinnatifid,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate-crenate ; 
sori  in  parallel,  oblique  lines. — A  fine,  large  fern,  on  shady  banks  of  streams. 
Fronds  1^ — 3f  high,  of  an  ovate-acuminate  outline,  on  a  slightly  chaffy,  pale  stipe. 
Leaflets  distinct  and  rather  remote,  narrow,  4 — 6'  long.     Segments  rounded  at  the 
end,  near  %'  long.     Sori  arranged  in  2  rows  on  each  segment,  one  on  each  sido 
the  midvein,  convergent  below,  with  shining,  silvery  indusia  when  young.     July. 

7  A.  Filix-fcemina  Bernh.     Frond  bipinnate ;  Ifts.  lanceolate,  acuminate ;  seg. 
oblong-lanceolate,  deeply  cut-pinnatifid ;  ultimate  seg.  2 — 3-toothed ;  sori  reniform 
or  lunate,  arranged  near  tho  veins ;  stipe  smooth. — A  delicate,  finely-divided  fern 
in  moist  woods.     Fronds  1 — 2f  high,  with  subopposite  divisions.     These  are  sub- 
divided into  distinct,  obtuse  segments,  which  are  themselves  cut  into  oblong,  deep 
serratures,  and  lastly,  tho  serratures  are  mostly  with  2 — 3  teeth  at  the  summit. 
Sori  large,  at  first  in  linear  curves,  finally  confluent,  giving  the  whole  frond  a  dark 
brown  hue.     July.     (Aspidium,  Swtz.) 

15.  ANTIGRAM'MA,  Prcsl.  WALKING  FERN.  (Gr.  avri,  like, 
ypdnf-ia,  writing ;  said  of  the  fruit  dots.)  Sori  linear  or  oblong,  scat- 
tered without  order  on  the  transverse  veins,  oblique  at  various  angles, 
often  in  pairs  and  facing  each  other;  indusium  simple,  linear. — Frond 
simple,  veins  reticulated  in  the  midst,  forked  and  free  only  ia  the  margin. 


822  OHDER  160. — FILICES. 

1  A.    rhizoph^lla  J.  Smith.     Frond  mostly  undivided,  lanceolate,  stipitato,  sub- 
crenate,  cordate-auriculato  at  base,  the  apex  attenuated  into  a  long,  slender  acu- 
mination,  rooting  at  the  point. — This  singular  fern  grows  in  rocky  woods,  not  very 
common.     The  frond  is  4 — 8'  long ;  the  long,  slender,  linear  point  bending  over 
backwards,  reaches  the  earth,  and  there  strikes  root,  giving^  rise  to  a  new  plant, 
Thus  the  plant  may  walk  by  yearly  steps.   July.    ( Asplenium,  ed.  2.    Camptosorua. 
Link.) 

2  A.  pinnatifida.     Frond  pinnatifid,  lanceolate,  abrupt  at  base,  the  apex  atten- 
uated into  a  long  acumination  and  sometimes  striking  root;   segments  or  loles 
roundish-ovate;  son  irregularly  scattered,  at  length  large  and  confluent,  covering 
the  lobes,  and  even  the  slender  summit.     Crevices  of  rocks,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Schuylkill  (Nuttall),  Ky.  and  Tenn.  (Curtis)  rare.     Fronds  tufted  and  spreading, 
4  to  8'  long.     (Asplenium,  JSTutt.) 

16.  SCOLOPEN'DRIUM,  Smith.    HART'S-TONGUE.    (Gr.  oiiohonevSpa, 
the  centipede ;  suggested  by  the  appearance  of  the  under  side  of  the 
leaf.)     Sori  linear,  transverse,  scattered ;  indusium  double  (arising  from 
2  contiguous  parallel  veins),  occupying  both  sides  of  the  sorus,  along 
the  middle,  finally  opening  lengthwise. 

S.  ofiicinanim  "Willd.  Frond  simple,  ligulate,  acute,  entire,  cordate  at  base. — 
Shady  rocks,  Chittenango,  N.  Y.,  (Snrtwell.)  Stipe  rather  short  (3 — 5'  long),  chaffy, 
bearing  the  frond  suberect,  8 — 15'  high,  2—3'  wide,  bright  green,  paler  beneath. 
Sori  oblique  to  the  midvein,  G — 9"  in  length.  Rhizoma  large,  creeping.  July. — 
This  curious  fern  appears  to  bo  confined  to  the  vicinity  above  mentioned,  where 
it  was  first  detected  by  Pursh.  It  is  there  abundant.  (Asplenium  Scolopen- 
drium  L.) 

17.  WOOD'SIA,    Brown.     ROCK    POLYPOD.     (In   honor   of   Joseph 
Woods,  an  excellent  English  botanist.)     Sori  roundish,  scattered ;  indu- 
sium beneath  the  sorus,  early  opening  above  it,  with  a  multifid  or  fringed 
margin,  including  the  pedicellate  spore  cases,  like  a  calyx. — Small,  caes- 
pitous,  ferns  with  pinnated  fronds. 

§  HYPOPELTES,  Torr.     Indnsium  closed  over  the  sorus  at  first,  toothed  when  open No.  1 

§  WOODSIA  proper.    Indusium  concealed  under  the  sorus,  fringed  with  long  huirs. .  .Nos.  2,  3 

1  W.  ilvensis  Br.     RUSTY  POLYPOD.    Frond  pinnate,  leaflets  pinnatifid,  lan- 
ceolate ;  segments  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  ;  sori  near  the  margin,  at  length  confluent ; 
stipe,  rachis  and  midveins  chaffy. — Growing  in  tufts,  on  rocks  and  in  dry  woods 
North  and  South.    Fronds  5  or  6'  high,  on  brown  stipes  which  are  more  or  less 
chaffy.     Foliage  3  or  4'  long,  -J  as  wide,  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  with  rust- 
colored  chaff  beneath,  with  opposite  and  alternate  leaflets  hardly  an  inch  in 
length.     The  lower  leaflets  are  pinnatifid,  upper  ones  wavy  on  the  margin  or  en- 
tire.    (W.  rufidula  Beck.) 

2  W.  obtusa  Torr.     Frond  subbipinnate,  or  nearly  tripinnate,  minutely  glandu- 
lar-pilous; Ifts.  distant;  segments  of  the  leaflets  pinnatifid;    ultimate  segments 
roundish-oblong,  obtuse,  bidentate;    sori  round,  one  at  each  cleft  between  the 
lobelets,  at  length  crowded;  stipe  somewhat  chaffy. — About  a  foot  high,  among 
and  on  rocks,  N.  Y.  to  Ky.  and  Tenn.     Fronds  lance-oblong  in  outline,  3  times  as 
long  as  wide.     Segments  of  the  leaflets  crenate-serrate,  the  lower  ones  distinct, 
upper  confluent.     Sori  orbicular,  becoming  nearly  confluent,  each  at  first  inclosed 
in  the  silvery  indusium  which  when  open  is  notched  into  little  teeth  on  the  mar- 
gin.    July.     (W.  Perriniana,  ed.  2.) 

3  W.  glabella  R.  Br.     Fern  smooth  and  glabrous,  pinnate,  lance-linear  in  out- 
line, 2  to  5'  high ;  Ifts.  distant  below,  subopposite,  ovate,  very  obtuse,  a  few  lines 
long,  the  upper  with  the  margins  only  crenate,  the  lower  deeply  cleft  into  3  to  7 
lobelets;  indusium  fringed,  open. — Rocks,  Little  Falls,  N.  Y.  -(Yasey!  in  herb. 
Curtis),  Willoughby  Mt.,  Vt  and  Can. 

18.  CISTOP'TERIS,  Bernh.    BLADDER  FERN.     (Gr.  KVOTI^  a  blad- 
der, 7TTEpi$,  fern.)     Sori  roundish;   indusium  hood   shaped,  vaulted, 


ORDER  160.— FlHCES.  823 

closed  and  subtending  the  sorns  on  throe  sides,  opening  on  the  fourth 
Avhich  loots  towards  the  apex  of  the  segment ;  veins  forked,  free. 

1  C.  bulbifera  Bernh.     Frond  bipinnato,  *nrrowly  lanceolate,  segments  of  the 
Ifts.  opposite,  oblong,  serrate,  the  lower  C'**  pinnatifid;  rachis  bulbiferous,  wing- 
less ;  sori  roundish,  placed  singly  at  tho  oaefts  between  the  lobelets. — In  damp 
•woods,  frequent.     Frond  12  to  18'  high,  remarkable  for  tho  little  bulbs  produced 
in  the  axils  of  the  rachis,  which,  falling  to  the  ground,  take  root.     Foliage  narrow, 
tapering  to  an  acute  summit.     Stipe  six>joth.     JL     (Aspidium,  Swtz). 

2  C.  fragilis  Bernh.     Frond  bipinLrt?-,  oblong-lanceolate  in  outline,  delicate  in  tex- 
ture; Ifts.  ovate-lanceolate,  segm.  oK-ong,  obtuse  or  acute  (3  to  5"),  incisely  lobed 
or  pinnatifid,  its  lobes  subentirc ;  rw.kis  winged  by  the  decurrent  If  is.  /  sori  singlo 
at  the  base  of  each  tooth ;  sti]??  "tender,  longer  than  frond. — A  delicate  Fern  on 
moist  rocks,  frequent.     Fronds  %  to  12'   high,  dark  green,  its  divisions  rather 
remote,  and  with  the  subdivisions,  considerably  variable  in  form.     Sori  small, 
about  1  at  the  base  cf  each  lobe,  soon  naked.     Jn.,  JI.     (Aspidium  tcnue  Swtz.) 

19.  ONOC'LEA,  L.     SENSITIVE  FERN.     (Gr.  ovog,  a  kind  of  vessel, 
/t/Uto),  to  close.)     Fronds  sterile  and  fertile  ;  sori  clustered,  confluent ; 
proper  indusium  very  tbia,  lateral ;  common  indusium  formed  of  tho 
segments  of  the  frond,  whose  margins  are  revoluto  and  contracted  into 
the  form  of  a  berry,  opening,  but  not  expanding. — Sterile  fronds  deeply 
pinnatifid,  ample  ;  fertile  bipinnate,  with  recurved  and  globular,  con- 
tracted segments. 

O.  sensibilis  L.  Common  in  low  grounds.  Fronds  about  a  foot  high,  the  barren- 
ones  broad  and  somewhat  triangular  in  outline,  composed  of  broad,  oblong,  sinuato 
divisions,  tho  upper  ones  smaller,  nearly  entire,  becoming  united  at  base.  Tho 
fertile  frond  is  very  dissimilar  in  its  form  to  the  others,  resembling  a  compound 
spike  enclosing  the  fruit  in  the  globular  segments  cf  its  short  divisions.  Color 
dark  brown.  Jl. — Very  sensitive  to  frost. 

p.  OBTUSILOBATA  Torr.    Fertile  frond  segments  leaf-like,  only  partially  revolute, 
not  concealing  the  sort — Mass.,  N.  Y.,  very  rare.     (0.  obtusiloba  Schk.) 

20.  ASPID'IUM,  L.     SHIELD   FERN.     (Gr.   ocnrfc   a  Email  shield ; 
from  the  resemblance  of  the  indusium.)     Sori  orbicular,  scattered,  ter- 
minal or  lateral  on  the  pinnate  veins ;   indusium  orbicular,  peltate  or 
reniform  with  a  deep  sinus,  covering  the  sorus,  opening  all  around. 

§  TTpper  half  of  the  frond  fruitful,  contracted,  unlike  the  lower  sterile  half Nos.  1,  2 

§  Upper  half  of  the  frond  like  the  lower,  not  contracted,     (a) 

a  Frond  simply  pinnate,  Ifts.  ovate,  semiauricnlate No.  3 

a  Frond  bipinnate,  segments  seiniauriculate,  sharp- toothed Nos.  4,  5 

a  Frond  bipinnate,  segments  equilateral,  deeply  pinnatifid No.  6 

a  Frond  pinnate  with  pinnatifid  leaflets,    (b) 

b  Segments  subcoviaceous,  with  the  sori  near  the  midvein Nos.  7,  8 

b  Segments  subcoriaccous,  with  tlie  sod  at  the  margin No.  9 

b  Segments  soft  and  thin, — stnoothish.    Sori  in  2  rows JJos.  10,  11 

— hairy.     Sori  without  order No.  12 

1  A.  acrostichoides  Willd.     Leaflets  of  the  frond  undivided,  subsessile,  falcate- 
lanceolate,  auriculate  on  the  upper  side  at  base,  ciliate-serrulate,  only  the  upper 
ones  fertile ;  sori  at  length  confluent ;  stipe  chaffy. — Common  in  rocky  shades. 
Frond  15 — 18'  high,  of  a  narrow-lanceolate  outline.     Stipe  with  loose,  chaffy 
scales.    Leaflets  numerous,  slightly  curving  upwards,  1 — 2'  in  length,  (incised  in  A. 
Schweinitzii  Beck),  the  terminal  ones,  which  alone  aro  fruitful,  are  contracted  ia 
size,  tha  under  sido  becoming  overspread  with  tho  sori.     June — Aug. 

2  A.  Ludovicianum  Riddell.  Frond  tall  (2  to  4f ),  rigidly  erect,  narrowly  oblong- 
lanceolate  in  outline,  pinnate  and  barren  below,  bipinnate,  fruitful  and  contracted 
above;  lower  Ifts.  incisely  pinnatifid  with  very  obtuse,  subentire  lobes,  upper  with 
distinct,  oblong,   obtuse,  crenate- serrate  segments;    indusia  peltate,  in   2  intra- 
marginal  rows. — Swamps,  Ga.,  Fla.  to  La.     The  short  stipe  and  long  rachis  chaffy. 

3  A.  lonchitia  "Willd.    Frond  pinnate,  linear-lanceolate  in  outline,  rigidly  erect 


g24  OBDEB  160. — FILICES. 

(8  to  12') ;  Ids.  obliquely  triangular-ovate,  auricled  on  the  upper  side  at  base, 
largest  (!'  long)  in  the  middle,  gradually  reduced  above  and  below  to  the  base,  all 
beset  with  close,  spiny  teeth,  and  covered  with  fruit  beneath. — JST.  Mich.  Br.  Am. 

4  A.  aculeatum  Swtz.     Segments  of  the  leaflets  ovate,  subfalcate,  acute,  acu- 
leate-serrate, truncate  and  auricled  on  the  upper  side  at  base,  upper  leaflets  fer- 
tile; stipe  and  racliis  chaffy. — Manstield  Mt.,  Vt,  and  Mts.  in  Essex  Co.,  N.  Y., 
(Macrae).     Fronds  dark  green,  in  tufts  1 — 2f  high.     Segments  of  the  leaflets  011 
very  short  petioles,  somewhat  dilated  at  base  on  the  upper  side,  deeply  serrate, 
each  serrature  tipped  with  a  short  spinous  bristle.     Sori  in  rows,  distinct.     Aug. 

5  A.  fragrans  Swtz.     Frond  coriaceous,  pinnate  with  deeply  pinnatifid  or  pinnate 
Ifls.,  lance-ovate  in  outline,  glandular  and  fragrant :  Ifts.  narrow-pointed,  with  a 
dozen  pairs  of  small,  obtuse,  bristly  serrate  segments  which  are  unequal  at  base ; 
indusia  large,  orbicular,  peltate,  covering  segments. — Rocks,  Penokeo  Iron  Range, 
L.  Sup.  (Lapham)  and  northwest.     Frond  6  to  12'  high.     Stipe  and  rachis  chaffy. 

€  A.  spimilosum  "Willd.  Leaflets  oblong-lanceolate,  distinct ;  segments  distinct, 
oblong,  obtuse,  iricisely  pinnatifid;  ultimate  segments  mucronate-serrate ;  stipe 
chaffy ;  indusium  umbilicate. — Woods  and  shady  pastures.  Fronds  1 — 2f  high, 
nearly  tripinnate,  the  foliage  about  twice  as  long  as  wide,  acuminate  at  apex, 
abrupt  at  base.  Leaflets  also  acuminate,  but  the  segments  rather  obtuse,  all  dis- 
tinct at  base,  except  those  near  the  summit,  serratures  with  short,  soft  bristles. 
Stipe  with  large,  tawny  scales.  Sori  large.  Jl.  (A.  dilatatum  Swtz.)  Variable. 

7  A.  Goldianum  Hook.  GOLDIE'S  FERN.  Frond  ample,  oval  or  ovate,  in  out- 
line (10  to  16'  long,  two-thirds  as  wide)  pinnate,  as  long  as  the  smooth  stipe;  Ifls. 
broad-linear,  alternate,  deeply  pinnatifid,  crenate-appressed-serrate,  acutish,  with 
2  rows  of  distinct  fruit-dots  near  the  midvein ;  indusium  reniform-peltate. — A  large 
Fern  in  rocky  woods,  K  and  "W.  States  and  Can.  Lfts.  close  together,  about  30 
pah's,  with  about  20  pairs  of  segments.  Stipe  chaffy  at  base,  scarcely  so  above. 

C  A.  cristatum  Swtz.  Stipe  with  a  few  large,  oblong,  torn  scales,  chiefly  at 
base ;  frond  narrowly  lanceolate ;  leaflets  deeply  pinnatifid,  remote,  short-petiolu- 
late,  broadest  at  base,  the  lower  triangular-ovate ;  sori  large,  in  a  single  row  each 
side  the  midvein  of  each  dentate  segment;  indusium  fixed  near  one  side. — Woods, 
Can.,  N.  H.  (Rickard)  to  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  A  beautiful  Fern,  20  to  30'  high.  Frond 
dark  green,  15 — 18'  by  5 — 8'.  Leaflets  gradually  narrowing  from  base  to  apex. 
Segments  nearly  distinct,  more  or  less  distinctly  serrate-dentate,  each  with  1 — 25 
dark-brown  sori  (lower  leaflets  fruitless).  July.  (A.  Lancastriense  Spr.) 

9  A.  marginale  Swtz.    MARGINAL  SHIELD-FERN.    Segments  of  the  leaflets 
oblong,  obtuse,  decurrent,  crenate-sinuate,  repand  at  base,  lower  ones  almost  pin- 
natifid; sori  marginal;  stipe  chaffy. — A  large,  handsome  Fern,  in  rocky  woods, 
common.     Frond  12 — 18'  high,  very  smooth  (rachis  a  little  chaffy),  its  divisions 
nearly  opposite.     Segments  of  the  leaflets  distinct,  near  an  inch  long,  £  as  wide, 
contracted  at  base,  then  decurrent,  forming  a  narrow  margin  along  the  rachis. 
Fruit  in  round  dots,  in  regular  rows  along  the  margins  of  the  segments.     Indusium 
large,  orbicular,  with  a  lateral  sinus.     July. 

10  A.  Tfcetyptera   Swtz.     LADY   FERN.     Frond  emoothish,  lance-ovate;   Ifls. 
slender,  distant,  deeply  pinnatifid,  gradually  shorter  from  near  the  base  upwards  ; 
segm.  acute,  margins  reflexed  in  fruit;  sori  in  2  lines,  as  near  the  midvein  as  the 
margin, — A  delicate  Fern,  in  damp  shades,  frequent,  about  If  high,  hah0  as  wide. 
Lfts.  2  to  3'  long,  about  20  pairs,  lowest  pair  as  long  as  any.    Segni.  25  pairs.    JL 

11  A.  Novaboracense  Willd.     NEW- YORK  FERN.    Frond  smoothish,  elliptic- 
lanceolate  ;  Ifls.  slender,  near  or  distant,  deeply  pinnatifid,  gradually  shorter  both 
ways  to  a  point  from  the  middle,  the  lower  reflexed;  segm.  obtuse,  oblong,  flat; 
sori  in  2  rows  close  to  the  margin,  at  length  confluent. — Fern  as  thin  and  delicate 
as  the  last,  12  to  18'  high,  3  to  4'  wide,  with  about  the  same  number  of  divisions. 

12  A.  patens   Swz.     Frond  soft  and  thin,  pubescent  with  rusty  hairs  all  over, 
lanceolate,  pinnate ;  Ifts.  linear,  pointed,  pinnatifid,  lobes  short-oblong,  very  obtuso 
entire,  with  simply  pinnate  veins ;  indusia  round-reniform,  small,  scattered  without 
order  near  the  midvein. — Dry  woods,  Fla.  (Chapman).     Fern  12  to  18'  high,  tre 
stipes  a  third  of  thia  length.     Lfts.  about  25  pairs,  segm.  18.  (Amolle  Kunze). 


LATIN  INDEX. 


**#  The  names  of  the  Natural  Orders,  and  of  the  higher  divisions,  are  in  Capitals, 
Synonyms  arid  Subgenera  are  in  Italics.  The  numbers  inclosed  in  parentheses  refer 
also  to  Synonyms. 


Abies                                601 

Amtllus  438 

ARISTOLOCHIACE2E 

Blephilia                        551 

Abutilon                         268 

601 

Bletia                              6fc6 

Acacia                             299 

Ammannia  349 

Armeria  £08 

Blitutn                              614 

Ammi                             387 

ACANTHACEjE....  533 
Acantholomou  509 
Acer                 .  .  .  (287)  285 

Ammophila  778 
Amorpha  315 
Arnpelopsis  293 

Arnica  464 
Arrhenafherum  790 
Artemisia  459 

Boerhavia  603 
Boltonia  429 
Booltia  .  .  343 

ACERAOE^E  285 
Acerates  594 
Anetoxa  605 
Achfllea                          457 

Amphiauthus  625 
Amphicarpapa  322 
Amphicarpum  784 
Amsonia     589 

ARTOCARPACE^.  634 
Arum  608,  669 
Arundinaria  800 
Arundo                  778    800 

Borl;haunia  4'3 
BORRAGINACE^i.  558 
Borrago  559 

Achyrantheae  616 

Araygdaleae  325 
Amygdalus  329 

Asarum  601 
ASCLEPIADACE^E    590 

Borya  G(X) 

Acnida                         .  618 

ANACARDIACE^E.  283 

Asclepias.     .        (594)  591 

Bouteloua                       ^05 

Anacharis  679 

Boykinia                          '-i',1 

Aconis                ....  670 

Anagallis  505 

Asimina  215 

BrachychaXa                  4'0 

ACROGEiVjE  ..     ..810 

Anantherix  594 

Acrostichum  818 
AcUea     211,  212 

Andromeda  486 
Andropogon.  808 

Asphodelus  713 

Brasenia  219 
Brassica  235 

Aetiuomeris  450 

Asplenium   820 

Brickellia  415 

Actiiiospermum  457 
Adflia,                              600 

Anemone  202 

Asteranthemum  715 
Aster              (420-429)  420 

Bi  iza  799 
BROMELI  \CEyE        695 

Angelica                         380 

ASTEROIDE.iE            419 

ANGIOSPER\LE        199 

Astilbe                            371 

Adice                           .  637 

ANONACE^E                215 

Atheropoqon                    805 

Browallia                         517 

Adhimia                  .       225 

Atragene                        201 

Adonis       .          .       .  205 

Atriplex                 (615)  614 

Brunei  la                          552 

JSjilop*       806 

^opodium  388 
yEiehvnomene  306 
jEseulus  287 
^Ethusa  386 
Agapanthus  712 

Anthopogon  803 
Anthoxanthum  789 
Antigramma  821 
Antirrhinum  519 
Anychia                 (263)  262 

Aitlaxanthus  786 
AURANTIACE^E...  274 
Avena  (790,791)  790 
Azalea,  (489)  .  Azolla.  .  810 
Baccharis  439 

Bryopliy  lima  267 
Bryzopyrum  798 
Buchne:  a  5i'8 
Bucklera  622 
Bumelia  500 

Aqathi/rsus  474 
Agave      .       .               694 

Aparqia  470 
APETAL^E                   601 

Baldwinia  456 
Ballota                            555 

BupJtthalmum  440 

Aphylloa                         512 

BalsamiflwR                    37  *» 

Agrimonia  337 

Apios     ..........!!!!  320 

BALSAMINACE^E  .  2J-0 

BUPvMANNIACE<E.  680 

Agrostemma  256 
ATostis  ....  (775-778)  774 

Apium  388 

Baptisia  301 
Barbarea                         233 

Buxus  '....  632 
Cabomba                        °19 

Ailanthus  283 
Aira....(79l),  791,  795)  790 

APOCYNACE^..'.'.'  588 
Apocynum  588 

Bartonia  (368)  586 
Barilla  632 

CABOMBACE^E....  219 
Cacalia  462 

BASFLLACE-iE           611 

CACTACE^E...         .  359 

Ajax  693 

Apogonia,                        807 

Bat  nt  us                             571 

Cartus  3.;.9 

Alcea  266 

Apteria  ...  680 

Saltchia  561 

Cakile  239 

Alchemilla  325 

AQUIFOLIACEJ3       496 

Befaria                              491 

Calamngrostis  777 

Aletris  697 
Alisraa  (677)  676 

Aquilegia  209 
Arabis                             231 

Bfqonia  366 
BEGONIACEJE           366 

Calaminiba  547 
Calceolaria  517 

ALISMACE.&  676 
Allium  711 

ARACE.E  667 
Arachis                           306 

Bejaria  491 

Bellis                                429 

Calendula  465 
('alia  €09 

Allosorus  819 

Aralia                             389 

Benzoin                           621 

Catliastritm  421  ' 

Alnus  649 

ARALIACE^E              889 

BERBERIADACK.<E  217 

('allicarj/a  538 

Alopecurus  778 
Aloysia  539 

Arbutus  486 

Berbens  217 
Berchemia                      201 

r((///o;;>/.s-  451,    452 

rt,ilin)i<.c  267,  268 

Alsine  259 

Berlandiera                    442 

Cnllisfpplms  429 

Althea  266 
Alvssnm  ..  235 

Arctium  468 

Bernhardia  813 
Beta                               612 

CALLITRICHACE^!  657 
Callitriche  657 

AMARANTACE.E..   616 

Arcyphyllum  .'.'.'.'  321 

Betula  648 
BFTUL  A.CF^!              648 

Calopbanes  534 

Calopogon                       690 

AM  ARYLLID  ACE^B  692 

Arethusa      '        '          690 

Bidens                 43B 

Caltha  208 

Amaryllis  693 

Argemone  223 

Ari.wma                          668 

Bigelovia  436 

OALYCANTHACE^  345 
Calvcanthus      .         ..  S46 

Ambrosia  443 

Aristida...,            ...779 

BIGNONIACE^E  ...  612 

Culycocarpum  217 

INDEX. 


CiUynyction  ;...  573 
Cal  >-|).s(.>  686 
C.tlystegia  573 

clmelTn  a  '.'.!.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'  237 
Cam-sUU  273 
CAMELUACKJB..,,  273 
C.imoauula  (479)  478 
C.V.MPANULACE^E.   478 
Grtmptoaorui  822 

Cirsium  467 
Cifsits  29.5 
CIST  ACE  j£  245 
Cistopteris  822 
Citrullus  365 
Citrus  274 
Cladastris  301 
Cladium  746 
Clarkia  354 
Claytonia  264 
Clematis  .  .  200 

Cyiilla  

493 

r-:.6 

312 

hVt 
4'  9 

S16 
541 

790 

t;j:; 
r.ir 

299 
529 
581 
881 

SI  3 
8  1  3 
795 
4o2 
B07 
484 
4,9 
4,-.-i 

S84 

427 

:i2ii 

729 
B, 
729 
604 
J40 
•^' 
805 
H78 
2:;3 
f.S-l 
322 
707 
K3 
224 
KJ1 
i>85 
2^9 
412 
415 
625 
624 
533 
421 
MI4 
6C6 
805 
(SIS 
(84 

010 
0-:(5 
"ifc3 
(.5 
461 
615 
i*l 
271 

C:,G 
405 

600 

6^9 
.VJ'J 
375 
Ml 
274 
686 
i.97 
508 
620 
:.54 

226 
224 
713 
454 
49.1) 

;;23 
694 
419 

495 
656 
oV'j 

::93 
4SG 
363 
4,-l 
515 
310 
684 
'^•L 
276 
276 
5:0 
837 
6<;iJ 

345 
100 
•23 

;-«io 

Cyrilleae  
('yrtanthera  
Cytiisus  
Dactylis  

Kra<rro.stis  

Kriaiithus  
Krica 

Dacty  locteniura  
Dahlia  
Dalea  
Dalibarda  
Danthonia  
Daphne  

ERICACEAE  
KricincsE  480, 
Erigenia  

Eriobotrya  
Eriocaulou  (730) 
ERIOCAULONACE. 

Eriogonnm  
Eriophoium  
Erodium  

f&h':::;:::;;;;;  && 

CiPPAEIDACRjB  .  210 
Cinrffi'i  ,  523 
CAPBf  FOLI  ACS  J5.  393 
C.ipsel  la  238 

Cleome  240 
Clerodendrum  539 
Clethra  492 
Clintonia  714 
Clitoria  324 

Daiii  /u/tonia  
lfa.svMoina  
Datum  
Dauciis  

Capsicum  578 
Cardamine  (:233)  230 

Cnicus  (468)  465 
Cnidoscolus  630 
Cocculus  217 
Cochlearia  237 
Coix  809 
Colliusia  521 
Collinsonia  544 
Colutea  319 
Comandra  622 

Delphinium  

374 

Ervwn  
Eryngium  

O-trdiiu*  468 
Carex  747 
Carya  ;  640 
Carphephorus.;  412 
Carpinus  648 
Carthamus  .-.-.  466 

Desmanthus  
Desmodium  
Deulzia  

307 

Erythisea  
Er.vthrina  

Diumorpha  
Uiuiithera  
Dianthus  
Diapensia  
Dianhena  
Dicentra  

254 
570 
1  93 
225 
546 
574 
742 
82t 

E.scallonia  
K«-hsch<,lt/ia  
Euchrwitu  
Eulophus  
Euonymus  
Eupatoriaceae  

CARYOPHYLLACE^E, 
253 

Commelyna  726 
COMMELYNACE^E.  726 

Cassia  300 
CUssiope  <  ,.   48l5 
C.istanea  t«»...   C46 
Castileja         .   ,••          }31 

Comptonia  651 
CONIFER-<E  .  65'J 

Dichoniira  
Dichiomena  
Dicksonia  
Dicliplera 

Euphorbia  
EUPHORBIACE^E  . 
Euphrasia  

Eitrybia 

Conioselinum  384 

Catalpa  513 
Catananche  ..  .  ...  .  .  «•«  471 
aiulinia.  673 
Caulophyllum  218 
Ceanothus  291 
Cedronella,  552 

Conobea  523 
Conoelinium  418 

Dictamnus  

Die  I'vi'l  hi'  .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 
Digitalis  

JDiMris  
Diodia  
Dionaja  

'^•> 

225 

526 
781 

402 

.,.-,-> 

Eutocha  
Eutnana  

EXOGKN/i-i  ".'.'. 
Faba  

Conostyli*  697 
Con  vallaria  .  .  .  .  .  .  (7  15)^  7  14 

Convolvulus..  (571,  4)  573 
Conyza  (420,  440)  438 
Coproxmantkus  701 

CELASTRACK^E....  289 
Celastrus  „,..,..  289 
Oulosia  ,...-.•  616 

Dioscorea  

700 
6liO 
2i,H 

Fagus  
Fe.smca  (7KS,  ',  i'9) 
Fictis  
Fil«go 

Celtis  .-,....  634 
Cenchrus  788 
Centaure-i  .(466)  465 
CMtoUtrrUa  <  58o 
Centrosema  324 
Centunculus  505 
Cephalanthus  401 
Ce.ranthera  547 
Cerastium  257 
Cerasus                 .(328)  326 

Coptis  208 
Corallorhiza  686 

Diospyros  
Diphylleia 

Coreraa  639 
Coreopsis  (450,  4)  450 
Coriandrum  388 
CORNACE^E  J.90 
Cornus  390 
Corouilla  306 
Corydalis  (225)  226 
Corylus  647 

JDiplot'linium  

FI  LICKS  

D1PSACEJ3  
Dipsacus  
Dipiei  acanthus  
Diica  

405 

405 

r.  •; 

Firmiirna  
Floerkea  
FLOKIDE^E  
Fadia  

;->; 

Fa-ninilum 

Ceratiola  639 
CER  \TOPH  YLLA- 
CK,E  658 
Ceratoschceaus  745 
Cercis  301 

Dc.ilccaiheon  '.  .  . 
Dolichos  (3-0) 
Uorx.Ua  
Draba  

;;23 
2:16 

652 

r;1 
3:57 

342 
732 
464 

4-i;» 

Forest  iera  
Fortiteronia  
Forsythia  
Fotlu-ig-.lla  
Frugal  la  
Fra*Mi,,ia... 
Frusura    
FvHxinus  
Friiillaiia  
Fi-oelithia  
Fuchsia  
Fuireiia.....*  
Finn  in  i;i  

Funki'i 

Cosrnanthus  566 
Cranichis  688 
Crantzia  378 
CRASSULACEJE  ...  566 
CrattKgus  330 

Dnu'oct'phaluia  
Drosera  
DHOSERACEyE  
Dry  as  
Dur-hfx-nia  
Dulicbium  
Dysodia  
Kaionia  
EBENACE^J  
Echinacea  
Echiuocvstis 

ChneropViylhun  384 
Chveior.yperua  736 
Chamftliriatn  720 

Crocus  700 
Croomia  703 
Crotalaria  310 
Croton  630 

Crotonopsis  631 
CRUCIFERjE  226 
Cryphiacanthus  535 

Cheilauthes  819 
Cheiranthus.   232 

Chelone....  520 

(frvpta  253 
CUYPTOGAMIA....  810 
Cryptotsenia  286 
Ctenium  806 
Cucumis  365 
Cucurbita  'A:>5 
CUCURBIT  ACE  JE..  363 
Cunila  543 
Cupbea  348 
Cupressus  6(i3 
CUPULIFER^E  642 
Cuscuta  574 
CYCADACE^E  665 
Cycas  .  .  665 
Cyclamen  503 
Cycloloma  612 
Cydonia  333 
Cj/mbidium  690 
Cynara  4'i5 
Cynareae  .  .^.  465 

Echinodoius  
Echinospennum  
Fchium  

676 
563 
S69 

Gaillardia  .-. 
G«!acincaj  4£0, 
Galactia  

Chenooodium  \614)  612 
CHENOPODIACE^E  611 
Chimaphila  494 
Chiogenes  484 
Chiouanth  .s  599 
Chirouia  583,   584 
Chlori.1  805 
Chrysanthemum  458 
Chri/*ew  224 
Chrysobaianeae  325 
Chrysobalanus  326 
Chrysogonum  440 
Chrysopsis   437 
Chrysosplenium  369 
Chri/sonte/nma  452 
Chthlamia  596 
Cicer  303 
Cichoraceae  407 

Kcheveria  
Eclipta  
ELATINACE^E  
Elatine  
KL/EAGNACE.E... 
Eleagnus  
Eleoeharis  
Elephantopus  
Kleusine  

368 

440 
ZV, 

(;24 

736 
411 

801 

565 
250 

Galanlhns  
Glllulcliil..:  

Galax  
Gnliiiiu  

GAMDPETALA;.... 

Gaultheiia  

Gaylussacia  

Ellisia  

Elodea 

GiMii?,ta  
Gentiana 

Elymus  <  
Elytraria  
Emilia  
EMPKTRACE^E.... 
Empetrum  
ENDOGENJS 

801 
6,'M 

638 

rJiii 

595 

486 

360 
511 

GENTIANACE^E... 
GERANIACE^E  .... 
Geranium  
Gerardia  529, 
Geum  
Gilia 

Cicuta  385 
Cimicifuga  (205)  211 
Cinchoneae  399 
Cineraria  463 
Ciuua  776 

Cynoglossum  563 
Cynosciadium  389 

Enslenia  
Epidendrum  
Epi^ar-a  

(Jillcnia  
Gladiolus  
Jlancium  
Glaux  
Gleditschia  

Cynthia  470 
CYPERACE^E  731 
Cyperus....  ...  732 

Epilobium  
EpiDheuus  

INDEX. 


827 


GlottidiuTTK  ..._.  315 

G!vcenaPbRA  .'."'.'.'.'  798 
Gh/citie  320 

letodet  609 
Ilex  496 
Illecebriuea)  25.'! 
Illicium  213 
llysanthus  524 
Impatiens  280 
Indigotera  319 
Inula                              .  438 

Leucojnm  695 

Mcntlia  C43 
Mentzi-lia  '•;>$ 

Menya.ithe.s  5i7 

Si  eriensi'a  '.'.'.".!'.'.".!.'  5^2 

Mesembiyainhenium..   16;> 
Heap-Hull  S31 
Miciantbernuin  5-5 
Micnimrri,,  644 
Microstylis  C87 
Mikania  418 
Millium  (781;  78:J 
Mimosa  298 
Mimulns  ...                 ..   522 
Miiabil.s...,               ..  602 
Mitcbella...               ..  401 
Mitella  ::>.-'J 
Mitreola  515 
Modiola                           267 

Lintris  (412)  4i3 
Ligusticnm  384 
Lignstnim  599 
LlLIACE-di  706 
Lilium  707 
LIMXANTIIACE.-E..  281 
Limnantliemum  587 
Liinnobinm  679 
Limnorhloa  736 

Com  ,hre..a  619 
Goniolomon  508 

Goodvera  689 
Gordonia  273 

lodanthus  229 
Ipomsea  (571)  572 
Ipomop.ns  570 
Iresine  619 
IRIDACE^E  697 
Iris                                  697 

1  1  R  AM  1X0  IDE  JE'.  .  '.  731 
Gratiobt  523 
GROSSULACE-iE...  300 
Gvinnadenia  682 
Gymnocladus  3(K 
Gvmnopngron  803 
GY.MXO.  Pi-IRM^E..  659 
Gyn-indropsis  240 
HJ&M  ODOR  ACE  JE.  696 
Halt-ilia  586 
Halesia  499 
HAMAMKLACE/E..  374 

Limosella       525 

LIXACE.-E  275 
Linaria  518 
Lindcrnia  524 

Limiiea,  (393).Linum,  275 
Liparis                              688 

Isantbus  542 

I  sut  is                              239 

Isoetes  !  810 
Ixolepis  741 
Isopappus  437 
Isopyrum  208 
Itea  273 
Iva  443 
Ixia                                 700 

Lipocarpba  741 
Lippia  (539)  538 
Liquidambar..  375 
Liriodendron  215 
Listera  688 
Lithospermnm.  ..(562)  561 
LOASACE^B  358 

Manic},!,,  161 
M<*i-iH,,iu.  259 
Mollugo  263 
Moluccella  555 
Momordica  364 
Monard.i...  550 
MonardtUa  546 
Aloneses  494 
Monocera  806 
Mpnotropn            (4%)  495 

JASMIN  ACE^E  596 
Jasminnm  596 
Jalropha  630 
Jeffersonia  218 
JUGLANDACE.E  ..   640 

Lobelia  4;6 
LOiiEUACRJE  475 
LOGANIACRJS  514 

Loiseleuria  489 
Lolium  802 
Lonioera  394 

Hamiltuiua  622 
Hedeoma  544 
Hedera  390 
Hedyotis  403,  404 
Hcdysarnm  3«7 
Helenium  (456)  455 
Helianthella  450 
llelianthemum  246 
Ilelianthus  447 

JUNOACEyE  722 
Juncagineae  676 
Juncus        723 

Lophanthus  551 
Lophiola  69  i 
Loposphermum  .  ^  .  .  .  .  5  9 

Monnn-opea;  (495)  480 
Montelia  619 

Morns  ..                           634 

Juniperus  663 
Jussiaea  351 
Jusiicia  536 
Kallstroemia  280 
Kalmia  484 
Ken  in  345 
Kceleria  (795)  793 
Kosteletzkya  2ti9 
Krigia  (470;  469 
Kiihnia  (417)  415 
Kyllingia  (741)  735 
LABIATE  5:i9 
Labiatiflorse  475 
Labra-a  259 

LuRANTHAOE^E..  621 
Ludwigia                         354 

Buhlenbergia  776 
Mtitwiacese  407 

MuiscTri11.'!".  '.'.'.'  .'.'.'.'.'.'  712 
Mylocarium  493 
Myosotis  562 
Myosurub  208 
Myrica  650 
MVRK'ACHyE  650 
Mvriophvllum  357 

MYRTA'CK^E  3-ie 

Myitns  346 
Xabulns  471 
NAIA1)A("E^E  6',2 
Nnjas  f  72 
Napcca  167 
Narcissus                         C93 
Nai-dosmia  419 
Xarthecium  7^2 
Nastuiiium  2l8 
Xaumbtngia,  504 
Negnii'Jn  267 
NEL'UMDIACE^E...  219 
Nelnmbinm  220 
Nemiistylis  Ci'9 
Neiiiopan;h(j.s  497 
Nemophiia  ^65 
Ncpeta  £51 
Nerinm  ;"i'.".'0 

Neiirophyllum  '.  ^7 
Nicnndru  ;V,S 
Nicotiana  iil 
NiereiDbeigia  f.i'O 
Nigella  1(J9 
Molina  7  10 
Kuphar  2iO 
N<itt«Uia  267 
NY(  T  .'.  (ilXACIwE.  .  (,02 
XYMPIL-EA  2^0 
N  Y  }  i  1"  II  ,  E  A  C  E  ;E  ...  i  20 

Ol)i<'iii'  615 
(/boiaua  687 

OeirmiTn  .'.'.'.'.'.'.'  541 

;,52 
Oldenlandia  4U3 
Olea  (GO-.  )  ,'29 
oLEADwE  597 
ON.M.KALK^  ;-,;.0 

Onoolen  8i3 
OiiO!-m<-HlInni  .'.60 
OphifHhiaa  :..'.'.'.'.'.'.'£  615 

OpliMiieiius  187 
Opuntia.  .  .  ,                   ,  hiS 

Heliophvtum  559 
Heliopsis  445 
Heliosciadium  383 
Heliotropium  559 
Helleborus          209 

Lnnaria  236 
Lnpinus  311 
Lu/.uhi  7^2 
Lychnis  257 
Lvcium  5i>l 
LYCOPODIACBJB..  bll 
Lycopodium  811 
J  jycopsis  6t/0 
Lycopns  5J3 

Lygodesmia  473 
L-,  godium  817 
Lyon  ia  595 
Lvsimacbia  504 
lA'TIIRACE.'E  348 
Lythiiim  349 
Macbridea       .   .             554 

Helonias  719 
Hemerocallis  713 
Hemianthus  525 
llemicarpha  740 
Hepatica  204 
Heraclciirn  379 
Jleni-done  69.:. 

Herniuria                         °63 

Ilerpeilis                 (525)52,3 

Lacbnocaulon  730 
Lad,i  658 
Lacnanthes  696 
Lactuca  473 
Lagenaria  364 
Lagersti-CBmia  348 
Lamiura  555 
Lampsana  469 

Hespens                          23  i 

Heteranthera  721 
H'lTomiria  240 
Heterotheca  437 
Heucbera  372 
Hibiscus....  (270,  271)  269 
Hieracinm  4,0 
Hierocbloa                       789 

Maclura  635 
Macranthera  528 
Mafroti/H  211 
MAGNOLIA  213 
Magnoliacete  213 
MuhoHia  218 
Mitjantbemum  715 
Ma/axis  687 
Malva  (269)  266 
Malvaceae  i65 
Malvaviscus  268 
Mammiliaria  360 
Manisurns  804 

Mariscus  (734*,.  735)  732 
Man  iibiuni  557 
Marshallia  457 
Mars,  lea  810 
MARftiLEACE^E  ...  810 
Maitvnia  514 

IlippocastaneiE  287 

Lapalhum  605 

Lupilhcea                         583 

Hippuris  358 
Holcus  789 
Honkcnya  261 
Hordeuin  80! 
Hotionia  501 
Huustonia  402 
Hoya  6% 

Laportea  637 
Lappa  468 
Laiix  6U2 
Lathy  nis  303 
LAURACE^E  6.0 
Lnurus  620,  621 
Laviitidula  511 

Ilr.mnhis  638 

Leaveiiworthia  232 
Lechtea  245 
L'contia  6G9 
Ledntn  491 

Hyacin  hus  712 
Ilydiangea  373 
Hv.-lra-tis  212 
11YDROCHARIDACE/E 
679 

JI,yil,-whl,,n  .'..'.'.['.'.'.'.  774 
liydrocoiyie  377 
llydrolea  566 
Hydronelti*                     219 

Leersia                            773 

Li'XHJMIXOS/S  296 
LtMophyllnm  492 
Leipocarpha  741 
Lemua  670 
Lemnaceffi  670 
LEXTJBULACE^E..  509 
Leonotis  658 
Ltontice  218 
Leontodon  ...(473)  470 
Leonurus  55/~ 
Lepachy*  447 
Lepidinm  238 
Leptandra  527 
LeptanthuK  722 
Ltptocaulis  386 
Leptochloa  803 
Leptopoda  456 

Manila  457 
Matricaria  41«S 
Matthiola  i.'J 
Maurandia  519 
Mayaca  728 

HYDEOFHYLLACE^B. 

563 
Ilvdropbylliim  564 
Hygi-opbila  635 
JJi/meiiocitliis                    C93 

Medeola  70-"> 
Medicago  313 
Meliinijwvn.n  533 
MELAXTI1ACE/B..  717 
Melanthera  444 
Melautbiuni  717 
MSLASTOMACRJS..  347 
Melia  275 
MKLIACE.-E  2i5 
Melica  795 
Melilotus  ...  314 

llytncnopappus  455 
HyoacyamuH  680 

Jl  i/on,  is  470 

HTPBBiuACKJR..  .  245 

Hynobriehia  $50 

i'ypoxis  695 
Hyptis  ,':4i 
Hyssopus  (551)  545 
Iberis  238 

Lepuropetalon  373 
Lespedeza  309 
;,eucauthemum  458 
^eucas  557 

Melocactns  ?,(]0 
Melothria  364 
M  EN  ISPE  KM  ACE  J3  216 
Meuispermum  216 

828 


INDEX. 


ORCHIDACEJG  680 
Orchis  (683-685)  682 

PL  A  T  A  X  ACEvE  .  .  .  .  639 
Platanthera  683 
Platanus  C40 
Pleea  7-0 
Pluchea  439 
PLUMBAGINACJLB  507 
Plumbago  508 

Robinia  319 
Kurhelia  563 
Rosa  333 
ROSACE  J3  324 
Rofcmarinus  550' 
Rottbcellia  (807)  806 
Roubie  va  614 
ROXBURGHIACE^E. 
703 
Rubia  401 
RUBIACE^E  398 

Sinapis  234 
Sison  38« 

Sisymbrium  (22S)  233 
Sisyrinchium  693 
Slum  (386)  387 
SMILACE^E  701 

Ornithogalum  710 
OROBANCHACE^E.  511 

ijroQanc 

Poa  (795,  799)  7% 

Smilax  701 

SOLAN  ACE^E  576 
Bolanum  67tf 
Solea  2-15 

Oryzopsis  /» 
Osmanthus  599 
Osmorhiza  383 
Osmunda  817 
O.strya  647 
OXALIDACEJS  279 
Oxalis           .                    279 

Podophyllnm  218 
PODOSTEMIACE23.  657 
Podostemura  657 
Podostigma  £94 
Pogonia  690 
Polanisia  241 
POLEMONIACE^E..  567 
Polemonium  569 
Polyanthes  694 
I'oly  carpon  262 
PolygsiH  294 

Rubus  339 
Rudbeckia  (447)  445 

Soliva  400 

Buellia  534,  535 
Rumex  (604)  605 
Ruppia  673 
Ruta  282 
RUTACE^E  281 

Sonchus  H74 
Sorghum  808,  R>9 
SPADIC1KLORJ5...  OttJ 
Kparga.'iwphorus  412 

Oxycoccus  483 
Oxydendrum  488 

Oxyria  604 
Pachvsandra  632 

PO  L  YG  A  L  ACE  J3  '.'.'.  293 
POLYGONACE^E...  603 
Polygonatum  714 
Polygonella  606 

Sabbatia  583 
Saccharum  807 
Sageretia  292 

Sagina             .  .              260 

Specularia  479 
Spergula  261 
Spergularia  261 

Paeonia  212 

Palaf'oxia  455 
PALMACE^E                666 

Polygonum  607 

Sagittaria     .               .  677 

Spjgelia.  515 

SALICACE^E    .            651 

Spilanlhes  .  454 

Pauax  390 
Pancratium  692 
Panicum  (787)  784 
Papaver  224 

Polypodium  818 

Salicornia  615 

Polypogon  777 
Polypvemum  515 
Polypteris  455 

Salisburia  664 
Salix  651 

Spirsea  343 

Spiranthes  689 

Salsola  616 

Sporobolus  775 

PAPAVKBACEJB...  222 
Pardanthus  700 
Parietaria  638 
Parimssia  252 

Ptirnassiese.  .  .  .           .  252 

Polytsenia  379 
Pontederia  721 
PONTEDERIACE.E  721 
Populus  655 
Portulaca  264 
PORTULACACE^E..  263 
Potamogeton  673 

Salvia  548 
Salvinia  811 
Sambucus  396 
Samolus  506 
Sanguinaria  222 
Sanguisorba                   325 

Sprekelia  694 
Stachys  556 
Stapelia  596 
Staphylea  289 
Statice  ..  .  508 

Paronychia  262 
Parthenium  442 

Stellaria  (259)  268 
Stenanihium  719 
Stenotaphrurn  807 

Sanicula  378 
SANTALACEJE  622 
sAPINDACE^E           287 

Paspalum  781 

Potentilla  342 

Poterium  326 

PASSIFLORACE^E.  362 
Pastinaca  379 
Paulownia  522 
Pavia  288 
Pavonin  269 
PEDALIACE^i  514 
Pedicularis  532 

Pothos  669 

Sapiudus                         288 

STERCULIACE^i..  271 
Stillingia.  629 

Prenanthes  (471)  473 
Primula  502 
PRIMULACE^E  501 
Frinos  497 

SAPOTACE^E  500 
Sari  acenia  221 
SARRACENIACE^E  221 

Stipa  (781)  780 
Stipacea;  771 
Stipulicida  1'62 
Stokesia  411 

Prionopsis  437 
Prosartes  716 
Proserpinaca  357 
Prunella...  552 
Prunus  (326)  327 

Satureja  546 
SAURURACE^E....  656 
Saururus  657 
Saxifraga  370 
SAXIKRAGACEuE..  369 
Scabiosa.                         406 

Streptopus  715 

Peltamiia  608 
Pentalopffus  561 
Penthorurn  308 

Struthiopteris  818 
Stuartia  273 
Stylipus  iJ38 
Sty  lisma  574 
Stylopliorum  224 
Sty  losanthes  oO<5 
STYRACACEuE  41)8 
Sty  rax  499 
Subularia  2;-^ 
Sullivantia  372 

Peatstemon  520 

Psilocarya  742 

Pfplis  350 
Peiiploca  591 
Peristylus  68  4 
Persea  620 
Pe-.-sica  328 

Pfiiloxtemon  560 
Psilotuui  813 
Psoralea  314 
Ptelea  283 
Ptcris  819 

Scandix  (384)  383 
Scariosi  426 
Scheuchzeria  678 
Schizandra  216 
SCHIZANDRACE^E  216 

PKTALIFER^E  666 
Petiilostemon  316 
Petilium  709 
Petrotelinum  38rf 
Petunia  580 
Plyica  317 

Schizanthus  617 
Schcenocaulon.,  719 
Schcenus  744,  746 
Schollera                         722 

Swertia  587 
Syena  728 
Symphoricarpus  394 

Pulmonaria  562 
Piilsatilla  202 
Punica  346 
Pycnanthemum  545 
Pycreus  732 
Pi/retnrum  459 
Pyrola  493 
Pyroleaa  493,  480 
1'ycrhopappus  473 
1'yrularia  022 
Pyrus  332 
Pyxidanthera  570 
Quuinoclit  571 
(jui-ltin  093 

Schrankia  299 
Schwalbea  532 
Schweinitzia  495 
Scilla  710 
Scirpeie  731 
Scirpus  (742,  744)  738 
Scleranthus  263 
Scleria  746 
Sclerolepis  412 
Scolopendriurn  822 
Scrophularia  520 
SCROPHULARIACE^E, 
516 
Scutellariu             '          55-? 

Phacelia  565 
Phalanqium  710 
Plmlaris  (786)  789 
Fharbitis                        571 

Symplocos  41J9 
Synandra  654 
Synthyris  526 
Syphonichia  263 

Phaseolus  321 
Philadelphus  374 
PhiUpcea  512 
Phloum  779 
Phlomis  555 
Phlox  5fi7 
Phoradendron  621 
Photinia             .            3'->9 

Tagetes  (454)  465 
Talinum  264 
Tanacetuui  4f9 
Taraxacum  473 
TAXACK^E....  664 

RANONCULACEJ3.  200 
Ranunculus  205 
Raphanus  240 
Itefioulea  795 
Reseda  241 
RKSKDACE/E  241 
RHAMNACEJS  290 
Rhanmus  290 

Phragmites  800 
Phryrna  538 
Phyllanthus  6'il 

Secale  803 
Sedum  307 
Selaginella  812 
Sempervi  vum  368 

Telanthera  619 
Tephrosia  318 
Tetragonctheca  445 
Tetrantheia  621 
Teucrium  541 

Physalis  578 
Physostegia  554 

Phytolacca  610 

PH7TOLACOACBJE  610 
Pilea  037 
Plrapinella  388 

Senecio  (462)  463 
Seneciorridai  439 
Sentera                           595 

Thalia  691 
Thalictrum  (203)  204 
Thajxia  283 
Thaspium  S82 
Thuja  662 

Rheum  604 
Khexia  347 

Pinckneva  401 

Rhinanthus  532 
Rhododendron...  (489)  490 
Rhodora  491 
Rhus  283 

Sericocarpus  419 

Pinguiculn,  5(19 
Pimi<  (661,  662)  659 
Piptatlieruni  781 

Sesbania  315 
Sesuvium  264 

Thunbergia  534 
THYMELACEJ3....  623 
Thvmus  547 
TkuowihtU  320 
Thyrsrtnella  6C6 
Tiarella  370 
Tiedmannia  380 
Tigridia  699 
Tilin  272 
TILIACE^E  271 

Pisuin  (304)  303 
Plstia  671 

Rhynchosia  320 
Rhynchospora.  .  .(746)  743 
Rhynchosporeae  731 
Rhytiglossa..  536 

Setaria  788 

Pitrherin  321 

PITTOSPOBACBJB!  zss 

Plttosporuba  285 
Planrra  633 
PL  ANT  AGIN  ACE  J3  506 
Plautago  606 

Shepherdia  624 
SibbHldia  343 
Sicyos  364 
Rida  268 

Ribes  360 
Richardia  669 
Ricinus  630 

Silene            .                   250 

Rivina  ,..  GIQ 

SilobJum  ...    ,..  '442)  441 

INDEX. 


829 


Tillandsia  
Tipularia  
Tofieldia  

....  695 
....  686 
....  720 
664 

Trollius  
TROPuEOLACEJE... 

Tropteolum  
Troximon  

-OS 
2N) 
281 
47  T 

Vachellia  299 
Valeriana  404 
VALERIANACE^E.  404 
Valerianella..  40<i 

Windsnria  
Wistaria  
Woodsia  . 

^^0 
444 

462 
719 
S94 

718 

709 
673 
109 

487 

717 
444 
773 

SOS 
673 

279 

Woodwardia  
Xanihium  
Xanthoxy  lum  
Xeranthernuin  
Xerophyllurn  
Xylosteon  
XYRIDACE^E  
Xyris 

T               f     -t  * 

..  558 

Tiibuliflorre  
Tulipa  

410 
7IIT 

Vallisneria.. 
Veratrum 

679 

...   71R 

T      A 

727 

Tragia  
Tragopogon  
Trautvetteria.  ... 

....  629 
....  470 
....  201 
389 

Tiirnera  
TUBNERACEJRL... 

Turritis  
Tussilago  
Typha  .... 

962 

2L;i) 
419 
671 
671 

679 
IV" 

Verbascnm  518 
Verbena  537 
VERBENACEyE....  536 
Verbesina  (450)  454 
Vernonia  am 

Tribal  us  
Trichelostylis  

....  280 
....  741 

TYPHACEzE  

Veronica  .... 

fttf. 

237 

Zannichellia  
Zanthorriza  

740 

ULMACE^E 

Vicia  

.  .           304 

542 

Victoria  

221 

....  792 
503 

UMBELIFER/E  
Uniola  

375 
800 
781 
7l>2 
636 
636 
609 
215 
716 
480 

Vigna  
Vilj'a  

320 
...  775,  776 

Zea 

Trientalis 

Zenobia 

Trifolium  
Triglochin  
TRH.LIACE^E. 

....  312 

....  678 
....  704 
704 

Urochne  
Uralepis  
Urtica  (637) 
URTICACE^E 

Villarsia  

587 

Zephyranthus  

Vinca  
Viola 

589 
242 

Zinnia 

VIOLACE/E 
Visiania  
VITACEJB.. 
Vitex..(539). 
Waldsteinia.  . 

..  241 

Zizania  
Zizia  (382) 
Zornia 

Triosteum  

....  393 

...  690 

Utricularia  

600 
292 
Vitis...  292 
341 

Tnptaiia  

...  793 

Uvularia. 

§06 

Vaccine®  

ZYGOPHYLLACE^J 

...  791 

INDEX 

Abele  656 
Acacia  299 
Acanthads  533 
Adam-and-Eve  687 
Adder's-tongue  816 
Agrimony  337 
Albany  Beechdrops..  495 

OF  ENGLISI 

Balm  548,555 
Balm-ot'-Gilead  656 

I  POPULAR 

Black  Moss  696 
Black  Night-shade...  577 
Black  Oat  Grass  780 
Black-root  439 
Black  Saltwort  503 
Black  Snake-root....  211 
Black  Thorn  328,  330 
Bladder  Fern  822 

NAMES. 

Bugle-weed.  . 

543 

Biiftloss  
Bull-rush  
Burr  Dock  
Burnet  
Burning  Bush.  .  . 
Burr-flower  

559,  560 
-722,  788 
...     468 
.325,326 
.  289,  £90 
....  564 
....  788 
453 
....  672 
563 
309 
....  £07 
....  401 
640 

Balsamine  280 

Baueberry  212 
Banyan  635 
Barley  801 
Barn-yard  Grass  787 
Basil  545,  548 
Bass-  wood  272 
Bastard  Loosestrife.  .  .  354 
Bastard  Toadflax  622 
Bath-flower  705 
Bayberry  650 
Bay  Galls  620 
Beach  Pea,  304 
Beach  Plum  327 
Bean  Caper  279 
Bearberry  485 

Allseed  26T 
Almond  329 

Bladder  Ketmia  269 
Bladder-nut  289 
Bladder  -pod  237 
Bladder  Senna  319 
Bladder  wort  509 
Blazing-star  413,  720 
Blessed  Thistle  466 
Elite  614 
Blood-root  222 
Bloodworts  696 
Blueberry  481,  483 
Blue-curls  542,  55L 

Burr  Marigold..  . 
Burr  Reed  
Burr-seed  
Bush  Clover, 
Bush  Trefoil  .... 
Button  Bush  
But  ton  wood.  .  . 

Aloe  694 
Alpine  Bistort  609 
Atom-root  372 

Alyssum                   CI'V>    '">;> 

Arnaranths  610,  Ci7 
Amaryllids  692 
Amaryllis  693 
American  CenUury.  .  583 
American  Laurel  481 
Anemone  202,  203 
Angelica  38J,  331 
Angelica  Tree  389 
Angelico  384 
Anise  383 
Anonads  215 
ApeUlous  Plants  601 
Apple  332 
Apple  Haw  331 
Apple-of-Peru  578 
Apple-of-Sodotn  578 
Apricot  327,  328 
Araliads           .           .  389 

Butte-,  cups.    .... 
Bntteifiv-weed.. 
Butternut  
1'uttenveed  

.205,  207 
....  593 
....640 
....  464 

£09 

Beard  Grass  779,  808 
Beard  -tongue  520 
Bear's  Grass  709 
Bear's-  Thread  709 
Beaver  Tree  214 
Bedstraw  399 
Beech  646 
Beech  -drops  495,  511 
Beet  612 

Blue-dangles  481 

Blue-eyed  Grass  G91 
Blue  Flag  69; 
Blue  Grass  797 
Blue-hearts  628 
Blue-joint  Grass  778 
Blue  Palmetto  667 
Bluets  402 
Bog  Rush  746 
Boneset  415,  417 

C'ncttis  
Calfibas-'li  
Cale  
Ciilnmimh  

....  ;:eo 

....  264 
....  225 

"47 

Calico  Bush  
California  Poppy 
Camellias  
Calypso  
Campion  
Caiiiida  Thistle  .. 
Canary  Creeper  .  . 
Canary  Gnus.  .  .  . 
Cnndleberry  
Candytult  

....  465 
....  £24 

'.'.'.'.  m 

.255,  257 
....  4C8 
....  ifi 
....  7*9 
....  fr50 

Beggar-ticks  563 
Begoniads  366 

Bell  wort  .  ..  710 

Bellworts  478 
Bengal  Grass  738 
Bent  Grass  774 
Berberids  217 
Berberry  217 
Bermuda  Grass  ......  P04 
Big  Laurel  214 
Bilberry  482 

Borrage  559 
Borrageworts  558 
Bottle-Grass  788 
Bouncing  Bet  255 
Bowman's  root  345 

•9  Aroids  667 
Arroworts  691 
Arrow-grass  678 
Arrow-head  677 
Arrow-wood  397 
Artichoke  418,  455 
Artocarps  634 
Asclepiads                     590 

Cane  
Canterbury  Bells. 
Caper  Spurge 

....  a»o 

....  479 
••••  626 

Box  Elder  £87 

Bind-weed....576,  573,  609 
Birch  648 

Brake  g]q 

Capuchin  
Caraway  
Cardinal  -flower  .. 
Cardoon  
Carnation  

....  181 

•.••  J?9 
....  476 
•  •  •  .  465 
....  254 
•-••  ?£9 
.  ...  263 
...-703 
....  381 
....497 

....  eso 

....  513 

256 

Bramble  S39 
Bridal  Rose  340 
Broccoli  235 
Bromeliads  695 

Ash  597 

Ash-maple  287 
Asparagus  715 

Bird-claw  Moss  813 
Bird's-nest  495 
Birth  wort  601 
Bishop's-cap  ...  370 

Aspen  655 
Asphodel  713 

Brooklime..  527 
Broom  Corn  809 

Carpet  Cress  
Carpet  Weed  
Can  ion  -flower... 
Carrot  
Cassena  Tea  .. 
Castor-oil  Plant.. 
Catnlpa  
Catch-fly 

Aster  420-427 
Asterworts  406 
Atamasco  Lily  69.3 
Auricula  502 

Bishop-weed  387 
Bitter  Cress  230 
Bitter-nut  641 

Broom  Grass  791,  809 
Broom-rape  512 
Bryony....  364 
Buck-Bean  587 

Avens  337 

Bizarre  .  254 
Black  Alder  498 
Black-berry  339 
Black-haw  398 
Black  Hoarhound....  555 

Awlwort  238 
Azalea  489 
Bachelor's-button,  465,466 
Balloon  Vine  288 

Buckthorn  '  290 

Bnck  wheat  610 
Buckwheat  Tree  493 
Bugbane  211 

Catch-fly  Grass  .. 
^at-gut  
Catnep  

..  773 
...  318 
...  £51 

830 


INDEX. 


Cat-tail  671 
Cauliflower  235 
Cayenne  Pepper  5/8 
Cedur  603 
Celandine...  223 
Celery  388 
Century  Plant  694 
Chuff-seed  5^2 
Chamomile  457 

Cypress  Vine  .r<71 
Daffodil  603 
Dahlia  4^9 
Dahooii  49V 
Daisy  4^9 
Dandelion  469,  473 
Daphnads  623 
Darnel  Grass  80:i 
Day  Lily  713 
Deadly  Nightshade..  579 
Deerberry  482 
Deer-grass  347,  774 
Deer's-tongue  413 
Devjl's-bit  400 

Flaming  Pinxter  490 
Flax,  Flaxworts  2/5 
Fleabane  427 
Flixweed  234 
Floating-heart  687 
Florin  Grass  774 
Flower-de-Luce  698 
Flowering  Fern  817 
Flower  -Ot  an-hour  269 
Fly-poison  719 

Heath,  Heather  481 
Heathworts  479 
Hedgehog  i>13 
Hcuge  hjssop..    .5:3,  551 
Heuge  Mustaid  233 
Hedge   Nettle...  666 
Heliotrope  658    f£9 
Helleboie  ifc) 
Hemlock  f(jl 
Hemp...                           (J38 

Fog-fruit  538 
Fool's  Parsley  380 
Forget-me-not  562 
Foi-ked  -spike  808 

Hemp  Nettle  C.56 
Henbane  680 

Hen  bit  £55 
Herb-Robei  t  ..  .  .            177 

Checkerberry  486 
Chenopods  611 
Cherry.                   32t>,  327 

Cherry  Laurel  320 
Chess              791 

Dewberry  339,340 
Dew  Grass  774 
Dill  ::82 
Ditch  Grass  673 

Foul  -meadow  798 
Four-o'clock  402 
Foxglove  526 
Foxtail  779 

Herd's  Grass  774,  779 
.Heton's-bill  ^77 
Hibiscus  SC9,  270 
Hickory  640 
High  Crai.beny  ;.97 
High-water  Mil  ub..  ..  443 
Hoarhound  4  17,  657 
Hobble  Bush  ;-,97 
Hog  weed  443 
Hollv,  H  oily  worts.496,  497 
Hollyhock  206 
Honesty  236 
Honewort  &6 
Honey  Locust  ,'l:0 
Honeysuckle  fc9i-c.9(i 
Honeysuckles  ;-93 
Hop  0.  8 

Chestnut  646 
Chick  Pea  303,  301 

Chick-weed  257,  258 
Chick  Wintergreen...  503 
China  Aster                     !'*> 

Ditch  Moss                     679 

Foxtail  Grass.  778,  779,788 
Fraxinella  282 

Dittany  543 

Dock                               COS 

French  Mulberry  538 
Fringe  Grass  786 

Ohinqiv-ipin  GIG 
Chokeberry  .»  .  .  333 
Choke-cherry  3:0 
Cinnamon  Fern  817 
Cinquefoil  342 
Citron  Tree  275 
Cives  712 
Clary                             .  549 

Dockmackie                  397 

Dodder                           574 

Fringe  Tree  593 
Frogbits  679 
Frost  Plant  246 
Fumeworts  224 
Fumitory  226 
Gale,  Galeworts  650 
Galingale  032 
Garget-weed  610 
Garlic  711 

Dogbane  588 
Dogwood....  284,  300,  391 
Dragoiihe;ul  552 
Dnigonroot  668 
Drop-flower  471 
Dropsecd  Grass..  .775,  776 
Dry  Strawberry  341 

Cleavers  399,  400 
Climbing  Boneset  418 
Climbing  Fern  817 
Clintoriiii  714 
Clot  Grass  735 
Clot-weed  414 
Cloud-berry                    340 

Dutch  Mvrtle  650 

Gay-feather  414 

Hop  Hornbeam  047 

Dutchnu.n's-breeches.  225 
Dutchman's  Pipe  602 
Dwarf  Dandelion  469 
Dwarf  pink  402 
Dyer's-broom..  310 
Dver's  weed  241 
Kardrop  225,  354 
Kbonads  500 

Geiitian..;  584,  585 

Hornbeam  048 
Horn  Pomhveed  0,3 
Horn  Popi  y  2-3 

Gentian  worts  582 
Geranium  276-2,8 
Germander  541 
Gilia  5G9 
Gill-over-the-ground  .  552 
Ginseng  '  ('() 

Clover                             31> 

Club  Moss  811,812 
Club  Rush  733 
Cock's-coir.b  322,616 
Cock  spur  Grass  787 
Cocoa  Plum  32(5 

Horse  Bean  Mi)3 
Horse  Chestnut  ..287,  it  8 
Horse  Devils  Hi.'i 

Glasswort  016 

Kel  Grass  079 
Egg  Plant  578. 
Eglantine                 335  330 

Globe  Amaranth  619 
Globe  Flower  208 
Gnat  bane  438 
Goat's-beard  345 
Goafs-foot  >8 
Goat's  Rue  318 
Golden  Alexanders.  382,.'  8  i 
Golden  Bartonia  358 
Golden-chain  312 
Golden-club  670 
Golden  Fern  818 

Horsemint  543,  6/0 
Horse-  Nettle  578 
Horse  Radit.li  137 
Horse-tail  813,814 
Horse-weed  443 
Hound's-tonguc  6t:3 
Ilonseleek  308 
Honseleeks  ;-;G(> 
Huckleberry  481 
Hyacinth  712 
Hydrangea  373 
Hydrophylls                    "it;'i 

Coffee  Bean....  303 
Coffee  Tree  300 
Cohosh  218 
Colic-root  697 
Colocynth  306 

Egyptian  Calla  669 
Egyptian  G  rass  804 
Klder  3% 
Elecampane  438 
Elephant's-ears  300 
Elephant's-foot  411 
Kim,  Elmworts..  032,  633 
Enchanter's       Night- 
shade    356 
Endive  46'.) 
Endogens                        660 

Colts-foot  419 
Columbine  209 
Columbo  086 

Comf'rey                          560 

Cone-flower  445 
Conifers  659 
Coral  -root  C86 
Corn-cockle  256 
Coriander  388 

Goldenrod  430 
Gold-thread  208 
Good-king-Henry  614 
Gooseberry  361,  302 
Goose-foot...  (Gen.  3),  612 
Goose-grass  343,400 
Gourd  364 
Gout-weed  388 

Hyssop  545 
Ice  Plants  205 
Indiana  Veratrum  ...  V18 
Indian  Corn  hi>6 
Indian  Cress    281 
Indian  Cucumber  7U5 
Indian  Fij>s  3;"j9 
Indian  Giass  £08 
Indian  M  allow  i.'(-8 
Indian  Millftt  809 
Indian  Physic                 345 

English  ]5ent  774 
English  Mint  4-58 
English  Moss  36,s 
Eternal  Flower  462 
Evening  Primrose  .  .  .  352 
Everlasting  460,  461 
Everlasting  Pea  304 
Eyebright  533 
False  Aloe  G94 
False  Bindweed  572 
False  Dandelion  473 
False  Dog-fennel  454 
False  Flax  237 
False  Hellebore  718 
False  Mermaid  281 
False  Nettle  037 
False  Pennyroyal  542 
False  Redtop  792 
False  Rice  773 
False  Rocket  229 
False  Scabish  457 
False  Solidago  430 
False  Syringa  374 
False  Violet  341 
Felwort  586 
Fennel                             389 

Cornels  390 

Corn  Flag  700 
Cornel  391 
Cotton  Grass  740 
Cotton  Plant  271 
Coiton  Rose  461 
Cotton  Thistle  467 
Cotton  Tree  055,  656 
Couch  Grass  802,  803 
Cowbane  380 
Cow-wheat  533 
Crab  Grass  783 
Crab  Tree  332 
Cranberry  48! 
Crane's-bill  276 
Crape  Myrtle  348 
Creeping  Greenheacl.  .  403 
Cress  228,  232,233 
Crest-flower  695 
Crocus  700 
Cross  Vine  513 
Crowberry  638,639 
Crowfoots  2UO,  205 

Grammel!  561 

Grape  Fern  816 

Grape  Hvacinth  712 
GrapeVine  292,  293 
Grasses  770 
Grass-of  Parnassus...  252 
Grass  Pink  690 

Indian  Pipe  495 
Indian  Rice  7',  3 
Indian  Shot  (.91 
Indian  Koapworts  ....  2b7 
Indian  Tobacco  477 
Indian  Turnip  6<i3 
Indi"o  Plart                   319 

Grass-poly  349 
Greek  Valerian  569 
Green  Brier  701 
Green  Dragon  668 
Green  Violet  245 
Grornwell  561 
Ground  Cherry  578 
Ground  Fir  812 
Ground  Hemlock  664 
Ground  Ivy  551 
Ground-nut  320,  390 
Ground  Pine  811,812 
Groundsel  463 
Groundsel  Tree  439 
Guelder  Rose  397 
Gum  Tree...,  392 
Gymnospenns  659 
Hair  Grass  774 
Hardback  344 
Hare-bell  478 

Inkberry  4S8 
Innocence  402,  521 
Irids  007 
Ironweed  410 
Ironwood  047 
Italian  May  344 
Ivy  i'81,  310 
Jack-in-the-Pulpit  ...  668 
Jacobea  464 
Jacobea  Lily  694 
Japan  Globefiower  ...  345 
Japan  Rose  273 
Jasmine                      .  .  596 

Crown  Imperial  709 
Crucifers  226 
Cuckoo-flower  231 
Cucumber  304-366 
Cucumber  Tree  214 
Cucurbits  363 

Fennel-flower  209 
Ferns  815 
Fescue  Grass  793,  794 
Fetter  Bush  487 
Feverfew.                      .  458 

Jasmineworts  696 
Jersey  Tea  291 
Jerusalem  Artichoke.  448 
Jerusalem  Cherry  577 
Jerusalem  Sage  .ri  5 
Jessam  ine  6'M5 
Jewel-weed  180 
Jimsuii-weed  .'81 
Jingko  664 
Job's-tears  8'.)9 
Jonquil  CS3 

Feverwort  3'.  3 
Fig  635 
Figwort  520 
Figworts  516 
Filbert  C.47 

Ciflver1*  Physic  '  527 
C;i;>-pliint  4\-> 
I'uyseed  217 
Cm  i,  uils  ftji) 
CiU  Glass  '-•', 
(•,(»:", 

Cyp.tM  OC3 

Haw  331,332 
Hawthorn  3:0 
Hawkbit  470 
I  lawk  weed  470 
Hazelnut  647 
He:irlSi>;-.se  244 
llcint-keed  288 

Finger  Grass  783,  804 
Fireweed  462 
Fir,  Fir  Balsam  661 
Flakes   ..                    .  .  £54 

INDEX. 


831 


Meadow  Grass  ...796,  798 
Meadow  Redtop  798 
Meadow  Rue  204 
Meadow  Sweet  344 
Medick  313 

Prickly  Pear  359 
Prickly  Poppy  223 
Pride  of  India  275 
Pride  of  Ohio  6l>3 

June  Grass  79£ 
Juniper  663 
Kidney  Bean  .  321 

Orchard  Grass  7y3 
Orchids  .  680 
Orchis  682,683,685 

Orpine  308 

Pride  of  the  Meadow  .  345 
Prim  {,f<9 
Primrose  502 

Melanths  716 

Osage  Orange  635 
Osier                                  651 

Knct-Krass  607 
Labrador  Tea  491 
Ladies  Kardrop  3o4 
Ladies'  Mantle  325 
Ladies'  Slipper.681,682,517 
Ladies'  Tresses  689 
Lady  Fern  824 

Melic  Grass  795 
Melilot  314 
Melon  Thistle  360 
Meuispermads  216 
Mermaid-weed  357 
Mexican  Tea  613 
Mexican  Vine  611 
Miami-mist  566 
Mignonette  241 

Oxeye  445 
Pseony  212,213 
Painted  cup   531 
Palmetto  666 
Palms  666 
Panic  Grass  784 
Pansy  242,  244 
Papaw  215 
Paper  Mulberry  635 
Pappoose  Root  218 
Parsley  388 
Parsley  Piert  325 

Prince's-f<'nther...609,  617 
Prince's  Pine  494 
Privet  699 

Pumpkin  ;^J6 
P  u  rslanes  2t'>3,  i',64 
Putty-root            .     ..     Ci?7 

Larch                   662 

Quaking  Grass  *,'.<$ 
Quamash  710 
Queen-of  the-Praiue.  .  341 
Quich  Grass  £02 
Quillwort  810 
Quince  333 
Radish  240 
Ragged  Robin  257 
Rani's  -head  f82 
Raspberry  :  MO 
Rat-tail  Grass  H;t> 
Rattle-pod  3;U 
Rattle  snake  Fern  816 
Rattlesnake  Plantain.  CS9 
Red  Bav  620 
Red  Bud  Wl 

Larkspur  210 

I  aurel                               620 

Milkweeds  59  1 
Mi  Ik  worts  293  294 

Laurestine  393 
I  avender                         541 

Milk  Vetch  317 
Millet  787,  788 

Lead  Plant  315 

Leadwort                 507    508 

Millfoil  357.  457 
Mint  542 
Mistletoe  621 

Mitrewort  3t>9 

Partridgeberry  401 
Pasque-flower  202 
Passion-flower  363 
Passionworts  362 
Pea  303 
Peach  328 
Peanut  306 
Pear              332 

Leaf-cup  440 
Leather-flower  201 
Leather-leaf  487 
Leather  wood  623 
Leek  711 
Leguminous  Plants  ..  295 

Mockernut  641 
Mock  Orange  374 
Modesty  382 
Mole-tree  .  .  626 

Lettuce    473 
Leverwood  647 
Lilac  598 
Lily  707-709 
Lily  worts  705 
Lily-of-the-valley  ....  714 
Lime  Tree  272,274 
Limnanths                       281 

Molucca  Balm  555 
Moneywort  505 
Monkey-flower  522 
Monk's-hood  211 
Moonseed  216 

Pearlwort  260 
Pea  Vine  322 
Pecan-nut  641 
Pedaliads  514 
Pellitory  638 
Pencil-flower  306 

Red  Osier  891 

Red-root  291,  696 
Red-top  774 
Reed  £c»0 

Morning  Glory  571 
Moss  Pink  569 

Pennyroyal  644 
Pennywort  377,587 
Pepper  578 
Pepper-and-Salt  384 
Pepper-grass  238,239 
Peppermint  543 
Pepper-root  230 
Pepperworts  810 
Periwinkle  589 
Persimmon  500 
Pettymon  el  389 
Petunia  580 
Phea*ant's-eye  205,  254 
Phlox  567 
Phloxworts  567 
Pickerel-weed  721 
Picotees                           254 

Reed  Grass  770,  778 
Reed  Mace  671 
Rescue  Grass  791 
Rhubarb                            (304 

Linden  272 
Lindenblooms  271 
Lion's-ears  558 
Lion's  foot  472 

Moss  Plant  486 
Mother  wort  557 
Mountain  Ash  333 
Mountain  Fern  820 
Mountain  Fringe.'  225 
Mountain  Heath  489 
Mountain  Mint  550 
Mountain  Rice  780 
Mountain  Sorrel  604 
Mourning  Bride  406 
Mouse-ear  461 
Mousetail  208 
Mud  Purslane  253 
Mudwort  525 
Mugwort  459 

R  i  bworts  5G6 
Rice  773 
Richweed  637 
River-weed  657 
Robin's  Plantain  428 
Rock  Cress  2M 
Rocket  234 

Lip  Fern  819 
Liveforever  368 
Liverwort  204 
Lizard-tail             .          657 

Lizardtail  Grass  804 
Loasads      358 

Rock  Polypod  822 
Rock  Rose  245,  246 

Lobeliadg  475 
Loblolly  Bay  273 
Locust  319 

Lon"  Moss                      695 

Rose  S33,  337 
Rose  Acacia  319 

Rose  Bay  350,  490 
Rosemary                 550   639 

Lwosestrife               349  504 

Mulberry.  .  .  .  340,  634,  635 
Mullein...  518 
Mullein  Pink  257 
Musk  Mallow  267 
Muskmelon  365 
Musk  Plant  523 

Pie  Plant                          604 

Lopseed                           538 

Pigmv-weed  367 
Pignut  642 
Pigweed  613,  617 
Pimpernel  505,  506 
Pine  659-661 
Pine-sap  495 
Pink                                  254 

Roseworts  324 
Rosin  weed  441 
Rue  i62 
Rue  Anemone  2tt3 
Rueworts  281 
Rush  722-727 
Rutland  Beauty  573 

Loquat  329 
Loranths  621 
Lousewort  532 
Lova^e  384 

Love-lies-bleeding  ...  618 

Mustard  233-235 

Myrtle  346,  492 
Myrtleblooms  346 

Naiads  672 

Lungwort  562 

Pink-root  515 
Pink  worts  253 
Pin  weed                          245 

Saffron                       466   700 

Lychuidia  567 
Lychnis          .       .   .      257 

Nailwort  262 
Narcissus  693 
Nasturtion  281 
Neck  weed  527 
Nectarine  328 
Nelumbo  220 
Nettle,  NeUleworts...  636 
Nettle  Tree  6-'54 
New  York  Fern  824 
Nightshades  576,  577 
Ninebark  344 
Nipplewort  469 
Nonesuch  313 
Nut  Grass  733 
Nutmeg-flower  209 
Nut  Sedge  746 
Oak  642-616 

Pinxter-bloom  490 
Pipes  814 
Pipewood  488 
Pipewort  729 
Pipsissiwa  494 
Pitcher  Plant  221 
Plane  Tree  640 
Plantain  60ii 
Plum  327,328 
Plume  Grass  807 
Poison  Haw  398 
Poison  Hemlock  385 
Poison  Ivy  284 
Poison  Oak  284 
Poke,  Pokeworts  610 
Polar  Plant  441 
Polypod  818 
Polypog  Grass  777 
Pomegranate  346 
Pond  Lily  '220 
Pond  Spice  621 
Pond-weed  673-675 
Poor-man's  'Weather- 
glass    505 
Poplar  215,  655 
Poppv  223,  224 
Poppy  worts  222 
Potato  876 
Poverty  Grass  779 
Prairio  Burdock  441 

Saltwort  615,  616 
Samphire  615 
Sandalworts  022 
Sand  Grass  792 
Sand  Myrtle  492 
Sand  Reed  778 
Sand  wort  259 
Sanicle  378 
Sarsaparilla..S89,  701,  702 

Lyme  Grass  801 
Madder  401 
Madder  worts  398 
Mad  wort                         235 

Magnoliads  213 
Maidenhair  820 
Mallow  266-268 
Mallows  265 
Mangel  -Wurtzel  612 
Manna  Grass  798 
Man-of-the-Earth  673 
Maple  285,  286 
Mare's-tail     .                 358 

Satin-flower  i£(> 
Saururads  656 
Saw  Grass  746 
Savifrage  325,  3C9,  370,  i>71 
Scabish  406 
Scarcity  612 

Marigold  465 
Marjoram  547 

Marsh  Eider....  443 
Marsh  Fleubane  439 
Marsh  Grass  805 

Oak  -of-  Jerusalem....  613 
Oat  790 
Ogeechie  Lime  392 
Okra  270 
Oil-nut  622 
Oil-seed  5U 
Old-man's-beard  599 
Oleander  590 
Oleaster  623,  624 
Olive  599 
Olives  ...  £97 
Onagrads  350 
Onion  711,  712 
Ooiutn  Ponnv  224 

Scorpion  Senna  306 
Scouring  Rush  ..  813,  814 
Scratch  Grass  610i 
Screw-stem  6£& 
Scullcap  654 
Scnppernong  293 
Scurvy  Grass  2i<3 
Sea  Ox-eye  440. 
Sea  Rocket  ..        .-..  2S9 

Marsh  Mallow  266 
Marsh  Marigold  208 
Marsh  Rosemary  608 
Marvel-of-Peru  602 
Marvel  worts  602 
Mastworts  642 
Miitiirnony  Vine  581 
Mat  Grass  778 
May  Apple  218 

Sea  Sand  wort  261 
Seaside  Oats  800- 
Sea  Wormwood  46O 
^ea-wrack  f)73 
SedKC  722.  747 

May-flower  485 

Mayweed  ...             ...  457 

832 


INDEX. 


Sedges  731 

Snnrrv  261 

Three-seed  Mercury..  629 

Water  Nymph  . 

>*72 

Seed-box  355 

Squasu  ooa 

Thrift  508 

Water  Paibiiip 

:-  {,7 

Self-heal  652 

Squaw-root  612 

Thyme  547 
Tick-seed  450 

Water  Pepper.... 

....  C«J 

Seneca  Snake  -root  ...  29J 
So.ma  300,  301 
Sensitive  Brier  2iW 

Squirrel-corn  225 
Squirrel-tall  Grass  ...  80L 
Siaff  Tree  289 

Tiger-flower  699 
Timothy  Grass  779 
Toad-Flax  518,  519 

Witter  Pitchers.'. 
•Water  Plantain  . 
Water  Purslane  . 

153 
....  ill 
....  fc',6 
....  c£6 

Sensitive  Pea  .  .  .  300 

Standing  Cypress  569 

Tomato  576 

Water  Turget 

Sensitive  Plant...  298,  3UJ 
Serpent  Cucumbar  ...  36tj 
Sesame  Grass  806 
Shaddock  Tree  274 
Shad-flower  329 
Shagbark  640,  641 
Shamrock  312 

St.  Andrew's-cross.  .  .  247 
Star  Anise  213 
Sur-of-Bethlehem  ...  710 
Star  Grass  695,  697 
Star  Thistle  466 
Starwort  '  657 
St  John's-wort.  .  .246,  24" 

Tongue-grass  238 
Tooth-ache  Grass  ....  806 
Touch-me-not  280 
Tower  Mustard.  229 
Trailing  Arbutus  485 
Tree  Azalea  490 
Tree-of  Heaven  283 

Wax  JlvrU'e  
Wax  Plant  
Weather  Grass.  . 
Wheat  
Wheat-thief  
Whip  Grass  
Whistle-wood 

....  6£0 
....  £96 

....  :to 

....  £<>2 
....  £61 
....746 
it6 

Stock  229 

Tree  Orchis  691 

White  Lav  .. 

214 

Trilliads  704 

White  Bent 

St  Peter's-wort  247 

Trophyworts  .  '290 

White  Grass 

773 

Shepherd's-purse  ....  238 
Shield  Fern  823 

Shrub  Trefoil  .  .  283 

St.  Peter's-wreath  344 
Strawberry  341 

Trumpet-flower.  .  .  512,  513 
Trumpet-leaf  222 
Trumpet-weed.  .  .  .  416,  474 

White  Lettuce..'. 
White-weed  
White-wood 

....  472 
.427,  4£8 
215 

Sicklepod  232 
Side-saddle-flower  22i 
S  Ik-cottons  271 

Succory  469 
Sugar  Berry  634 
Su^ar  Cane  807  808 

Tuberose  694 
Tulepo  392 
Tulip  707 

Whitlow-grass  .. 
Wild  Bergamot  .. 
Wild  Bullace 

....  226 
....  5EO 

328 

Silk-weed  592 

Sugar  Tree  .  .  .  286 

Tulip  Tree  215 

Wild  Caraway  . 

462 

Silver-  weed  343 

Sumac  283,  285 

Turmeric-root  212 
Turk's  Cap  ...  360  708 

Wild  Elder....... 
Wild  Ginger 

....  ££9 
CGI 

Skull-cap  527,  552 

Sundews  ......'  251 

Turnip  235 

Wild  Indigo.... 

zoi 

Skunk-cabbaga  6o'9 

Sunflower  447,  448 

Turtle-head  520 

Wild  Lettuce  

474 

Sloe  .  328  39  i 

Supple  Jack  291 

T  way  blade  ...  688 

Wild  Mandrake 

219 

Snails  313 
Snake  head  520 
Snap-dragon  519 
Sneeze  wort.  .  .  .  455  458 

Swamp  Laurel  485 
Swamp  Pink  489 
Sweet  Basil  541 
Sweet  Brier  335 

Twin-flower  393 
Twin-leaf  218 
Twist-foot  715 
Typhads  671 

Wild  Oats.... 
Wild  Pink  
Wild  Potato  
Wild  Rosemary  . 

....  717 
....   2S4 

487 

Snow-ball  397 
Snow-berry  394 
Snow-drop  694 

isweet  Cicely  383 
Sweet  Fern  651 
Sweet  Flag  670 

Umbelworts  375 
Umbrella-leaf  218 
Umbrella  Tree  214 

Wild  Rye........ 
Wild  Sarsaparilla 
Wild  Service  

....   fcOl 
....  289 
31-9 

Sweet  Gale  650 

Unicorn  Plant  514 

Willow. 

651-655 

Snow-flake  695 

Sweet  Gum  Tree  375 

Union  Grass  800 

Willow-herb 

;-i5U 

Soap-berry.  28S 

Sweet  Pea  304 

Valerian  404 

Willoworts 

651 

Soap  wort  254 
Soft  Grass  789 
Soloraon's-seal...71l,  yid 
Sorrel  G05,  COG 
Sorrel  Tree  .  488 

Sweet  Pepperbush  ...  492 
Sweet  Potato  571 
Sweet  Reedgrass  776 
Sweet-scented  Clover.  314 

Vanilla  Plant  413 

Vegetable  Oyster  470 
Veuus'-comb  383 
Venus'  -fly  -trap  252 

Wind-flower  
Winter-berry  
Wintergreen  
Witch  Hazel  ... 
Woad 

....  i'03 

....  497 
486.  493 
....  375 
229 

Sorrelworts  603 
Southernwood  460 

Sweet-sultan  466 
Sweet  Vernal  Grass  789 

Vervain  536,  537 
Vetch.  ....  304,  305 

Woad-waxen  .... 
Wolf's-bane 

...310 
211 

Sow  Thistle  474 

Spanish-daggers  709 
Spanish-moss  696 

Spanish-needles..  453,  709 
Spear  Grass  793,  798 
Spearmint  .  .  542 

Sweet  Viburnum  398 
Sweet-william  254,  257 
Swine-cress  239 
Sycamore  287,  640 
Sycamores  639 

Victoria  Lily  221 
Violet  241,  242 
Virginia  Creeper.  ...  293 
Virginia  Snakeroot...  602 
Virginia  Stone-crop  .  .  368 
Virgin's-bower  ...  200 

Wolfberry  
Woodbine  
Wood  Grass  
Wood  Nettle  
Wood  Sorrel  

....  394 

...  :94 

...  808 
...  637 
...  279 
CL3 

Spearwort  206 
Speedwell  526  527 

Tallow  Tree  629 
Tamarac  66'' 

Wake-robin  704 
Walking  Fern  821 

Wormwood  
Xyrids  

...  469 

...  728 

Spice-  wood  621 

Spider-flower  240 

Tansy  459 

Wall-flower  232,  233 
Wall  Pepper  368 

Yam  root  

...  701 
...  457 

Sj>iderwort  726,  727 

Tares  ...  305 

Walnut  ...  ...  640 

Yew  

...664 

Spiked  Bush  7&> 

Water  Beans  219 

.  728 

Spikenard  .  ..  3S9 

Water-carpet  ..  369 

529 

Spinach,  Spina^e  ....  615 
Spindle  Tree  289 
Spleea  wort..  359,  820,  821 
Sponge  Tree  299 
Spoonwood  485 
Spring-beauty  264 
Spruce  661 
Spurge  025 

Teasel  .  .  .'.  405 
Thimble  Berry  340 
Thin  Grass  775 
Thistle  467 
Thorn  330,  3:U 
Thorn-apple  581 
Thoroughwax  382 
Thoroughwort  417 
Thread  foot  6^7 

Water-Cress  228 
Water  Dropwort  380 
Water-feather  501 
Water  Hemlock  385 
Water  Hemp  C18 
Water  Hoarhound  543 
Water-leaf  564 
Water  Lily  220 
Water  Melon  365 

Yellow  Jessamine 
Yellow  Phlox.... 
Yellow  Pond-lily. 
Yellow  Poppy  
Yellow  Rattle.... 
Yellow-root  
Yellow-seed  
Yellow-wood  
Yulan  

...  515 
...  io3 
...    21:11 
...223 
...532 
...209 
...  239 
...  301 
...  214 

Sbimreworts  .  ,  . 

Three-birds  519,690 

Water  Millf  oil  357 

Zigadene  

...  717 

THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.OO  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 

(BIOLOGY  LIBRARY) 


JUL  2  G  19S1 

< 

^^ 

JUL  1  2  1951"' 

LD  21-100m-8,'34 

COEbOfl3Mcn 


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